Plant-based fermentations provide an untapped source for novel biotechnological applications.In this study,a probiotic named Lactobacillus fermentum 21828 was introduced to ferment Lentinus edodes.Polysaccharides were...Plant-based fermentations provide an untapped source for novel biotechnological applications.In this study,a probiotic named Lactobacillus fermentum 21828 was introduced to ferment Lentinus edodes.Polysaccharides were extracted from fermented and non-fermented L.edodes and purified via DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100.The components designated F-LEP-2a and NF-LEP-2a were analyzed by FT-IR,HPGPC,HPAEC,SEM,GC-MS and NMR.The results revealed that probiotic fermentation increased the molecular weight from 1.16×10^(4) Da to 1.87×10^(4) Da and altered the proportions of glucose,galactose and mannose,in which glucose increased from 45.94%to 48.16%.Methylation analysis and NMR spectra indicated that F-LEP-2a and NF-LEP-2a had similar linkage patterns.Furthermore,their immunomodulatory activities were evaluated with immunosuppressive mice.NF-LEP and F-LEP improved immune organ indices,immunoglobulin(Ig G and Ig M)and cytokines concentrations;restored the antioxidation capacity of liver;and maintained the balance of gut microbiota.F-LEP displayed better moderating effects on the spleen index,immunoglobulin,cytokines and the diversity of gut microbiota than NF-LEP(200,400 mg/kg).Our study provides an efficient and environment-friendly way for the structural modification of polysaccharides,which helps to enhance their biological activity and promote their wide application in food,medicine and other fields.展开更多
Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is a chronic inflammatory liver disease that threatens human health worldwide.The aim of this study was to detect the protective effect of a fermented Lentinus edodes extract containingα-gluc...Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is a chronic inflammatory liver disease that threatens human health worldwide.The aim of this study was to detect the protective effect of a fermented Lentinus edodes extract containingα-glucan(FLA),in a concanavalin A(Con A)-induced AIH mouse model and to determine the underlying liver-protective mechanism.The results showed that compared with the model group,the level of proinflammatory cytokines in serum of FLA pretreated mice was significantly decreased,and the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration in liver,thymus and spleen was significantly reduced.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction,immunohistochemistry,and Western blotting showed that FLA pre-treatment inhibited the Con A-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes by down-regulating the expression of BAX and up-regulating the expression of BCL-2.Further research found that FLA may improve liver injury in mice by activating NRF2 signaling pathway and inhibiting TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway.Thus,FLA may improve liver injury in mice by shifting gut microbial composition to reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines in the serum and prevent the necrosis of hepatocytes.Up-regulation of NRF2 signaling pathway,down-regulation of TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway,and an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus_johnsonii and Ligilactobacillus_murinus play a protective role in liver.展开更多
Bioremediation is an eco-compatible and economical approach to counter textile dye menace. The isolated Lentinus squarrosulus AF5 was assessed for decolourization of textile azo dyes, and had shown ~93%, 88% and 70% d...Bioremediation is an eco-compatible and economical approach to counter textile dye menace. The isolated Lentinus squarrosulus AF5 was assessed for decolourization of textile azo dyes, and had shown ~93%, 88% and 70% decolorization of Reactive blue 160 (RB160), Reactive black 5 (RB5) and Amido black 10B (AB10B) respectively. Further analysis using UV-vis, HPLC, and FTIR, <sup>1</sup>H NMR had shown the degradation of the dyes. Toxicity analysis of the metabolites was performed using seed germination and plant growth on two agriculturally important plants Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) as well as cytotoxicity analysis using the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The dye mix appeared inhibitory for seed germination (20% - 40%), whereas metabolites were non-inhibitory for germination. Treatment of HaCaT cells with of dye mix and metabolites led into 45% and ~100% of cell viability of HaCaT cells respectively. Therefore, metabolites following degradation of the dye mix were observed to be non-toxic.展开更多
Expression vector p301-bG1 contains a Sw gene and a bialaphos resistance gene both driven by glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene promoter isolated from Lentinus edodes ( Berk.) Sing. Using p301-bG1, P...Expression vector p301-bG1 contains a Sw gene and a bialaphos resistance gene both driven by glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene promoter isolated from Lentinus edodes ( Berk.) Sing. Using p301-bG1, PEG-mediated transformation of protoplast of L. edodes was studied. Mixed with PEG-purified plasmid DNA, the protoplasts of L. edodes were treated with PEG solution and cultured on CYM regeneration plate containing 40 mug/mL bialaphos. Bialaphos-resistant and GUS-positive transformants were obtained using this transformation system. Although the transformation efficiency was relatively low, the protocols release large expenses on expensive instrument and restriction enzymes, providing a simple and economical method for mushroom breeding at the molecular level.展开更多
