The environmental impacts of hydrogen production can vary widely depending on the production energy source and process.This implies that the collection and management of sustainability data for hydrogen production glo...The environmental impacts of hydrogen production can vary widely depending on the production energy source and process.This implies that the collection and management of sustainability data for hydrogen production globally is desired to ensure accountable development of the sector.Life cycle assessment(LCA)is an internationally recognized tool for environmental impact assessment.Integrating LCA in the holistic evaluation of the hydrogen value chain is desirable to ensure the cleanness and sustainability of the various available hydrogen production pathways.The objective of this review is to evaluate the methodology used in assessing the life cycle impact of hydrogen production including proposed documentation such as the guarantee of origin(GO)and certification schemes,and review case studies from Australia.An analysis of the sustainability strategies and schemes designed by the Australian government,aimed at mitigating climate change and promoting the hydrogen economy,was conducted.The case studies that were discussed identified the preferred available scaled routes of clean hydrogen production to be water electrolysis,which is based on technologies using renewable energy.Other dominant technologies which incorporate carbon capture and storage(CCS)were envisaged to continue playing a role in the transition to a low carbon economy.Additionally,it is critical to assess the greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions using appropriate system boundaries,in order to classify clean hydrogen production pathways.Harmonizing regulatory stringency with appropriate tracking of renewable electricity can promote clean hydrogen production through certification and GO schemes.This approach is deemed critical for the sustainable development of the hydrogen economy at the international level.展开更多
This paper presents a techno-economic assessment(TEA)combined with an environmental life cycle assessment(LCA)of various hydrogen delivery options within Europe,aiming to identify the most sustainable and costeffectiv...This paper presents a techno-economic assessment(TEA)combined with an environmental life cycle assessment(LCA)of various hydrogen delivery options within Europe,aiming to identify the most sustainable and costeffective methods for transporting renewable hydrogen.Five hydrogen carriers—compressed hydrogen,liquid hydrogen,ammonia,methanol,and a liquid organic hydrogen carrier—are compared,assuming that hydrogen is produced via renewable electrolysis in Portugal and transported to the Netherlands by either ship or pipeline.The findings align with much of the existing literature,indicating that the most economically and environmentally sustainable options for longdistance hydrogen delivery are shipping liquid hydrogen and transporting compressed hydrogen via pipeline.Chemical carriers tend to involve higher costs and environmental impacts,largely due to the additional energy and materials(e.g.,extra solar panels)required in hydrogen conversion steps(i.e.,packing and unpacking).While the findings offer valuable insights for policymakers,further research is needed to address the limitations of multi-criteria assessments for emerging hydrogen technologies,particularly the uncertainties associated with the early development stages of processes along the hydrogen value chain.Future research should also focus on extending the scope of sustainability assessments and enhancing model reliability,especially for underrepresented environmental and social impact categories.展开更多
Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier that is expected to play a crucial role in helping Canada achieve its net-zero target by 2050.However,reducing the ambiguity in regulatory frameworks is essential to incentivize ...Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier that is expected to play a crucial role in helping Canada achieve its net-zero target by 2050.However,reducing the ambiguity in regulatory frameworks is essential to incentivize and facilitate international trade in hydrogen.To this end,regulators must agree on quantification methodologies that consider life cycle boundaries,process descriptions,co-product allocation,conversion constants,and certification units.Several studies have highlighted the importance of life cycle assessment(LCA)as a standardized,relevant method for estimating the carbon footprint associated with hydrogen production and evaluating its environmental sustainability.As such,LCAbased certification schemes could help create a transparent hydrogen market.The aim of this study is to validate the proposed harmonized LCA-based methodology for quantifying hydrogen production’s carbon intensity.This methodology follows a consistent scope and life cycle inventory(LCI)development criteria,alongside a rigorous data quality assessment.The well-to-gate carbon intensities of six hydrogen production pathways are compared,which range from 0.26 to 10.07 kg CO_(2)e per kg of hydrogen(kg CO_(2)e/kg H_(2)),against the hydrogen carbon intensity thresholds established by the Canadian Clean Hydrogen Investment Tax Credit(CHITC).For example,the biomass gasification with carbon capture(CC)pathway demonstrates the lowest carbon intensity,while thermochemical pathways,such as steam methane reforming of natural gas without CC,poses challenges to meeting the maximum CHTIC threshold of 4 kg CO_(2)e/kg H_(2).展开更多
A just energy transition(JET)to low-carbon fuels,such as green hydrogen,is critical for mitigating climate change.Countries with abundant renewable energy resources are well-positioned to meet the growing global deman...A just energy transition(JET)to low-carbon fuels,such as green hydrogen,is critical for mitigating climate change.Countries with abundant renewable energy resources are well-positioned to meet the growing global demand for green hydrogen.However,to improve the volumetric energy density and facilitate transport and distribution over long distances,green hydrogen needs to be converted into an energy carrier such as green ammonia.This study conducted a comparative life cycle assessment(LCA)to evaluate the environmental impacts of green ammonia production,with a particular focus on greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.The boundary of the study was from cradle-to-production gate,and the design was based on a coastal production facility in South Africa,which uses renewable energy to desalinate seawater,produce hydrogen,and synthesise ammonia.The carbon intensity of production was 0.79 kg CO_(2)-eq per kg of