We present and discuss deep high resolution images taken with the ESO NTT as well as spectra taken with the ESO VLT in the field of the BL Lac object PKS 0537 441. We could neither detect the host galaxy nor a galaxy ...We present and discuss deep high resolution images taken with the ESO NTT as well as spectra taken with the ESO VLT in the field of the BL Lac object PKS 0537 441. We could neither detect the host galaxy nor a galaxy along the line of sight to the BL Lac as claimed from previous observations. We found 4 nearby companion galaxies which could be a splitted and magnified image of a distant background galaxy. Our VLT spectra, however, rule out this possibility. All 4 companions have similar redshifts as the BL Lac and may (at least in part) trigger the enormous activity in this source. PKS 0537 441 might be located in a galaxy cluster as rich as Abell 1. Alternatively, the BL Lac could also be located in the outskirts of a galaxy cluster or even be projected on a large scale structure as indicated by spectra of 30 galaxies in the field. Either lensing hypothesis (lens or being lensed) is considerably weakened by our observations.展开更多
From 2011 to 2021,LAMOST has released a total of 76,167 quasar data.We try to search for gravitationally lensed QSOs by limiting coordinate differences and redshift differences of these QSOs.The name,brightness,spectr...From 2011 to 2021,LAMOST has released a total of 76,167 quasar data.We try to search for gravitationally lensed QSOs by limiting coordinate differences and redshift differences of these QSOs.The name,brightness,spectrum,photometry and other information of each QSO will be visually checked carefully.Special attention should be paid to check whether there are groups of galaxies,gravitationally lensed arcs,Einstein crosses,or Einstein rings near the QSOs.Through careful selection,we select LAMOST J160603.01+290050.8(A)and LAMOST J160602.81+290048.7(B)as a candidate and perform an initial analysis.Components A and B are336 apart and they display blue during photometric observations.The redshift values of components A and B are0.2%different,their Gaia_g values are 1.3%different,and their ugriz values are 1.0%or less different.For the spectra covering from 3690 to 9100?,the emission lines of C II,Mg,Hγ,OⅢ,and Hβare present for both components A and B and the ratio of flux(B)to flux(A)from LAMOST is basically a constant,around 2.2.However,no galaxies have been found between components A and B.Inada et al.identified them as binary quasars.But we accidentally find a galaxy group near components A and B.If the center of dark matter in the galaxy group is at the center between components A and B,components A and B are probably gravitationally lensed QSOs.We estimate that the Einstein mass is 1.46×10^(11)M_⊙and the total mass of the lens is1.34×10^(13)M_⊙.The deflection angle is 197 at positions A and B and the velocity dispersion is 261 km s^(-1).Theoretically,this candidate could be a pair of fold images of a strong lensing system by a galaxy group,and we will investigate the possibility when the redshifts of nearby galaxies are available.展开更多
After a brief reminder of the mechanism of gravitational lensing of ex- tended sources, the particular case of the host galaxy of QSO RXJ0911, a high red-shift （z - 2.8） quadruply imaged quasar, is explored. The non...After a brief reminder of the mechanism of gravitational lensing of ex- tended sources, the particular case of the host galaxy of QSO RXJ0911, a high red-shift （z - 2.8） quadruply imaged quasar, is explored. The non linearity of the problem, together with the proximity of the source to a cusp of the lens inner caustic, has impor-tant consequences on the dependence of the image appearance on the size and shape of the source. Their expected main features and their interpretation in terms of source extension and shape are investigated in a spirit of simplicity and in preparation for the analysis of high sensitivity and spatial resolution images that will soon be within reach with the completion of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array （ALMA）. In particular, the information on source size carded by relative image brightness is dis-cussed. Extension of the results to other types of quadruply imaged quasars is briefly considered.展开更多
We study the statistics of large-separation multiply-imaged quasars lensed by clusters of galaxies. In particular, we examine how the observed brightest cluster galaxies （BCGs） affect the predicted numbers of wide-s...We study the statistics of large-separation multiply-imaged quasars lensed by clusters of galaxies. In particular, we examine how the observed brightest cluster galaxies （BCGs） affect the predicted numbers of wide-separation lenses. We model the lens as an NFW-profiled dark matter halo with a truncated singular isothermal sphere to represent the BCG in its center. We mainly make predictions for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Lens Search （SQLS） sample from the Data Release 5 （DRS） in two standard ACDM cosmological models： a model with matter density ΩM = 0.3 and δ8 = 0.9, as is usually adopted in the literature （ACDM1）, and a model suggested by the WMAP seven-year （WMAPT） data with ΩM = 0.266 and δ8 = 0.801. We also study the lensing properties for the WMAP3 cosmology in order to compare with the previous work. We find that BCGs in the centers of clusters significantly enhance the lensing efficiency by a factor of 2 - 3 compared with that of NFW-profiled pure dark matter halos. In addition, the dependence of mass ratios of BCGs to their host halos on the host halo masses reduces the lensing rate by - 20% from assuming a constant ratio as in previous studies, but considering the evolution of this ratio with redshift out to z - 1 would reduce it by - 3%. Moreover, we predict that the numbers of lensed quasars with image separations larger than 10″ in the statistical sample of SQLS from DR5 are 1.22 and 0.47, respectively for ACDM1 and WMAP7 and 0.73 and 0.33 for separations between 10″ and 20″, which are consistent with the only observed cluster lens with such a large separation in the complete SQLS sample.展开更多
