In this work,we have developed a lignin-derived polymer electrolyte(LSELi),which demonstrates exceptional ionic conductivity of 1.6×10^(-3)S cm^(−1)and a high cation transference number of 0.57 at 25°C.Time ...In this work,we have developed a lignin-derived polymer electrolyte(LSELi),which demonstrates exceptional ionic conductivity of 1.6×10^(-3)S cm^(−1)and a high cation transference number of 0.57 at 25°C.Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF-SIMS)analysis shows that the large-size 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cations(EMIM^(+))can induce the aggregation of the anionic segments in lignosulfonate to reconstruct the three-dimensional(3D)spatial structure of polyelectrolyte,thereby forming a fluent Li^(+)transport 3D network.Dielectric loss spectroscopy further reveals that within this transport network,Li^(+)transport is decoupled from the relaxation of lignosulfonate chain segments,exhibiting characteristics of rapid Li^(+)transport.Furthermore,in-situ distribution of relaxation times analysis indicates that a stable solid electrolyte interface layer is formed at the Li plating interface with LSELi,optimizing the Li plating interface and exhibiting low charge transfer impedance and stable Li plating and stripping.Thus,a substantially prolonged cycling stability and reversibility are obtained in the Li||LSELi||Li battery at 25°C(1800 h at 0.1 mA cm^(−2),0.1 mAh cm^(−2)).At 25°C,the Li||LSELi||LiFePO_(4)cell shows 132 mAh g^(−1)of capacity with 92.7%of retention over 120 cycles at 0.1 mA cm^(−2).展开更多
As an aromatic polymer in nature, lignin has recently attracted gross attention because of its advantages of high carbon content, low cost and bio-renewability. However, most lignin is directly burnt for power generat...As an aromatic polymer in nature, lignin has recently attracted gross attention because of its advantages of high carbon content, low cost and bio-renewability. However, most lignin is directly burnt for power generation to satisfy the energy demand of the pulp mills. As a result, only a handful of isolated lignin is used as a raw material. Thus, increasing value addition on lignin to expand its scope of applications is currently a challenge demanding immediate attention. Many efforts have been made in the valorization of lignin, including the preparation of precursors for carbon fibers. However, its complex structure and diversity significantly restrict the spinnability of lignin. In this review, we provide elaborate knowledge on the preparation of lignin-based carbon fibers ranging from the relationships among chemical structures, formation conditions and properties of fibers, to their potential applications. Specifically, control procedures for different spinning methods of lignin, including melt spinning, solution spinning and electrospinning, together with stabilization and carbonization are deeply discussed to provide an overall understanding towards the formation of lignin-based carbon fibers. We also offer perspectives on the challenges and new directions for future development of lignin-based carbon fibers.展开更多
The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of ionic liquid treated lignin-based polyacid as a catalyst for urea-formaldehyde(UF)resins.Esterification of lignin was carried out,without any catalyst,with anh...The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of ionic liquid treated lignin-based polyacid as a catalyst for urea-formaldehyde(UF)resins.Esterification of lignin was carried out,without any catalyst,with anhydride maleic and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate[Bmim][HSO 4]as acidic ionic liquid to form maleated lignin-based polyacids(MA-IL).The performance of MA-IL as UF resin catalyst was respectively compared to hyroxymethylated lignin-based polyacid(MA-HL)and to NH 4 Cl.The FTIR analysis indicated that the propor-tion of-COOH and C-O bonds increased due to the esterification of lignin with ionic liquid rather than its hyr-oxymethylation.Physicochemical tests indicated that the gelation time of the UF resin was shorter by adding MA-IL when compared to NH 4 Cl and MA-HL,respectively.DSC analysis showed that the addition of MA-IL significantly decreased the temperature peak(Tp)of the UF resin;as the Tp of the UF resin with 2 wt%MA-IL was lower than with MA-HL and NH 4 Cl,respectively.The panel test results of plywood bonded with a UF resin with a MA-IL level increasing from 1%to 3%,effectively improved the mechanical strength,water resistance and formaldehyde emission even higher than with MA-HL and NH 4 Cl,respectively.展开更多