ammonia.However,if co-products of oxygen,argon and excess electricity are sold to market and allocated a portion of GHG emissions,the carbon intensity was 0.28 kg CO_(2)-eq per kg of ammonia.Further,without the sale of co-products but excluding the embodied emissions of the energy supply system,as defined in the recent international standard(ISO/TS 19870),the carbon intensity was 0.11 kg CO_(2)-eq per kg of ammonia.Based on the hydrogen content of ammonia,this is equivalent to 0.60 kg CO_(2)-eq per kg of hydrogen,which is well below the current threshold for certification as a low-carbon fuel.The process contributing most to the overall environmental impacts was electrolysis(68%),with particulate matter(55%)and global warming potential(33%)as the dominant impact categories.This reflects the energy intensity of electrolysis and the carbon intensity of the energy used to manufacture the infrastructure and capital goods required for green ammonia production.These findings support the adoption of green ammonia as a low-carbon fuel to mitigate climate change and help achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.However,achieving this goal requires the rapid decarbonisation of energy supply systems to reduce embodied emissions from manufacturing infrastructure.展开更多
With the increasingly serious environmental problems,the use of sustainable materials is particularly important.This study focuses on the greenhouse gas emissions and economic costs of wood over its life cycle as a su...With the increasingly serious environmental problems,the use of sustainable materials is particularly important.This study focuses on the greenhouse gas emissions and economic costs of wood over its life cycle as a sustainable resource.We use a systematic life cycle assessment(LCA)approach to assess the entire process from raw material collection,processing,use to disposal.The study found that using wood can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional building materials such as steel and concrete.In addition,although the initial procurement costs of wood may be higher,its maintenance costs are lower in the long run,making the life cycle costs generally more economical.The results of this study highlight the environmental and economic advantages of wood in the selection of sustainable building materials,and provide a scientific basis for promoting the use of wood.展开更多
The article“Techno-economic and life-cycle assessment comparisons of hydrogen delivery options”written by Alessandro Arrigoni,Tatiana D’Agostini,Francesco Dolci,and Eveline Weidner,was originally published electron...The article“Techno-economic and life-cycle assessment comparisons of hydrogen delivery options”written by Alessandro Arrigoni,Tatiana D’Agostini,Francesco Dolci,and Eveline Weidner,was originally published electronically under a subscription model.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to identify the processes with the highest contribution to potential environmental impacts in the life cycle of the masonry of concrete blocks by evaluating their main emissions contributi...The purpose of this paper is to identify the processes with the highest contribution to potential environmental impacts in the life cycle of the masonry of concrete blocks by evaluating their main emissions contributing to impact categories and identifying hotspots for environmental improvements.The research is based on the Life Cycle Assessment(LCA)study of non-load-bearing masonry of concrete blocks performed by the authors.The processes those have demonstrated higher contribution to environmental impacts were identified in the Life Cycle Impact Assessment(LCIA)phase and a detailed analysis was carried out on the main substances derived from these processes.The highest potential impacts in the life cycle of the concrete blocks masonry can be attributed mainly to emissions coming from the production of Portland cement,which explains the peak of impact potential on the blocks production stage,but also the significant impact potential in the use of the blocks for masonry construction,due to the use of cement mortar.The results of this LCA study are part of a major research on the comparative analysis of different typologies of non-load-bearing external walls,which aims to contribute to the creation of a life cycle database of major building systems,to be used by the environmental certification systems of buildings.展开更多
The NdFeB scrap,as a representative solid waste of rare earths,possesses significant recyclable value.This study focused on NdFeB waste and investigated the environmental impacts of pyro-and hydro-metallurgical proces...The NdFeB scrap,as a representative solid waste of rare earths,possesses significant recyclable value.This study focused on NdFeB waste and investigated the environmental impacts of pyro-and hydro-metallurgical process(PH-M process)and its improved version,the pyro-and hydro-metallurgical improvement process(PH-Mi process).The results demonstrate that,although the PH-Mi process consumes higher amounts of energy,electricity,and chemicals compared to the PH-M process,it is more environmentally friendly and economically efficient(i.e.,net profit increased by 34.12%).To quantify and compare the environmental performance of the two scenarios,life cycle assessment methodology was applied.It is concluded that the PH-Mi process is superior to the PH-M process for eutrophication potential(EP)and the total environmental impacts.In comparison with PH-Mi process,PH-M process exhibits a certain advantage in terms of carbon footprint due to increased consumption of electricity and chemicals after the technological upgrade.展开更多
Using solid waste as a substitute for conventional cement has become an important way to reduce carbon emissions.This paper attempted to utilize steel slag(SS)and fly ash(FA)as supplementary cementitious material by u...Using solid waste as a substitute for conventional cement has become an important way to reduce carbon emissions.This paper attempted to utilize steel slag(SS)and fly ash(FA)as supplementary cementitious material by utilizing CO_(2)mineralization curing technology.This study examined the dominant and interactive influences of the residual water/cement ratio,CO_(2)pressure,curing time,and SS content on the mechanical properties and CO_(2)uptake rate of CO_(2)mineralization curing SS-FA-Portland cement ternary paste specimens.Additionally,microstructural development was analyzed.The findings demonstrated that each factor significantly affected compressive strength and CO_(2)uptake rate,with factor interactions becoming more pronounced at higher SS dosages(>30%),lower residual water/cement ratios(0.1-0.15),and CO_(2)pressures of 0.1-0.3 MPa.Microscopic examinations revealed that mineralization primarily yielded CaCO_(3)and silica gel.The residual w/c ratio and SS content significantly influenced the CaCO_(3)content and crystallinity of the mineralization products.Post-mineralization curing,the percentage of pores larger than 50 nm significantly decreased,the proportion of harmless pores smaller than 20 nm increased,and pore structure improved.This study also found that using CO_(2)mineralization curing SS-FA-Portland cement solid waste concrete can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment.展开更多
