Hydrothermal liquefaction technology is an effective method for the resource utilization and energy conversion of biomass under the dual-carbon context,facilitating the conversion of biomass into liquid fuels and high...Hydrothermal liquefaction technology is an effective method for the resource utilization and energy conversion of biomass under the dual-carbon context,facilitating the conversion of biomass into liquid fuels and high-value chemicals.This paper reviews the latest advancements in the production of liquid fuels and chemicals from biomass hydrothermal liquefaction.It briefly introduces the effects of different types of biomass,such as organic waste,lignocellulosic materials,and algae,on the conversion efficiency and product yield during hydrothermal liquefaction.The specific mechanisms of solvent and catalyst systems in the hydrothermal liquefaction process are analyzed in detail.Compared to water and organic solvents,the biphasic solvent system yields higher concentrations of furan platform compounds,and the addition of an appropriate amount of NaCl to the solvent significantly enhances product yield.Homogeneous catalysts exhibit advantages in reaction rate and selectivity but are limited by high costs and difficulties in separation and recovery.In contrast,heterogeneous catalysts possess good separability and regeneration capabilities and can operate under high-temperature conditions,but their mass transfer efficiency and deactivation issues may affect catalytic performance.The direct hydrothermal catalytic conversion of biomass is also discussed for the efficient production of chemicals and fuels such as hexanol,ethylene glycol,lactic acid,and C5/C6 liquid alkanes.Finally,the advantages and current challenges of producing liquid fuels and chemicals from biomass hydrothermal liquefaction are thoroughly analyzed,along with potential future research directions.展开更多
Achieving carbon neutrality is urgent due to the critical issue of climate change.To reach this goal,the development of new,breakthrough technologies is necessary and urgent.One such technology involves efficient carb...Achieving carbon neutrality is urgent due to the critical issue of climate change.To reach this goal,the development of new,breakthrough technologies is necessary and urgent.One such technology involves efficient carbon capture and its conversion into useful chemicals or fuels.However,achieving considerable amounts of efficiency in this field is a very challenging task.Even in natural photosynthesis occurring in plant leaves,the CO_(2)conversion efficiency into hydrocarbons cannot exceed a value of 1%.Nevertheless,recently few reports show comparable higher efficiency in CO_(2)to gaseous products such as carbon monoxide(CO),but it is hard to find selective liquid fuel products with a high value of solar to liquid fuel conversion efficiency.Herein,a NiFe-assisted hybrid composite dark cathode is employed for the selective production of solar-to-liquid fuels,in conjunction with a BiVO4 photoanode.This process results in the generation of significant amounts of formaldehyde,ethanol,and methanol selectively.The primary objective of this study is to design and optimize a novel photoelectrochemical(PEC)system to produce solar-to-liquid fuels selectively.This study shows the enhancement of the solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency over 1.5%by employing a hybrid composite cathode composed of NiFe-assisted reduced graphene oxide(rGO),poly(4-vinyl)pyridine(PVP),and Nafion.展开更多
The paper is focused on studying how to convert rice husk and sawdust into liquid fuel. Rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were pyrolyzed at the temperature between 420℃ and 540℃, and the main product of liquid fu...The paper is focused on studying how to convert rice husk and sawdust into liquid fuel. Rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were pyrolyzed at the temperature between 420℃ and 540℃, and the main product of liquid fuel was obtained. The experimental result showed that the yield of liquid fuel heavily depended on the kind of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. In the experiments, the maximum liquid yields for rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were 56% at 465 ℃, 61% at 490℃ and 60% at 475℃ respectively. Analysis with GC-MS and other apparatus indicated that the liquid fuel is a complicated organic compound with low caloric value and can be directly used as fuel oil without any up-grading. As a crude oil, the liquid fuel can be refined to be vehicle oil.展开更多
A liquid fueled thorium molten salt reactor(TMSR-LF),one of the Generation IV reactors,was designed by the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.This study uses the‘rt code to calculate th...A liquid fueled thorium molten salt reactor(TMSR-LF),one of the Generation IV reactors,was designed by the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.This study uses the‘rt code to calculate the neutron and gamma dose rate distributions around the reactor.Multiple types of tallies and variance reduction techniques were employed to reduce calculation time and obtain convergent calculation results.Based on the calculation and analysis results,the TMSR-LF1 radiation shield with a 60-cm serpentine concrete layer and a 120-cm ordinary concrete layer is able to meet radiation requirements.The gamma dose rate outside the reactor biological shield was 16.1 mSv h-1;this is higher than the neutron dose rate of 3.71×10^(–2)mSv h^(-1).The maximum thermal neutron flux density outside the reactor biological shield was 1.899103 cm^(-2)s^(-1),which was below the 19105 cm^(-2)s^(-1)limit.展开更多
Direct liquid fuel cells(DLFCs) have received increasing attention because of their high energy densities,instant recharging abilities, simple cell structure, and facile storage and transport. The main challenge for t...Direct liquid fuel cells(DLFCs) have received increasing attention because of their high energy densities,instant recharging abilities, simple cell structure, and facile storage and transport. The main challenge for the commercialization of DLFCs is the high loading requirement of platinum group metals(PGMs) as catalysts. Atomically dispersed catalysts(ADCs) have been brought into recent focus for DLFCs due to their well-defined active sites, high selectivity, maximal atom-utilization, and anti-poisoning property. In this review, we summarized the structure–property relationship for unveiling the underlying mechanisms of ADCs for DLFCs. More specifically, different types of fuels used in DLFCs such as methanol, formic acid,and ethanol were discussed. At last, we highlighted current challenges, research directions, and future outlooks towards the practical application of DLFCs.展开更多
Ethylene oligomerization using ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated to study the role of Bronsted acid sites in the formation of higher hydrocarbons. The oligomerization of olefins, dependent on the acidity of ZSM-5 zeolite...Ethylene oligomerization using ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated to study the role of Bronsted acid sites in the formation of higher hydrocarbons. The oligomerization of olefins, dependent on the acidity of ZSM-5 zeolite, is an important step in the conversion of natural gas to liquid fuels. The framework Si/Al ratio reflects the number of potential acid sites and the acid strength of the ZSM-5 catalyst. ZSM-5 with the mole ratio SiO2/Al2O3 equal to 30 was dealuminated for different periods of time according to the acidic ion-exchange method to produce ZSM-5 with various Si/Al ratios. The FT-IR analysis revealed that the integrated framework aluminum band, non-framework aluminum band, and silanol groups areas of the ZSM-5 zeolites decreased after being dealuminated. The performance of the dealuminated zeolite was tested for ethylene oligomerization. The results demonstrated that the dealumination of ZSM-5 led to higher ethylene conversion, but the gasoline selectivity was reduced compared to the performance of a ZSM-5 zeolite. The characterization results revealed the amount of aluminum in the zeolitic framework, the crystallinity of the ZSM-5 zeolite, and the Si/Al ratio affected the formation of Bronsted acid sites. The number of the Bronsted acid sites on the catalyst active sites is important in the olefin conversion to liquid hydrocarbons.展开更多