An experimental study was performed to determine the characteristics and drying process of mushroom （Lentinus edodes） by 6 different hot-air drying methods namely isothermal drying, uniform raise drying, non-uniform...An experimental study was performed to determine the characteristics and drying process of mushroom （Lentinus edodes） by 6 different hot-air drying methods namely isothermal drying, uniform raise drying, non-uniform raise drying, uniform intermittent drying, non-uniform intermittent drying and combined drying. The chemical composition （dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fat, total sugars, dietary fiber, and energy）, color parameters （L, a＊, b＊, c＊, and h~） and rehydration capacities were determined. Among all the experiments, non-uniform intermittent drying reached a better comprehensive results due to the higher chemical composition, better color quality associated with high bright （26.381＋5.842）, high color tone （73.670＋2.975）, low chroma （13.349a：3.456） as well as the highest rehydration （453.76% weigh of dried body）. Nine kinds of classical mathematical model were used to obtained moisture data and the Midili-kucuk model can be described by the drying process with the coefficient （R2 ranged from 0.99790 to 0.99967）, chi-square （X2 ranged from 0.00003 to 0.00019） and root mean square error （RMSE ranged from 0.000486 to 0.0012367）.展开更多
Lentinan samples,(1→3)-β-D-glucans containing 4.6-15.2 wt%proteins,coded as L-I_1 L-I_2 L-I_3 and L-I_4(L-I)were isolated from four kinds of Lentinus edodes.These glucans were treated with acetone to remove the prot...Lentinan samples,(1→3)-β-D-glucans containing 4.6-15.2 wt%proteins,coded as L-I_1 L-I_2 L-I_3 and L-I_4(L-I)were isolated from four kinds of Lentinus edodes.These glucans were treated with acetone to remove the protein in orderto obtain free protein glucans coded as LNP-I_1,LNP-I_2.LNP-I_3 and LNP-I_4(LNP-I).The free-protein polysaccharideswere sulfated to give derivatives(S-LNP-I)with degree of substitution(DS)from 0.4-0.8.The structural features andweight-average molecular weight(M_w)of the samples were investigated by using infrared spectroscopy,elemental analysis,^(13)C-NMR,size exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering(SEC-LLS)and viscometry.The effects ofstructure and conformation of the polysaccharides on antitumor activities were assayed in vivo(Sarcoma 180 solid tumors)and in vitro(Sarcoma 180,HL-60,MCF-7 and Vero tumors).The results indicated that the predominant species of thesamples L-I and LNP-I in 0.2 mol/L NaCl aqueous solution existed as triple-helical chains with high rigidity and in dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)as single-flexible chains.Interestingly,the antitumor activities of LNP-I are lower than those of the nativeglucans(L-I),whereas their sulfated derivatives have higher inhibition ratio against Sarcoma 180 than LNP-I.The resultsreveal that the binding of protein,sulfated modification and the triple helix conformation are important factors in theenhancement of the antitumor activities of polysaccharides on the whole.展开更多
The interaction between sucrose, yeast extract and initial pH was investigated to optimize critical medium components for mycelium biomass and production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) of Lentinus squarrosulus using Respo...The interaction between sucrose, yeast extract and initial pH was investigated to optimize critical medium components for mycelium biomass and production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) of Lentinus squarrosulus using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was applied and a polynomial regression model with quadratic term was used to analyse the experimental data using analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANOVA analysis showed that the model was very significant (p Lentinus squarrosulus are as follows: sucrose concentration 114.61 g/L, yeast extract 1.62 g/L and initial pH of 5.81;sucrose concentration 115.8 g/L, yeast extract of 3.39 g/L and initial pH of 6.44 respectively.展开更多
Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. is an emerging tropical white rot basidiomycete, with nutritional and medicinal benefits. Low levels of commercial cultivation of the mushrooms limit their availability for use as food and ...Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. is an emerging tropical white rot basidiomycete, with nutritional and medicinal benefits. Low levels of commercial cultivation of the mushrooms limit their availability for use as food and medicine. Mycelia from submerged fermentation are a suitable alternative to the mushroom from L. squarrosulus. Three strains, 340, 339 and 218, were studied to determine optimum growth conditions for mycelia mass and crude exo-polysaccharides (CEPS) production. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial structure. Nutrients involving 8 carbon and 8 nitrogen sources were screened, and concentrations of the best sources were optimized. Optimized nutrients, interaction between strains and other parameters such as agitation and medium volume were investigated to obtain optimum fermentation conditions for biomass and CEPS production. Biomass yield varied among strains depending on carbon or nitrogen nutrient sources. Starch and yeast extract at 30 and 25 g/L were identified as the most important nutrients in mycelia and CEPS production. Nutrient optimization resulted in a 3-fold increase in mycelia mass: 12.8, 10.0 and 15.3 g/L in strains 340, 339 and 218 respectively. There was a significant interaction between strain, agitation, and volume (p p = 0.02). Static conditions favored more polysaccharide production. Optimized fermentation conditions resulted in very high increase in biomass: 238.1, 266.9 and 185.0 g/L in strains 340, 339 and 218 respectively. Results obtained could be useful in modeling fermentation systems for large-scale production of mycelia mass, CEPS and other bio-products from L. squarrosulus.展开更多