The total replacement of old fossil fuels poses obstacles,making the production of efficient biogasoline vital.Despite its potential as an environmentally friendly fossil fuel substitute,the life cycle assessment(LCA)...The total replacement of old fossil fuels poses obstacles,making the production of efficient biogasoline vital.Despite its potential as an environmentally friendly fossil fuel substitute,the life cycle assessment(LCA)of palm oil-derived biogasoline remains underexplored.This study investigated the production of biogasoline fromcrude palm oil(CPO)based biorefinery using catalytic cracking over mesoporousγ-Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst and LCA analysis.High selectivity of converting CPO into biogasoline was achieved by optimizing catalytic cracking parameters,including catalyst dose,temperature,and contact time.γ-Al_(2)O_(3) and CPO were characterized by several methods to study the physical and chemical properties.The physical properties of biogasoline,such as density,calorific value,viscosity,and flash point,were investigated.An overall yield of 60.11%was achieved after catalytic cracking produced several C5-C11 short-chain hydrocarbons.Additionally,this research proposes innovative emission reduction strategies,including waste-to-biogasoline conversion and the use of biodegradable feedstocks that enhance the sustainability of biogasoline production.LCA ofγ-Al_(2)O_(3)’s energy and environmental implications reveals minor effects on global warming(0.0068%)and freshwater ecotoxicity(0.187%).LCAs show a 0.085%impact in the energy sector.This focus on both ecological impacts and practical mitigation strategies deepens the understanding of biogasoline production.展开更多
Membrane gas absorption and solar-assisted absorbent regeneration offer a sustainable approach to reduce the energy penalty of post-combustion CO_(2) capture.This study introduces a novel system integrating solar ther...Membrane gas absorption and solar-assisted absorbent regeneration offer a sustainable approach to reduce the energy penalty of post-combustion CO_(2) capture.This study introduces a novel system integrating solar thermal energy with membrane gas absorption to capture CO_(2) from a 580 MWe pulverized coal power plant.The environmental impacts across six scenarios at varying solar fractions are evaluated via life cycle assessment.Results show a 7.61%–13.04%reduction in global warming potential compared to a steam-driven CO_(2) capture system.Electricity and steam consumption dominate the operational phase,contributing 15%–64%and 18%–61%to environmental impacts in non-TES scenarios,respectively.While TES reduces most impacts,it increases stratospheric ozone depletion and marine eutrophication due to nitrate-based phase change materials and monoethanolamine.Higher solar fractions lower impacts in non-TES scenarios but elevate specific impacts in TES scenarios,highlighting trade-offs for sustainable CO_(2) capture deployment.展开更多
With increasing demand to reduce the carbon emission of buildings,it is crucial to quantify the life cycle envi-ronmental impact of new buildings,including the environmental impact due to natural hazards,such as earth...With increasing demand to reduce the carbon emission of buildings,it is crucial to quantify the life cycle envi-ronmental impact of new buildings,including the environmental impact due to natural hazards,such as earth-quakes.This study presents a novel comprehensive probabilistic framework to quantify the environmental impact of buildings,including uncertainties in the material extraction and production,transportation,construction,seis-mic exposure and aging(including deterioration),and end-of-life stages.The developed framework is used to quantify the environmental impact of a 3-story residential building located in Vancouver,Canada.The results show that there is a significant variation in the environmental impact of the prototype building in each stage of the life cycle assessment.If the prototype building is hit by the design level earthquake,it is expected that the median environmental impact of the prototype will be further increased by 42%.In addition,by accounting for the probability of occurrence of different earthquakes within a 50-year design life of the prototype building,the earthquake related damage will result in an additional 5%of the initial carbon emission of the building.This shows the importance of including earthquake hazard and deterioration in whole building life cycle assessments.展开更多
To promote and develop green buildings,a standardized,applicable and easily operable index system for the assessment of such buildings was established on the basis of life cycle cost effectiveness.From the perspective...To promote and develop green buildings,a standardized,applicable and easily operable index system for the assessment of such buildings was established on the basis of life cycle cost effectiveness.From the perspectives of environment-friendly materials,water resource environment,energy and environment,quality of indoor and outdoor environment,operation and management,and economical efficiency of life cycle,a modified index system was built,AHP was applied to obtain weights of indexes,evaluation methods of the grey system were used to evaluate green buildings,case study was adopted to verify the practicability and scientificity of the method.The results showed that Grey Clustering Method was an objective and reliable tool to evaluate green buildings,the calculation was simple,practical and easily operable,and moreover,the assessment process could be optimized by computer programming to improve its efficiency and precision.展开更多
In this paper, the Life Cycle of Urban Development was firstly analyzed, and the phases of Life Cycle Assessment applied to Urban Development (ULCA) were described. As a case study, ULCA was applied in the environment...In this paper, the Life Cycle of Urban Development was firstly analyzed, and the phases of Life Cycle Assessment applied to Urban Development (ULCA) were described. As a case study, ULCA was applied in the environmental impact assessment of the land readjustment project of Hyogo District of Saga, Japan. In addition, mitigation proposals for reducing CO2 were also presented and the relevant environmental ef-fects were simulated.展开更多