The curing behavior of lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin with different contents of nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates (5, 10 ...The curing behavior of lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin with different contents of nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates (5, 10 and 20°C/min) and the bonding property was evaluated by the wet shear strength and wood failure of two-ply plywood panels after soaking in water (48 hours at room temperature and followed by 1-hour boiling). The test results indicated that the NCC content had little influence on the peak temperature, activation energy and the total heat of reaction of LPF resin at 5 and 10°C/min. But at 20°C/min, LPF0.00% (LPF resin without NCC) showed the highest total heat of reaction, while LPF0.25% (LPF resin containing 0.25% NCC content) and LPF0.50% (LPF resin containing 0.50% NCC content) gave the lowest value. The wet shear strength was affected by the NCC content to a certain extent. With regard to the results of one-way analysis of variance, the bonding quality could be improved by NCC and the optimum NCC content ranged from 0.25% to 0.50%. The wood failure was also affected by the NCC content, but the trend with respect to NCC content was not clear.展开更多
Water-soluble PEG grafted lignin-based polymers （AL-azo-PEG） were efficiently synthesized by macromolecular azo coupling reaction between alkali lignin and PEG based macromolecular diazonium salts in alkaline water....Water-soluble PEG grafted lignin-based polymers （AL-azo-PEG） were efficiently synthesized by macromolecular azo coupling reaction between alkali lignin and PEG based macromolecular diazonium salts in alkaline water. This one-step PEGylation method showed many advantages such as high efficiency, controllable grafting radio, extremely mild conditions and without organic solvents. The prepared AL-azo-PEG polymers were well characterized by using various spectroscopic methods including UV-vis, FTIR and 1H NMR spectra. Experimental results showed that the synthesized polymers had good solubility both in water over a wide pH range （pH 2-12） and in the majority of organic solvents, which helped to easily fabricate self-assembly colloidal particles and nanofibers by vapor diffusion method and electrospinning method, respectively, The azobenzene linkages generated by the macromolecular azo coupling reaction also brought photo-responsive properties to the prepared polymers.展开更多
Lignin is the most abundant aromatic polymer in nature,which is rich in a large number of benzene ring structures and active functional groups.The molecular structure of lignin has unique designability and controllabi...Lignin is the most abundant aromatic polymer in nature,which is rich in a large number of benzene ring structures and active functional groups.The molecular structure of lignin has unique designability and controllability,and is a class of functional materials with great application prospects in energy storage and conversion.Here,this review firstly focuses on the concept,classification,and physicochemical property of lignin.Then,the application research of lignin in the field of electrochemical storage materials and devices are summarized,such as lignin-carbon materials and lignin-carbon composites in supercapacitors and secondary batteries.Finally,this review points out the bottlenecks that need to be solved urgently and the prospects for future research priorities.展开更多
Lignin,an energy-rich and adaptable polymer comprising phenylpropanoid monomers utilized by plants for structural reinforcement,water conveyance,and defense mechanisms,ranks as the planet's second most prevalent b...Lignin,an energy-rich and adaptable polymer comprising phenylpropanoid monomers utilized by plants for structural reinforcement,water conveyance,and defense mechanisms,ranks as the planet's second most prevalent biopolymer,after cellulose.Despite its prevalence,lignin is frequently underused in the process of converting biomass into fuels and chemicals.Instead,it is commonly incinerated for industrial heat due to its intricate composition and resistance to decomposition,presenting obstacles for targeted valorization.In contrast to chemical catalysts,biological enzymes show promise not only in selectively converting lignin components but also in seamlessly integrating into cellular structures,offering biocatalysis as a potentially efficient pathway for lignin enhancement.This review comprehensively summarizes cutting-edge biostrategies,ligninolytic enzymes,metabolic pathways,and lignin-degrading strains or consortia involved in lignin degradation,while critically evaluating the underlying mechanisms.Metabolic and genetic engineering play crucial roles in redirecting lignin and its derivatives towards metabolic pathways like the tricarboxylic acid cycle,opening up novel avenues for its valorization.Recent advancements in lignin valorization are scrutinized,highlighting key challenges and promising solutions.Furthermore,the review underscores the importance of innovative approaches,such as leveraging digital systems and synthetic biology,to unlock the commercial potential of lignin-derived raw materials as sustainable feedstocks.Artificial intelligence-driven technologies offer promise in overcoming current challenges and driving widespread adoption of lignin valorization,presenting an alternative to sugar-based feedstocks for bio-based manufacturing in the future.The utilization of available lignin residue for synthesis of high-value chemicals or energy,even alternative food,addresses various crises looming in the food-energy-water nexus.展开更多
