Sequencing of environmental samples has great potential for biodiversity research,but its application is limited by the lack of reliable DNA barcode databases for species identifications.Such a database has been creat...Sequencing of environmental samples has great potential for biodiversity research,but its application is limited by the lack of reliable DNA barcode databases for species identifications.Such a database has been created for epiphytic lichens of Europe,allowing us to compare the results of environmental sequencing with standard taxonomic surveys.The species undetected by taxonomic surveys(what we term the ghost component)amount to about half of the species actually present in hectare plots of Central European forests.Some of these,which currently occur only as diaspores or weakly developed thalli,are likely to be favoured in the course of global change.The ghost component usually represents a larger fraction in managed forests than in old-growth unmanaged forests.The total species composition of different plots is much more similar than suggested by taxonomic surveys alone.On a regional scale,this supports the well-known statement that“everything is everywhere,but,the environment selects”.展开更多
Lichens,as dual organisms comprising a major mycobiont and a major photobiont,exhibit remarkable survival capabilities in extreme conditions,such as those found in Antarctica.Despite their adaptability,the diversity a...Lichens,as dual organisms comprising a major mycobiont and a major photobiont,exhibit remarkable survival capabilities in extreme conditions,such as those found in Antarctica.Despite their adaptability,the diversity and distribution of lichen photobionts in the ice-free areas of maritime Antarctica remain less understood compared to their mycobiont counterparts.In our study,we investigated the diversity of both lichen mycobionts and photobionts in 56 samples collected from the Fildes Region on King George Island,maritime Antarctica.Through sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions and subsequent phylogenetic analysis,we examined the relationships and association patterns between mycobionts and photobionts.Our findings revealed 19 taxa of lichen mycobionts across 13 families and seven orders,along with nine photobiont species within the class Trebouxiophyceae.These photobionts encompassed six Trebouxia species,one Asterochloris species,one Chloroidium species,and one Stichococcus species.In particular,a new Trebouxia lineage(Trebouxia sp.OTU D08)and a new Chloroidium lineage were found.The analysis indicated that many mycobionts could be associated with multiple photobiont species,a pattern also observed among the photobionts.These results contribute significantly to our understanding of the complex diversity of lichen mycobionts and photobionts in the ice-free areas of maritime Antarctica.展开更多
Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on ...Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns, mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out in Antarctica.展开更多
Objective:To screen the chitosan producing ability of endolichenic fungi and its antibacterial activity.Methods:Lichen collected from mangroves was screened for endophytes and the chitosan producing ability of endolic...Objective:To screen the chitosan producing ability of endolichenic fungi and its antibacterial activity.Methods:Lichen collected from mangroves was screened for endophytes and the chitosan producing ability of endolichenic fungi by submerged fermentation was also determined.Antibacterial activity was carried out against different pathogens.Results:Totally4 different groups of fungi were isolated from the lichen Roccella montagnei.Among the four genera,Aspergillus niger(A.niger)is potential to produce chitosan(1.3 g/L)on the twelfth day of incubation.Glucose plays an important role in the pnjductivity of chitosan and the yield was maximum at 10%(1.93 g/L).Antibacterial activity revealed that Vibrio cholerae was sensitive to chitosan followed by Escherichia coli.Conclusions:In conclusion,our findings suggest that A.niger is a potential candidate to produce more chitosan than the other strains and glucose plays an important role in the production of chitosan which proves to have a good antibacterial activity.展开更多
BACKGROUND Lichen planus(LP)with distribution of lesions along Blaschko’s lines is a rare entity,accounting for 0.24%-0.62%of all patients.Unilateral distribution of lesions in arm,leg,trunk,and waist is even less co...BACKGROUND Lichen planus(LP)with distribution of lesions along Blaschko’s lines is a rare entity,accounting for 0.24%-0.62%of all patients.Unilateral distribution of lesions in arm,leg,trunk,and waist is even less common.Approximately 10%of patients with LP manifest nail lesions.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old woman presented to our department with polygonal,purpuric,flattopped papules over the right arm,right leg,and right side of trunk and waist for the last 5 mo.The patient initially developed nail deformation in the left middle finger with no obvious cause,followed by development of blue-purple and red maculopapular rash with pruritus.During the disease course,the skin lesions aggravated and spread to several segments due to scratching.The lesions showed unilateral distribution along the Blaschko’s lines.The diagnosis of LP along Blaschko’s lines was established based on dermoscopy and skin biopsy.Her cutaneous lesions considerably improved after 4-wk treatment with intramuscular glucocorticoid,oral acitretin,topical glucocorticoid,and retinoids.CONCLUSION Cases of LP involving multiple segments of the body along the Blaschko’s lines with nail damage are rare.展开更多
The article presents information about the taxonomy and ecology of lichens in the Ohaliksai River basin. According to the conducted studies, 11 families <span>of the Lecanoromycetes class (Parmeliaceae, </spa...The article presents information about the taxonomy and ecology of lichens in the Ohaliksai River basin. According to the conducted studies, 11 families <span>of the Lecanoromycetes class (Parmeliaceae, </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">Lecanoraceae</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">, Ramalinaceae, M</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">e<span>gasporaceae, Physciaceae, Teloschistaceae, Peltigeraceae, Collemataceae, Ca</span>n<span>delariaceae, Umbilicariaceae, Physciaceae), 1 family of the Eurotiomycetes cla</span>ss (Verrucariaceae) and 1 family Lichinaceae of the class Lichinomycetes were identified, 18 groups and 23 species were noted as widespread. The taxonomic<span> analysis and ecological characteristics of the identified specie</span>s are presented.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Oral potentially malignant disorders, which include oral lichen planus ...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Oral potentially malignant disorders, which include oral lichen planus (OLP), are clinical presentations that carry a risk of development to cancer in the oral cavity. Oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs) are also termed interface/lichenoid mucositis. Malignant transformation of them remains controversial, but distinct clinical and histological criteria for how to differentiate OLP from OLLs have not been developed.