Pneumatic actuators and electric actuators have almost been applied to all manufacturing industries. The two kinds of actuators can replace each other in most fields, such as the point to point transmission occasion a...Pneumatic actuators and electric actuators have almost been applied to all manufacturing industries. The two kinds of actuators can replace each other in most fields, such as the point to point transmission occasion and some rotating occasions. However, there are very few research results about the advantages and disadvantages of two kinds of actuators under the same working conditions so far. In this paper, a novel comprehensive assessment method, named as overall life cycle comprehensive assessment （OLCCA）, is proposed for comparison and assessment of pneumatic and electric actuators. OLCCA contains mechanical properties evaluation （MPE）, life cycle cost analysis based on users （LCCABOU） and life cycle environmental impact analysis （LCEIA） algorithm in order to solve three difficult problems： mechanical properties assessment, cost analysis and environmental impact assessment about actuators. The mechanical properties evaluation of actuators is a multi-objective optimization problem. The fuzzy data quantification and information entropy methods are combined to establish MPE algorithm of actuators. Two kinds of pneumatic actuators and electric actuators with similar bearing capacity and similar work stroke were taken for example to verify the correctness of MPE algorithm. The case study of MPE algorithm for actuators verified its correctness. LCCABOU for actuators is also set up. Considering cost complex structure of pneumatic actuators, public device cost even method （PDCEM） is firstly presented to solve cost division of public devices such as compressors, aftercooler, receivers, etc. LCCABOU method is also effective and verified by the three groups of pneumatic actuators and electric actuators. Finally, LCEIA model of actuators is established for the environmental impact assessment of actuators. LCEIA data collection method and model establishment procedure for actuators are also put forward. With Simapro 7, LCEIA comparison results of six actuators can be obtained： Fossil fuels are the major environmental factor of pneumatic and electric actuators; Environmental impact of electric actuator is large than one of pneumatic actuator under the similar mechanical properties and working conditions of pneumatic and electric actuators. The results are correct and correspond with the actual mechanical properties of actuators. This paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method of the actuators, which can solve the critical problem that similar electromechanical products are very difficult to be compared with each other from the angle of performance, cost and environment impact.展开更多
The life cycle phase of fossil fuel extraction is mainly considered in the life cycle assessment(LCA)when evaluating the energy production processes.It is then only one of many unit processes,which contribute to the b...The life cycle phase of fossil fuel extraction is mainly considered in the life cycle assessment(LCA)when evaluating the energy production processes.It is then only one of many unit processes,which contribute to the blurring of mining-relevant results.There are few items in the literature focusing exclusively on the lignite mining phase and analysing the specific mining conditions and associated environmental impacts.The article focuses on the LCA of lignite mining processes on the basis of data coming from a Polish mine.The technology for opencast lignite mining is noted for its high production efficiency,high level of recovery and lower risk as regards the safety of workers when compared with underground mining systems.However,the need to remove large amounts of overburden to uncover the deposit contributes to a much greater degradation of the landscape.Analysing the results obtained,several key(hot spot)elements of the lignite mining operations were distinguished for modelling the environmental impact,i.e.:calorific value,the amount of electricity consumption,the manner in which waste and overburden are managed.As a result there is a high sensitivity of the final indicator to changes in these impacts.展开更多
The internal recycling process of BOF slag which is one of the huge solid wastes from iron and steel indus try was emphasized. Based on the four scenarios of different internal recycling strategies for BOF slag, life ...The internal recycling process of BOF slag which is one of the huge solid wastes from iron and steel indus try was emphasized. Based on the four scenarios of different internal recycling strategies for BOF slag, life cycle assessment （LCA） as a valuable tool for industrial solid waste management was applied to analyze the contribution to reducing environmental impacts and resources burdens for each scenario. The global warming potential （GWP） re- sults of the four scenarios show that the scenario which performs best in carbon reduction cuts off 14.2G of GWP impacts of the worst scenario. The results of this study show that the optimized internal recycling process of BOF slag can improve the environmental performance of crude steel. It is important to assess and choose an appropriate strategy to recycle BOF slag from LCA perspective to reduce the environmental impacts and resource burdens as much as possible.展开更多
Assessing and accounting for material consumption and environmental impact are necessary to measure environmental externalities of the aluminum industry and to construct an ecological civilization.In this research,lif...Assessing and accounting for material consumption and environmental impact are necessary to measure environmental externalities of the aluminum industry and to construct an ecological civilization.In this research,life cycle assessment(LCA)theory was used to assess the environmental impact of primary aluminum based on the lime soda Bayer process and different power generation modes,and the sources and distributions of the four selected impact categories were analyzed.The results show that,(1)Negative environmental impact of aluminum industry generally occurs from alumina extraction,carbon anode fabrication and electrolysis,particularly electrolysis and alumina extraction.Primary energy demand(PED),water use(WU),global warming potential(GWP)and freshwater eutrophication potential(FEP)are main environmental impact categories.(2)The environmental load with thermal power is higher than that with hydropower,e.g.,for the former,the greenhouse gas emission coefficient of 21800 kg CO2 eq/t(Al)will be generated,while for the latter,4910 kg CO2 eq/t(Al)will be generated.(3)Both power mode methods reflect the energy structure,whereas direct emissions reflect the technical level,indicating the potential for large energy savings and emission reductions,and some policies,related to clean power,energy efficiency and technological progress,should be made for emission reduction.展开更多