With the increase of energy consumption,the shortage of fossil resource,and the aggravation of environmental pollution,the development of cost-effective and environmental friendly bio-based energy storage devices has ...With the increase of energy consumption,the shortage of fossil resource,and the aggravation of environmental pollution,the development of cost-effective and environmental friendly bio-based energy storage devices has become an urgent need.As the second most abundant natural polymer found in nature,lignin is mainly produced as the by-product of paper pulping and bio-refining industries.It possesses several inherent advantages,such as low-cost,high carbon content,abundant functional groups,and bio-renewable,making it an attractive candidate for the rechargeable battery material.Consequently,there has been a surge of research interest in utilizing lignin or lignin-based carbon materials as the components of lithium-ion(LIBs)or sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),including the electrode,binder,separator,and electrolyte.This review provides a comprehensive overview on the research progress of lignin-derived materials used in LIBs/SIBs,especially the application of lignin-based carbons as the anodes of LIBs/SIBs.The preparation methods and properties of lignin-derived materials with different dimensions are systemically discussed,which emphasizes on the relationship between the chemical/physical structures of lignin-derived materials and the performances of LIBs/SIBs.The current challenges and future prospects of lignin-derived materials in energy storage devices are also proposed.展开更多
Research-based on lignin as a bioproduct has grown due to its high availability,reactivity,physicochemical sta-bility,and abundance of different aromatic units.Lignin consists of various functional groups,which can re...Research-based on lignin as a bioproduct has grown due to its high availability,reactivity,physicochemical sta-bility,and abundance of different aromatic units.Lignin consists of various functional groups,which can react in various chemical reactions and serve as a raw material in various processes to obtain multiple products.These characteristics make lignin suitable for synthesizing products from natural raw materials,replacing fossil ones.Due to a high aromatic variety and complex structural arrangement,lignin isolation and fractionation are still challenging.The aim and novelty of this work was the modification of severity and enzymatic hydrolysis proce-dure on an industrial pre-treatment to improve by-products of birch processing as a raw material for the potential production of different products.Lignin from birch wood enzymatic hydrolysis was obtained and marked accord-ingly:HS(high severity),MS(medium severity),and LS(low severity)lignin.Samples were characterized by ash content,analytical pyrolysis,solubility,and viscosity.HS lignin was characterized by a relatively high carbohy-drate content(16%)and lower lignin content(77%).Meanwhile,LS lignin showed increased lignin content(83%)and reduced carbohydrate content(9%).It can be concluded that the delignification process greatly influ-ences the properties of the obtained lignin.HS lignin resulted in a lower polydispersity index(PDI)and more condensed structure,while LS lignin showed a higher PDI but a lower content of carbohydrates.Therefore,look-ing for a golden middle way is necessary whilefinding the conditions according to the usefield.展开更多
The growing environmental awareness,the search for alternatives to fossil resources,and the goal of achieving a circular economy have all contributed to the increasing valorization of biowaste to produce bio-based pol...The growing environmental awareness,the search for alternatives to fossil resources,and the goal of achieving a circular economy have all contributed to the increasing valorization of biowaste to produce bio-based polymers and other high-value products.Among the various biowaste materials,lignin has gained significant attention due to its high aromatic carbon content,low cost,and abundance.Lignin is predominantly sourced as a byproduct from the paper industry,available in large quantities from hardwood and softwood,with variations in chemical structure and susceptibility to hydrolysis.This study focuses on softwood lignin obtained through the LignoForce^(TM) technology,comparing