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objectives:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The purpose of this study was to elucidate findings that can allow histopathological differentiation of OLP and OLLs using histomorphological and immunohistochemical analyses.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Materials and Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Analyses were performed in 10 cases diagnosed with OLP and 9 cases diagnosed with OLLs. Cytokeratin 19 (CK19), Ki-67 and CD3 were used as primary antibodies to detect basal cells, proliferative activity and T-cell distribution, respectively</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Perlecan and COX-2 to evaluate epithelial intracellular arrangements and interstitial distributions of proteoglycans and enzymes. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> For CK19, positive cells were significantly found in OLLs at both the prominent area and site adjacent to the lesion comparison with those of OLP’s. The number of COX-2 positive cells was significantly higher in spinous and basal layers in OLLs of the prominent area. Additionally, OLLs showed mild to moderate expression for perlecan in the basal to spinous layers and in subepithelial tissue. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Almost no basal cells were noted in the prominent area in OLP. COX-2 and perlecan were found in the basal to spinous layers in OLLs. Although there are restrictions, these suggested the possibility of helping to distinguish between OLP and OLLs.</span>展开更多
Oral lichen planus （OLP） is a chronic inflammatory disorder and premalignantlesion, of which the mechanisms are still obscure. In the present study, the expression levels of miR-96/182/183 cluster, miR-203, miR-375,...Oral lichen planus （OLP） is a chronic inflammatory disorder and premalignantlesion, of which the mechanisms are still obscure. In the present study, the expression levels of miR-96/182/183 cluster, miR-203, miR-375, and miR-769-5p in both tissues and exfoliative cells of OLP patients as well as healthy volunteers were detected, differentially expressed miRNAs were identified and their correlation with OLP was evaluated by a biplot method. Experimental results show that miR-203 is significantly up-regulated in patient lesion tissues in comparison to volunteer mucosa tissues. Moreover, the contra- dictory insignificant expression changes of miR-203 as well as miR-96/182/183 cluster in comparisons of exfoliative cell samples suggest that different cell compositions in OLP lesion have distinct miRNA regulation, which accords with the histological heterogeneity of OLP. Finally, biplot analyses indicate the expression of miR-203 and miR-96/182/183 cluster are positively correlated in patient lesions. These results provide miR-203 as a molecular indicator of heterogeneity of OLP, and also a potential diagnostic biomarker or therapeutic target that deserves further studies.展开更多
The paper presents the first ever report on lichens of St.Mary’s Island with a total of 20 species belonging to 13 genera.Two species,Pertusaria dehiscens var.sekikaica A.W.Archer&Elix and Porina howeana P.M.McCa...The paper presents the first ever report on lichens of St.Mary’s Island with a total of 20 species belonging to 13 genera.Two species,Pertusaria dehiscens var.sekikaica A.W.Archer&Elix and Porina howeana P.M.McCarthy are reported as new records for India.Rhizocarpon obscuratum(Ach.)A.Massal.is recorded after a gap of 52 years.展开更多
Lichens of Sirumalai hills are reported here for the first time.Lichen biota comprised of 95 species.The genus Japewiella is reported for the first time in India and is represented by J.tavaresiana(H.Magn.)Printzen.Fu...Lichens of Sirumalai hills are reported here for the first time.Lichen biota comprised of 95 species.The genus Japewiella is reported for the first time in India and is represented by J.tavaresiana(H.Magn.)Printzen.Furthermore,the following six taxa including one variety are new to India viz.Arthonia atra(Pers.)A.Schneid.,Graphis brevicarpa M.Nakan.,Kashiw.&K.H.Moon,Micarea erratica(Körb.)Hertel,Rambold&Pietschm.,Pertusaria cicatricosa var.deficiens A.W.Archer,Elix&Streimam,Porina subargillacea Müll Arg.,and Pyxine schmidtii Vain.Brief accounts for all the new records to India are provided to facilitate their identification.Arthonia redingeri Grube and Lepraria caesiella R.C.Harris are reported for the first time from south India.Besides all above,29 species are recorded for the first time from the state of Tamil Nadu.The lichen biota of the area is primarily corticolous in habitats and dominated by crustose form.展开更多
Oral lichen planus （OLP） is a chronic inflammatory disease that is frequently detected in oral tissues. The aim of our study was to identify the prevalence of the detection of periodontopathogenic microorganisms （A...Oral lichen planus （OLP） is a chronic inflammatory disease that is frequently detected in oral tissues. The aim of our study was to identify the prevalence of the detection of periodontopathogenic microorganisms （Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola in OLP patients and to compare with this prevalence of periodontopathogenic microorganisms in healthy non-OLP patients. Our study included 27 （18 chronic periodontitis （OLPP） and 9 gingivitis （OLPG）） patients diagnosed with OLP along with 26 （13 chronic periodontitis （HP） and 13 gingivitis （HG）） healthy non-OLP patients. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction （PCR）with subsequent reverse hybridization method （micro-IDent） was used for identifying periodontopathogenic microorganisms present in subgingival plaque samples. The percentages of detection for A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola in subgingival plaque samples taken from OLP patients （OLPG and OLPP） were 18.5%, 85.1%, 81.4%, 88.8% and 74%, respectively. Meanwhile, in the non-OLP patients （HG and HP）, these values were 7.6%, 50%, 46.1%, 73% and 57.7%, respectively. Thus, comparing the non-OLP groups with the OLP groups, the periodontopathogens＇ percentages of detection in the OLP groups were higher than those in the non-OLP groups. According to our study results, OLP patients have higher levels of infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola than non-OLP patients. We argue that the high percentages in patients with OLP may help identify the importance of periodontopathoRenic microorganisms in the progress of periodontal diseases of OLP.展开更多
Crustose lichens are distributed extensively in karst areas in Southern China. They can be found on the surface of carbonate rocks. Through biophysical and biochemical processes, crustose lichens reform the subsurface...Crustose lichens are distributed extensively in karst areas in Southern China. They can be found on the surface of carbonate rocks. Through biophysical and biochemical processes, crustose lichens reform the subsurface of carbonate rocks and in the meanwhile change their physical and chemical properties: (1) the mechanical strength decreases by 17.04° on average (up to 33.2°); (2) the chemical solution surface area increases from 28.26% to 75.36% (lichen microholes considered only); and (3) the water-holding capacity is greatly improved. Comparative field experiments between biokarst samples underneath crustose lichens and fresh rock samples with the same composition and texture show that the corrosional rate of carbonate rocks of the former is 1.264–1.643 times higher than that of the latter. Crustose lichens are considered as an activator of the surface corrosion of carbonate rocks.展开更多