Direct liquid fuel cells(DLFCs)are proposed to address the problems of high cost and complex storage and transportation of hydrogen in traditional hydrogen-oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cells.However,present fu...Direct liquid fuel cells(DLFCs)are proposed to address the problems of high cost and complex storage and transportation of hydrogen in traditional hydrogen-oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cells.However,present fuels of organic small molecules used in DLFCs are restricted to problems of sluggish electrochemical kinetics and easily poisoning of precious metal catalysts.Herein,we demonstrate reduced phosphotungstic acid as a liquid fuel for DLFCs based on its advantages of high chemical and electrochemical stability,high electrochemical activity on common carbon material electrodes,and low permeability through proton exchange membranes.The application of phosphotungstic acid fuel effectively solves the problems of high cost of anode catalysts and serious fuel permeation loss in traditional DLFCs.A phosphotungstic acid fuel cell achieves a peak power density of466 mW cm^(-2)at a cell voltage of 0.42 V and good stability at current densities in the range from 20 to 200 mA cm^(-2).展开更多
Pyrolysis is one of the thermal cracking methods to convert hydrocarbon to liquid fuel.The quantity and quality of the process are dependent on several condition including temperature,reaction time,catalyst,and the ty...Pyrolysis is one of the thermal cracking methods to convert hydrocarbon to liquid fuel.The quantity and quality of the process are dependent on several condition including temperature,reaction time,catalyst,and the type of reactor.Meanwhile,a gasoline fraction was maximum product to be considered in the pyrolisis process.Therefore,this study aims to increase the gasoline fraction in liquid fuel using stepwise pyrolysis with a long bed catalytic reactor downstream(LBCR).The LBCR downstream was equipped with the top and bottom outlet and the fed source was mixed municipal solid waste(MMSW).The activated natural dolomite at 500℃ was used to allow the repetition of the secondary cracking.Also,the reactor temperature was setup at around 200℃-300℃ and the pyrolizer was 400℃.To analyze the gasoline fraction and physical properties of liquid fuel,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy(GC-MS)and ASTM standard were employed.The experimental results showed there was a significant increase in the gasoline fraction of liquid fuels compared to using direct catalytic cracking and absence of catalysts.By using a LBCR at 250℃,the liquid fuel obtained at top outlet(TO)and bottom outlet(BO)have 84.08 and 56.94 percent peak area of gasoline fraction(C5-C12),respectively.The average value(TO and BO)of the fraction at 250℃ by LBCR was 70.51 percent peak area and it was increased by about 93.6%and 51.14%compared to without catalyst and direct catalytic,respectively.Furthermore,pyrolytic liquid oils were found to have kinematic viscosity of 2.979 and 0.789 cSt,density of 0.781 and 0.782 g/cm^(3),and flash point<−5℃ for BO-250 and TO-250 liquid fuel,respectively.These results showed BO liquid fuel was comparable to diesel conventional fuel while TO liquid fuel was comparable to gasoline.Evidently,the presence of LBCR made a major contribution to generate multi secondary cracking and to produce more gasoline fraction from mixed MMSW feedstock,as well as to increase the physical properties of liquid fuel.展开更多
Techno-economic potentials of thermal and catalytic pyrolysis plants for the conversion of waste plastics to liquid fuels have been widely studied, but it is not obvious which of the two plants is more profitable, as ...Techno-economic potentials of thermal and catalytic pyrolysis plants for the conversion of waste plastics to liquid fuels have been widely studied, but it is not obvious which of the two plants is more profitable, as the existing studies used different assumptions and cost bases in their analyses, thereby making it difficult to compare the economic potentials of the two plants. In this study, industrial-scale thermal and catalytic waste plastics pyrolysis plants were designed and economically analyzed using ASPEN PLUS. Amorphous silica-alumina was considered the optimum catalyst, with 3:1 feed to catalyst ratio. Based on 20,000 tons/year of feed and 20% interest rate, the catalytic plant, having a net present value (NPV) of � million, was found to be economically less attractive than the thermal plant, having the NPV of �.4 million. On the contrary, sensitivity analyses of the two plants at a feed rate of 50,000 tons/year gave rise to a slightly higher NPV for the catalytic plant (� million) than the thermal plant having NPV of � million, thereby making the former more economically attractive for processing large amounts of waste plastics into liquid fuels. Consequently, as the catalytic plant showed a better scale economy and would produce higher quality liquid fuels than the thermal plant, it is recommended for commercialization in Nigeria.展开更多
The operational efficiency of membrane electrode assemblies in direct liquid fuel cells is critically dependent on the fuel purity in the anode compartment.To address the inherent challenge of fuel mixing problem in a...The operational efficiency of membrane electrode assemblies in direct liquid fuel cells is critically dependent on the fuel purity in the anode compartment.To address the inherent challenge of fuel mixing problem in alcohol systems,we propose a rational catalyst design strategy focusing on morphological and compositional optimization.Sodium borohydride-derived PtCuMo alloy aerogels(AA)exhibit abundant grain boundary defects,while solvothermally prepared nanowire arrays(NA)maintain excellent single-crystalline characteristics.Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that engineered grain boundaries can effectively broaden the adsorption energy window for key reaction intermediates,enabling superior adaptability to diverse catalytic pathways.By precisely controlling Cu content,we identified Pt_(3)Cu_(3)Mo_(0.5)AA as the optimal catalyst configuration,demonstrating 150% enhancement in methanol oxidation reaction activity compared to Pt_(3)Cu_(6)Mo_(0.5)NA(1.5 vs.0.6 A·mg_(Pt)^(-1))and 17% improvement in ethanol oxidation reaction performance versus Pt_(3)Cu_(1)Mo_(0.5)NA(0.82 vs.0.70 A·mg_(Pt)^(-1)).Practical application testing using gas diffusion electrodes(anode loading:0.85 mg_(Pt)·cm^(-2))achieved a mass-specific power density of 14.14 W·g_(Pt)^(-1)in 1:1 methanol/ethanol blends,representing a 3.5-fold improvement over commercial Pt/C benchmarks.This work establishes a fundamental framework for developing highperformance,broad-spectrum electrocatalysts in advanced fuel cell systems.展开更多
