Objective:This study examined patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)as a means to explore the impacts of chronic disease on life courses.Methods:A semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with nine ...Objective:This study examined patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)as a means to explore the impacts of chronic disease on life courses.Methods:A semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with nine patients in China in 2017;participants were included based on their having or having had facial butterfly erythema.Results:The study focused on both the disease's impact on the patients'health and on their daily lives.Four core themes emerged:visible changes in the patient's bodies,social dilemmas,"the encouragement of disease",and a new perspective on the relationship between disease and health.One important finding was that the occurrence of a chronic disease did not have only negative repercussions;some patients felt that there were advantages to being sick.Chronic disease resulted in a reworking of daily life.The patients developed a self-referential model of healing.Conclusion:The distinct interpretations of the same disease offered by different patients served to yield a more complete understanding of the disease.People with SLE adjust their thinking about the disease based on personal feelings as well as experiences and pursue a dialogue on their illness based on the disease pattern unique to them.The meaning that disease had for the patients was not limited to negative connotations.展开更多
The loudspeakers played a crucial role in rural community during the COVID-19 pandemic,and had returned to the public with the help of short video platforms.However,with the continued popularity of digital media,is th...The loudspeakers played a crucial role in rural community during the COVID-19 pandemic,and had returned to the public with the help of short video platforms.However,with the continued popularity of digital media,is the revival of the loudspeakers which belong to traditional media just a flash in the pan?What the historic process of return has the loudspeakers undergone?Based on these questions,the paper applies Bourdieu’s sense of practice theory,focuses on“habit”throughout,adopts the research methods of online ethnography and fieldwork,and conducts participant observation and targeted in-depth interviews in a village in North China for about nine months.The study found that:(1)There is the lag of habit in the state’s handling of social relations in villages.Based on rational habit,village cadres used the loudspeakers to manifest their physical presence and restructure their authority;the villagers,operating under perceptual habit,rationalized the presence of the loudspeakers through using the key words such as elders,nostalgia,and homesickness;(2)the loudspeakers was maintained under the habit of village cadres and ordinary villagers,and the outbreak of the epidemic made the loudspeakers as an habit truly“appearing”;(3)the young village cadres,on the other hand,acquired this habit through imitation,transposed the loudspeakers into the short video platform,and carried out different forms of experimentation and innovation,thus surpassing the previous forms of loudspeakers practice.The return of the loudspeakers is the result of the game of different habits.As a long-lasting affection medium,the loudspeakers,on the one hand,has become an important media scene and memory field indispensable to rural community,and on the other hand,the people living on this land have a deep attachment to the loudspeakers,which is indirectly transformed into the bearer of homesickness.This brings new inspiration for us to rethink the relationship between the traditional media and the new media,the iteration of cadres and the change of rural community.展开更多
Philosophy and life are one of the important courses for secondary vocational schools to carry out moral education for students which is of great significance in helping students to establish a good moral character, p...Philosophy and life are one of the important courses for secondary vocational schools to carry out moral education for students which is of great significance in helping students to establish a good moral character, personality and three views. As secondary ideological educators, should constantly consolidate their basic knowledge, improve their teaching skills, actively innovative teaching methods, play the role of philosophy and life course in ideological teaching, make students get cognition, thinking and all aspects of ability, for students' future learning, growth and development to lay a solid foundation. The following author expounds the role of philosophy and life curriculum teaching, and puts forward some suggested strategies from the current teaching situation, in order to provide necessary reference and inspiration for relevant teaching workers.展开更多