Various crude extracts of Lentinus squarrosulus mushroom mycelium and culture broth were prepared for antioxidant studies, glucan and carbohydrate compound analysis. Crude extract from ethanol, cold and hot water extr...Various crude extracts of Lentinus squarrosulus mushroom mycelium and culture broth were prepared for antioxidant studies, glucan and carbohydrate compound analysis. Crude extract from ethanol, cold and hot water extraction was tested on several complementary test systems namely DPPH free radical scavenging, β-carotene linoleic acid oxidation, total phenolic compound, total flavonoid compound, total carbohydrate content and total glucan compositions. The antioxidant activity of the crude extracts of Lentinus squarrosulus mushroom mycelium and culture broth was determined by 2,2’ diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and β-carotene linoleic acid assay. Crude extracted from culture broth EPS EE recorded the highest radical scavenging effects at 20 mg/mL (85%) which is closer to the control antioxidants (ascorbic acid 97%;BHT 92.4%;BHA 93.6%). Both the ethanol extract (IPS EE and EPS EE) exhibited the highest β-carotene linoleic acid oxidation by recording IC50 values of 0.6 and 0.65 mg/mL respectively. IPS EE (0.59 mg/g) and EPS WE (0.58 mg/g) showed high flavonoid content whereas total phenol content was high in EPS WE (0.85 mg/g) and IPS EE (0.84 mg/g). Total carbohydrate concentrations were high in IPS HWE and IPS CWE with 19.1 and 16.3 mg/mL respectively and these data correlate with the β-glucan content in both extracts. The highest β-glucan content found in IPS CWE and IPS HWE were 12.2 and 11.4% w/w respectively.展开更多
Critical concentrations of α-(1→3)-D-glucan L-FV-Ⅱ from Lentinus edodes were studied by viscometry andfluorescence probe techniques. The dependence of the reduced viscosity on concentration of the glucan in 0.5 mol...Critical concentrations of α-(1→3)-D-glucan L-FV-Ⅱ from Lentinus edodes were studied by viscometry andfluorescence probe techniques. The dependence of the reduced viscosity on concentration of the glucan in 0.5 mol/L NaOHaqueous solutions with or without urea showed two turning points corresponding to the dynamic contact concentration c_s andthe overlap concentration c~* of the polymer. The values of c_s and c~* were found to be 1×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) and 1.1×10^(-2) g cm^(-3),respectively, for L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueous solutions. The two critical concentrations of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/LNaOH aqueous solutions were also found to be 1.2×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) fbr c_s and 9.2×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) for c~* from the concentrationdependence of phenanthrene fluorescence intensities. The overlap concentration c~* of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueoussolutions was lower than that of polystyrene with same molecular weight in benzene, owing to the fact that polysaccharidetends to undergo aggregation caused by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. A normal viscosity behavior of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L urea/0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueous solutions can still be observed in an extremely low concentration range at 25℃.展开更多
Lentinus squarrosulus(Mont.)Singer:an edible macro-fungus is reported from the moist temperate Himalayan forests of Pakistan.The sample was studied based on morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequence analys...Lentinus squarrosulus(Mont.)Singer:an edible macro-fungus is reported from the moist temperate Himalayan forests of Pakistan.The sample was studied based on morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequence analyses of the ITS region.Studies based on morpho-anatomical and molecular data are consistent with formerly reported specimens.Lentinus squarrosulus represents the first report for Pakistan.展开更多
Exclusively Brazilian, the Caatinga biome has been thus far a place of very few studies on the Basidiomycetes fungi. Due to its semiarid climate, fungi found in the region are likely to carry lignolytic enzymes which ...Exclusively Brazilian, the Caatinga biome has been thus far a place of very few studies on the Basidiomycetes fungi. Due to its semiarid climate, fungi found in the region are likely to carry lignolytic enzymes which hold biotechnological potential to be used in industrial processes of agro-industrial residue bioconversion. This study performed a response surface statistical planning to optimize the secretion of enzymes such as laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) by Lentinus crinitus. Three variables were under analysis: different concentrations of barley and cassava residue, pH and temperature. MnP enzyme showed the highest enzymatic activity rate (23.5 IU/L). Additionally, MnP had the best results of enzyme secretion for substrate composition of 50% barley and 50% cassava, at pH 7 and temperature at 28°C for a 28-day incubation period. However, further studies are pivotal to test the efficiency in lignin bioconversion by the enzymes synthesized in this work and also to establish their usage pattern on a large scale.展开更多