the thermal and chemical characteristics,and stability,of a recently produced batch with that of a batch that has been stored for four years.Additionally,the development of lignin-based thermoplastic polymer mixtures using Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol(PET-G)and a blend of Polycarbonate and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene(PC/ABS)with high lignin content(50–60 wt%)is explored,as well as the production of filaments for carbon fiber production.For this purpose,following melt mixing,the lignin-based mixtures were spun into filaments,which were subsequently subjected to thermal stabilization in an oxidative atmosphere.The lignin phase was well distributed in the PET-Gmatrix and the twomaterials presented a good interface,which further improved after thermal treatment under an oxidative atmosphere.After thermal treatment an increase in tensile modulus,tensile strength,and elongation at break of approximately 160%,200%,and 100%,respectively,was observed,confirming the good interface established,and consistent with structural changes such as cross-linking.Conversely,the PC/ABS blend did not form a good interface with the lignin domains after melt mixing.Although the interactions improved after thermal treatment,the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased by approximately 30%,while themodulus increased by approximately 20%.Overall,the good processability of the lignin/polymer mixtures into filaments,and their physical,chemical,and mechanical characterization before and after thermal oxidation are good indicators of the potential as precursors for carbon fiber production.展开更多
Lignocellulosic nanofibers(LCNFs),implying lignin-containing cellulose fibers,maintain the prop-erties of both lignin and cellulose,which are hydrophobic and hydrophilic,respectively.The pres-ence of hydrophobic ligni...Lignocellulosic nanofibers(LCNFs),implying lignin-containing cellulose fibers,maintain the prop-erties of both lignin and cellulose,which are hydrophobic and hydrophilic,respectively.The pres-ence of hydrophobic lignin in LCNFs is expected to be an economical and attractive option that can improve the thermal and mechanical properties of polymers.Thus,this study was conducted to produce lignin-rich LCNFs from sugar-rich waste obtained from rice husks after acidic pretreat-ment.The LCNFs were produced from the lignin-rich solid fractions obtained after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis,which were then incorporated as an additive into a chitosan-based film.The variations in lignin content in the range of approximately 50.6%-66.8%in differently obtained LCNFs gave significantly different optical strengths and mechanical properties.These controllable processes may allow for customized film formation.Additionally,the glucose-rich liquid fractions obtained after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were used as a substrate for ethanol fermentation to achieve total utilization of rice husk biomass waste.In conclusion,the lignin-rich biomass fraction holds promise as a suitable material for chitosan-LCNF film and has the potential to increase the economic feasibility of the biomaterial industry.展开更多
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,22393901,22021001,22272143,22441030)the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFA1502300)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(20720220009)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(Grant No.2024J01213135)。
文摘In this work,we have developed a lignin-derived polymer electrolyte(LSELi),which demonstrates exceptional ionic conductivity of 1.6×10^(-3)S cm^(−1)and a high cation transference number of 0.57 at 25°C.Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry(TOF-SIMS)analysis shows that the large-size 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cations(EMIM^(+))can induce the aggregation of the anionic segments in lignosulfonate to reconstruct the three-dimensional(3D)spatial structure of polyelectrolyte,thereby forming a fluent Li^(+)transport 3D network.Dielectric loss spectroscopy further reveals that within this transport network,Li^(+)transport is decoupled from the relaxation of lignosulfonate chain segments,exhibiting characteristics of rapid Li^(+)transport.Furthermore,in-situ distribution of relaxation times analysis indicates that a stable solid electrolyte interface layer is formed at the Li plating interface with LSELi,optimizing the Li plating interface and exhibiting low charge transfer impedance and stable Li plating and stripping.Thus,a substantially prolonged cycling stability and reversibility are obtained in the Li||LSELi||Li battery at 25°C(1800 h at 0.1 mA cm^(−2),0.1 mAh cm^(−2)).At 25°C,the Li||LSELi||LiFePO_(4)cell shows 132 mAh g^(−1)of capacity with 92.7%of retention over 120 cycles at 0.1 mA cm^(−2).