We hypothesize that for disaster risk mitigation,many households,despite being aware of their risk and possible mitigation actions,never seriously consider doing anything about them.In mitigation-focused decisions,sin...We hypothesize that for disaster risk mitigation,many households,despite being aware of their risk and possible mitigation actions,never seriously consider doing anything about them.In mitigation-focused decisions,since there is no equivalent to warning messages,the decision process is likely to evolve over an extended time.We explore what activates hurricane mitigation protective action decisions through three research questions:(1)to what extent are homeowners unengaged in protective action decision making?(2)What homeowner characteristics are associated with lack of engagement?And(3)to what extent do different life events trigger engagement in the decision-making process?We use the Precaution Adoption Process Model to conceptualize engagement as distinct from decision making;the broader protective action decision-making literature to explore drivers of engagement;and Life Course Theory to examine potential transitions from unengaged to engaged.We use survey data of homeowners in North Carolina to examine these questions empirically.Findings suggest that one-third of respondents had never engaged in protective action decisions,that life experiences differ in their occurrence frequency and effect on households’mitigation decisions,and that some events,such as renovating,reroofing,or purchasing a home may offer critical moments that could be leveraged to encourage greater engagement in mitigation decision making.展开更多
The concept of the elderly defined by age division and their rights argument have fallen into a theoretical predicament due to limited interpretative power and the suspicion of bias.This dilemma can be resolved throug...The concept of the elderly defined by age division and their rights argument have fallen into a theoretical predicament due to limited interpretative power and the suspicion of bias.This dilemma can be resolved through a holistic understanding of age.As a cognitive tool for human lifespan,age encompasses three meanings:duration of time,sequence of time,and dynamism of time.A holistic understanding of age allows us to reinterpret the image of the elderly as subjects and their claims to rights.In terms of subjectivity,the elderly represent the temporal characteristics of human individuals pursuing lifelong development in the dynamic life course of aging.Their proactive and active subject status is demonstrated through autonomous life planning,participation in social cooperation,and promotion of social development.Based on this subject construction,the content of elderly rights can be elaborated into a three-tiered structure from the inside out:the right to lifelong development under autonomous life planning,the right to equal implementation of life planning,and the right to receive assistance in cases of planning failure.展开更多
Chronic inflammation,through a variety of mechanisms,plays a key role in the occurrence and development of digestive system malignant tumors(DSMTs).In this study,we feature and provide a comprehensive understanding of...Chronic inflammation,through a variety of mechanisms,plays a key role in the occurrence and development of digestive system malignant tumors(DSMTs).In this study,we feature and provide a comprehensive understanding of DSMT prevention strategies based on preventing or controlling chronic inflammation.The development and evaluation of cancer prevention strategies is a longstanding process.Cancer prevention,especially in the early stage of life,should be emphasized throughout the whole life course.Issues such as the time interval for colon cancer screening,the development of direct-acting antiviral drugs for liver cancer,and the Helicobacter pylori vaccine all need to be explored in long-term,large-scale experiments in the future.展开更多
1|BACKGROUND Noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)are a significant public concern,greatly impacting the economic and social development in China.In 2019,NCDs accounted for a staggering 88.5%of total deaths in China,with car...1|BACKGROUND Noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)are a significant public concern,greatly impacting the economic and social development in China.In 2019,NCDs accounted for a staggering 88.5%of total deaths in China,with cardiovas-cular diseases,cancer,chronic respiratory diseases,and diabetes—the four major chronic diseases—contributing to a premature mortality rate of 16.5%[1].The complexity of NCDs arises from the involvement of multiple genetic and environmental factors that interact in intricate ways.The complexity is characterized by a multitude of interactions among genes,proteins,and metabolic path-ways throughout the various stages of life.展开更多