The Macquart relation and time-delay cosmography are now two promising ways to fast radio burst(FRB)cosmology.In this work,we propose a joint method that combines strongly lensed and unlensed FRBs for improving cosmol...The Macquart relation and time-delay cosmography are now two promising ways to fast radio burst(FRB)cosmology.In this work,we propose a joint method that combines strongly lensed and unlensed FRBs for improving cosmological parameter estimation using simulated FRB data from the future sensitive coherent all-sky monitor survey,which is expected to detect a large number of FRBs including galaxy-galaxy strongly lensed events.We find that using a detectable sample of 100000 localized FRBs including 40 lensed events can simultaneously constrain the Hubble constant and the equation of state of dark energy,with high precision of ε(H_(0))=0.4% and ε(w)=4.5% in the simplest dynamical dark energy model.The joint analysis of unlensed and lensed FRBs significantly improves the constraint on H_(0),which could be more effective than combining either the unlensed FRBs with future gravitational wave(GW)standard sirens or the lensed FRBs with CMB.Furthermore,combining the full FRB sample with the CMB+BAO+SNe data yields σ(H_(0))=0.29 km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1),σ(w_(0))=0.046,and σ(w_(a))=0.15 in the two-parameter dynamical dark energy model,which outperforms the results from the CMB+BAO+SNe+GW data.This reinforces the cosmological implications of a multi-wavelength observational strategy in optical and radio bands.We conclude that the future FRB observations will shed light on the nature of dark energy and also the Hubble tension if enough events with long-duration lensing are incorporated.展开更多
Strong lensing time delay measurement is a promising method to address the Hubble tension,offering a completely independent approach compared with both the cosmic microwave background analysis and the local distance l...Strong lensing time delay measurement is a promising method to address the Hubble tension,offering a completely independent approach compared with both the cosmic microwave background analysis and the local distance ladder.As a third-party examination of the Hubble tension,this method provides a unique perspective.Strongly lensed quasar(gl QSO)systems have demonstrated significant potential in tackling this issue,achieving an impressive 2%accuracy level.However,advancing to 1%or sub-percent accuracy is challenging due to several intrinsic limitations of gl QSOs.Fortunately,strongly lensed supernovae(gl SNe)offer a more robust solution,thanks to their characteristic light curve,significant brightness variations,and additional advantages.The Muztagh-Ata 1.93 m Synergy Telescope(MOST)is an exceptional instrument for monitoring strong lensing time delays.In this study,we simulate the follow-up multi-band light curve monitoring for gl SNe Ia systems,which are expected to be firstly discovered by the Chinese Survey Space Telescope(CSST).The simulation employs the W7 model,integrating strong lensing and microlensing effects.Our results show that with 300 s×9 exposures in each epoch,2 quadruple-image systems and14 double-image systems are observable by MOST each year.MOST can achieve a signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of approximately 50 for the brightest images of gl SNe Ia,while even the faintest images maintain an SNR of at least 7.Using a standard SNe Ia light curve template for fitting,we measured the time delays.With a 2-d cadence,MOST achieves a relative time delay error of less than 4.9%,with the bias typically remaining below 0.57%.Finally,we performed a Hubble parameter estimation.For a typical gl SNe Ia system,the H0error is about±1.8 km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1).This result is comparable or even better than those from LSST.This study highlights the capability of MOST to significantly advance the precision of time delay measurements,offering a promising path toward resolving the Hubble tension.展开更多
The Hubble constant H0,a key parameter quantifying the present expansion rate of the universe,remains a subject of significant debate due to the persistent tension between early-and late-universe measurements.Strong g...The Hubble constant H0,a key parameter quantifying the present expansion rate of the universe,remains a subject of significant debate due to the persistent tension between early-and late-universe measurements.Strong gravitational lensing(SGL) time delays provide an independent avenue to constrain H0.In this paper,we utilize seven SGL systems from the TDCOSMO sample to constrain H_(0),employing the model-independent approaches:deep neural networks(DNN),Gaussian process(GP),polynomial fitting(polyfit) and Padé approximant(PA).Using these methods,we reconstruct unanchored luminosity distances from the Pantheon+SNe Ia dataset and obtain H_(0)=72.3_(-3.6)^(+3.8)km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1),H_(0)=72.4_(-1.7)^(+1.6)km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1),H0=70.7_(-3.1)^(+3.0)km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1)and H0=74.0_(-2.7)^(+2.7)km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1),respectively.These estimates are consistent within 1σ level and align with local distance ladder results.Notably,the GP method achieves uncertainties that are half those of the DNN approach,whereas the DNN method offers more reliable confidence intervals in reconstruction at high redshifts.Our findings underscore the potential of these methodologies to refine constraints on H_(0) and contribute to resolving the Hubble tension with future advancements.展开更多