Our previous salivary study had demonstrated an apparent T helper 2 （Th2）-predominance in saliva of oral lichen planus （OLP） patients and suggested a potential of salivary interleukin-4 （IL-4） as a biomarker for...Our previous salivary study had demonstrated an apparent T helper 2 （Th2）-predominance in saliva of oral lichen planus （OLP） patients and suggested a potential of salivary interleukin-4 （IL-4） as a biomarker for monitoring disease severity. To further determine the consistency of Th1/Th2 bias of OLP, this study investigated the expression profile of interferon-γ （IFN-γ） and IL-4 in serum and the relationship of the serum levels of these cytokines with their saliva partners. Sixty ethnic Chinese patients with OLP （40 of the erythematous/ulcerative form and 20 of the reticular form） were recruited for this study, with 40 age-sex-matched healthy volunteers as control group. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in serum and paired saliva samples were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. OLP patient showed a low-level IFN-γ but high-level IL-4 expression profile in both serum and saliva, with a lower IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. Serum IL-4 level in the erythematous/ulcerative group was significantly higher than that in the reticular group. Serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were significantly and positively correlated with their saliva partners. These results provided more evidence for Th2 cytokine- predominant immune imbalance in OLP, as well as the potential of IL-4 as the biomarker for monitoring severity of OLP.展开更多
Objective: To observe cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in normal oral mucosa (NOM), oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and explore its significance in the incidence of oral cancer. Metho...Objective: To observe cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in normal oral mucosa (NOM), oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and explore its significance in the incidence of oral cancer. Methods: The immunohistochemical method and RT-PCR method were applied to detect the expression of COX-2 and MMP-7 in 10 cases with NOM, 33 cases of with OLP and 38 cases with OSCC. Results: The expression of COX-2 mRNA in OSCC tissues (68.4%, 26/38) was significantly higher than in the OLP (24.2%, 8/33) and NOM (0.0%, 0/10) ( P<0.01). The expression of MMP-7 mRNA in OSCC tissues (65.8%, 25/38) was significantly higher than in the OLP (30.3%, 10/33) and NOM (0.0%, 0/10) ( P<0.01). The expression of MMP-7 in OLP was significantly higher than in the NOM ( P<0.05). There was no significant expression of COX-2 protein in NOM, and the positive rate was 42.4% (14/33) and 89.5% (34/38) in OLP and OSCC group, respectively. The COX-2 expression in cancer tissues was significantly higher than in NOM and OLP ( P<0.05). The MMP-7 protein expression in cancer tissues (84.2%, 32/38) was significantly higher than in NOM (10.0%, 1/10) and in OLP (42.4%, 14/33), and the positive rate in OLP was significantly higher than in NOM ( P<0.01). The COX-2 expression was associated with clinical stage ( P<0.05), the MMP-7 expression was associated with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis ( P<0.05). The expressions of COX-2 and MMP-7 mRNA were positively correlated with OSCC. Conclusions: The abnormal expressions of COX-2 and MMP-7 are closely related to the biological behavior of OSCC, the MMP-7 may be induced by COX-2, and further lead to the invasion and metastasis of OSCC.展开更多
Oral lichen planus （OLP） is considered a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease with unknown aetiology. T helper cells appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of OLP. We investigated the possible role of T ...Oral lichen planus （OLP） is considered a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease with unknown aetiology. T helper cells appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of OLP. We investigated the possible role of T helper cells, Th1 and Th17, in the lesions and circulation of patients with OLP. Forty patients with OLP and 15 healthy volunteers were recruited. Double immunofluorescence staining was used to detect Th1 and Th17 cells in the OLP lesions, and intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry to evaluate the proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells in peripheral blood. The levels of serum interferon （IFN）-γ and interleukin （IL）-17 were assessed by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was found that Th17 cells, as well as Th1 cells, were present in OLP lesions. The proportion of peripheral Th1 and Th17 cells was significantly increased in patients with OLP. The proportion of Th17 cells in atrophic-erosive OLP was elevated as compared with that in reticular OLP. Serum IL-17 levels in OLP patients were significantly higher than in controls, and those in the atrophic-erosive OLP group were increased as compared with the reticular OLP group. However, the levels of serum IFN-γ were slightly decreased in OLP patients. Our data suggested that Th1 and Th17 cells in the local lesions and peripheral blood may be associated with the pathogenesis of OLP, and that IL-17 may be an important proinflammatory cytokine in OLP. These findings enhance our understanding of OLP pathogenesis.展开更多
Lichens play an unparalleledly vital role in weathering and soil-forming processes in Antarctic region. Inthis study some related chemical components and micromorphological analyses have been carried out on thesamples...Lichens play an unparalleledly vital role in weathering and soil-forming processes in Antarctic region. Inthis study some related chemical components and micromorphological analyses have been carried out on thesamples of the weathered rocks and the lichens grown on them from Fildes Peninsula, Antarctic. The resultsindicated that the major chemical components in the bioweathering surface layer of the sampled rocks havebeen obviously altered and the weathering potential in this layer has greatly decreased by an average rangearound 4.66 percent in 4 samples. In the weathering surface layer ferruginmation of some minerals in varyingdegrees was seen by means of microscopic examination through the thin section of the weathered rocks, andits products proved to be dominated by hematite, limonite, goethite and free iron oxides Meanwhile, thestudy suggested that the dissolntion and absorption of lichens by their secretion accelerated the process ofcalcitization of minerals in the bicaweathering surface layer. Eventually, the results aIso show that differentspeciesof lichens play different roles in weathering and soilforming processes.展开更多
A new naphthoquinone compound named 7-hydroxyl-8-methoxyltrypethelone 3 together with two known compounds trypethelone 1 and trypethelone methyl ether 2 was isolated from cultured mycobiont of Astrothelium sp.The stru...A new naphthoquinone compound named 7-hydroxyl-8-methoxyltrypethelone 3 together with two known compounds trypethelone 1 and trypethelone methyl ether 2 was isolated from cultured mycobiont of Astrothelium sp.The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis as well as comparison with those reported in literatures.Compound 1 displayed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis（ATCC 6633）,and showed modest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus col（MRSA）（CGMCC 1.2465）,while compounds 2 and 3 showed modest antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis 850E（CGMCC 1.2135） and S.aureus col（MRSA）（CGMCC 1.2465）.展开更多
Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus for erosive oral lichen planus(EOLP). Methods Literatures published up to December 2013 were searched from Pub Med, Embase, CENTRAL, Chinese Bio Medica...Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus for erosive oral lichen planus(EOLP). Methods Literatures published up to December 2013 were searched from Pub Med, Embase, CENTRAL, Chinese Bio Medical Literature Database(CBM), and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe(SIGLE). All randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of topical tacrolimus for EOLP which compared with other interventions or a placebo were considered in this Meta-analysis. Two researchers collected data independently. The assessment of methodological quality was based on Cochrane Handbook and the materials were analyzed with the software Revman 5.2.5. The primary outcome measures were the symptoms(e.g. pain, discomfort) complained by patients. The secondary outcome measures included the improvement rate of clinical signs assessed by the investigators and the incidence of adverse effects(e.g. clinical candidiasis). Results A total of 9 RCTs involving 476 patients were finally included. The pooled odds ratio(OR) of clinical improvement for topical tacrolimus vs. topical corticosteroids was 1.19 [95% confidence interval(CI): 0.64-2.22, I2: 44%]. Regarding to 0.1% tacrolimus and 0.03% tacrolimus, the pooled OR were 1.87(95 % CI: 0.60-5.82) and 1.47(95 % CI: 0.14-16.04) respectively in subgroup analysis. No serious adverse events were reported in topical tacrolimus group. Conclusions There was no evidence to support that topical tacrolimus for EOLP was more effective and safer than topical corticosteroids in this Meta-analysis. Clinical assessment criteria should be established and accepted by clinicians and researchers before further RCTs are undertaken.展开更多
Long-segment lichen sclerosus(LS)urethral stricture is a challenge for urologists.Limited data are available for surgeons to make a surgical decision between Kulkarni and Asopa urethroplasty.In this retrospective stud...Long-segment lichen sclerosus(LS)urethral stricture is a challenge for urologists.Limited data are available for surgeons to make a surgical decision between Kulkarni and Asopa urethroplasty.In this retrospective study,we investigated the outcomes of these two procedures in patients with LS urethral stricture.Between January 2015 and December 2020,77 patients with LS urethral stricture underwent Kulkarni and Asopa procedures for urethroplasty in the Department of Urology,Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(Shanghai,China).Of the 77 patients,42(54.5%)underwent the Asopa procedure and 35(45.5%)underwent the Kulkarni procedure.The overall complication rate was 34.2%in the Kulkarni group and 19.0%in the Asopa group,and no difference was observed(P=0.105).Among the complications,no statistical difference was observed in the incidence of urethral stricture recurrence(P=0.724)or glans dehiscence(P=0.246)except for postoperative meatus stenosis(P=0.020).However,the recurrence-free survival rate between the two procedures was significantly different(P=0.016).Cox survival analysis showed that antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy use(P=0.020),diabetes(P=0.003),current/former smoking(P=0.019),coronary heart disease(P<0.001),and stricture length(P=0.028)may lead to a higher hazard ratio of complications.Even so,these two techniques can still provide acceptable results with their own advantages in the surgical treatment of LS urethral strictures.The surgical alternative should be considered comprehensively according to the patient characteristics and surgeon preferences.Moreover,our results showed that antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy use,diabetes,coronary heart disease,current/former smoking,and stricture length may be contributing factors of complications.Therefore,patients with LS are advised to undergo early interventions for better therapeutic effects.展开更多
The Merkel cell-neurite complex initiates the perception of touch and mediates Ap slowly adapting type I responses. Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with T-cell-mediated inflammation, whereas...The Merkel cell-neurite complex initiates the perception of touch and mediates Ap slowly adapting type I responses. Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with T-cell-mediated inflammation, whereas hyperkeratosis is characterized with or without epithelial dysplasia in the oral mucosa. To determine the effects of lichen planus and hyperkeratosis on the Merkel cell-neurite complex, healthy oral mucosal epithelium and lesional oral mucosal epithelium of lichen planus and hyperkeratosis patients were stained by immunohistochemistry （the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex and double immunofluorescence methods）using pan cytokeratin, cytokeratin 20 （K20, a Merkel cell marker）, and neurofilament 200 （NF200, a myelinated Aβ- and Aδ-nerve fibre marker） antibodies. N F200-immunoreactive （ir） nerve fibres in healthy tissues and in the lesional oral mucosa epithelium of lichen planus and hyperkeratosis were counted and statistically analysed. In the healthy oral mucosa, K20-positive Merkel cells with and without close association to the intraepithelial NF200-ir nerve fibres were detected. In the lesional oral mucosa of lichen planus and hyperkeratosis patients, extremely rare NF200-ir nerve fibres were detected only in the lamina propria. Compared with healthy tissues, lichen planus and hyperkeratosis tissues had significantly decreased numbers of NF200-ir nerve fibres in the oral mucosal epithelium. Lichen planus and hyperkeratosis were associated with the absence of Aβ-nerve endings in the oral mucosal epithelium. Thus, we conclude that mechanosensation mediated by the Merkel cell-neurite complex in the oral mucosal epithelium is impaired in lichen planus and hvperkeratosis.展开更多
基金supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic(Grant Nos.SS01010270,SS06010420)by a long-term research development grant RVO(Grant No.67985939)。
文摘Sequencing of environmental samples has great potential for biodiversity research,but its application is limited by the lack of reliable DNA barcode databases for species identifications.Such a database has been created for epiphytic lichens of Europe,allowing us to compare the results of environmental sequencing with standard taxonomic surveys.The species undetected by taxonomic surveys(what we term the ghost component)amount to about half of the species actually present in hectare plots of Central European forests.Some of these,which currently occur only as diaspores or weakly developed thalli,are likely to be favoured in the course of global change.The ghost component usually represents a larger fraction in managed forests than in old-growth unmanaged forests.The total species composition of different plots is much more similar than suggested by taxonomic surveys alone.On a regional scale,this supports the well-known statement that“everything is everywhere,but,the environment selects”.