A tailored design of highly efficient Pt-based bimetallic nanocatalysts for the electrooxidation of liquid fuel offers a promising approach for the commercialization of fuel cells.Although extensive researches on seek...A tailored design of highly efficient Pt-based bimetallic nanocatalysts for the electrooxidation of liquid fuel offers a promising approach for the commercialization of fuel cells.Although extensive researches on seeking high-performance Pt-based nanocrystals for electrocatalytic reactions have been conducted,the particle size effects of bimetallic Pt-based nanoparticles(NPs)on the fuel cell reaction remain unclear.In this regard,we herein report a size-controlled synthesis of bimetallic Pt-Ag NPs.By varying the amount of phloroglucinol involved in the reaction,Pt-Ag NPs with variable sizes from 7.5 to 15.0 nm can be prepared.By virtue of the unique particle size effects,abundant active sites on the surface as well as the synergistic and electronic effects due to Pt and Ag,these Pt-Ag NPs with the smallest particle size exhibit the best electrocatalytic activities for ethylene glycol and glycol oxidation reactions,and the electrocatalytic activities of Pt-Ag NPs are as much as 3.1 and 3.4 times higher when compared with those of the commercial Pt/C catalysts.This research can provide significant guidelines for the size selection of bimetallic Pt-based nanocatalysts with both enhanced activity and durability for fuel cell reactions.展开更多
Efficient and selective regeneration of enzymatically active 1,4-NADH from NAD^(+)is pivotal for accelerating photoenzymatic CO_(2)conversion.However,constructing photocatalysts that sustain continuous electron flow a...Efficient and selective regeneration of enzymatically active 1,4-NADH from NAD^(+)is pivotal for accelerating photoenzymatic CO_(2)conversion.However,constructing photocatalysts that sustain continuous electron flow and provide sufficient hydride supply remains a major challenge.Herein,we report a rhodium-coordinated three-dimensional conjugated polymer(3D-Bpy-Rh)photocatalyst featuring multiple electron channels,designed through dimensionality engineering and incorporation of hydride-forming active centers.Such a 3D structure promotes rapid charge separation and multidimensional electron migration,while facilitating trapped-electron release to Rh centers for accelerated electron transfer.As a result,3D-Bpy-Rh achieves a visible-light driven NADH regeneration efficiency of 90.8%with 99.2%selectivity toward 1,4-NADH,surpassing state-of-the-art photocatalysts.Furthermore,the mechanism between the electron reduction capability of the photocatalyst and the selective formation of 1,4-NADH was elucidated,combining transient absorption spectroscopy analysis and DFT calculations.When integrated into photoenzymatic systems,this photocatalyst enhances CO_(2)conversion,boosting methanol and ethanol yields by 5.2-and 2.0-fold,respectively.These results highlighted the potential of dimensionality-engineered photocatalysts for selective 1,4-NADH regeneration and efficient photoenzymatic fuel synthesis.展开更多
The world’s increasing human population and industrial activities have resulted in an enormous rise in energy consumption throughout the years.Substantial attention has been given to the impending energy crisis cause...The world’s increasing human population and industrial activities have resulted in an enormous rise in energy consumption throughout the years.Substantial attention has been given to the impending energy crisis caused by the depletion of fossil fuel supplies and their contribution to environmental degradation.As a result,it is necessary to investigate and make use of nonfossil energy sources for the purpose of maintaining demand stability as well as creating a sustainable green environment.Pyrolysis is a reliable method to convert municipal solid waste materials into useful energy.Hence,the co-pyrolysis of unsegregated municipal solid waste was investigated in this study using an integrated two-step pyrolysis process with a double reactor,supported by various natural catalysts,such as zeolite,dolomite,and kaolin,at 550°C for 210 minutes as constant variables-an approach that has not been reported previously.To determine the physical and chemical properties,liquid fuel was subjected to ASTM and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyses,and the impact of each catalyst on its characteristics was also examined.The aromatic fraction was prominent in the liquid fuel yields produced using kaolin and zeolite catalysts(57.4%and 46.1%peak area,respectively).Meanwhile,the highest yield of liquid fuel was obtained using dolomite as the catalyst.The viscosity and density of liquid fuel with dolomite,kaolin,and zeolite were 10.83,4.25,and 4.04 mm^(2)/second and 0.88,0.89,and 1.01 g/cm^(3),respectively.Conversely,the corresponding calorific values for zeolite,kaolin,and dolomite were 41.37,41.09,and 41.19 MJ/kg,respectively.The physical characteristics of the liquid fuel are comparable to those of common fuels such as petrol-88,which is utilized in Indonesia as a vehicle fuel.展开更多
Efficient CO_(2) electroreduction requires catalysts for enhanced energy conversion efficiency and carbon product selectivity with low overpotential,in consideration of the interference of competitive H_(2) evolution ...Efficient CO_(2) electroreduction requires catalysts for enhanced energy conversion efficiency and carbon product selectivity with low overpotential,in consideration of the interference of competitive H_(2) evolution reaction and complex intermediate species involved.We proposed that adaptive electronic structures based on dynamic mixed-valence interconversion would facilitate electron transfer and intermediate turnover during the catalysis,ensuring high activity,selectivity,and durability.Herein,a novel mixed-valence Cu-based metal-organic framework was prepared using an electron-rich linker for electrocatalytic reduction of CO_(2).The designed material delivered a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of 99.2%for C_(1) liquid fuels at a low reduction potential of -0.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode,considerably higher than that of the commercial copper foam and competitive to the Cu-based electrocatalysts reported.The experimental data and theoretical calculations verified the Cu(Ⅰ)/Cu(Ⅱ)interconversion and the much higher energy barrier of H2 evolution than carbon product generation.Such a feasible strategy,simultaneously improving energy conversion efficiency,carbon product selectivity,and structural robustness,provides great insights into rational catalyst customization for sustainable CO_(2) conversion.展开更多
The high energy density of green synthetic liquid chemicals and fuels makes them ideal for sustainable energy storage and transportation applications.Electroreduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))directly into such high v...The high energy density of green synthetic liquid chemicals and fuels makes them ideal for sustainable energy storage and transportation applications.Electroreduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))directly into such high value-added chemicals can help us achieve a renewable C cycle.Such electrochemical reduction typically suffers from low faradaic efficiencies(FEs)and generates a mixture of products due to the complexity of controlling the reaction selectivity.This perspective summarizes recent advances in the mechanistic understanding of CO_(2) reduction reaction pathways toward liquid products and the state-of-the-art catalytic materials for conversion of CO_(2) to liquid C1(e.g.,formic acid,methanol)and C2+products(e.g.,acetic acid,ethanol,n-propanol).Many liquid fuels are being produced with FEs between 80%and 100%.We discuss the use of structure-binding energy relationships,computational screening,and machine learning to identify promising candidates for experimental validation.Finally,we classify strategies for controlling catalyst selectivity and summarize breakthroughs,prospects,and challenges in electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction to guide future developments.展开更多