A novel fabrication method for lensed fiber array has been proposed utilizing UV-curable fluorinated polymer, whose refractive index is matched to fused silica. The structure is composed of three segments; single mode...A novel fabrication method for lensed fiber array has been proposed utilizing UV-curable fluorinated polymer, whose refractive index is matched to fused silica. The structure is composed of three segments; single mode fiber, coreless silica fiber and UV-curable polymer lens-tip. Flexible control of the curvature of lens-tip was realized by control of deposited volume of the liquid polymer and free-space interconnection performances are characterized.展开更多
AIM:To compare the visual outcomes between bilateral implantation of Tecnis ZXR00 extended depth-of-focus(EDOF)intraocular lenses(IOLs)and mixed implantation of Tecnis ZXR00(EDOF)with Tecnis ZMB00(bifocal)IOLs.METHODS...AIM:To compare the visual outcomes between bilateral implantation of Tecnis ZXR00 extended depth-of-focus(EDOF)intraocular lenses(IOLs)and mixed implantation of Tecnis ZXR00(EDOF)with Tecnis ZMB00(bifocal)IOLs.METHODS:This postoperative cross-sectional study enrolled patients who underwent phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation.Patients were divided into two groups:the bilateral ZXR00 group(ZXR00-only group)and the mixed IOL group(ZXR00+ZMB00 group).Primary outcome measures included uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity(UDVA,CDVA),uncorrected and distance-corrected near visual acuity(UNVA,DCNVA),uncorrected and distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity(UIVA,DCIVA),and defocus curves.Secondary outcome measures were visual quality,spectacle independence,patient satisfaction,photic phenomena,and stereopsis.RESULTS:A total of 47 patients(94 eyes)were included,with 26 patients(11 males,15 females)in the ZXR00-only group(mean age:62.73±7.24y)and 21 patients(7 males,14 females)in the mixed group(mean age:65.71±9.16y).There was no statistically significant difference in age between the two groups(P=0.218).The mixed group showed significantly better binocular DCNVA compared to the ZXR00-only group(P=0.002).Defocus curve analysis revealed that the mixed group exhibited superior performance at−2.5 to−4.0 D but inferior performance at−0.5 and−1.5 D.Near stereoacuity was significantly poorer in the mixed group(Randot:5.589±0.744 vs 6.240±0.394 ln arcsec;Contour:4.966±0.973 vs 5.740±0.833 ln arcsec;both P<0.01).Both groups achieved high levels of spectacle independence and patient satisfaction,with no significant differences in photic phenomena or questionnaire scores.CONCLUSION:Mixed implantation of EDOF and bifocal IOLs improve near visual acuity but may compromise near stereopsis.This approach provides a viable option for patients prioritizing near vision;however,caution is recommended for individuals requiring fine stereoscopic vision for daily or professional tasks.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the clinical outcomes of a new minimally invasive technique using horizontal mattress sutures and Hoffman pockets for four-point refixation of dislocated fourhaptic intraocular lenses(IOLs).METHODS:Thi...AIM:To evaluate the clinical outcomes of a new minimally invasive technique using horizontal mattress sutures and Hoffman pockets for four-point refixation of dislocated fourhaptic intraocular lenses(IOLs).METHODS:This retrospective consecutive case series included eyes with dislocated Akreos AO60 IOLs underwent scleral refixation using a horizontal mattress doubleneedle suture technique with intralamellar knot burial via Hoffman pockets.Clinical outcomes assessed included pre-and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),intraocular pressure(IOP),spherical equivalent(SE),suture duration,IOL centration,and perioperative complications.RESULTS:A total of 10 eyes from 10 patients(6 males)were included.The mean age at the time of IOL refixation was 53.10±13.07y(range:28-68y).The mean interval between initial IOL implantation and dislocation was 8.44±3.54y.The mean postoperative follow-up duration was 11.45±10.30mo.Surgical time averaged 15.3±1.77min,with no intraoperative complications.The mean axial length was 27.16±4.35 mm,with high myopia(HM)as the leading comorbidity(4/10 eyes).Postoperative BCVA significantly improved compared to preoperative values(P=0.025).Postoperative SE was significantly improved compared with preoperative(P=0.01).All IOLs remained centered throughout follow-up.CONCLUSION:This minimally invasive four-point scleral fixation technique offers a safe and effective refixation strategy for dislocated four-haptic IOLs.The horizontal mattress suture configuration combined with Hoffman pockets facilitates durable centration,avoids conjunctival dissection,and could be adopted into routine surgical practice.展开更多