Comprehensive,life-course multimorbidity data derived from linked outpatient and inpatient electronic health records(EHRs)remain scarce globally.We analyzed integrated EHRs(2016–2023)from approximately 3.2 million in...Comprehensive,life-course multimorbidity data derived from linked outpatient and inpatient electronic health records(EHRs)remain scarce globally.We analyzed integrated EHRs(2016–2023)from approximately 3.2 million individuals in Yichang,a prefecture-level city in Central China,to characterize disease co-occurrence during this observation window by identifying both the most frequent combinations and significant non-random associations across all ages.Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of≥2 distinct lifetime conditions recorded for an individual.We identified the 50 most common disease triads and constructed disease networks using partial correlation analysis,ranking hub conditions with the Multimorbidity Coefficient(MMC).Overall,74.5%of the population experienced multimorbidity(mean 5.29 conditions;women 5.59,men 4.98),with the burden rising steeply with age.Triad analysis revealed a clear life-course pattern,beginning with respiratory clusters in childhood and diverging by sex in young adulthood,female gynaecological versus male musculoskeletal/urological clusters,followed by cardiometabolic and cardiovascular dominance in mid-to-late life.Gastritis(K29)and sleep disorders(G47)were notably frequent components in adult triads.Network analysis identified K29,heart failure(I50),hypoproteinaemia(E88),anaemia(D64),and dermatitis(L30)as the top five hubs.Hub importance also varied by sex,with conditions such as osteoporosis(M81)being more central for women and benign prostatic hyperplasia(N40)for men.This study details a high multimorbidity burden and reveals a distinctive architecture characterized by a diverse,multi-system core where digestive,cardiometabolic,and systemic conditions co-dominate.Mapping these constellations provides critical insights for clinical anticipation,public health prevention,and research into shared pathways.展开更多
Purpose:Infancy and early childhood are critical stages for the development of both cognitive and socioemotional skills,which are predictive of subsequent academic success,labor market out-comes,and socioeconomic achi...Purpose:Infancy and early childhood are critical stages for the development of both cognitive and socioemotional skills,which are predictive of subsequent academic success,labor market out-comes,and socioeconomic achievement.Empirical research both in China and in other countries has revealed that nurturing quality is increasingly divergent among social classes,leading to inter-generational accumulation of advantage/disadvantage,declining social mobility,and exacerbating class inequality.The article aims to systematically examine existing theoretical and empirical research on early childhood development and social mobility and provide a holistic comparative and analytical framework for future research in the context of China.Design/Approach/Methods:This article systematically reviews relevant theories and empirical research in the field and provides preliminary findings of early childhood education investment in China,using the data from the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS).Specifically,the article focuses on the differences in early childhood education investment and child development among families of different socioeconomic statuses and discusses the potential impact of these differences on chil-dren's future development.Findings:The findings of this study reveal distinct patterns in early childhood education invest-ment and child development across diverse socioeconomic strata in China.China's initiatives to enhance children's education and human capital have robust theoretical foundations and timely policy implications.However,despite the ongoing efforts,early childhood parenting and education programs lack systematic research,emphasizing the urgent need for intervention programs and comprehensive databases to inform evidence-based policymaking.Originality/Value:The article concludes with a comprehensive analytical framework for the study of early childhood development and social mobility in China,which has implications for pro-moting human capital investment and facilitating social mobility.展开更多
China’s immunization programs conducted a unified,tightly coordinated COVID-19 vaccination campaign during the dynamic COVID Zero period that reached well over 90%of the population with vaccines having>90%effectiv...China’s immunization programs conducted a unified,tightly coordinated COVID-19 vaccination campaign during the dynamic COVID Zero period that reached well over 90%of the population with vaccines having>90%effectiveness against serious-to-fatal COVID-19.The campaign was eight times the size of the annual routine national immunization program,administering 3.4 billion doses of vaccines while monitoring vaccine coverage,acceptability,safety,and effectiveness.Every asset of the routine immunization program had to be strengthened and expanded to attain high coverage and reach hundreds of millions of adults who had not been vaccinated since childhood.Program strengthening and expansion were in directions aligned with the World Health Organization’s Immunization Agenda 2030,which has a vision that"everyone,everywhere,at every age fully benefits from vaccines for good health and well-being"and requires reaching all children,adolescents,and adults with lifesaving vaccines.Momentum from this campaign should not be lost but should be invested into achieving what is possible with a properly resourced national immunization program that is now proven to be capable of reaching everyone in the world’s largest country throughout the life course,and to do so with all vaccines recommended by the World Health Organization.展开更多