Direct coal liquefaction products offer a considerable quantity of cycloalkanes, which are the valuable candidates for making the high energy density fuels. The creation of such fuels depends on designing molecular st...Direct coal liquefaction products offer a considerable quantity of cycloalkanes, which are the valuable candidates for making the high energy density fuels. The creation of such fuels depends on designing molecular structures and calculating their properties, which can be expedited with computer-aided techniques. In this study, a dataset containing 367 fuel molecules was constructed based on the analysis of direct coal liquefied oil. Three convolutional neural network property prediction models have been created based on molecular structure-physical and chemical property data from the library. All the models have good fitting ability with R2 values above 0.97. Then, a variational autoencoder generation model has been established using the molecular structures from the library, focusing on the structure of saturated cycloalkanes. The structure-property prediction model was then applied to the newly generated molecules, assessing their density, volumetric calorific value, and melting point. As a result, 70000 novel molecular structures were generated, and 25 molecular structures meeting the criteria for high energy density fuels were identified. The established variational autoencoder model in this study effectively assimilates the structural information from the sample set and autonomously generates novel high energy density fuels, which is difficult to achieve in traditional experimental methods.展开更多
Designing Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS)catalysts to selectively produce liquid hydrocarbon fuels is a crucial challenge.Herein,we selectively introduced Co nanoparticles(NPs)into the micropores and mesopores of an or...Designing Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS)catalysts to selectively produce liquid hydrocarbon fuels is a crucial challenge.Herein,we selectively introduced Co nanoparticles(NPs)into the micropores and mesopores of an ordered mesoporous MFI zeolite(OMMZ)through impregnation,which controlled the carbon number distribution in the FTS products by tuning the position of catalytic active sites in differently sized pores.The Co precursors coordinated by acetate with a size of 9.4×4.2×2.5Åand by 2,2'-bipyridine with a size of 9.5×8.7×7.9Å,smaller and larger than the micropores(ca.5.5Å)of MFI,made the Co species incorporated in OMMZ's micropores and mesopores,respectively.The carbon number products synthesized with the Co NPs confined in mesopores were larger than that in micropores.The high jet and diesel selectivities of 66.5%and 65.3%were achieved with Co NPs confined in micropores and mesopores of less acidic Na-type OMMZ,respectively.Gasoline and jet selectivities of 76.7%and 70.8%were achieved with Co NPs confined in micropores and mesopores of H-type OMMZ with Brönsted acid sites,respectively.A series of characterizations revealed that the selective production of diesel and jet fuels was due to the C-C cleavage suppressing of heavier hydrocarbons by the Co NPs located in mesopores.展开更多
This paper presents the experimental and numerical results for a two stagecombustor capable of achieving flameless combustion with liquid fuels for different thermalheat inputs of 20,30,40 and 60 kW and heat release d...This paper presents the experimental and numerical results for a two stagecombustor capable of achieving flameless combustion with liquid fuels for different thermalheat inputs of 20,30,40 and 60 kW and heat release density of 5-15 MW/m^(3).Combustioncharacteristics and pollutant emissions are studied for three different fuels,kerosene,diesel andgasoline.The influence of droplet diameter on pollutant emissions at all conditions is studied.The fuel and oxidizer are supplied at ambient conditions.The concept of high swirl flows hasbeen adopted to achieve high intemal recirculation rates,residence time and increased dilutionof the fresh reactants in the primary combustion zone,resulting in flameless combustion mode.Air is injected through four tangential injection ports located near the bottom of the combustorand liquid fuel is injected through a centrally mounted pressure swirl injector.Computationalanalysis of the flow features shows that decrease in the exit port diameter of the primarychamber increases the recirculation rate of combustion products and helps in achieving theflameless combustion mode.Based on preliminary computational studies,a 30 mm primarychamber exit pont diameter is chosen for experimental studies.Detailed experimentalinvestigations show that flameless combustion mode was achieved with evenly distributedcombustion reaction zone and unifom temperature distribution in the combustor.Pollutant emissions of CO, NO_(x),C_(x)H_(y) are measured and compared for all operating conditions ofdifferent fuels and different thermal inputs. The acoustic emission levels are reduced by6-8 dB as combustion mode shifts from conventional mode to flameless combustion mode.展开更多
Increased demand for liquid transportation fuels, environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources requires the development of efficient conversion technologies for production of second-generation biofuels ...Increased demand for liquid transportation fuels, environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources requires the development of efficient conversion technologies for production of second-generation biofuels from non-food resources. Thermochemical approaches hold great potential for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels. Direct thermochemical processes convert biomass into liquid fuels in one step using heat and catalysts and have many advantages over indirect and biological processes, such as greater feedstock flexibility, integrated conversion of whole biomass, and lower operation costs. Several direct thermochemical processes are employed in the production of liquid biofuels depending on the nature of the feedstock properties: such as fast pyrolysis/liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil, including upgrading methods, such as catalytic cracking and hydrogenation. Owing to the substantial amount of liquid fuels consumed by vehicular transport, converting biomass into drop-in liquid fuels may reduce the dependence of the fuel market on petroleumbased fuel products. In this review, we also summarize recent progress in technologies for large-scale equipment for direct thermochemical conversion. We focus on the technical aspects critical to commercialization of the technologies for production of liquid fuels from biomass,including feedstock type, cracking catalysts, catalytic cracking mechanisms, catalytic reactors, and biofuel properties. We also discuss future prospects for direct thermochemical conversion in biorefineries for the production of high grade biofuels.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52306125,52176095)Natural Science Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Anhui Province(Nos.2022AH050311,KJ2020ZD29)Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2008085J25).