In 2008,around 596 000 t of aluminum dross was generated from secondary aluminum industry in China;however,it was not sufficiently recycled yet.Approximately 95% of the Al dross was land filled without innocent treatm...In 2008,around 596 000 t of aluminum dross was generated from secondary aluminum industry in China;however,it was not sufficiently recycled yet.Approximately 95% of the Al dross was land filled without innocent treatment.The purpose of this work is to investigate Al dross recycling by environmentally efficient and friendly methods.Two methods of Al dross recycling which could utilize Al dross efficiently were presented.High-quality aluminum-silicon alloys and brown fused alumina(BFA) were produced successfully by recycling Al dross.Then,life cycle assessment(LCA) was performed to evaluate environmental impact of two methods of Al dross recycling process.The results show that the two methods are reasonable and the average recovery rate of Al dross is up to 98%.As the LCA results indicate,they have some advantages such as less natural resource consumption and pollutant emissions,which efficiently relieves the burden on the environment in electrolytic aluminum and secondary aluminum industry.展开更多
文摘The environmental impacts of hydrogen production can vary widely depending on the production energy source and process.This implies that the collection and management of sustainability data for hydrogen production globally is desired to ensure accountable development of the sector.Life cycle assessment(LCA)is an internationally recognized tool for environmental impact assessment.Integrating LCA in the holistic evaluation of the hydrogen value chain is desirable to ensure the cleanness and sustainability of the various available hydrogen production pathways.The objective of this review is to evaluate the methodology used in assessing the life cycle impact of hydrogen production including proposed documentation such as the guarantee of origin(GO)and certification schemes,and review case studies from Australia.An analysis of the sustainability strategies and schemes designed by the Australian government,aimed at mitigating climate change and promoting the hydrogen economy,was conducted.The case studies that were discussed identified the preferred available scaled routes of clean hydrogen production to be water electrolysis,which is based on technologies using renewable energy.Other dominant technologies which incorporate carbon capture and storage(CCS)were envisaged to continue playing a role in the transition to a low carbon economy.Additionally,it is critical to assess the greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions using appropriate system boundaries,in order to classify clean hydrogen production pathways.Harmonizing regulatory stringency with appropriate tracking of renewable electricity can promote clean hydrogen production through certification and GO schemes.This approach is deemed critical for the sustainable development of the hydrogen economy at the international level.
文摘This paper presents a techno-economic assessment(TEA)combined with an environmental life cycle assessment(LCA)of various hydrogen delivery options within Europe,aiming to identify the most sustainable and costeffective methods for transporting renewable hydrogen.Five hydrogen carriers—compressed hydrogen,liquid hydrogen,ammonia,methanol,and a liquid organic hydrogen carrier—are compared,assuming that hydrogen is produced via renewable electrolysis in Portugal and transported to the Netherlands by either ship or pipeline.The findings align with much of the existing literature,indicating that the most economically and environmentally sustainable options for longdistance hydrogen delivery are shipping liquid hydrogen and transporting compressed hydrogen via pipeline.Chemical carriers tend to involve higher costs and environmental impacts,largely due to the additional energy and materials(e.g.,extra solar panels)required in hydrogen conversion steps(i.e.,packing and unpacking).While the findings offer valuable insights for policymakers,further research is needed to address the limitations of multi-criteria assessments for emerging hydrogen technologies,particularly the uncertainties associated with the early development stages of processes along the hydrogen value chain.Future research should also focus on extending the scope of sustainability assessments and enhancing model reliability,especially for underrepresented environmental and social impact categories.
基金supported by the Office of Energy Research and Development(OERD)of Natural Resources Canada(project number NRC-22-315)the Advanced Clean Energy(ACE)program of the National Research Council of Canada.
文摘Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier that is expected to play a crucial role in helping Canada achieve its net-zero target by 2050.However,reducing the ambiguity in regulatory frameworks is essential to incentivize and facilitate international trade in hydrogen.To this end,regulators must agree on quantification methodologies that consider life cycle boundaries,process descriptions,co-product allocation,conversion constants,and certification units.Several studies have highlighted the importance of life cycle assessment(LCA)as a standardized,relevant method for estimating the carbon footprint associated with hydrogen production and evaluating its environmental sustainability.As such,LCAbased certification schemes could help create a transparent hydrogen market.The aim of this study is to validate the proposed harmonized LCA-based methodology for quantifying hydrogen production’s carbon intensity.This methodology follows a consistent scope and life cycle inventory(LCI)development criteria,alongside a rigorous data quality assessment.The well-to-gate carbon intensities of six hydrogen production pathways are compared,which range from 0.26 to 10.07 kg CO_(2)e per kg of hydrogen(kg CO_(2)e/kg H_(2)),against the hydrogen carbon intensity thresholds established by the Canadian Clean Hydrogen Investment Tax Credit(CHITC).For example,the biomass gasification with carbon capture(CC)pathway demonstrates the lowest carbon intensity,while thermochemical pathways,such as steam methane reforming of natural gas without CC,poses challenges to meeting the maximum CHTIC threshold of 4 kg CO_(2)e/kg H_(2).