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51903128)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China (ZR2018BEM028)+3 种基金Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(2017-01-07-00-03-E00055)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M632620)Open Project of State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials,Donghua University,ChinaOpen Project of State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles,Qingdao University,China。
文摘As an aromatic polymer in nature, lignin has recently attracted gross attention because of its advantages of high carbon content, low cost and bio-renewability. However, most lignin is directly burnt for power generation to satisfy the energy demand of the pulp mills. As a result, only a handful of isolated lignin is used as a raw material. Thus, increasing value addition on lignin to expand its scope of applications is currently a challenge demanding immediate attention. Many efforts have been made in the valorization of lignin, including the preparation of precursors for carbon fibers. However, its complex structure and diversity significantly restrict the spinnability of lignin. In this review, we provide elaborate knowledge on the preparation of lignin-based carbon fibers ranging from the relationships among chemical structures, formation conditions and properties of fibers, to their potential applications. Specifically, control procedures for different spinning methods of lignin, including melt spinning, solution spinning and electrospinning, together with stabilization and carbonization are deeply discussed to provide an overall understanding towards the formation of lignin-based carbon fibers. We also offer perspectives on the challenges and new directions for future development of lignin-based carbon fibers.
文摘The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of ionic liquid treated lignin-based polyacid as a catalyst for urea-formaldehyde(UF)resins.Esterification of lignin was carried out,without any catalyst,with anhydride maleic and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate[Bmim][HSO 4]as acidic ionic liquid to form maleated lignin-based polyacids(MA-IL).The performance of MA-IL as UF resin catalyst was respectively compared to hyroxymethylated lignin-based polyacid(MA-HL)and to NH 4 Cl.The FTIR analysis indicated that the propor-tion of-COOH and C-O bonds increased due to the esterification of lignin with ionic liquid rather than its hyr-oxymethylation.Physicochemical tests indicated that the gelation time of the UF resin was shorter by adding MA-IL when compared to NH 4 Cl and MA-HL,respectively.DSC analysis showed that the addition of MA-IL significantly decreased the temperature peak(Tp)of the UF resin;as the Tp of the UF resin with 2 wt%MA-IL was lower than with MA-HL and NH 4 Cl,respectively.The panel test results of plywood bonded with a UF resin with a MA-IL level increasing from 1%to 3%,effectively improved the mechanical strength,water resistance and formaldehyde emission even higher than with MA-HL and NH 4 Cl,respectively.
文摘The curing behavior of lignin-based phenol-formaldehyde (LPF) resin with different contents of nano-crystalline cellulose (NCC) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates (5, 10 and 20°C/min) and the bonding property was evaluated by the wet shear strength and wood failure of two-ply plywood panels after soaking in water (48 hours at room temperature and followed by 1-hour boiling). The test results indicated that the NCC content had little influence on the peak temperature, activation energy and the total heat of reaction of LPF resin at 5 and 10°C/min. But at 20°C/min, LPF0.00% (LPF resin without NCC) showed the highest total heat of reaction, while LPF0.25% (LPF resin containing 0.25% NCC content) and LPF0.50% (LPF resin containing 0.50% NCC content) gave the lowest value. The wet shear strength was affected by the NCC content to a certain extent. With regard to the results of one-way analysis of variance, the bonding quality could be improved by NCC and the optimum NCC content ranged from 0.25% to 0.50%. The wood failure was also affected by the NCC content, but the trend with respect to NCC content was not clear.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.21474056.21674058)Fund of Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education(No. 2017AML03)
文摘Water-soluble PEG grafted lignin-based polymers （AL-azo-PEG） were efficiently synthesized by macromolecular azo coupling reaction between alkali lignin and PEG based macromolecular diazonium salts in alkaline water. This one-step PEGylation method showed many advantages such as high efficiency, controllable grafting radio, extremely mild conditions and without organic solvents. The prepared AL-azo-PEG polymers were well characterized by using various spectroscopic methods including UV-vis, FTIR and 1H NMR spectra. Experimental results showed that the synthesized polymers had good solubility both in water over a wide pH range （pH 2-12） and in the majority of organic solvents, which helped to easily fabricate self-assembly colloidal particles and nanofibers by vapor diffusion method and electrospinning method, respectively, The azobenzene linkages generated by the macromolecular azo coupling reaction also brought photo-responsive properties to the prepared polymers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(No.21908071,21908205,22108135)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong,(2020A1515011319)+3 种基金Henan Provincial Key Research and Development Program(No.202102210312)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2020QB197)CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy(No.E129kf0301)Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science and Technology of Ministry of Education of China(KF201902)。
文摘Lignin is the most abundant aromatic polymer in nature,which is rich in a large number of benzene ring structures and active functional groups.The molecular structure of lignin has unique designability and controllability,and is a class of functional materials with great application prospects in energy storage and conversion.Here,this review firstly focuses on the concept,classification,and physicochemical property of lignin.Then,the application research of lignin in the field of electrochemical storage materials and devices are summarized,such as lignin-carbon materials and lignin-carbon composites in supercapacitors and secondary batteries.Finally,this review points out the bottlenecks that need to be solved urgently and the prospects for future research priorities.