基金supported by CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(Grant no.2021-I2M-1-055)National Microbial Resource Center(Grant no.NMRC-2023-3).
文摘Lichens,as dual organisms comprising a major mycobiont and a major photobiont,exhibit remarkable survival capabilities in extreme conditions,such as those found in Antarctica.Despite their adaptability,the diversity and distribution of lichen photobionts in the ice-free areas of maritime Antarctica remain less understood compared to their mycobiont counterparts.In our study,we investigated the diversity of both lichen mycobionts and photobionts in 56 samples collected from the Fildes Region on King George Island,maritime Antarctica.Through sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions and subsequent phylogenetic analysis,we examined the relationships and association patterns between mycobionts and photobionts.Our findings revealed 19 taxa of lichen mycobionts across 13 families and seven orders,along with nine photobiont species within the class Trebouxiophyceae.These photobionts encompassed six Trebouxia species,one Asterochloris species,one Chloroidium species,and one Stichococcus species.In particular,a new Trebouxia lineage(Trebouxia sp.OTU D08)and a new Chloroidium lineage were found.The analysis indicated that many mycobionts could be associated with multiple photobiont species,a pattern also observed among the photobionts.These results contribute significantly to our understanding of the complex diversity of lichen mycobionts and photobionts in the ice-free areas of maritime Antarctica.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China No.40001011
文摘Saxicolous species of lichens are able to induce and accelerate weathering of their rock substrate, and effects of lichens on substrate can be attributed to both physical and chemical causes. This paper is focused on biotic weathering actions of epilithic and endolithic species on the different rock types (sandstones and volcanogenic rocks) in Antarctica. The patterns, mechanisms, processes and neoformations of rock-weathering resulting from lichen colonization are expounded in detail. Furthermore, it is pointed out that, for a better understanding of the impacts of lichens on environments, the studies on the rate of biotic weathering and the comprehensive involvement of the lichen effects on weathering of natural rocks remain to be carried out in Antarctica.
基金supported by Ministry of Environment and Forests.Govt.of India(grant No.22-9/2008-CS-1)
文摘Objective:To screen the chitosan producing ability of endolichenic fungi and its antibacterial activity.Methods:Lichen collected from mangroves was screened for endophytes and the chitosan producing ability of endolichenic fungi by submerged fermentation was also determined.Antibacterial activity was carried out against different pathogens.Results:Totally4 different groups of fungi were isolated from the lichen Roccella montagnei.Among the four genera,Aspergillus niger(A.niger)is potential to produce chitosan(1.3 g/L)on the twelfth day of incubation.Glucose plays an important role in the pnjductivity of chitosan and the yield was maximum at 10%(1.93 g/L).Antibacterial activity revealed that Vibrio cholerae was sensitive to chitosan followed by Escherichia coli.Conclusions:In conclusion,our findings suggest that A.niger is a potential candidate to produce more chitosan than the other strains and glucose plays an important role in the production of chitosan which proves to have a good antibacterial activity.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81803160.
文摘BACKGROUND Lichen planus(LP)with distribution of lesions along Blaschko’s lines is a rare entity,accounting for 0.24%-0.62%of all patients.Unilateral distribution of lesions in arm,leg,trunk,and waist is even less common.Approximately 10%of patients with LP manifest nail lesions.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old woman presented to our department with polygonal,purpuric,flattopped papules over the right arm,right leg,and right side of trunk and waist for the last 5 mo.The patient initially developed nail deformation in the left middle finger with no obvious cause,followed by development of blue-purple and red maculopapular rash with pruritus.During the disease course,the skin lesions aggravated and spread to several segments due to scratching.The lesions showed unilateral distribution along the Blaschko’s lines.The diagnosis of LP along Blaschko’s lines was established based on dermoscopy and skin biopsy.Her cutaneous lesions considerably improved after 4-wk treatment with intramuscular glucocorticoid,oral acitretin,topical glucocorticoid,and retinoids.CONCLUSION Cases of LP involving multiple segments of the body along the Blaschko’s lines with nail damage are rare.