MXene-based smart contact lenses demonstrate a cutting-edge advancement in wearable ophthalmic technology,combining real-time biosensing,therapeutic capabilities,and user comfort in a single platform.These devices tak...MXene-based smart contact lenses demonstrate a cutting-edge advancement in wearable ophthalmic technology,combining real-time biosensing,therapeutic capabilities,and user comfort in a single platform.These devices take the advantage of the exceptional electrical conductivity,mechanical flexibility,and biocompatibility of two-dimensional MXenes to enable noninvasive,tear-based monitoring of key physiological markers such as intraocular pressure and glucose levels.Recent developments focus on the integration of transparent MXene films into the conventional lens materials,allowing multifunctional performance including photothermal therapy,antimicrobial and anti-inflammation protection,and dehydration resistance.These innovations offer promising strategies for ocular disease management and eye protection.In addition to their multifunctionality,improvements in MXene synthesis and device engineering have enhanced the stability,transparency,and wearability of these lenses.Despite these advances,challenges remain in long-term biostability,scalable production,and integration with wireless communication systems.This review summarizes the current progress,key challenges,and future directions of MXene-based smart contact lenses,highlighting their transformative potential in next-generation digital healthcare and ophthalmic care.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate and compare alterations in the effective lens position(ELP)and refractive outcomes among three distinct intraocular lens(IOL)types.METHODS:Patients with cataracts were enrolled and allocated to 3 group...AIM:To evaluate and compare alterations in the effective lens position(ELP)and refractive outcomes among three distinct intraocular lens(IOL)types.METHODS:Patients with cataracts were enrolled and allocated to 3 groups:Group A(implanted with the SN6CWS),Group B(implanted with the MI60),and Group C(implanted with the Aspira-aA).ELP measurements were obtained with swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)at 1d,1wk,1mo,and 3mo postoperatively.Subjective refraction assessments were conducted at 1wk,1mo,and 3mo following surgery.RESULTS:The study included 189 eyes of 150 cataract patients(66 males).There were 77 eyes in Group A,55 eyes in Group B,and 57 eyes in Group C.The root mean square of the ELP(ELPRMS)within the initial 3mo was significantly lower for Group A than for Groups B and C.Refractive changes within Group A were not significant across the time points of 1wk,1mo,and 3mo.Conversely,both Group B and Group C demonstrated statistically significant shifts toward hyperopia from 1wk to 3mo postsurgery.CONCLUSION:Among the three IOLs examined,the SN6CWS IOL showes the greatest stability during the first 3mo postoperatively.Between 1wk and 3mo after surgery,notable hyperopic shifts are evident in eyes implanted with the MI60 and Aspira-aA IOLs,whereas refractive outcomes remain relatively constant in eyes implanted with SN6CWS IOLs.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the characteristics and associated factors of intraocular lens(IOL)tilt and decentration after transscleral suture-fixated IOL surgery in congenital ectopia lentis(CEL).METHODS:CEL patients undergoi...AIM:To investigate the characteristics and associated factors of intraocular lens(IOL)tilt and decentration after transscleral suture-fixated IOL surgery in congenital ectopia lentis(CEL).METHODS:CEL patients undergoing transscleral suture-fixated IOL surgery were divided into two groups based on implanted IOL type(three-piece IOL or one-piece IOL).The IOL tilt and decentration at 3-month and 1-year postoperative were measured.Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify the associated factors of IOL tilt and decentration as well as longitudinal changes.RESULTS:The 61 CEL patients(mean age 9.07±5.05y)in three-piece IOL(M/F:14/7)group had a greater tilt than those with one-piece IOL(M/F:28/12)group both at 3-month postoperative(horizontal:P=0.024;vertical:P=0.048)and 1-year postoperative(horizontal:P=0.011;vertical:P=0.001).Three-piece IOL group had a greater longitudinal change between 3-month postoperative to 1-year postoperative in IOL tilt(horizontal:P=0.028;vertical:P=0.026)and a greater longitudinal change in horizontal IOL decentration than one-piece IOL group(P<0.05).The longer axial length(AL)was associated with the longitudinal changes in IOL tilt(P=0.039),while the three-piece IOL was associated with the longitudinal changes in horizontal IOL decentration 1-year postoperatively(P=0.011).CONCLUSION:IOL tilt is greater in the three-piece IOL group than that in the one-piece IOL group 1-year postoperatively.The three-piece IOL is associated with greater longitudinal changes of IOL decentration,while longer AL is associated with longitudinal changes of IOL tilt.For CEL patients,more stable IOL type should be selected and patients with longer AL warrant closer monitoring.展开更多
AIM:To investigate age-related differences in the irislens angle(ILA)among patients with age-related cortical cataracts and elucidate the impact of age on lens stability.METHODS:A prospective observational study was c...AIM:To investigate age-related differences in the irislens angle(ILA)among patients with age-related cortical cataracts and elucidate the impact of age on lens stability.METHODS:A prospective observational study was conducted on patients with age-related cortical cataracts scheduled for phacoemulsification surgery.Preoperative ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)images were collected and analyzed.Initially,patients were stratified into two age groups:<60y and≥60y,with no significant intergroup differences in sex or eye laterality.For further analysis,participants were subdivided into three age strata:<60y,60-75y,and>75y.The ILA was measured in four quadrants(superior,inferior,nasal,and temporal).Intergroup differences in ILA were compared,and correlations between age and ILA parameters were analyzed using statistical methods.RESULTS:The sample data were categorized into three