基金supported by the National Key R&D program of China(2023YFD1600502)Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDC0110304)。
文摘Lignin,an energy-rich and adaptable polymer comprising phenylpropanoid monomers utilized by plants for structural reinforcement,water conveyance,and defense mechanisms,ranks as the planet's second most prevalent biopolymer,after cellulose.Despite its prevalence,lignin is frequently underused in the process of converting biomass into fuels and chemicals.Instead,it is commonly incinerated for industrial heat due to its intricate composition and resistance to decomposition,presenting obstacles for targeted valorization.In contrast to chemical catalysts,biological enzymes show promise not only in selectively converting lignin components but also in seamlessly integrating into cellular structures,offering biocatalysis as a potentially efficient pathway for lignin enhancement.This review comprehensively summarizes cutting-edge biostrategies,ligninolytic enzymes,metabolic pathways,and lignin-degrading strains or consortia involved in lignin degradation,while critically evaluating the underlying mechanisms.Metabolic and genetic engineering play crucial roles in redirecting lignin and its derivatives towards metabolic pathways like the tricarboxylic acid cycle,opening up novel avenues for its valorization.Recent advancements in lignin valorization are scrutinized,highlighting key challenges and promising solutions.Furthermore,the review underscores the importance of innovative approaches,such as leveraging digital systems and synthetic biology,to unlock the commercial potential of lignin-derived raw materials as sustainable feedstocks.Artificial intelligence-driven technologies offer promise in overcoming current challenges and driving widespread adoption of lignin valorization,presenting an alternative to sugar-based feedstocks for bio-based manufacturing in the future.The utilization of available lignin residue for synthesis of high-value chemicals or energy,even alternative food,addresses various crises looming in the food-energy-water nexus.
基金supported by the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,China(2023CXGC010611)the State Key Project of International Cooperation Research(2023YFE0201100)the Program for Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities(“111”plan),and the High-Level Discipline Program of Shandong Province of China.
文摘With the increase of energy consumption,the shortage of fossil resource,and the aggravation of environmental pollution,the development of cost-effective and environmental friendly bio-based energy storage devices has become an urgent need.As the second most abundant natural polymer found in nature,lignin is mainly produced as the by-product of paper pulping and bio-refining industries.It possesses several inherent advantages,such as low-cost,high carbon content,abundant functional groups,and bio-renewable,making it an attractive candidate for the rechargeable battery material.Consequently,there has been a surge of research interest in utilizing lignin or lignin-based carbon materials as the components of lithium-ion(LIBs)or sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),including the electrode,binder,separator,and electrolyte.This review provides a comprehensive overview on the research progress of lignin-derived materials used in LIBs/SIBs,especially the application of lignin-based carbons as the anodes of LIBs/SIBs.The preparation methods and properties of lignin-derived materials with different dimensions are systemically discussed,which emphasizes on the relationship between the chemical/physical structures of lignin-derived materials and the performances of LIBs/SIBs.The current challenges and future prospects of lignin-derived materials in energy storage devices are also proposed.