Stipes are the major waste from the processing of Lentinus edodes.To make full use of L.edodes stipes(LES),differ-ent fractions of LES polysaccharides(LESPs)were first obtained by water extraction and gradient ethanol...Stipes are the major waste from the processing of Lentinus edodes.To make full use of L.edodes stipes(LES),differ-ent fractions of LES polysaccharides(LESPs)were first obtained by water extraction and gradient ethanol precipitation.Afterwards,the LES residues were treated with an optimal combination of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the preparation of soluble/insoluble dietary fibers(LESS/LESI)using the response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken design.Subsequently,the in vitro immunomodulatory activity of LESPs and LESS,as well as the adsorption capacities of LESI were evaluated.The results showed that LESPs were neutral polysaccharides,mainly containing glucose.The optimal parameters for modifying the residues of LES were the followings:4%(w/w)A.niger,8%(w/w)S.cerevisiae,31℃,3 d,and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:12.5 in a yield of 14.73%/82.45%of LESS/LESI,respectively.The in vitro immunomodulatory activity assays revealed that LESPs and LESS had potent immunostimulatory activity to increase phagocytosis,acid phosphatase activity and nitric oxide production of RAW264.7 murine cell macrophages.The evaluation of adsorption capacities revealed that LESI owned stronger water holding capacity,oil holding capacity and water swelling capacity.This research could provide an effective way to fully utilize discarded L.edodes stipes with high added-value.展开更多
To investigate the potential use of Lentinus edodes （L. edodes） residue for Cd^2＋ adsorption, poly alcohol Na alginate （PVA） was applied to immobilize it. The parameters including contact time, pH, adsorbent dosa...To investigate the potential use of Lentinus edodes （L. edodes） residue for Cd^2＋ adsorption, poly alcohol Na alginate （PVA） was applied to immobilize it. The parameters including contact time, pH, adsorbent dosages, and coexisting metal ions were studied. The suitable pH for immobilized L. edodes was 4-7 wider than that for raw L. edodes （pH 6-7）. In the presence of Pb^2＋ concentration varying from 0 to 30mg.L^-1, the Cd^2＋ adsorption ratios declined by 6.71% and 47.45% for immobilized and raw L. edodes, respectively. While, with the coexisting ion Cu2＋ concentration varied from 0 to 30 mg.L^-1, the Cd^2＋ adsorption ratios declined by 12.97% and 50.56% for immobilized and raw L. edodes, respectively. The Cd^2＋ adsorption isotherms in singlemetal and dual-metal solutions were analyzed by using Langmuir, Freuxldlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The Cd^2＋ adsorption capacities （qm） in single-metal solution were 6.448 mg.L^-1 and 2.832 mg.L^-1 for immobilized and raw L. edodes, respectively. The qm of immobilized L. edodes were 1.850 mg Cd. gl in Cd^2＋ ＋ Pb^2＋ solution and 3.961mg Cd.g^-1 in Cd^2＋ ＋ Cu^2＋ solution, respectively. The Cd^2＋ adsorption processes subjected to both adsorbents follow pseudo-second-order model. Mechanism study showed the functional group of L. edodes was -OH, -NH, -CO, and PVA played an important role in metal adsorbing. Mining wastewater treatment test showed that PVA-SA-immobilized L. edodes was effective in mixed pollutant treatment even for wastewater containing metal ions in very low concentration.展开更多
Selenium(Se)is a necessary micronutrient,while Se-deficiency is common in most areas worldwide.Developing dietary Se-supplements can address this issue.Se-enriched Lentinus edodes are good sources of natural Sepolysac...Selenium(Se)is a necessary micronutrient,while Se-deficiency is common in most areas worldwide.Developing dietary Se-supplements can address this issue.Se-enriched Lentinus edodes are good sources of natural Sepolysaccharides that are promising dietary Se-supplements.However,Se-polysaccharides from Se-enriched Lentinus edodes(Se-P-LE)fruit body via enzymatic-extraction(EE)have only been sparsely studied.Thus,the EE of Se-P-LE was optimized via Box-Behnken and uniform test,and the physicochemical and bio-functional properties of Se-P-LE were investigated herein.The results showed that the optimized EE conditions were:extracting temperature of 45℃,pH of 4.5,time of 85 min and a liquid-solid ratio of 20:1 mL/g.The addition amount of cellulase,papain and pectinase were 0.80,0.65 and 0.8 g/100 g samples,respectively.Under this condition,Se-P-LE yield was 18.16±0.10%,and the Se content of Se-P-LE was 29.51±0.23μg/100 g.Characterization of Se-P-LE showed that Se-P-LE were Se-conjugated polysaccharides with pyranoglycan andβ-glycosidic linkages.Se-P-LE were composed of 8 monosaccharides with shear-thinning properties and microcrystalline/amorphous structures.The bioactivities assays showed that Se-P-LE displayed a higher DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging rate than ordinary polysaccharides.Besides,Se-P-LE significantly reduced mRNA expression and levels of pro-inflammation factors(NO,IL-6/1βand TNF-α)caused by LPS in RAW264.7 cell line.展开更多
Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula are the first and second largest edible fungi in China with high nutritional and medicinal values.Research about phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula mainly focuses on pol...Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula are the first and second largest edible fungi in China with high nutritional and medicinal values.Research about phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula mainly focuses on polysaccharides,other phytochemicals are not fully studied.Phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula were investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS).Twenty-three compounds were identified in L.edodes,mainly including amino acids and analogs,flavonoids,nucleosides and analogs,phenols and steroids.Twenty-nine compounds were identified in A.auricula,mainly including amino acids and analogs,nucleosides and analogs,flavonoids and phenols.There are 9 common ingredients of L.edodes and A.auricula,including 4 amino acids and analogs,2 flavonoids,2 nucleosides and analogs and 1 phenol.展开更多