文摘Hydrothermal liquefaction technology is an effective method for the resource utilization and energy conversion of biomass under the dual-carbon context,facilitating the conversion of biomass into liquid fuels and high-value chemicals.This paper reviews the latest advancements in the production of liquid fuels and chemicals from biomass hydrothermal liquefaction.It briefly introduces the effects of different types of biomass,such as organic waste,lignocellulosic materials,and algae,on the conversion efficiency and product yield during hydrothermal liquefaction.The specific mechanisms of solvent and catalyst systems in the hydrothermal liquefaction process are analyzed in detail.Compared to water and organic solvents,the biphasic solvent system yields higher concentrations of furan platform compounds,and the addition of an appropriate amount of NaCl to the solvent significantly enhances product yield.Homogeneous catalysts exhibit advantages in reaction rate and selectivity but are limited by high costs and difficulties in separation and recovery.In contrast,heterogeneous catalysts possess good separability and regeneration capabilities and can operate under high-temperature conditions,but their mass transfer efficiency and deactivation issues may affect catalytic performance.The direct hydrothermal catalytic conversion of biomass is also discussed for the efficient production of chemicals and fuels such as hexanol,ethylene glycol,lactic acid,and C5/C6 liquid alkanes.Finally,the advantages and current challenges of producing liquid fuels and chemicals from biomass hydrothermal liquefaction are thoroughly analyzed,along with potential future research directions.
基金financially supported by the Leader Project at the Korea Institute of Energy Technology(KENTECH)for Environmental and Climate Technology,funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT through the National Research Foundation of Korea(No.2020R1A3B3079715)The large-scale CO_(2)RR for future work is in process and is financially supported by the Korea Evaluation Institute of Industrial Technology(Alchemist Project,NTIS-2410005253,20018904)through the Ministry of Trade,Industry and Energy,Koreasupported by the National Supercomputing Center with supercomputing resources,including technical support(KSC-2022-CRE-0286).
文摘Achieving carbon neutrality is urgent due to the critical issue of climate change.To reach this goal,the development of new,breakthrough technologies is necessary and urgent.One such technology involves efficient carbon capture and its conversion into useful chemicals or fuels.However,achieving considerable amounts of efficiency in this field is a very challenging task.Even in natural photosynthesis occurring in plant leaves,the CO_(2)conversion efficiency into hydrocarbons cannot exceed a value of 1%.Nevertheless,recently few reports show comparable higher efficiency in CO_(2)to gaseous products such as carbon monoxide(CO),but it is hard to find selective liquid fuel products with a high value of solar to liquid fuel conversion efficiency.Herein,a NiFe-assisted hybrid composite dark cathode is employed for the selective production of solar-to-liquid fuels,in conjunction with a BiVO4 photoanode.This process results in the generation of significant amounts of formaldehyde,ethanol,and methanol selectively.The primary objective of this study is to design and optimize a novel photoelectrochemical(PEC)system to produce solar-to-liquid fuels selectively.This study shows the enhancement of the solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency over 1.5%by employing a hybrid composite cathode composed of NiFe-assisted reduced graphene oxide(rGO),poly(4-vinyl)pyridine(PVP),and Nafion.
文摘The paper is focused on studying how to convert rice husk and sawdust into liquid fuel. Rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were pyrolyzed at the temperature between 420℃ and 540℃, and the main product of liquid fuel was obtained. The experimental result showed that the yield of liquid fuel heavily depended on the kind of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. In the experiments, the maximum liquid yields for rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were 56% at 465 ℃, 61% at 490℃ and 60% at 475℃ respectively. Analysis with GC-MS and other apparatus indicated that the liquid fuel is a complicated organic compound with low caloric value and can be directly used as fuel oil without any up-grading. As a crude oil, the liquid fuel can be refined to be vehicle oil.
基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences TMSR Strategic Pioneer Science and Technology Project(No.XDA02010000).
文摘A liquid fueled thorium molten salt reactor(TMSR-LF),one of the Generation IV reactors,was designed by the Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.This study uses the‘rt code to calculate the neutron and gamma dose rate distributions around the reactor.Multiple types of tallies and variance reduction techniques were employed to reduce calculation time and obtain convergent calculation results.Based on the calculation and analysis results,the TMSR-LF1 radiation shield with a 60-cm serpentine concrete layer and a 120-cm ordinary concrete layer is able to meet radiation requirements.The gamma dose rate outside the reactor biological shield was 16.1 mSv h-1;this is higher than the neutron dose rate of 3.71×10^(–2)mSv h^(-1).The maximum thermal neutron flux density outside the reactor biological shield was 1.899103 cm^(-2)s^(-1),which was below the 19105 cm^(-2)s^(-1)limit.
基金financial supports from the National Science Foundation under Grant Nos. CBET-1949840 and CMMI-1851674financial support from the Preeminent Postdoctoral Program (P3) of the University of Central Florida。
文摘Direct liquid fuel cells(DLFCs) have received increasing attention because of their high energy densities,instant recharging abilities, simple cell structure, and facile storage and transport. The main challenge for the commercialization of DLFCs is the high loading requirement of platinum group metals(PGMs) as catalysts. Atomically dispersed catalysts(ADCs) have been brought into recent focus for DLFCs due to their well-defined active sites, high selectivity, maximal atom-utilization, and anti-poisoning property. In this review, we summarized the structure–property relationship for unveiling the underlying mechanisms of ADCs for DLFCs. More specifically, different types of fuels used in DLFCs such as methanol, formic acid,and ethanol were discussed. At last, we highlighted current challenges, research directions, and future outlooks towards the practical application of DLFCs.