文摘The article presents information about the taxonomy and ecology of lichens in the Ohaliksai River basin. According to the conducted studies, 11 families <span>of the Lecanoromycetes class (Parmeliaceae, </span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">Lecanoraceae</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">, Ramalinaceae, M</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"">e<span>gasporaceae, Physciaceae, Teloschistaceae, Peltigeraceae, Collemataceae, Ca</span>n<span>delariaceae, Umbilicariaceae, Physciaceae), 1 family of the Eurotiomycetes cla</span>ss (Verrucariaceae) and 1 family Lichinaceae of the class Lichinomycetes were identified, 18 groups and 23 species were noted as widespread. The taxonomic<span> analysis and ecological characteristics of the identified specie</span>s are presented.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Oral potentially malignant disorders, which include oral lichen planus (OLP), are clinical presentations that carry a risk of development to cancer in the oral cavity. Oral lichenoid lesions (OLLs) are also termed interface/lichenoid mucositis. Malignant transformation of them remains controversial, but distinct clinical and histological criteria for how to differentiate OLP from OLLs have not been developed.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objectives:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> The purpose of this study was to elucidate findings that can allow histopathological differentiation of OLP and OLLs using histomorphological and immunohistochemical analyses.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Materials and Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Analyses were performed in 10 cases diagnosed with OLP and 9 cases diagnosed with OLLs. Cytokeratin 19 (CK19), Ki-67 and CD3 were used as primary antibodies to detect basal cells, proliferative activity and T-cell distribution, respectively</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, and</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Perlecan and COX-2 to evaluate epithelial intracellular arrangements and interstitial distributions of proteoglycans and enzymes. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> For CK19, positive cells were significantly found in OLLs at both the prominent area and site adjacent to the lesion comparison with those of OLP’s. The number of COX-2 positive cells was significantly higher in spinous and basal layers in OLLs of the prominent area. Additionally, OLLs showed mild to moderate expression for perlecan in the basal to spinous layers and in subepithelial tissue. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Almost no basal cells were noted in the prominent area in OLP. COX-2 and perlecan were found in the basal to spinous layers in OLLs. Although there are restrictions, these suggested the possibility of helping to distinguish between OLP and OLLs.</span>
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91029711)
文摘Oral lichen planus （OLP） is a chronic inflammatory disorder and premalignantlesion, of which the mechanisms are still obscure. In the present study, the expression levels of miR-96/182/183 cluster, miR-203, miR-375, and miR-769-5p in both tissues and exfoliative cells of OLP patients as well as healthy volunteers were detected, differentially expressed miRNAs were identified and their correlation with OLP was evaluated by a biplot method. Experimental results show that miR-203 is significantly up-regulated in patient lesion tissues in comparison to volunteer mucosa tissues. Moreover, the contra- dictory insignificant expression changes of miR-203 as well as miR-96/182/183 cluster in comparisons of exfoliative cell samples suggest that different cell compositions in OLP lesion have distinct miRNA regulation, which accords with the histological heterogeneity of OLP. Finally, biplot analyses indicate the expression of miR-203 and miR-96/182/183 cluster are positively correlated in patient lesions. These results provide miR-203 as a molecular indicator of heterogeneity of OLP, and also a potential diagnostic biomarker or therapeutic target that deserves further studies.
基金SERB for providing financial assistance under the NPDF scheme(PDF/2016/002054&PDF/2016/001897).
文摘The paper presents the first ever report on lichens of St.Mary’s Island with a total of 20 species belonging to 13 genera.Two species,Pertusaria dehiscens var.sekikaica A.W.Archer&Elix and Porina howeana P.M.McCarthy are reported as new records for India.Rhizocarpon obscuratum(Ach.)A.Massal.is recorded after a gap of 52 years.
基金The authors are thankful to the Director of CSIR-NBRI for providing laboratory facilities and to the Principal of Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology,Head of Biotechnology Department and members of the organizing committee for the LBB2017 workshop.One of the authors(SJ)is thankful to DST,New Delhi for the financial assistance under INSPIRE Faculty scheme(IFA18-LSPA 124)The authors are also grateful to Sirumalai Reserve Forest authorities for their permission to study the lichens of the area.(CSIR-NBRI manuscript numberCSIR-NBRI_MS/2019/12/04).
文摘Lichens of Sirumalai hills are reported here for the first time.Lichen biota comprised of 95 species.The genus Japewiella is reported for the first time in India and is represented by J.tavaresiana(H.Magn.)Printzen.Furthermore,the following six taxa including one variety are new to India viz.Arthonia atra(Pers.)A.Schneid.,Graphis brevicarpa M.Nakan.,Kashiw.&K.H.Moon,Micarea erratica(Körb.)Hertel,Rambold&Pietschm.,Pertusaria cicatricosa var.deficiens A.W.Archer,Elix&Streimam,Porina subargillacea Müll Arg.,and Pyxine schmidtii Vain.Brief accounts for all the new records to India are provided to facilitate their identification.Arthonia redingeri Grube and Lepraria caesiella R.C.Harris are reported for the first time from south India.Besides all above,29 species are recorded for the first time from the state of Tamil Nadu.The lichen biota of the area is primarily corticolous in habitats and dominated by crustose form.
基金project support from the Turkey Scientific and Technological Research Council (project no. 106S340)Selcuk University Coordination of Scientific Research (project no. 06202034)supported by Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University
文摘Oral lichen planus （OLP） is a chronic inflammatory disease that is frequently detected in oral tissues. The aim of our study was to identify the prevalence of the detection of periodontopathogenic microorganisms （Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola in OLP patients and to compare with this prevalence of periodontopathogenic microorganisms in healthy non-OLP patients. Our study included 27 （18 chronic periodontitis （OLPP） and 9 gingivitis （OLPG）） patients diagnosed with OLP along with 26 （13 chronic periodontitis （HP） and 13 gingivitis （HG）） healthy non-OLP patients. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction （PCR）with subsequent reverse hybridization method （micro-IDent） was used for identifying periodontopathogenic microorganisms present in subgingival plaque samples. The percentages of detection for A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola in subgingival plaque samples taken from OLP patients （OLPG and OLPP） were 18.5%, 85.1%, 81.4%, 88.8% and 74%, respectively. Meanwhile, in the non-OLP patients （HG and HP）, these values were 7.6%, 50%, 46.1%, 73% and 57.7%, respectively. Thus, comparing the non-OLP groups with the OLP groups, the periodontopathogens＇ percentages of detection in the OLP groups were higher than those in the non-OLP groups. According to our study results, OLP patients have higher levels of infection with A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola than non-OLP patients. We argue that the high percentages in patients with OLP may help identify the importance of periodontopathoRenic microorganisms in the progress of periodontal diseases of OLP.