The characteristic flavor of the enzymatic hydrolysate of Lentinus edodes,which was involved in the Maillard reaction by xylose,fructose,glucose,sucrose,mannose,maltose,vitamin C(VC)and L-arabinose,was determined and ...The characteristic flavor of the enzymatic hydrolysate of Lentinus edodes,which was involved in the Maillard reaction by xylose,fructose,glucose,sucrose,mannose,maltose,vitamin C(VC)and L-arabinose,was determined and analyzed by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy(GC-IMS).The characteristic flavor fingerprints of Maillard reaction products(MRPs)of L.edodes enzymatic hydrolysate were constructed.The differences in the characteristic flavors of Maillard reaction with different reducing sugars and VC were compared.The main characteristic flavor,characteristic peak,characteristic marker substance and content were determined,a principal component analysis(PCA)of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)was carried out.The results showed that there were 42 kinds of monomers and some dimers of volatile compounds in the samples including 17 aldehydes,5 alcohols,7 ketones,2 esters,2 acids,7 other compounds and 2 ethers.The volatile VOCs of the sample with added sucrose,VC and L-arabinose were significantly higher than those of the enzymatic hydrolysate of L.edodes.After the Maillard reaction,the flavor of the hydrolysate was significantly improved,and the main components changed significantly.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program of China(2019YFC1606701)。
文摘Plant-based fermentations provide an untapped source for novel biotechnological applications.In this study,a probiotic named Lactobacillus fermentum 21828 was introduced to ferment Lentinus edodes.Polysaccharides were extracted from fermented and non-fermented L.edodes and purified via DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100.The components designated F-LEP-2a and NF-LEP-2a were analyzed by FT-IR,HPGPC,HPAEC,SEM,GC-MS and NMR.The results revealed that probiotic fermentation increased the molecular weight from 1.16×10^(4) Da to 1.87×10^(4) Da and altered the proportions of glucose,galactose and mannose,in which glucose increased from 45.94%to 48.16%.Methylation analysis and NMR spectra indicated that F-LEP-2a and NF-LEP-2a had similar linkage patterns.Furthermore,their immunomodulatory activities were evaluated with immunosuppressive mice.NF-LEP and F-LEP improved immune organ indices,immunoglobulin(Ig G and Ig M)and cytokines concentrations;restored the antioxidation capacity of liver;and maintained the balance of gut microbiota.F-LEP displayed better moderating effects on the spleen index,immunoglobulin,cytokines and the diversity of gut microbiota than NF-LEP(200,400 mg/kg).Our study provides an efficient and environment-friendly way for the structural modification of polysaccharides,which helps to enhance their biological activity and promote their wide application in food,medicine and other fields.
基金supported by the Shanghai Lithy One-Health Group Technology Co.,Ltd.,Project(114-KH210230A)。
文摘Autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)is a chronic inflammatory liver disease that threatens human health worldwide.The aim of this study was to detect the protective effect of a fermented Lentinus edodes extract containingα-glucan(FLA),in a concanavalin A(Con A)-induced AIH mouse model and to determine the underlying liver-protective mechanism.The results showed that compared with the model group,the level of proinflammatory cytokines in serum of FLA pretreated mice was significantly decreased,and the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration in liver,thymus and spleen was significantly reduced.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction,immunohistochemistry,and Western blotting showed that FLA pre-treatment inhibited the Con A-induced apoptosis of hepatocytes by down-regulating the expression of BAX and up-regulating the expression of BCL-2.Further research found that FLA may improve liver injury in mice by activating NRF2 signaling pathway and inhibiting TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway.Thus,FLA may improve liver injury in mice by shifting gut microbial composition to reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines in the serum and prevent the necrosis of hepatocytes.Up-regulation of NRF2 signaling pathway,down-regulation of TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway,and an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus_johnsonii and Ligilactobacillus_murinus play a protective role in liver.
文摘Bioremediation is an eco-compatible and economical approach to counter textile dye menace. The isolated Lentinus squarrosulus AF5 was assessed for decolourization of textile azo dyes, and had shown ~93%, 88% and 70% decolorization of Reactive blue 160 (RB160), Reactive black 5 (RB5) and Amido black 10B (AB10B) respectively. Further analysis using UV-vis, HPLC, and FTIR, <sup>1</sup>H NMR had shown the degradation of the dyes. Toxicity analysis of the metabolites was performed using seed germination and plant growth on two agriculturally important plants Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) as well as cytotoxicity analysis using the human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). The dye mix appeared inhibitory for seed germination (20% - 40%), whereas metabolites were non-inhibitory for germination. Treatment of HaCaT cells with of dye mix and metabolites led into 45% and ~100% of cell viability of HaCaT cells respectively. Therefore, metabolites following degradation of the dye mix were observed to be non-toxic.
文摘Expression vector p301-bG1 contains a Sw gene and a bialaphos resistance gene both driven by glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) gene promoter isolated from Lentinus edodes ( Berk.) Sing. Using p301-bG1, PEG-mediated transformation of protoplast of L. edodes was studied. Mixed with PEG-purified plasmid DNA, the protoplasts of L. edodes were treated with PEG solution and cultured on CYM regeneration plate containing 40 mug/mL bialaphos. Bialaphos-resistant and GUS-positive transformants were obtained using this transformation system. Although the transformation efficiency was relatively low, the protocols release large expenses on expensive instrument and restriction enzymes, providing a simple and economical method for mushroom breeding at the molecular level.