Data on the disease pattern in rural China over the past hundred years show that chronic diseases have now replaced infectious diseases as the major health problems plaguing rural residents.From the perspective of lif...Data on the disease pattern in rural China over the past hundred years show that chronic diseases have now replaced infectious diseases as the major health problems plaguing rural residents.From the perspective of life-course research,taken together with medical anthropology's emphasis on bio-sociocultural integrity,we can divide chronic diseases into two:the chronic diseases of excessive depletion and the chronic diseases of excessive intake.The former are mainly the result of societal experiences engraved on the body;chronic diseases represented by arthritis and intervertebral disc disease arc the marks left on the human body by the"hard times"of the early years.The latter is the result of the transformation of working life in which the abundance of material resources and the reduction of physical exertion occur simultaneously;the rapid arrival of the"good times"mean that bodies that have long suffered from hunger and exhaustion find it hard to adapt.Hypertension and diabetes are the physical manifestations of this distress.Fundamentally,chronic diseases falling into the over-intake category may appear to originate from the sweetness of current life,but they are in fact the physical reproduction of earlier experiences.Our village case study fleshes out this explanatory framework,allowing us to see the complex relationship between social institutions,livelihood patterns,cultural mindsets,bodily habits,and disease.展开更多
Previous research has detailed how social status affects the willingness to have children.However,subjective social status(SSS)derived from a comparison with a reference group also has an important impact on fertility...Previous research has detailed how social status affects the willingness to have children.However,subjective social status(SSS)derived from a comparison with a reference group also has an important impact on fertility desire.This study explores the relationship between the past,present,and future SSS and fertility desire,using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,a nationally representative population survey conducted in 2017(N=4,864).The study found that the individual’s fertility desire is positively enhanced by the current SSS,the expected SSS in the future,and the upward trend of SSS throughout the course of life.Compared with the group with a low level of SSS and with little change in SSS,the fertility desire of the group with"Rising first and then stable"SSS and"Rising"SSS significantly increased.The results suggest that the expectation of positive changes in social status will stimulate fertility desires and produce long-term family plans.With the rapid development of China’s social economy and the positive response to the low fertility rate,social policies should be adopted to open up channels for the protection and improvement of the social status of citizens and to achieve an increase of fertility desire.展开更多
文摘Objective:This study examined patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)as a means to explore the impacts of chronic disease on life courses.Methods:A semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with nine patients in China in 2017;participants were included based on their having or having had facial butterfly erythema.Results:The study focused on both the disease's impact on the patients'health and on their daily lives.Four core themes emerged:visible changes in the patient's bodies,social dilemmas,"the encouragement of disease",and a new perspective on the relationship between disease and health.One important finding was that the occurrence of a chronic disease did not have only negative repercussions;some patients felt that there were advantages to being sick.Chronic disease resulted in a reworking of daily life.The patients developed a self-referential model of healing.Conclusion:The distinct interpretations of the same disease offered by different patients served to yield a more complete understanding of the disease.People with SLE adjust their thinking about the disease based on personal feelings as well as experiences and pursue a dialogue on their illness based on the disease pattern unique to them.The meaning that disease had for the patients was not limited to negative connotations.