文摘Crustose lichens are distributed extensively in karst areas in Southern China. They can be found on the surface of carbonate rocks. Through biophysical and biochemical processes, crustose lichens reform the subsurface of carbonate rocks and in the meanwhile change their physical and chemical properties: (1) the mechanical strength decreases by 17.04° on average (up to 33.2°); (2) the chemical solution surface area increases from 28.26% to 75.36% (lichen microholes considered only); and (3) the water-holding capacity is greatly improved. Comparative field experiments between biokarst samples underneath crustose lichens and fresh rock samples with the same composition and texture show that the corrosional rate of carbonate rocks of the former is 1.264–1.643 times higher than that of the latter. Crustose lichens are considered as an activator of the surface corrosion of carbonate rocks.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30930100, 81072218, 81200791, 81321002 and 81300882)the Doctoral Program of the Ministry of Education of China (No. 20110181110055 and 20120181120011)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (No. cstc2013jcyjA10042)
文摘Our previous salivary study had demonstrated an apparent T helper 2 （Th2）-predominance in saliva of oral lichen planus （OLP） patients and suggested a potential of salivary interleukin-4 （IL-4） as a biomarker for monitoring disease severity. To further determine the consistency of Th1/Th2 bias of OLP, this study investigated the expression profile of interferon-γ （IFN-γ） and IL-4 in serum and the relationship of the serum levels of these cytokines with their saliva partners. Sixty ethnic Chinese patients with OLP （40 of the erythematous/ulcerative form and 20 of the reticular form） were recruited for this study, with 40 age-sex-matched healthy volunteers as control group. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in serum and paired saliva samples were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. OLP patient showed a low-level IFN-γ but high-level IL-4 expression profile in both serum and saliva, with a lower IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. Serum IL-4 level in the erythematous/ulcerative group was significantly higher than that in the reticular group. Serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were significantly and positively correlated with their saliva partners. These results provided more evidence for Th2 cytokine- predominant immune imbalance in OLP, as well as the potential of IL-4 as the biomarker for monitoring severity of OLP.
基金supported by Jinan Science and Technology Development Plans Grant (No.201121040)
文摘Objective: To observe cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in normal oral mucosa (NOM), oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and explore its significance in the incidence of oral cancer. Methods: The immunohistochemical method and RT-PCR method were applied to detect the expression of COX-2 and MMP-7 in 10 cases with NOM, 33 cases of with OLP and 38 cases with OSCC. Results: The expression of COX-2 mRNA in OSCC tissues (68.4%, 26/38) was significantly higher than in the OLP (24.2%, 8/33) and NOM (0.0%, 0/10) ( P<0.01). The expression of MMP-7 mRNA in OSCC tissues (65.8%, 25/38) was significantly higher than in the OLP (30.3%, 10/33) and NOM (0.0%, 0/10) ( P<0.01). The expression of MMP-7 in OLP was significantly higher than in the NOM ( P<0.05). There was no significant expression of COX-2 protein in NOM, and the positive rate was 42.4% (14/33) and 89.5% (34/38) in OLP and OSCC group, respectively. The COX-2 expression in cancer tissues was significantly higher than in NOM and OLP ( P<0.05). The MMP-7 protein expression in cancer tissues (84.2%, 32/38) was significantly higher than in NOM (10.0%, 1/10) and in OLP (42.4%, 14/33), and the positive rate in OLP was significantly higher than in NOM ( P<0.01). The COX-2 expression was associated with clinical stage ( P<0.05), the MMP-7 expression was associated with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis ( P<0.05). The expressions of COX-2 and MMP-7 mRNA were positively correlated with OSCC. Conclusions: The abnormal expressions of COX-2 and MMP-7 are closely related to the biological behavior of OSCC, the MMP-7 may be induced by COX-2, and further lead to the invasion and metastasis of OSCC.
文摘Oral lichen planus （OLP） is considered a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease with unknown aetiology. T helper cells appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of OLP. We investigated the possible role of T helper cells, Th1 and Th17, in the lesions and circulation of patients with OLP. Forty patients with OLP and 15 healthy volunteers were recruited. Double immunofluorescence staining was used to detect Th1 and Th17 cells in the OLP lesions, and intracellular cytokine staining and flow cytometry to evaluate the proportion of Th1 and Th17 cells in peripheral blood. The levels of serum interferon （IFN）-γ and interleukin （IL）-17 were assessed by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was found that Th17 cells, as well as Th1 cells, were present in OLP lesions. The proportion of peripheral Th1 and Th17 cells was significantly increased in patients with OLP. The proportion of Th17 cells in atrophic-erosive OLP was elevated as compared with that in reticular OLP. Serum IL-17 levels in OLP patients were significantly higher than in controls, and those in the atrophic-erosive OLP group were increased as compared with the reticular OLP group. However, the levels of serum IFN-γ were slightly decreased in OLP patients. Our data suggested that Th1 and Th17 cells in the local lesions and peripheral blood may be associated with the pathogenesis of OLP, and that IL-17 may be an important proinflammatory cytokine in OLP. These findings enhance our understanding of OLP pathogenesis.