groups according to age,<60y(113 patients;55.8%female),60–75y(245 patients;61.0%female),and>75y(70 patients;50.2%female).The superior quadrant ILA increased progressively with age stratification(P=0.02),and the maximum ILA difference(ΔILA)was significantly higher in patients over 75y(P<0.01).Simple linear regression analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between age and ILA in the superior(Y=7.487+0.096X,R=0.191,P<0.001)and temporal(Y=10.254+0.052X,R=0.104,P=0.032)quadrants.Additionally,the mean ILA across all quadrants(ILAmean)andΔILA were positively correlated with age(ILAmean:Y=9.721+0.055X,R=0.138,P=0.004;ΔILA:Y=3.267+0.044X,R=0.006,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:In patients with age-related cortical cataracts,ILA increases with age,particularly in the superior and temporal quadrants,suggesting that advanced age is associated with greater lens deviation and decreased lens stability.UBM imaging can effectively evaluate the status of the zonule and lens stability,providing crucial evidence for personalized surgical planning based on patients’age.展开更多
Ice lens initiation is the core issue in understanding the dynamic process of frost heave.However,there are still limitations to find an adequate criterion for describing the formation of ice lens.A series of one-dime...Ice lens initiation is the core issue in understanding the dynamic process of frost heave.However,there are still limitations to find an adequate criterion for describing the formation of ice lens.A series of one-dimensional freezing tests is designed using the particle image velocimetry(PIV)method to monitor the frost heave and ice lens formation.The results show that the conventional parameters,such as displacement and velocity,cannot be used to track the ice lens formation,while the strain can be employed to detect the ice lens formation and investigate the freezing change patterns.This study proposes strain as a new criterion for assessing ice lens initiation,applicable across various soil types and freezing conditions(constant freezing and ramped freezing).The strain change in the region where the ice lens forms is the largest during the freezing process.Additionally,strain curves at the top of the soil samples can reveal different freezing patterns and distinguish the first and second frost heave stages.This newly developed technology enables continuous,non-destructive monitoring of ice lens initiation across diverse conditions and soil types,enhancing data visualization and three-dimensional modeling of freezing parameters while improving traditional methods by directly measuring velocity and strain in frost heave investigations.The study is expected to enhance the research of ice lens criterion and provide a new perspective for monitoring the freezing process.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the differences and consistency of vault measurements obtained by Scheimpflug tomography(Pentacam),anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT,CASIA II),and ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)follow...AIM:To evaluate the differences and consistency of vault measurements obtained by Scheimpflug tomography(Pentacam),anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT,CASIA II),and ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)following implantable collamer lens(ICL)V4c implantation.METHODS:Vault measurements were acquired using three modalities:Pentacam,CASIA II AS-OCT,and UBM.Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the vault values obtained by the three devices.The correlation and consistency of measurements among the three instruments were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient,intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC),and Bland-Altman plots.RESULTS:This retrospective study enrolled 210 myopic eyes of 210 patients(158 women and 52 men)who underwent ICL implantation:108 eyes had a myopic ICL V4c implanted,and 102 eyes had a toric ICL V4c implanted.The mean vault values measured by Pentacam,CASIA II,and UBM were 452.64±204.20μm,538.57±203.54μm,and 560.95±227.54μm,respectively,with statistically significant differences among the three groups(P<0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed strong positive correlations between vault values measured by different instruments(all P<0.001).ICC results indicated good consistency among the three measurement modalities(all P<0.001).Stratified analysis revealed that when the vault value was≤250μm,the correlation and consistency of measurements across the three instruments were lower than those in the medium and high vault subgroups.CONCLUSION:Vault values measured by Pentacam are lower than those obtained by CASIA II and UBM,with UBM yielding the highest mean vault values.Measurements from the three instruments are not interchangeable but can serve as mutual references due to their significant correlation and good overall consistency.Pentacam and CASIA II demonstrate the highest consistency in vault measurement.Notably,when the vault value is≤250μm,the consistency between Pentacam and the other two instruments decreases significantly.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the long-term outcomes in acute primary angle closure(APAC)patients treated with lens extraction(LE)surgery and to identify risk factors for glaucomatous optic neuropathy(GON).METHODS:In this longit...AIM:To investigate the long-term outcomes in acute primary angle closure(APAC)patients treated with lens extraction(LE)surgery and to identify risk factors for glaucomatous optic neuropathy(GON).METHODS:In this longitudinal observational study,detailed medical histories of APAC patients and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations at final followup were collected.Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of blindness.Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to determine risk factors associated with visual outcomes.RESULTS:This study included 39 affected eyes of 31 subjects(26 females)with an average age of 74.1±8.0y.At 6.7±4.2y after APAC attack,2(5.7%)eyes had bestcorrected visual acuity(VA)worse than 3/60.Advanced glaucomatous visual field loss was observed in 15(39.5%)affected eyes and 5(25.0%)fellow eyes.Nine affected eyes(23.7%)had GON,and 11(28.9%)were blind.Six(15.4%)affected eyes and 2(9.1%)fellow eyes had suspicious progression.A significantly higher blindness rate in factory workers compared to office workers.Logistic regression identified that worse VA at attack(OR 10.568,95%CI 1.288-86.695;P=0.028)and worse early postoperative VA(OR 13.214,95%CI 1.157-150.881;P=0.038)were risk factors for blindness.Multivariate regression showed that longer duration of elevated intraocular pressure(P=0.004)and worse early postoperative VA(P=0.009)were associated with worse visual outcomes.CONCLUSION:Despite LE surgery,some APAC patients experience continued visual function deterioration.Lifelong monitoring is necessary.Target pressure and progression rates should be re-evaluated during follow-up.展开更多
The cosmic distance relation(DDR) associates the angular diameters distance(DA) and luminosity distance(DL) by a simple formula,i.e.,DL=(1+z)2 DA.The strongly lensed gravitational waves(GWs) provide a unique way to me...The cosmic distance relation(DDR) associates the angular diameters distance(DA) and luminosity distance(DL) by a simple formula,i.e.,DL=(1+z)2 DA.The strongly lensed gravitational waves(GWs) provide a unique way to measure DA and DL simultaneously to the GW source,hence they can be used as probes to test DDR.In this study,we investigated the use of strongly lensed GW events from the future Einstein Telescope to test DDR.We assumed the possible deviation of DDR as(1+z)2 DA/DL=η(z),and considered two different parametrizations of η(z),namely,η1(z)=1+η0 z and η2(z)=1+η0 z/(1+z).Numerical simulations showed that,with about 100 strongly lensed GW events observed by ET,the parameter η0 was constrained at 1.3% and 3% levels for the first and second parametrizations,respectively.展开更多
We propose a new method to test the cosmic distance duality relation using the strongly lensed gravitational waves.The simultaneous observation of the image positions,relative time delay between different images,redsh...We propose a new method to test the cosmic distance duality relation using the strongly lensed gravitational waves.The simultaneous observation of the image positions,relative time delay between different images,redshift measurements of the lens and the source,together with the mass modelling of the lens galaxy,provide the angular diameter distance to the gravitational wave source.On the other hand,the luminosity distance to the source can be obtained from the observation of the gravitational wave signals.To our knowledge this is the first time a method is proposed to simultaneously measure the angular diameter distance and the luminosity distance from the same source.Hence,the strongly lensed gravitational waves provide a unique method to test the cosmic distance duality relation.With the construction of the third generation gravitational detectors such as the Einstein Telescope,it will be possible to test the cosmic distance duality relation with an accuracy of a few percent.展开更多
The possible variation of the electromagnetic fine structure constant, αe, at cosmological scales has aroused great interest in recent years. Strongly lensed gravitational waves（GWs） and their electromagnetic count...The possible variation of the electromagnetic fine structure constant, αe, at cosmological scales has aroused great interest in recent years. Strongly lensed gravitational waves（GWs） and their electromagnetic counterparts could be used to test this variation. Under the assumption that the speed of a photon can be modified,whereas the speed of a GW is the same as predicted by general relativity, and they both propagate in a flat FriedmanRobertson-Walker universe, we investigated the difference in time delays of the images and derived the upper bound of the variation of αe. For a typical lensing system in the standard cosmological models, we obtained B cosθ 1.85×10^（-5）,where B is the dipolar amplitude and θ is the angle between observation and the preferred direction. Our result is consistent with the most up-to-date observations on αe. In addition, the observations of strongly lensed GWs and their electromagnetic counterparts could be used to test which types of alternative theories of gravity can account for the variation of α_e.展开更多
文摘We present and discuss deep high resolution images taken with the ESO NTT as well as spectra taken with the ESO VLT in the field of the BL Lac object PKS 0537 441. We could neither detect the host galaxy nor a galaxy along the line of sight to the BL Lac as claimed from previous observations. We found 4 nearby companion galaxies which could be a splitted and magnified image of a distant background galaxy. Our VLT spectra, however, rule out this possibility. All 4 companions have similar redshifts as the BL Lac and may (at least in part) trigger the enormous activity in this source. PKS 0537 441 might be located in a galaxy cluster as rich as Abell 1. Alternatively, the BL Lac could also be located in the outskirts of a galaxy cluster or even be projected on a large scale structure as indicated by spectra of 30 galaxies in the field. Either lensing hypothesis (lens or being lensed) is considerably weakened by our observations.