文摘The loudspeakers played a crucial role in rural community during the COVID-19 pandemic,and had returned to the public with the help of short video platforms.However,with the continued popularity of digital media,is the revival of the loudspeakers which belong to traditional media just a flash in the pan?What the historic process of return has the loudspeakers undergone?Based on these questions,the paper applies Bourdieu’s sense of practice theory,focuses on“habit”throughout,adopts the research methods of online ethnography and fieldwork,and conducts participant observation and targeted in-depth interviews in a village in North China for about nine months.The study found that:(1)There is the lag of habit in the state’s handling of social relations in villages.Based on rational habit,village cadres used the loudspeakers to manifest their physical presence and restructure their authority;the villagers,operating under perceptual habit,rationalized the presence of the loudspeakers through using the key words such as elders,nostalgia,and homesickness;(2)the loudspeakers was maintained under the habit of village cadres and ordinary villagers,and the outbreak of the epidemic made the loudspeakers as an habit truly“appearing”;(3)the young village cadres,on the other hand,acquired this habit through imitation,transposed the loudspeakers into the short video platform,and carried out different forms of experimentation and innovation,thus surpassing the previous forms of loudspeakers practice.The return of the loudspeakers is the result of the game of different habits.As a long-lasting affection medium,the loudspeakers,on the one hand,has become an important media scene and memory field indispensable to rural community,and on the other hand,the people living on this land have a deep attachment to the loudspeakers,which is indirectly transformed into the bearer of homesickness.This brings new inspiration for us to rethink the relationship between the traditional media and the new media,the iteration of cadres and the change of rural community.
文摘Philosophy and life are one of the important courses for secondary vocational schools to carry out moral education for students which is of great significance in helping students to establish a good moral character, personality and three views. As secondary ideological educators, should constantly consolidate their basic knowledge, improve their teaching skills, actively innovative teaching methods, play the role of philosophy and life course in ideological teaching, make students get cognition, thinking and all aspects of ability, for students' future learning, growth and development to lay a solid foundation. The following author expounds the role of philosophy and life curriculum teaching, and puts forward some suggested strategies from the current teaching situation, in order to provide necessary reference and inspiration for relevant teaching workers.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation under collaborative awards#1435298,1433622,1434716award#1830511。
文摘We hypothesize that for disaster risk mitigation,many households,despite being aware of their risk and possible mitigation actions,never seriously consider doing anything about them.In mitigation-focused decisions,since there is no equivalent to warning messages,the decision process is likely to evolve over an extended time.We explore what activates hurricane mitigation protective action decisions through three research questions:(1)to what extent are homeowners unengaged in protective action decision making?(2)What homeowner characteristics are associated with lack of engagement?And(3)to what extent do different life events trigger engagement in the decision-making process?We use the Precaution Adoption Process Model to conceptualize engagement as distinct from decision making;the broader protective action decision-making literature to explore drivers of engagement;and Life Course Theory to examine potential transitions from unengaged to engaged.We use survey data of homeowners in North Carolina to examine these questions empirically.Findings suggest that one-third of respondents had never engaged in protective action decisions,that life experiences differ in their occurrence frequency and effect on households’mitigation decisions,and that some events,such as renovating,reroofing,or purchasing a home may offer critical moments that could be leveraged to encourage greater engagement in mitigation decision making.
基金the major project“Protection of Rights of Particular groups in the Digital Age,”a major project(Project Approval Number 22JJD820038)funded by the National Human Rights Education and Training Base.
文摘The concept of the elderly defined by age division and their rights argument have fallen into a theoretical predicament due to limited interpretative power and the suspicion of bias.This dilemma can be resolved through a holistic understanding of age.As a cognitive tool for human lifespan,age encompasses three meanings:duration of time,sequence of time,and dynamism of time.A holistic understanding of age allows us to reinterpret the image of the elderly as subjects and their claims to rights.In terms of subjectivity,the elderly represent the temporal characteristics of human individuals pursuing lifelong development in the dynamic life course of aging.Their proactive and active subject status is demonstrated through autonomous life planning,participation in social cooperation,and promotion of social development.Based on this subject construction,the content of elderly rights can be elaborated into a three-tiered structure from the inside out:the right to lifelong development under autonomous life planning,the right to equal implementation of life planning,and the right to receive assistance in cases of planning failure.
基金Supported by the Open Project Fund of Henan International Joint Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Diseases,No.SS202204.