基金supported by the National High-Tech R&D Program of China(863 Program,2011AA100805-2)the Project from Chongqing Science and Technology Committee(CSTC2011AC1010)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31271825)
文摘An experimental study was performed to determine the characteristics and drying process of mushroom （Lentinus edodes） by 6 different hot-air drying methods namely isothermal drying, uniform raise drying, non-uniform raise drying, uniform intermittent drying, non-uniform intermittent drying and combined drying. The chemical composition （dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fat, total sugars, dietary fiber, and energy）, color parameters （L, a＊, b＊, c＊, and h~） and rehydration capacities were determined. Among all the experiments, non-uniform intermittent drying reached a better comprehensive results due to the higher chemical composition, better color quality associated with high bright （26.381＋5.842）, high color tone （73.670＋2.975）, low chroma （13.349a：3.456） as well as the highest rehydration （453.76% weigh of dried body）. Nine kinds of classical mathematical model were used to obtained moisture data and the Midili-kucuk model can be described by the drying process with the coefficient （R2 ranged from 0.99790 to 0.99967）, chi-square （X2 ranged from 0.00003 to 0.00019） and root mean square error （RMSE ranged from 0.000486 to 0.0012367）.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.20074025).
文摘Lentinan samples,(1→3)-β-D-glucans containing 4.6-15.2 wt%proteins,coded as L-I_1 L-I_2 L-I_3 and L-I_4(L-I)were isolated from four kinds of Lentinus edodes.These glucans were treated with acetone to remove the protein in orderto obtain free protein glucans coded as LNP-I_1,LNP-I_2.LNP-I_3 and LNP-I_4(LNP-I).The free-protein polysaccharideswere sulfated to give derivatives(S-LNP-I)with degree of substitution(DS)from 0.4-0.8.The structural features andweight-average molecular weight(M_w)of the samples were investigated by using infrared spectroscopy,elemental analysis,^(13)C-NMR,size exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering(SEC-LLS)and viscometry.The effects ofstructure and conformation of the polysaccharides on antitumor activities were assayed in vivo(Sarcoma 180 solid tumors)and in vitro(Sarcoma 180,HL-60,MCF-7 and Vero tumors).The results indicated that the predominant species of thesamples L-I and LNP-I in 0.2 mol/L NaCl aqueous solution existed as triple-helical chains with high rigidity and in dimethylsulfoxide(DMSO)as single-flexible chains.Interestingly,the antitumor activities of LNP-I are lower than those of the nativeglucans(L-I),whereas their sulfated derivatives have higher inhibition ratio against Sarcoma 180 than LNP-I.The resultsreveal that the binding of protein,sulfated modification and the triple helix conformation are important factors in theenhancement of the antitumor activities of polysaccharides on the whole.
文摘The interaction between sucrose, yeast extract and initial pH was investigated to optimize critical medium components for mycelium biomass and production of exopolysaccharide (EPS) of Lentinus squarrosulus using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A central composite design (CCD) was applied and a polynomial regression model with quadratic term was used to analyse the experimental data using analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANOVA analysis showed that the model was very significant (p Lentinus squarrosulus are as follows: sucrose concentration 114.61 g/L, yeast extract 1.62 g/L and initial pH of 5.81;sucrose concentration 115.8 g/L, yeast extract of 3.39 g/L and initial pH of 6.44 respectively.
文摘Lentinus squarrosulus Mont. is an emerging tropical white rot basidiomycete, with nutritional and medicinal benefits. Low levels of commercial cultivation of the mushrooms limit their availability for use as food and medicine. Mycelia from submerged fermentation are a suitable alternative to the mushroom from L. squarrosulus. Three strains, 340, 339 and 218, were studied to determine optimum growth conditions for mycelia mass and crude exo-polysaccharides (CEPS) production. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial structure. Nutrients involving 8 carbon and 8 nitrogen sources were screened, and concentrations of the best sources were optimized. Optimized nutrients, interaction between strains and other parameters such as agitation and medium volume were investigated to obtain optimum fermentation conditions for biomass and CEPS production. Biomass yield varied among strains depending on carbon or nitrogen nutrient sources. Starch and yeast extract at 30 and 25 g/L were identified as the most important nutrients in mycelia and CEPS production. Nutrient optimization resulted in a 3-fold increase in mycelia mass: 12.8, 10.0 and 15.3 g/L in strains 340, 339 and 218 respectively. There was a significant interaction between strain, agitation, and volume (p p = 0.02). Static conditions favored more polysaccharide production. Optimized fermentation conditions resulted in very high increase in biomass: 238.1, 266.9 and 185.0 g/L in strains 340, 339 and 218 respectively. Results obtained could be useful in modeling fermentation systems for large-scale production of mycelia mass, CEPS and other bio-products from L. squarrosulus.
文摘Various crude extracts of Lentinus squarrosulus mushroom mycelium and culture broth were prepared for antioxidant studies, glucan and carbohydrate compound analysis. Crude extract from ethanol, cold and hot water extraction was tested on several complementary test systems namely DPPH free radical scavenging, β-carotene linoleic acid oxidation, total phenolic compound, total flavonoid compound, total carbohydrate content and total glucan compositions. The antioxidant activity of the crude extracts of Lentinus squarrosulus mushroom mycelium and culture broth was determined by 2,2’ diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method and β-carotene linoleic acid assay. Crude extracted from culture broth EPS EE recorded the highest radical scavenging effects at 20 mg/mL (85%) which is closer to the control antioxidants (ascorbic acid 97%;BHT 92.4%;BHA 93.6%). Both the ethanol extract (IPS EE and EPS EE) exhibited the highest β-carotene linoleic acid oxidation by recording IC50 values of 0.6 and 0.65 mg/mL respectively. IPS EE (0.59 mg/g) and EPS WE (0.58 mg/g) showed high flavonoid content whereas total phenol content was high in EPS WE (0.85 mg/g) and IPS EE (0.84 mg/g). Total carbohydrate concentrations were high in IPS HWE and IPS CWE with 19.1 and 16.3 mg/mL respectively and these data correlate with the β-glucan content in both extracts. The highest β-glucan content found in IPS CWE and IPS HWE were 12.2 and 11.4% w/w respectively.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 29374170) and the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong Government Earmarked Grant (CUHK 4161/99M).