文摘Lichens play an unparalleledly vital role in weathering and soil-forming processes in Antarctic region. Inthis study some related chemical components and micromorphological analyses have been carried out on thesamples of the weathered rocks and the lichens grown on them from Fildes Peninsula, Antarctic. The resultsindicated that the major chemical components in the bioweathering surface layer of the sampled rocks havebeen obviously altered and the weathering potential in this layer has greatly decreased by an average rangearound 4.66 percent in 4 samples. In the weathering surface layer ferruginmation of some minerals in varyingdegrees was seen by means of microscopic examination through the thin section of the weathered rocks, andits products proved to be dominated by hematite, limonite, goethite and free iron oxides Meanwhile, thestudy suggested that the dissolntion and absorption of lichens by their secretion accelerated the process ofcalcitization of minerals in the bicaweathering surface layer. Eventually, the results aIso show that differentspeciesof lichens play different roles in weathering and soilforming processes.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.302700005)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(MOST,No.2007Aa021405).
文摘A new naphthoquinone compound named 7-hydroxyl-8-methoxyltrypethelone 3 together with two known compounds trypethelone 1 and trypethelone methyl ether 2 was isolated from cultured mycobiont of Astrothelium sp.The structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis as well as comparison with those reported in literatures.Compound 1 displayed significant antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis（ATCC 6633）,and showed modest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus col（MRSA）（CGMCC 1.2465）,while compounds 2 and 3 showed modest antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis 850E（CGMCC 1.2135） and S.aureus col（MRSA）（CGMCC 1.2465）.
文摘Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus for erosive oral lichen planus(EOLP). Methods Literatures published up to December 2013 were searched from Pub Med, Embase, CENTRAL, Chinese Bio Medical Literature Database(CBM), and System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe(SIGLE). All randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of topical tacrolimus for EOLP which compared with other interventions or a placebo were considered in this Meta-analysis. Two researchers collected data independently. The assessment of methodological quality was based on Cochrane Handbook and the materials were analyzed with the software Revman 5.2.5. The primary outcome measures were the symptoms(e.g. pain, discomfort) complained by patients. The secondary outcome measures included the improvement rate of clinical signs assessed by the investigators and the incidence of adverse effects(e.g. clinical candidiasis). Results A total of 9 RCTs involving 476 patients were finally included. The pooled odds ratio(OR) of clinical improvement for topical tacrolimus vs. topical corticosteroids was 1.19 [95% confidence interval(CI): 0.64-2.22, I2: 44%]. Regarding to 0.1% tacrolimus and 0.03% tacrolimus, the pooled OR were 1.87(95 % CI: 0.60-5.82) and 1.47(95 % CI: 0.14-16.04) respectively in subgroup analysis. No serious adverse events were reported in topical tacrolimus group. Conclusions There was no evidence to support that topical tacrolimus for EOLP was more effective and safer than topical corticosteroids in this Meta-analysis. Clinical assessment criteria should be established and accepted by clinicians and researchers before further RCTs are undertaken.
基金This work was supported by the Project of Shanghai Medical Innovation and Clinical Research(No.20Y11904300)the Clinical Research Project of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission(No.202040437).
文摘Long-segment lichen sclerosus(LS)urethral stricture is a challenge for urologists.Limited data are available for surgeons to make a surgical decision between Kulkarni and Asopa urethroplasty.In this retrospective study,we investigated the outcomes of these two procedures in patients with LS urethral stricture.Between January 2015 and December 2020,77 patients with LS urethral stricture underwent Kulkarni and Asopa procedures for urethroplasty in the Department of Urology,Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine(Shanghai,China).Of the 77 patients,42(54.5%)underwent the Asopa procedure and 35(45.5%)underwent the Kulkarni procedure.The overall complication rate was 34.2%in the Kulkarni group and 19.0%in the Asopa group,and no difference was observed(P=0.105).Among the complications,no statistical difference was observed in the incidence of urethral stricture recurrence(P=0.724)or glans dehiscence(P=0.246)except for postoperative meatus stenosis(P=0.020).However,the recurrence-free survival rate between the two procedures was significantly different(P=0.016).Cox survival analysis showed that antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy use(P=0.020),diabetes(P=0.003),current/former smoking(P=0.019),coronary heart disease(P<0.001),and stricture length(P=0.028)may lead to a higher hazard ratio of complications.Even so,these two techniques can still provide acceptable results with their own advantages in the surgical treatment of LS urethral strictures.The surgical alternative should be considered comprehensively according to the patient characteristics and surgeon preferences.Moreover,our results showed that antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy use,diabetes,coronary heart disease,current/former smoking,and stricture length may be contributing factors of complications.Therefore,patients with LS are advised to undergo early interventions for better therapeutic effects.
文摘The Merkel cell-neurite complex initiates the perception of touch and mediates Ap slowly adapting type I responses. Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with T-cell-mediated inflammation, whereas hyperkeratosis is characterized with or without epithelial dysplasia in the oral mucosa. To determine the effects of lichen planus and hyperkeratosis on the Merkel cell-neurite complex, healthy oral mucosal epithelium and lesional oral mucosal epithelium of lichen planus and hyperkeratosis patients were stained by immunohistochemistry （the avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex and double immunofluorescence methods）using pan cytokeratin, cytokeratin 20 （K20, a Merkel cell marker）, and neurofilament 200 （NF200, a myelinated Aβ- and Aδ-nerve fibre marker） antibodies. N F200-immunoreactive （ir） nerve fibres in healthy tissues and in the lesional oral mucosa epithelium of lichen planus and hyperkeratosis were counted and statistically analysed. In the healthy oral mucosa, K20-positive Merkel cells with and without close association to the intraepithelial NF200-ir nerve fibres were detected. In the lesional oral mucosa of lichen planus and hyperkeratosis patients, extremely rare NF200-ir nerve fibres were detected only in the lamina propria. Compared with healthy tissues, lichen planus and hyperkeratosis tissues had significantly decreased numbers of NF200-ir nerve fibres in the oral mucosal epithelium. Lichen planus and hyperkeratosis were associated with the absence of Aβ-nerve endings in the oral mucosal epithelium. Thus, we conclude that mechanosensation mediated by the Merkel cell-neurite complex in the oral mucosal epithelium is impaired in lichen planus and hvperkeratosis.