文摘Chronic inflammation,through a variety of mechanisms,plays a key role in the occurrence and development of digestive system malignant tumors(DSMTs).In this study,we feature and provide a comprehensive understanding of DSMT prevention strategies based on preventing or controlling chronic inflammation.The development and evaluation of cancer prevention strategies is a longstanding process.Cancer prevention,especially in the early stage of life,should be emphasized throughout the whole life course.Issues such as the time interval for colon cancer screening,the development of direct-acting antiviral drugs for liver cancer,and the Helicobacter pylori vaccine all need to be explored in long-term,large-scale experiments in the future.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:81872692,82073642。
文摘1|BACKGROUND Noncommunicable diseases(NCDs)are a significant public concern,greatly impacting the economic and social development in China.In 2019,NCDs accounted for a staggering 88.5%of total deaths in China,with cardiovas-cular diseases,cancer,chronic respiratory diseases,and diabetes—the four major chronic diseases—contributing to a premature mortality rate of 16.5%[1].The complexity of NCDs arises from the involvement of multiple genetic and environmental factors that interact in intricate ways.The complexity is characterized by a multitude of interactions among genes,proteins,and metabolic path-ways throughout the various stages of life.
基金supported by the non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(2021-RC330-004 and 2022-ZHCH330-01)the Disciplines Construction Project:Population Medicine(WH10022022010)the Special Research Fund for Central Universities,Peking Union Medical College(3332025142).
文摘Comprehensive,life-course multimorbidity data derived from linked outpatient and inpatient electronic health records(EHRs)remain scarce globally.We analyzed integrated EHRs(2016–2023)from approximately 3.2 million individuals in Yichang,a prefecture-level city in Central China,to characterize disease co-occurrence during this observation window by identifying both the most frequent combinations and significant non-random associations across all ages.Multimorbidity was defined as the presence of≥2 distinct lifetime conditions recorded for an individual.We identified the 50 most common disease triads and constructed disease networks using partial correlation analysis,ranking hub conditions with the Multimorbidity Coefficient(MMC).Overall,74.5%of the population experienced multimorbidity(mean 5.29 conditions;women 5.59,men 4.98),with the burden rising steeply with age.Triad analysis revealed a clear life-course pattern,beginning with respiratory clusters in childhood and diverging by sex in young adulthood,female gynaecological versus male musculoskeletal/urological clusters,followed by cardiometabolic and cardiovascular dominance in mid-to-late life.Gastritis(K29)and sleep disorders(G47)were notably frequent components in adult triads.Network analysis identified K29,heart failure(I50),hypoproteinaemia(E88),anaemia(D64),and dermatitis(L30)as the top five hubs.Hub importance also varied by sex,with conditions such as osteoporosis(M81)being more central for women and benign prostatic hyperplasia(N40)for men.This study details a high multimorbidity burden and reveals a distinctive architecture characterized by a diverse,multi-system core where digestive,cardiometabolic,and systemic conditions co-dominate.Mapping these constellations provides critical insights for clinical anticipation,public health prevention,and research into shared pathways.
基金supported by the US National Science Foundation(grant number#1756738)the Survey of Early Education and Development Study[SEEDS]at NYU Shanghai Center for Applied Social and Economic Research(CASER)through an internal grant(2021BF XG_W).
文摘Purpose:Infancy and early childhood are critical stages for the development of both cognitive and socioemotional skills,which are predictive of subsequent academic success,labor market out-comes,and socioeconomic achievement.Empirical research both in China and in other countries has revealed that nurturing quality is increasingly divergent among social classes,leading to inter-generational accumulation of advantage/disadvantage,declining social mobility,and exacerbating class inequality.The article aims to systematically examine existing theoretical and empirical research on early childhood development and social mobility and provide a holistic comparative and analytical framework for future research in the context of China.Design/Approach/Methods:This article systematically reviews relevant theories and empirical research in the field and provides preliminary findings of early childhood education investment in China,using the data from the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS).Specifically,the article focuses on the differences in early childhood education investment and child development among families of different socioeconomic statuses and discusses the potential impact of these differences on chil-dren's future development.Findings:The findings of this study reveal distinct patterns in early childhood education invest-ment and child development across diverse socioeconomic strata in China.China's initiatives to enhance children's education and human capital have robust theoretical foundations and timely policy implications.However,despite the ongoing efforts,early childhood parenting and education programs lack systematic research,emphasizing the urgent need for intervention programs and comprehensive databases to inform evidence-based policymaking.Originality/Value:The article concludes with a comprehensive analytical framework for the study of early childhood development and social mobility in China,which has implications for pro-moting human capital investment and facilitating social mobility.