文摘Critical concentrations of α-(1→3)-D-glucan L-FV-Ⅱ from Lentinus edodes were studied by viscometry andfluorescence probe techniques. The dependence of the reduced viscosity on concentration of the glucan in 0.5 mol/L NaOHaqueous solutions with or without urea showed two turning points corresponding to the dynamic contact concentration c_s andthe overlap concentration c~* of the polymer. The values of c_s and c~* were found to be 1×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) and 1.1×10^(-2) g cm^(-3),respectively, for L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueous solutions. The two critical concentrations of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/LNaOH aqueous solutions were also found to be 1.2×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) fbr c_s and 9.2×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) for c~* from the concentrationdependence of phenanthrene fluorescence intensities. The overlap concentration c~* of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueoussolutions was lower than that of polystyrene with same molecular weight in benzene, owing to the fact that polysaccharidetends to undergo aggregation caused by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. A normal viscosity behavior of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L urea/0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueous solutions can still be observed in an extremely low concentration range at 25℃.
文摘Lentinus squarrosulus(Mont.)Singer:an edible macro-fungus is reported from the moist temperate Himalayan forests of Pakistan.The sample was studied based on morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequence analyses of the ITS region.Studies based on morpho-anatomical and molecular data are consistent with formerly reported specimens.Lentinus squarrosulus represents the first report for Pakistan.
文摘Exclusively Brazilian, the Caatinga biome has been thus far a place of very few studies on the Basidiomycetes fungi. Due to its semiarid climate, fungi found in the region are likely to carry lignolytic enzymes which hold biotechnological potential to be used in industrial processes of agro-industrial residue bioconversion. This study performed a response surface statistical planning to optimize the secretion of enzymes such as laccase (Lac), lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) by Lentinus crinitus. Three variables were under analysis: different concentrations of barley and cassava residue, pH and temperature. MnP enzyme showed the highest enzymatic activity rate (23.5 IU/L). Additionally, MnP had the best results of enzyme secretion for substrate composition of 50% barley and 50% cassava, at pH 7 and temperature at 28°C for a 28-day incubation period. However, further studies are pivotal to test the efficiency in lignin bioconversion by the enzymes synthesized in this work and also to establish their usage pattern on a large scale.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(The integration and demonstration of key technologies of characteristic cash crops,fruit and vegetable industry in Qinba Mountain area of Shaanxi Province,No.2022YFD1602000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32272428,31801491)+4 种基金the Scientific Program Funded by Xi’an Science and Technology Bureau(No.22NYYF032)Young Talent Lifting Project Funded by Shaanxi Association for Science and Technology(No.20220216)National Foreign Expert Project Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(G2022041012L)Xi’an Weiyang District of Technology and Industrial Information Bureau(No.202134)Shaanxi Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(SZY-KJCYC-2023-014).
文摘Stipes are the major waste from the processing of Lentinus edodes.To make full use of L.edodes stipes(LES),differ-ent fractions of LES polysaccharides(LESPs)were first obtained by water extraction and gradient ethanol precipitation.Afterwards,the LES residues were treated with an optimal combination of Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the preparation of soluble/insoluble dietary fibers(LESS/LESI)using the response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken design.Subsequently,the in vitro immunomodulatory activity of LESPs and LESS,as well as the adsorption capacities of LESI were evaluated.The results showed that LESPs were neutral polysaccharides,mainly containing glucose.The optimal parameters for modifying the residues of LES were the followings:4%(w/w)A.niger,8%(w/w)S.cerevisiae,31℃,3 d,and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:12.5 in a yield of 14.73%/82.45%of LESS/LESI,respectively.The in vitro immunomodulatory activity assays revealed that LESPs and LESS had potent immunostimulatory activity to increase phagocytosis,acid phosphatase activity and nitric oxide production of RAW264.7 murine cell macrophages.The evaluation of adsorption capacities revealed that LESI owned stronger water holding capacity,oil holding capacity and water swelling capacity.This research could provide an effective way to fully utilize discarded L.edodes stipes with high added-value.