文摘Ethylene oligomerization using ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated to study the role of Bronsted acid sites in the formation of higher hydrocarbons. The oligomerization of olefins, dependent on the acidity of ZSM-5 zeolite, is an important step in the conversion of natural gas to liquid fuels. The framework Si/Al ratio reflects the number of potential acid sites and the acid strength of the ZSM-5 catalyst. ZSM-5 with the mole ratio SiO2/Al2O3 equal to 30 was dealuminated for different periods of time according to the acidic ion-exchange method to produce ZSM-5 with various Si/Al ratios. The FT-IR analysis revealed that the integrated framework aluminum band, non-framework aluminum band, and silanol groups areas of the ZSM-5 zeolites decreased after being dealuminated. The performance of the dealuminated zeolite was tested for ethylene oligomerization. The results demonstrated that the dealumination of ZSM-5 led to higher ethylene conversion, but the gasoline selectivity was reduced compared to the performance of a ZSM-5 zeolite. The characterization results revealed the amount of aluminum in the zeolitic framework, the crystallinity of the ZSM-5 zeolite, and the Si/Al ratio affected the formation of Bronsted acid sites. The number of the Bronsted acid sites on the catalyst active sites is important in the olefin conversion to liquid hydrocarbons.
基金financialy supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFB1502303)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21722601,U19A2017)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2019M660389)。
文摘Direct liquid fuel cells(DLFCs)are proposed to address the problems of high cost and complex storage and transportation of hydrogen in traditional hydrogen-oxygen proton exchange membrane fuel cells.However,present fuels of organic small molecules used in DLFCs are restricted to problems of sluggish electrochemical kinetics and easily poisoning of precious metal catalysts.Herein,we demonstrate reduced phosphotungstic acid as a liquid fuel for DLFCs based on its advantages of high chemical and electrochemical stability,high electrochemical activity on common carbon material electrodes,and low permeability through proton exchange membranes.The application of phosphotungstic acid fuel effectively solves the problems of high cost of anode catalysts and serious fuel permeation loss in traditional DLFCs.A phosphotungstic acid fuel cell achieves a peak power density of466 mW cm^(-2)at a cell voltage of 0.42 V and good stability at current densities in the range from 20 to 200 mA cm^(-2).
文摘Pyrolysis is one of the thermal cracking methods to convert hydrocarbon to liquid fuel.The quantity and quality of the process are dependent on several condition including temperature,reaction time,catalyst,and the type of reactor.Meanwhile,a gasoline fraction was maximum product to be considered in the pyrolisis process.Therefore,this study aims to increase the gasoline fraction in liquid fuel using stepwise pyrolysis with a long bed catalytic reactor downstream(LBCR).The LBCR downstream was equipped with the top and bottom outlet and the fed source was mixed municipal solid waste(MMSW).The activated natural dolomite at 500℃ was used to allow the repetition of the secondary cracking.Also,the reactor temperature was setup at around 200℃-300℃ and the pyrolizer was 400℃.To analyze the gasoline fraction and physical properties of liquid fuel,Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy(GC-MS)and ASTM standard were employed.The experimental results showed there was a significant increase in the gasoline fraction of liquid fuels compared to using direct catalytic cracking and absence of catalysts.By using a LBCR at 250℃,the liquid fuel obtained at top outlet(TO)and bottom outlet(BO)have 84.08 and 56.94 percent peak area of gasoline fraction(C5-C12),respectively.The average value(TO and BO)of the fraction at 250℃ by LBCR was 70.51 percent peak area and it was increased by about 93.6%and 51.14%compared to without catalyst and direct catalytic,respectively.Furthermore,pyrolytic liquid oils were found to have kinematic viscosity of 2.979 and 0.789 cSt,density of 0.781 and 0.782 g/cm^(3),and flash point<−5℃ for BO-250 and TO-250 liquid fuel,respectively.These results showed BO liquid fuel was comparable to diesel conventional fuel while TO liquid fuel was comparable to gasoline.Evidently,the presence of LBCR made a major contribution to generate multi secondary cracking and to produce more gasoline fraction from mixed MMSW feedstock,as well as to increase the physical properties of liquid fuel.
文摘Techno-economic potentials of thermal and catalytic pyrolysis plants for the conversion of waste plastics to liquid fuels have been widely studied, but it is not obvious which of the two plants is more profitable, as the existing studies used different assumptions and cost bases in their analyses, thereby making it difficult to compare the economic potentials of the two plants. In this study, industrial-scale thermal and catalytic waste plastics pyrolysis plants were designed and economically analyzed using ASPEN PLUS. Amorphous silica-alumina was considered the optimum catalyst, with 3:1 feed to catalyst ratio. Based on 20,000 tons/year of feed and 20% interest rate, the catalytic plant, having a net present value (NPV) of � million, was found to be economically less attractive than the thermal plant, having the NPV of �.4 million. On the contrary, sensitivity analyses of the two plants at a feed rate of 50,000 tons/year gave rise to a slightly higher NPV for the catalytic plant (� million) than the thermal plant having NPV of � million, thereby making the former more economically attractive for processing large amounts of waste plastics into liquid fuels. Consequently, as the catalytic plant showed a better scale economy and would produce higher quality liquid fuels than the thermal plant, it is recommended for commercialization in Nigeria.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52073214)Guangxi Natural Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.2024GXNSFFA010008).