基金provided by the National Development and Reform Commissionthe support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,11803004)+2 种基金Yunnan Province Youth Talent Project(2019182)the support by NSFC through grant No.12203011Yunnan provincial Department of Science and Technology through grant No.202101BA070001-261。
文摘From 2011 to 2021,LAMOST has released a total of 76,167 quasar data.We try to search for gravitationally lensed QSOs by limiting coordinate differences and redshift differences of these QSOs.The name,brightness,spectrum,photometry and other information of each QSO will be visually checked carefully.Special attention should be paid to check whether there are groups of galaxies,gravitationally lensed arcs,Einstein crosses,or Einstein rings near the QSOs.Through careful selection,we select LAMOST J160603.01+290050.8(A)and LAMOST J160602.81+290048.7(B)as a candidate and perform an initial analysis.Components A and B are336 apart and they display blue during photometric observations.The redshift values of components A and B are0.2%different,their Gaia_g values are 1.3%different,and their ugriz values are 1.0%or less different.For the spectra covering from 3690 to 9100?,the emission lines of C II,Mg,Hγ,OⅢ,and Hβare present for both components A and B and the ratio of flux(B)to flux(A)from LAMOST is basically a constant,around 2.2.However,no galaxies have been found between components A and B.Inada et al.identified them as binary quasars.But we accidentally find a galaxy group near components A and B.If the center of dark matter in the galaxy group is at the center between components A and B,components A and B are probably gravitationally lensed QSOs.We estimate that the Einstein mass is 1.46×10^(11)M_⊙and the total mass of the lens is1.34×10^(13)M_⊙.The deflection angle is 197 at positions A and B and the velocity dispersion is 261 km s^(-1).Theoretically,this candidate could be a pair of fold images of a strong lensing system by a galaxy group,and we will investigate the possibility when the redshifts of nearby galaxies are available.
基金support from the Institute for Nuclear Science and Technology, National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED)the World Laboratory, the French CNRS, the French Embassy in Hanoi, Rencontres du Vietnam and Odon Vallet fellowships
文摘After a brief reminder of the mechanism of gravitational lensing of ex- tended sources, the particular case of the host galaxy of QSO RXJ0911, a high red-shift （z - 2.8） quadruply imaged quasar, is explored. The non linearity of the problem, together with the proximity of the source to a cusp of the lens inner caustic, has impor-tant consequences on the dependence of the image appearance on the size and shape of the source. Their expected main features and their interpretation in terms of source extension and shape are investigated in a spirit of simplicity and in preparation for the analysis of high sensitivity and spatial resolution images that will soon be within reach with the completion of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array （ALMA）. In particular, the information on source size carded by relative image brightness is dis-cussed. Extension of the results to other types of quadruply imaged quasars is briefly considered.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 11073023)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 ProgramGrant No.2009CB24901)
文摘We study the statistics of large-separation multiply-imaged quasars lensed by clusters of galaxies. In particular, we examine how the observed brightest cluster galaxies （BCGs） affect the predicted numbers of wide-separation lenses. We model the lens as an NFW-profiled dark matter halo with a truncated singular isothermal sphere to represent the BCG in its center. We mainly make predictions for the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Lens Search （SQLS） sample from the Data Release 5 （DRS） in two standard ACDM cosmological models： a model with matter density ΩM = 0.3 and δ8 = 0.9, as is usually adopted in the literature （ACDM1）, and a model suggested by the WMAP seven-year （WMAPT） data with ΩM = 0.266 and δ8 = 0.801. We also study the lensing properties for the WMAP3 cosmology in order to compare with the previous work. We find that BCGs in the centers of clusters significantly enhance the lensing efficiency by a factor of 2 - 3 compared with that of NFW-profiled pure dark matter halos. In addition, the dependence of mass ratios of BCGs to their host halos on the host halo masses reduces the lensing rate by - 20% from assuming a constant ratio as in previous studies, but considering the evolution of this ratio with redshift out to z - 1 would reduce it by - 3%. Moreover, we predict that the numbers of lensed quasars with image separations larger than 10″ in the statistical sample of SQLS from DR5 are 1.22 and 0.47, respectively for ACDM1 and WMAP7 and 0.73 and 0.33 for separations between 10″ and 20″, which are consistent with the only observed cluster lens with such a large separation in the complete SQLS sample.