文摘A just energy transition(JET)to low-carbon fuels,such as green hydrogen,is critical for mitigating climate change.Countries with abundant renewable energy resources are well-positioned to meet the growing global demand for green hydrogen.However,to improve the volumetric energy density and facilitate transport and distribution over long distances,green hydrogen needs to be converted into an energy carrier such as green ammonia.This study conducted a comparative life cycle assessment(LCA)to evaluate the environmental impacts of green ammonia production,with a particular focus on greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions.The boundary of the study was from cradle-to-production gate,and the design was based on a coastal production facility in South Africa,which uses renewable energy to desalinate seawater,produce hydrogen,and synthesise ammonia.The carbon intensity of production was 0.79 kg CO_(2)-eq per kg of ammonia.However,if co-products of oxygen,argon and excess electricity are sold to market and allocated a portion of GHG emissions,the carbon intensity was 0.28 kg CO_(2)-eq per kg of ammonia.Further,without the sale of co-products but excluding the embodied emissions of the energy supply system,as defined in the recent international standard(ISO/TS 19870),the carbon intensity was 0.11 kg CO_(2)-eq per kg of ammonia.Based on the hydrogen content of ammonia,this is equivalent to 0.60 kg CO_(2)-eq per kg of hydrogen,which is well below the current threshold for certification as a low-carbon fuel.The process contributing most to the overall environmental impacts was electrolysis(68%),with particulate matter(55%)and global warming potential(33%)as the dominant impact categories.This reflects the energy intensity of electrolysis and the carbon intensity of the energy used to manufacture the infrastructure and capital goods required for green ammonia production.These findings support the adoption of green ammonia as a low-carbon fuel to mitigate climate change and help achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.However,achieving this goal requires the rapid decarbonisation of energy supply systems to reduce embodied emissions from manufacturing infrastructure.
文摘With the increasingly serious environmental problems,the use of sustainable materials is particularly important.This study focuses on the greenhouse gas emissions and economic costs of wood over its life cycle as a sustainable resource.We use a systematic life cycle assessment(LCA)approach to assess the entire process from raw material collection,processing,use to disposal.The study found that using wood can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional building materials such as steel and concrete.In addition,although the initial procurement costs of wood may be higher,its maintenance costs are lower in the long run,making the life cycle costs generally more economical.The results of this study highlight the environmental and economic advantages of wood in the selection of sustainable building materials,and provide a scientific basis for promoting the use of wood.
文摘The article“Techno-economic and life-cycle assessment comparisons of hydrogen delivery options”written by Alessandro Arrigoni,Tatiana D’Agostini,Francesco Dolci,and Eveline Weidner,was originally published electronically under a subscription model.
基金The authors would like to acknowledge CAPES (Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination) for the financial support given to this research.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to identify the processes with the highest contribution to potential environmental impacts in the life cycle of the masonry of concrete blocks by evaluating their main emissions contributing to impact categories and identifying hotspots for environmental improvements.The research is based on the Life Cycle Assessment(LCA)study of non-load-bearing masonry of concrete blocks performed by the authors.The processes those have demonstrated higher contribution to environmental impacts were identified in the Life Cycle Impact Assessment(LCIA)phase and a detailed analysis was carried out on the main substances derived from these processes.The highest potential impacts in the life cycle of the concrete blocks masonry can be attributed mainly to emissions coming from the production of Portland cement,which explains the peak of impact potential on the blocks production stage,but also the significant impact potential in the use of the blocks for masonry construction,due to the use of cement mortar.The results of this LCA study are part of a major research on the comparative analysis of different typologies of non-load-bearing external walls,which aims to contribute to the creation of a life cycle database of major building systems,to be used by the environmental certification systems of buildings.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFC1909005).
文摘The NdFeB scrap,as a representative solid waste of rare earths,possesses significant recyclable value.This study focused on NdFeB waste and investigated the environmental impacts of pyro-and hydro-metallurgical process(PH-M process)and its improved version,the pyro-and hydro-metallurgical improvement process(PH-Mi process).The results demonstrate that,although the PH-Mi process consumes higher amounts of energy,electricity,and chemicals compared to the PH-M process,it is more environmentally friendly and economically efficient(i.e.,net profit increased by 34.12%).To quantify and compare the environmental performance of the two scenarios,life cycle assessment methodology was applied.It is concluded that the PH-Mi process is superior to the PH-M process for eutrophication potential(EP)and the total environmental impacts.In comparison with PH-Mi process,PH-M process exhibits a certain advantage in terms of carbon footprint due to increased consumption of electricity and chemicals after the technological upgrade.
基金Project(52479115)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2024SF-YBXM-615)supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province,China+1 种基金Project(2022943)supported by the Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities,ChinaProject(300102283721)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China。
文摘Using solid waste as a substitute for conventional cement has become an important way to reduce carbon emissions.This paper attempted to utilize steel slag(SS)and fly ash(FA)as supplementary cementitious material by utilizing CO_(2)mineralization curing technology.This study examined the dominant and interactive influences of the residual water/cement ratio,CO_(2)pressure,curing time,and SS content on the mechanical properties and CO_(2)uptake rate of CO_(2)mineralization curing SS-FA-Portland cement ternary paste specimens.Additionally,microstructural development was analyzed.The findings demonstrated that each factor significantly affected compressive strength and CO_(2)uptake rate,with factor interactions becoming more pronounced at higher SS dosages(>30%),lower residual water/cement ratios(0.1-0.15),and CO_(2)pressures of 0.1-0.3 MPa.Microscopic examinations revealed that mineralization primarily yielded CaCO_(3)and silica gel.The residual w/c ratio and SS content significantly influenced the CaCO_(3)content and crystallinity of the mineralization products.Post-mineralization curing,the percentage of pores larger than 50 nm significantly decreased,the proportion of harmless pores smaller than 20 nm increased,and pore structure improved.This study also found that using CO_(2)mineralization curing SS-FA-Portland cement solid waste concrete can significantly reduce the negative impact on the environment.
基金The contract No.PRJ-395/DPKS/2022 or 2383/PKS/ITS/2022 on 14 November 2022.