文摘The operational efficiency of membrane electrode assemblies in direct liquid fuel cells is critically dependent on the fuel purity in the anode compartment.To address the inherent challenge of fuel mixing problem in alcohol systems,we propose a rational catalyst design strategy focusing on morphological and compositional optimization.Sodium borohydride-derived PtCuMo alloy aerogels(AA)exhibit abundant grain boundary defects,while solvothermally prepared nanowire arrays(NA)maintain excellent single-crystalline characteristics.Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that engineered grain boundaries can effectively broaden the adsorption energy window for key reaction intermediates,enabling superior adaptability to diverse catalytic pathways.By precisely controlling Cu content,we identified Pt_(3)Cu_(3)Mo_(0.5)AA as the optimal catalyst configuration,demonstrating 150% enhancement in methanol oxidation reaction activity compared to Pt_(3)Cu_(6)Mo_(0.5)NA(1.5 vs.0.6 A·mg_(Pt)^(-1))and 17% improvement in ethanol oxidation reaction performance versus Pt_(3)Cu_(1)Mo_(0.5)NA(0.82 vs.0.70 A·mg_(Pt)^(-1)).Practical application testing using gas diffusion electrodes(anode loading:0.85 mg_(Pt)·cm^(-2))achieved a mass-specific power density of 14.14 W·g_(Pt)^(-1)in 1:1 methanol/ethanol blends,representing a 3.5-fold improvement over commercial Pt/C benchmarks.This work establishes a fundamental framework for developing highperformance,broad-spectrum electrocatalysts in advanced fuel cell systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51373111)the Suzhou Industry(SYG201636)+1 种基金the project of scientific and technologic infrastructure of Suzhou(SZS201708)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD).
文摘A tailored design of highly efficient Pt-based bimetallic nanocatalysts for the electrooxidation of liquid fuel offers a promising approach for the commercialization of fuel cells.Although extensive researches on seeking high-performance Pt-based nanocrystals for electrocatalytic reactions have been conducted,the particle size effects of bimetallic Pt-based nanoparticles(NPs)on the fuel cell reaction remain unclear.In this regard,we herein report a size-controlled synthesis of bimetallic Pt-Ag NPs.By varying the amount of phloroglucinol involved in the reaction,Pt-Ag NPs with variable sizes from 7.5 to 15.0 nm can be prepared.By virtue of the unique particle size effects,abundant active sites on the surface as well as the synergistic and electronic effects due to Pt and Ag,these Pt-Ag NPs with the smallest particle size exhibit the best electrocatalytic activities for ethylene glycol and glycol oxidation reactions,and the electrocatalytic activities of Pt-Ag NPs are as much as 3.1 and 3.4 times higher when compared with those of the commercial Pt/C catalysts.This research can provide significant guidelines for the size selection of bimetallic Pt-based nanocatalysts with both enhanced activity and durability for fuel cell reactions.
基金Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDC0120103)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023B151520034)CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research(YSBR-072)。
文摘Efficient and selective regeneration of enzymatically active 1,4-NADH from NAD^(+)is pivotal for accelerating photoenzymatic CO_(2)conversion.However,constructing photocatalysts that sustain continuous electron flow and provide sufficient hydride supply remains a major challenge.Herein,we report a rhodium-coordinated three-dimensional conjugated polymer(3D-Bpy-Rh)photocatalyst featuring multiple electron channels,designed through dimensionality engineering and incorporation of hydride-forming active centers.Such a 3D structure promotes rapid charge separation and multidimensional electron migration,while facilitating trapped-electron release to Rh centers for accelerated electron transfer.As a result,3D-Bpy-Rh achieves a visible-light driven NADH regeneration efficiency of 90.8%with 99.2%selectivity toward 1,4-NADH,surpassing state-of-the-art photocatalysts.Furthermore,the mechanism between the electron reduction capability of the photocatalyst and the selective formation of 1,4-NADH was elucidated,combining transient absorption spectroscopy analysis and DFT calculations.When integrated into photoenzymatic systems,this photocatalyst enhances CO_(2)conversion,boosting methanol and ethanol yields by 5.2-and 2.0-fold,respectively.These results highlighted the potential of dimensionality-engineered photocatalysts for selective 1,4-NADH regeneration and efficient photoenzymatic fuel synthesis.
基金supported by Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia and the Ministry of Education,Culture,Research,and Technology.
文摘The world’s increasing human population and industrial activities have resulted in an enormous rise in energy consumption throughout the years.Substantial attention has been given to the impending energy crisis caused by the depletion of fossil fuel supplies and their contribution to environmental degradation.As a result,it is necessary to investigate and make use of nonfossil energy sources for the purpose of maintaining demand stability as well as creating a sustainable green environment.Pyrolysis is a reliable method to convert municipal solid waste materials into useful energy.Hence,the co-pyrolysis of unsegregated municipal solid waste was investigated in this study using an integrated two-step pyrolysis process with a double reactor,supported by various natural catalysts,such as zeolite,dolomite,and kaolin,at 550°C for 210 minutes as constant variables-an approach that has not been reported previously.To determine the physical and chemical properties,liquid fuel was subjected to ASTM and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analyses,and the impact of each catalyst on its characteristics was also examined.The aromatic fraction was prominent in the liquid fuel yields produced using kaolin and zeolite catalysts(57.4%and 46.1%peak area,respectively).Meanwhile,the highest yield of liquid fuel was obtained using dolomite as the catalyst.The viscosity and density of liquid fuel with dolomite,kaolin,and zeolite were 10.83,4.25,and 4.04 mm^(2)/second and 0.88,0.89,and 1.01 g/cm^(3),respectively.Conversely,the corresponding calorific values for zeolite,kaolin,and dolomite were 41.37,41.09,and 41.19 MJ/kg,respectively.The physical characteristics of the liquid fuel are comparable to those of common fuels such as petrol-88,which is utilized in Indonesia as a vehicle fuel.
基金granted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22376161 and 52373216)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFE0110500)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China.
文摘Efficient CO_(2) electroreduction requires catalysts for enhanced energy conversion efficiency and carbon product selectivity with low overpotential,in consideration of the interference of competitive H_(2) evolution reaction and complex intermediate species involved.We proposed that adaptive electronic structures based on dynamic mixed-valence interconversion would facilitate electron transfer and intermediate turnover during the catalysis,ensuring high activity,selectivity,and durability.Herein,a novel mixed-valence Cu-based metal-organic framework was prepared using an electron-rich linker for electrocatalytic reduction of CO_(2).The designed material delivered a remarkable Faradaic efficiency of 99.2%for C_(1) liquid fuels at a low reduction potential of -0.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode,considerably higher than that of the commercial copper foam and competitive to the Cu-based electrocatalysts reported.The experimental data and theoretical calculations verified the Cu(Ⅰ)/Cu(Ⅱ)interconversion and the much higher energy barrier of H2 evolution than carbon product generation.Such a feasible strategy,simultaneously improving energy conversion efficiency,carbon product selectivity,and structural robustness,provides great insights into rational catalyst customization for sustainable CO_(2) conversion.