文摘Research-based on lignin as a bioproduct has grown due to its high availability,reactivity,physicochemical sta-bility,and abundance of different aromatic units.Lignin consists of various functional groups,which can react in various chemical reactions and serve as a raw material in various processes to obtain multiple products.These characteristics make lignin suitable for synthesizing products from natural raw materials,replacing fossil ones.Due to a high aromatic variety and complex structural arrangement,lignin isolation and fractionation are still challenging.The aim and novelty of this work was the modification of severity and enzymatic hydrolysis proce-dure on an industrial pre-treatment to improve by-products of birch processing as a raw material for the potential production of different products.Lignin from birch wood enzymatic hydrolysis was obtained and marked accord-ingly:HS(high severity),MS(medium severity),and LS(low severity)lignin.Samples were characterized by ash content,analytical pyrolysis,solubility,and viscosity.HS lignin was characterized by a relatively high carbohy-drate content(16%)and lower lignin content(77%).Meanwhile,LS lignin showed increased lignin content(83%)and reduced carbohydrate content(9%).It can be concluded that the delignification process greatly influ-ences the properties of the obtained lignin.HS lignin resulted in a lower polydispersity index(PDI)and more condensed structure,while LS lignin showed a higher PDI but a lower content of carbohydrates.Therefore,look-ing for a golden middle way is necessary whilefinding the conditions according to the usefield.
基金funded by Project Better Plastics—Plastics in a Circular Economy—PPS4(Circularity by Alternative Feedstocks)Grant agreement ID:POCI-01-0247-FEDER-046091RR was funded by FCT through the PhD grant with reference UI/BD/154446/2022.
文摘The growing environmental awareness,the search for alternatives to fossil resources,and the goal of achieving a circular economy have all contributed to the increasing valorization of biowaste to produce bio-based polymers and other high-value products.Among the various biowaste materials,lignin has gained significant attention due to its high aromatic carbon content,low cost,and abundance.Lignin is predominantly sourced as a byproduct from the paper industry,available in large quantities from hardwood and softwood,with variations in chemical structure and susceptibility to hydrolysis.This study focuses on softwood lignin obtained through the LignoForce^(TM) technology,comparing the thermal and chemical characteristics,and stability,of a recently produced batch with that of a batch that has been stored for four years.Additionally,the development of lignin-based thermoplastic polymer mixtures using Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol(PET-G)and a blend of Polycarbonate and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene(PC/ABS)with high lignin content(50–60 wt%)is explored,as well as the production of filaments for carbon fiber production.For this purpose,following melt mixing,the lignin-based mixtures were spun into filaments,which were subsequently subjected to thermal stabilization in an oxidative atmosphere.The lignin phase was well distributed in the PET-Gmatrix and the twomaterials presented a good interface,which further improved after thermal treatment under an oxidative atmosphere.After thermal treatment an increase in tensile modulus,tensile strength,and elongation at break of approximately 160%,200%,and 100%,respectively,was observed,confirming the good interface established,and consistent with structural changes such as cross-linking.Conversely,the PC/ABS blend did not form a good interface with the lignin domains after melt mixing.Although the interactions improved after thermal treatment,the tensile strength and elongation at break decreased by approximately 30%,while themodulus increased by approximately 20%.Overall,the good processability of the lignin/polymer mixtures into filaments,and their physical,chemical,and mechanical characterization before and after thermal oxidation are good indicators of the potential as precursors for carbon fiber production.
基金supported by the Technology Development Program funded by the Ministry of SMEs and Startups(MSS,Korea)[S2978549]supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by Korea government(Ministry of Science and ICT,MSITNo.2020R1C1C1005251).
文摘Lignocellulosic nanofibers(LCNFs),implying lignin-containing cellulose fibers,maintain the prop-erties of both lignin and cellulose,which are hydrophobic and hydrophilic,respectively.The pres-ence of hydrophobic lignin in LCNFs is expected to be an economical and attractive option that can improve the thermal and mechanical properties of polymers.Thus,this study was conducted to produce lignin-rich LCNFs from sugar-rich waste obtained from rice husks after acidic pretreat-ment.The LCNFs were produced from the lignin-rich solid fractions obtained after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis,which were then incorporated as an additive into a chitosan-based film.The variations in lignin content in the range of approximately 50.6%-66.8%in differently obtained LCNFs gave significantly different optical strengths and mechanical properties.These controllable processes may allow for customized film formation.Additionally,the glucose-rich liquid fractions obtained after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis were used as a substrate for ethanol fermentation to achieve total utilization of rice husk biomass waste.In conclusion,the lignin-rich biomass fraction holds promise as a suitable material for chitosan-LCNF film and has the potential to increase the economic feasibility of the biomaterial industry.