文摘The total replacement of old fossil fuels poses obstacles,making the production of efficient biogasoline vital.Despite its potential as an environmentally friendly fossil fuel substitute,the life cycle assessment(LCA)of palm oil-derived biogasoline remains underexplored.This study investigated the production of biogasoline fromcrude palm oil(CPO)based biorefinery using catalytic cracking over mesoporousγ-Al_(2)O_(3) catalyst and LCA analysis.High selectivity of converting CPO into biogasoline was achieved by optimizing catalytic cracking parameters,including catalyst dose,temperature,and contact time.γ-Al_(2)O_(3) and CPO were characterized by several methods to study the physical and chemical properties.The physical properties of biogasoline,such as density,calorific value,viscosity,and flash point,were investigated.An overall yield of 60.11%was achieved after catalytic cracking produced several C5-C11 short-chain hydrocarbons.Additionally,this research proposes innovative emission reduction strategies,including waste-to-biogasoline conversion and the use of biodegradable feedstocks that enhance the sustainability of biogasoline production.LCA ofγ-Al_(2)O_(3)’s energy and environmental implications reveals minor effects on global warming(0.0068%)and freshwater ecotoxicity(0.187%).LCAs show a 0.085%impact in the energy sector.This focus on both ecological impacts and practical mitigation strategies deepens the understanding of biogasoline production.
基金funded by State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation andMaintenance ofDeepUnderground Engineering,grant number SDGZ2524Shandong Province Science and Technology Smes Ability Improvement Project,grant number 2025TSGCCZZB0258Major Innovation Project of Qilu University of Technology(Shandong Academy of Sciences),grant number 2025ZDZX03.
文摘Membrane gas absorption and solar-assisted absorbent regeneration offer a sustainable approach to reduce the energy penalty of post-combustion CO_(2) capture.This study introduces a novel system integrating solar thermal energy with membrane gas absorption to capture CO_(2) from a 580 MWe pulverized coal power plant.The environmental impacts across six scenarios at varying solar fractions are evaluated via life cycle assessment.Results show a 7.61%–13.04%reduction in global warming potential compared to a steam-driven CO_(2) capture system.Electricity and steam consumption dominate the operational phase,contributing 15%–64%and 18%–61%to environmental impacts in non-TES scenarios,respectively.While TES reduces most impacts,it increases stratospheric ozone depletion and marine eutrophication due to nitrate-based phase change materials and monoethanolamine.Higher solar fractions lower impacts in non-TES scenarios but elevate specific impacts in TES scenarios,highlighting trade-offs for sustainable CO_(2) capture deployment.
文摘With increasing demand to reduce the carbon emission of buildings,it is crucial to quantify the life cycle envi-ronmental impact of new buildings,including the environmental impact due to natural hazards,such as earth-quakes.This study presents a novel comprehensive probabilistic framework to quantify the environmental impact of buildings,including uncertainties in the material extraction and production,transportation,construction,seis-mic exposure and aging(including deterioration),and end-of-life stages.The developed framework is used to quantify the environmental impact of a 3-story residential building located in Vancouver,Canada.The results show that there is a significant variation in the environmental impact of the prototype building in each stage of the life cycle assessment.If the prototype building is hit by the design level earthquake,it is expected that the median environmental impact of the prototype will be further increased by 42%.In addition,by accounting for the probability of occurrence of different earthquakes within a 50-year design life of the prototype building,the earthquake related damage will result in an additional 5%of the initial carbon emission of the building.This shows the importance of including earthquake hazard and deterioration in whole building life cycle assessments.
基金Supported by Foundation of the Construction Department of Zhejiang Province:Study on Economic Efficiency of Water-Saving and Reclaimed Water Reuse of Green Buildings(2008009)~~
文摘To promote and develop green buildings,a standardized,applicable and easily operable index system for the assessment of such buildings was established on the basis of life cycle cost effectiveness.From the perspectives of environment-friendly materials,water resource environment,energy and environment,quality of indoor and outdoor environment,operation and management,and economical efficiency of life cycle,a modified index system was built,AHP was applied to obtain weights of indexes,evaluation methods of the grey system were used to evaluate green buildings,case study was adopted to verify the practicability and scientificity of the method.The results showed that Grey Clustering Method was an objective and reliable tool to evaluate green buildings,the calculation was simple,practical and easily operable,and moreover,the assessment process could be optimized by computer programming to improve its efficiency and precision.
文摘In this paper, the Life Cycle of Urban Development was firstly analyzed, and the phases of Life Cycle Assessment applied to Urban Development (ULCA) were described. As a case study, ULCA was applied in the environmental impact assessment of the land readjustment project of Hyogo District of Saga, Japan. In addition, mitigation proposals for reducing CO2 were also presented and the relevant environmental ef-fects were simulated.