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant No. 40871111） and the Scientific and Technological Innovation Application of immobilized edible fungus residue in electroplating wastewater treatment： a case study in Beijing City Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘To investigate the potential use of Lentinus edodes （L. edodes） residue for Cd^2＋ adsorption, poly alcohol Na alginate （PVA） was applied to immobilize it. The parameters including contact time, pH, adsorbent dosages, and coexisting metal ions were studied. The suitable pH for immobilized L. edodes was 4-7 wider than that for raw L. edodes （pH 6-7）. In the presence of Pb^2＋ concentration varying from 0 to 30mg.L^-1, the Cd^2＋ adsorption ratios declined by 6.71% and 47.45% for immobilized and raw L. edodes, respectively. While, with the coexisting ion Cu2＋ concentration varied from 0 to 30 mg.L^-1, the Cd^2＋ adsorption ratios declined by 12.97% and 50.56% for immobilized and raw L. edodes, respectively. The Cd^2＋ adsorption isotherms in singlemetal and dual-metal solutions were analyzed by using Langmuir, Freuxldlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The Cd^2＋ adsorption capacities （qm） in single-metal solution were 6.448 mg.L^-1 and 2.832 mg.L^-1 for immobilized and raw L. edodes, respectively. The qm of immobilized L. edodes were 1.850 mg Cd. gl in Cd^2＋ ＋ Pb^2＋ solution and 3.961mg Cd.g^-1 in Cd^2＋ ＋ Cu^2＋ solution, respectively. The Cd^2＋ adsorption processes subjected to both adsorbents follow pseudo-second-order model. Mechanism study showed the functional group of L. edodes was -OH, -NH, -CO, and PVA played an important role in metal adsorbing. Mining wastewater treatment test showed that PVA-SA-immobilized L. edodes was effective in mixed pollutant treatment even for wastewater containing metal ions in very low concentration.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32160565)Scientific Research Plan Projects of Shaanxi Educa-tion Department,China(21JK0469)+3 种基金Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province,China(2016TZC-N-1-3)Senior Talent Foundation of An Kang University,China(2021AYQDZR04)Crosswise Research Foundation(2017AYHY021)Key Research Plan(2022AYZD01)of An Kang University,China.
文摘Selenium(Se)is a necessary micronutrient,while Se-deficiency is common in most areas worldwide.Developing dietary Se-supplements can address this issue.Se-enriched Lentinus edodes are good sources of natural Sepolysaccharides that are promising dietary Se-supplements.However,Se-polysaccharides from Se-enriched Lentinus edodes(Se-P-LE)fruit body via enzymatic-extraction(EE)have only been sparsely studied.Thus,the EE of Se-P-LE was optimized via Box-Behnken and uniform test,and the physicochemical and bio-functional properties of Se-P-LE were investigated herein.The results showed that the optimized EE conditions were:extracting temperature of 45℃,pH of 4.5,time of 85 min and a liquid-solid ratio of 20:1 mL/g.The addition amount of cellulase,papain and pectinase were 0.80,0.65 and 0.8 g/100 g samples,respectively.Under this condition,Se-P-LE yield was 18.16±0.10%,and the Se content of Se-P-LE was 29.51±0.23μg/100 g.Characterization of Se-P-LE showed that Se-P-LE were Se-conjugated polysaccharides with pyranoglycan andβ-glycosidic linkages.Se-P-LE were composed of 8 monosaccharides with shear-thinning properties and microcrystalline/amorphous structures.The bioactivities assays showed that Se-P-LE displayed a higher DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging rate than ordinary polysaccharides.Besides,Se-P-LE significantly reduced mRNA expression and levels of pro-inflammation factors(NO,IL-6/1βand TNF-α)caused by LPS in RAW264.7 cell line.
基金This work was supported by Major Public Welfare Projects in Henan Province(201300110200)Research on Precision Nutrition and Health Food,Department of Science and Technology of Henan Province(CXJD2021006).
文摘Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula are the first and second largest edible fungi in China with high nutritional and medicinal values.Research about phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula mainly focuses on polysaccharides,other phytochemicals are not fully studied.Phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula were investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS).Twenty-three compounds were identified in L.edodes,mainly including amino acids and analogs,flavonoids,nucleosides and analogs,phenols and steroids.Twenty-nine compounds were identified in A.auricula,mainly including amino acids and analogs,nucleosides and analogs,flavonoids and phenols.There are 9 common ingredients of L.edodes and A.auricula,including 4 amino acids and analogs,2 flavonoids,2 nucleosides and analogs and 1 phenol.
基金This work was supported by the Innovative Engineering project of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CXGC2022A36)Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System of Shandong Province(SDAIT-07-09).
文摘The characteristic flavor of the enzymatic hydrolysate of Lentinus edodes,which was involved in the Maillard reaction by xylose,fructose,glucose,sucrose,mannose,maltose,vitamin C(VC)and L-arabinose,was determined and analyzed by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy(GC-IMS).The characteristic flavor fingerprints of Maillard reaction products(MRPs)of L.edodes enzymatic hydrolysate were constructed.The differences in the characteristic flavors of Maillard reaction with different reducing sugars and VC were compared.The main characteristic flavor,characteristic peak,characteristic marker substance and content were determined,a principal component analysis(PCA)of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)was carried out.The results showed that there were 42 kinds of monomers and some dimers of volatile compounds in the samples including 17 aldehydes,5 alcohols,7 ketones,2 esters,2 acids,7 other compounds and 2 ethers.The volatile VOCs of the sample with added sucrose,VC and L-arabinose were significantly higher than those of the enzymatic hydrolysate of L.edodes.After the Maillard reaction,the flavor of the hydrolysate was significantly improved,and the main components changed significantly.