基金This work was supported,in whole or in part,by the Bill&Melinda Gates Foundation[Grant Number INV-034554].Under the grant conditions of the Foundation,a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Generic License has already been assigned to the Author Accepted Manuscript version that might arise from this submission.
文摘China’s immunization programs conducted a unified,tightly coordinated COVID-19 vaccination campaign during the dynamic COVID Zero period that reached well over 90%of the population with vaccines having>90%effectiveness against serious-to-fatal COVID-19.The campaign was eight times the size of the annual routine national immunization program,administering 3.4 billion doses of vaccines while monitoring vaccine coverage,acceptability,safety,and effectiveness.Every asset of the routine immunization program had to be strengthened and expanded to attain high coverage and reach hundreds of millions of adults who had not been vaccinated since childhood.Program strengthening and expansion were in directions aligned with the World Health Organization’s Immunization Agenda 2030,which has a vision that"everyone,everywhere,at every age fully benefits from vaccines for good health and well-being"and requires reaching all children,adolescents,and adults with lifesaving vaccines.Momentum from this campaign should not be lost but should be invested into achieving what is possible with a properly resourced national immunization program that is now proven to be capable of reaching everyone in the world’s largest country throughout the life course,and to do so with all vaccines recommended by the World Health Organization.
基金the National Social Science Fund Youth Project“Anthropological Research on the Experience of Sufferers from Chronic Diseases”(No.15CSH031).
文摘Data on the disease pattern in rural China over the past hundred years show that chronic diseases have now replaced infectious diseases as the major health problems plaguing rural residents.From the perspective of life-course research,taken together with medical anthropology's emphasis on bio-sociocultural integrity,we can divide chronic diseases into two:the chronic diseases of excessive depletion and the chronic diseases of excessive intake.The former are mainly the result of societal experiences engraved on the body;chronic diseases represented by arthritis and intervertebral disc disease arc the marks left on the human body by the"hard times"of the early years.The latter is the result of the transformation of working life in which the abundance of material resources and the reduction of physical exertion occur simultaneously;the rapid arrival of the"good times"mean that bodies that have long suffered from hunger and exhaustion find it hard to adapt.Hypertension and diabetes are the physical manifestations of this distress.Fundamentally,chronic diseases falling into the over-intake category may appear to originate from the sweetness of current life,but they are in fact the physical reproduction of earlier experiences.Our village case study fleshes out this explanatory framework,allowing us to see the complex relationship between social institutions,livelihood patterns,cultural mindsets,bodily habits,and disease.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Foundation of Peking University,the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.7100604137).
文摘Previous research has detailed how social status affects the willingness to have children.However,subjective social status(SSS)derived from a comparison with a reference group also has an important impact on fertility desire.This study explores the relationship between the past,present,and future SSS and fertility desire,using data from the Chinese General Social Survey,a nationally representative population survey conducted in 2017(N=4,864).The study found that the individual’s fertility desire is positively enhanced by the current SSS,the expected SSS in the future,and the upward trend of SSS throughout the course of life.Compared with the group with a low level of SSS and with little change in SSS,the fertility desire of the group with"Rising first and then stable"SSS and"Rising"SSS significantly increased.The results suggest that the expectation of positive changes in social status will stimulate fertility desires and produce long-term family plans.With the rapid development of China’s social economy and the positive response to the low fertility rate,social policies should be adopted to open up channels for the protection and improvement of the social status of citizens and to achieve an increase of fertility desire.