基金supported by the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24B20201)National Natural Science Foundation of China(22372007 and 21972010)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JD2427)the SRC Center for Electron Transfer(2021R1A5A1030054)funded by NRF Korea and AI Graduate School Program(RS-2021-II211343).
文摘The high energy density of green synthetic liquid chemicals and fuels makes them ideal for sustainable energy storage and transportation applications.Electroreduction of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))directly into such high value-added chemicals can help us achieve a renewable C cycle.Such electrochemical reduction typically suffers from low faradaic efficiencies(FEs)and generates a mixture of products due to the complexity of controlling the reaction selectivity.This perspective summarizes recent advances in the mechanistic understanding of CO_(2) reduction reaction pathways toward liquid products and the state-of-the-art catalytic materials for conversion of CO_(2) to liquid C1(e.g.,formic acid,methanol)and C2+products(e.g.,acetic acid,ethanol,n-propanol).Many liquid fuels are being produced with FEs between 80%and 100%.We discuss the use of structure-binding energy relationships,computational screening,and machine learning to identify promising candidates for experimental validation.Finally,we classify strategies for controlling catalyst selectivity and summarize breakthroughs,prospects,and challenges in electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction to guide future developments.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22178243 and 22038008).
文摘Direct coal liquefaction products offer a considerable quantity of cycloalkanes, which are the valuable candidates for making the high energy density fuels. The creation of such fuels depends on designing molecular structures and calculating their properties, which can be expedited with computer-aided techniques. In this study, a dataset containing 367 fuel molecules was constructed based on the analysis of direct coal liquefied oil. Three convolutional neural network property prediction models have been created based on molecular structure-physical and chemical property data from the library. All the models have good fitting ability with R2 values above 0.97. Then, a variational autoencoder generation model has been established using the molecular structures from the library, focusing on the structure of saturated cycloalkanes. The structure-property prediction model was then applied to the newly generated molecules, assessing their density, volumetric calorific value, and melting point. As a result, 70000 novel molecular structures were generated, and 25 molecular structures meeting the criteria for high energy density fuels were identified. The established variational autoencoder model in this study effectively assimilates the structural information from the sample set and autonomously generates novel high energy density fuels, which is difficult to achieve in traditional experimental methods.
文摘Designing Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS)catalysts to selectively produce liquid hydrocarbon fuels is a crucial challenge.Herein,we selectively introduced Co nanoparticles(NPs)into the micropores and mesopores of an ordered mesoporous MFI zeolite(OMMZ)through impregnation,which controlled the carbon number distribution in the FTS products by tuning the position of catalytic active sites in differently sized pores.The Co precursors coordinated by acetate with a size of 9.4×4.2×2.5Åand by 2,2'-bipyridine with a size of 9.5×8.7×7.9Å,smaller and larger than the micropores(ca.5.5Å)of MFI,made the Co species incorporated in OMMZ's micropores and mesopores,respectively.The carbon number products synthesized with the Co NPs confined in mesopores were larger than that in micropores.The high jet and diesel selectivities of 66.5%and 65.3%were achieved with Co NPs confined in micropores and mesopores of less acidic Na-type OMMZ,respectively.Gasoline and jet selectivities of 76.7%and 70.8%were achieved with Co NPs confined in micropores and mesopores of H-type OMMZ with Brönsted acid sites,respectively.A series of characterizations revealed that the selective production of diesel and jet fuels was due to the C-C cleavage suppressing of heavier hydrocarbons by the Co NPs located in mesopores.
文摘This paper presents the experimental and numerical results for a two stagecombustor capable of achieving flameless combustion with liquid fuels for different thermalheat inputs of 20,30,40 and 60 kW and heat release density of 5-15 MW/m^(3).Combustioncharacteristics and pollutant emissions are studied for three different fuels,kerosene,diesel andgasoline.The influence of droplet diameter on pollutant emissions at all conditions is studied.The fuel and oxidizer are supplied at ambient conditions.The concept of high swirl flows hasbeen adopted to achieve high intemal recirculation rates,residence time and increased dilutionof the fresh reactants in the primary combustion zone,resulting in flameless combustion mode.Air is injected through four tangential injection ports located near the bottom of the combustorand liquid fuel is injected through a centrally mounted pressure swirl injector.Computationalanalysis of the flow features shows that decrease in the exit port diameter of the primarychamber increases the recirculation rate of combustion products and helps in achieving theflameless combustion mode.Based on preliminary computational studies,a 30 mm primarychamber exit pont diameter is chosen for experimental studies.Detailed experimentalinvestigations show that flameless combustion mode was achieved with evenly distributedcombustion reaction zone and unifom temperature distribution in the combustor.Pollutant emissions of CO, NO_(x),C_(x)H_(y) are measured and compared for all operating conditions ofdifferent fuels and different thermal inputs. The acoustic emission levels are reduced by6-8 dB as combustion mode shifts from conventional mode to flameless combustion mode.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31422013)the Research Institute of New Technology,Special Fund for Fundamental Research(CAFYBB2014ZD003)for financial support during this investigation
文摘Increased demand for liquid transportation fuels, environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources requires the development of efficient conversion technologies for production of second-generation biofuels from non-food resources. Thermochemical approaches hold great potential for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels. Direct thermochemical processes convert biomass into liquid fuels in one step using heat and catalysts and have many advantages over indirect and biological processes, such as greater feedstock flexibility, integrated conversion of whole biomass, and lower operation costs. Several direct thermochemical processes are employed in the production of liquid biofuels depending on the nature of the feedstock properties: such as fast pyrolysis/liquefaction of lignocellulosic biomass for bio-oil, including upgrading methods, such as catalytic cracking and hydrogenation. Owing to the substantial amount of liquid fuels consumed by vehicular transport, converting biomass into drop-in liquid fuels may reduce the dependence of the fuel market on petroleumbased fuel products. In this review, we also summarize recent progress in technologies for large-scale equipment for direct thermochemical conversion. We focus on the technical aspects critical to commercialization of the technologies for production of liquid fuels from biomass,including feedstock type, cracking catalysts, catalytic cracking mechanisms, catalytic reactors, and biofuel properties. We also discuss future prospects for direct thermochemical conversion in biorefineries for the production of high grade biofuels.