基金Supported by Doctoral Foundation of Henan Polytechnic University(Grant No.B2012-101)Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing Technology and Engineering of Henan Polytechnic University,China(Grant No.PMTE201318A)Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Projects of Education Department of China(Grant No.14B460033)
文摘Pneumatic actuators and electric actuators have almost been applied to all manufacturing industries. The two kinds of actuators can replace each other in most fields, such as the point to point transmission occasion and some rotating occasions. However, there are very few research results about the advantages and disadvantages of two kinds of actuators under the same working conditions so far. In this paper, a novel comprehensive assessment method, named as overall life cycle comprehensive assessment （OLCCA）, is proposed for comparison and assessment of pneumatic and electric actuators. OLCCA contains mechanical properties evaluation （MPE）, life cycle cost analysis based on users （LCCABOU） and life cycle environmental impact analysis （LCEIA） algorithm in order to solve three difficult problems： mechanical properties assessment, cost analysis and environmental impact assessment about actuators. The mechanical properties evaluation of actuators is a multi-objective optimization problem. The fuzzy data quantification and information entropy methods are combined to establish MPE algorithm of actuators. Two kinds of pneumatic actuators and electric actuators with similar bearing capacity and similar work stroke were taken for example to verify the correctness of MPE algorithm. The case study of MPE algorithm for actuators verified its correctness. LCCABOU for actuators is also set up. Considering cost complex structure of pneumatic actuators, public device cost even method （PDCEM） is firstly presented to solve cost division of public devices such as compressors, aftercooler, receivers, etc. LCCABOU method is also effective and verified by the three groups of pneumatic actuators and electric actuators. Finally, LCEIA model of actuators is established for the environmental impact assessment of actuators. LCEIA data collection method and model establishment procedure for actuators are also put forward. With Simapro 7, LCEIA comparison results of six actuators can be obtained： Fossil fuels are the major environmental factor of pneumatic and electric actuators; Environmental impact of electric actuator is large than one of pneumatic actuator under the similar mechanical properties and working conditions of pneumatic and electric actuators. The results are correct and correspond with the actual mechanical properties of actuators. This paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method of the actuators, which can solve the critical problem that similar electromechanical products are very difficult to be compared with each other from the angle of performance, cost and environment impact.
文摘The life cycle phase of fossil fuel extraction is mainly considered in the life cycle assessment(LCA)when evaluating the energy production processes.It is then only one of many unit processes,which contribute to the blurring of mining-relevant results.There are few items in the literature focusing exclusively on the lignite mining phase and analysing the specific mining conditions and associated environmental impacts.The article focuses on the LCA of lignite mining processes on the basis of data coming from a Polish mine.The technology for opencast lignite mining is noted for its high production efficiency,high level of recovery and lower risk as regards the safety of workers when compared with underground mining systems.However,the need to remove large amounts of overburden to uncover the deposit contributes to a much greater degradation of the landscape.Analysing the results obtained,several key(hot spot)elements of the lignite mining operations were distinguished for modelling the environmental impact,i.e.:calorific value,the amount of electricity consumption,the manner in which waste and overburden are managed.As a result there is a high sensitivity of the final indicator to changes in these impacts.
基金Item Sponsored by Environmental Protection Public Welfare Scientific Research Project of China(200809025)National Basic Research Program of China(2005CB724206)
文摘The internal recycling process of BOF slag which is one of the huge solid wastes from iron and steel indus try was emphasized. Based on the four scenarios of different internal recycling strategies for BOF slag, life cycle assessment （LCA） as a valuable tool for industrial solid waste management was applied to analyze the contribution to reducing environmental impacts and resources burdens for each scenario. The global warming potential （GWP） re- sults of the four scenarios show that the scenario which performs best in carbon reduction cuts off 14.2G of GWP impacts of the worst scenario. The results of this study show that the optimized internal recycling process of BOF slag can improve the environmental performance of crude steel. It is important to assess and choose an appropriate strategy to recycle BOF slag from LCA perspective to reduce the environmental impacts and resource burdens as much as possible.
基金Projects(71633006,71403298) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProjects(14YJCZH045,15YJCZH019) supported by the Ministry of Education of Humanities and Social Science,China
文摘Assessing and accounting for material consumption and environmental impact are necessary to measure environmental externalities of the aluminum industry and to construct an ecological civilization.In this research,life cycle assessment(LCA)theory was used to assess the environmental impact of primary aluminum based on the lime soda Bayer process and different power generation modes,and the sources and distributions of the four selected impact categories were analyzed.The results show that,(1)Negative environmental impact of aluminum industry generally occurs from alumina extraction,carbon anode fabrication and electrolysis,particularly electrolysis and alumina extraction.Primary energy demand(PED),water use(WU),global warming potential(GWP)and freshwater eutrophication potential(FEP)are main environmental impact categories.(2)The environmental load with thermal power is higher than that with hydropower,e.g.,for the former,the greenhouse gas emission coefficient of 21800 kg CO2 eq/t(Al)will be generated,while for the latter,4910 kg CO2 eq/t(Al)will be generated.(3)Both power mode methods reflect the energy structure,whereas direct emissions reflect the technical level,indicating the potential for large energy savings and emission reductions,and some policies,related to clean power,energy efficiency and technological progress,should be made for emission reduction.
基金Project(07dz12028) supported by the Science Program of Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality,China
文摘In 2008,around 596 000 t of aluminum dross was generated from secondary aluminum industry in China;however,it was not sufficiently recycled yet.Approximately 95% of the Al dross was land filled without innocent treatment.The purpose of this work is to investigate Al dross recycling by environmentally efficient and friendly methods.Two methods of Al dross recycling which could utilize Al dross efficiently were presented.High-quality aluminum-silicon alloys and brown fused alumina(BFA) were produced successfully by recycling Al dross.Then,life cycle assessment(LCA) was performed to evaluate environmental impact of two methods of Al dross recycling process.The results show that the two methods are reasonable and the average recovery rate of Al dross is up to 98%.As the LCA results indicate,they have some advantages such as less natural resource consumption and pollutant emissions,which efficiently relieves the burden on the environment in electrolytic aluminum and secondary aluminum industry.