基金supported by the National SKA Program of China(Grant Nos.2022SKA0110200,and 2022SKA0110203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12473001,11975072,11835009,and 11875102)the National 111 Project(Grant No.B16009)。
文摘The Macquart relation and time-delay cosmography are now two promising ways to fast radio burst(FRB)cosmology.In this work,we propose a joint method that combines strongly lensed and unlensed FRBs for improving cosmological parameter estimation using simulated FRB data from the future sensitive coherent all-sky monitor survey,which is expected to detect a large number of FRBs including galaxy-galaxy strongly lensed events.We find that using a detectable sample of 100000 localized FRBs including 40 lensed events can simultaneously constrain the Hubble constant and the equation of state of dark energy,with high precision of ε(H_(0))=0.4% and ε(w)=4.5% in the simplest dynamical dark energy model.The joint analysis of unlensed and lensed FRBs significantly improves the constraint on H_(0),which could be more effective than combining either the unlensed FRBs with future gravitational wave(GW)standard sirens or the lensed FRBs with CMB.Furthermore,combining the full FRB sample with the CMB+BAO+SNe data yields σ(H_(0))=0.29 km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1),σ(w_(0))=0.046,and σ(w_(a))=0.15 in the two-parameter dynamical dark energy model,which outperforms the results from the CMB+BAO+SNe+GW data.This reinforces the cosmological implications of a multi-wavelength observational strategy in optical and radio bands.We conclude that the future FRB observations will shed light on the nature of dark energy and also the Hubble tension if enough events with long-duration lensing are incorporated.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12333001,61234003,61434004,and 61504141)the CAS Interdisciplinary Project(Grant No.KJZD-EW-L11-04)+1 种基金support from the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.GZC20232990)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12403104)。
文摘Strong lensing time delay measurement is a promising method to address the Hubble tension,offering a completely independent approach compared with both the cosmic microwave background analysis and the local distance ladder.As a third-party examination of the Hubble tension,this method provides a unique perspective.Strongly lensed quasar(gl QSO)systems have demonstrated significant potential in tackling this issue,achieving an impressive 2%accuracy level.However,advancing to 1%or sub-percent accuracy is challenging due to several intrinsic limitations of gl QSOs.Fortunately,strongly lensed supernovae(gl SNe)offer a more robust solution,thanks to their characteristic light curve,significant brightness variations,and additional advantages.The Muztagh-Ata 1.93 m Synergy Telescope(MOST)is an exceptional instrument for monitoring strong lensing time delays.In this study,we simulate the follow-up multi-band light curve monitoring for gl SNe Ia systems,which are expected to be firstly discovered by the Chinese Survey Space Telescope(CSST).The simulation employs the W7 model,integrating strong lensing and microlensing effects.Our results show that with 300 s×9 exposures in each epoch,2 quadruple-image systems and14 double-image systems are observable by MOST each year.MOST can achieve a signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)of approximately 50 for the brightest images of gl SNe Ia,while even the faintest images maintain an SNR of at least 7.Using a standard SNe Ia light curve template for fitting,we measured the time delays.With a 2-d cadence,MOST achieves a relative time delay error of less than 4.9%,with the bias typically remaining below 0.57%.Finally,we performed a Hubble parameter estimation.For a typical gl SNe Ia system,the H0error is about±1.8 km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1).This result is comparable or even better than those from LSST.This study highlights the capability of MOST to significantly advance the precision of time delay measurements,offering a promising path toward resolving the Hubble tension.
文摘The Hubble constant H0,a key parameter quantifying the present expansion rate of the universe,remains a subject of significant debate due to the persistent tension between early-and late-universe measurements.Strong gravitational lensing(SGL) time delays provide an independent avenue to constrain H0.In this paper,we utilize seven SGL systems from the TDCOSMO sample to constrain H_(0),employing the model-independent approaches:deep neural networks(DNN),Gaussian process(GP),polynomial fitting(polyfit) and Padé approximant(PA).Using these methods,we reconstruct unanchored luminosity distances from the Pantheon+SNe Ia dataset and obtain H_(0)=72.3_(-3.6)^(+3.8)km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1),H_(0)=72.4_(-1.7)^(+1.6)km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1),H0=70.7_(-3.1)^(+3.0)km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1)and H0=74.0_(-2.7)^(+2.7)km s^(-1)Mpc^(-1),respectively.These estimates are consistent within 1σ level and align with local distance ladder results.Notably,the GP method achieves uncertainties that are half those of the DNN approach,whereas the DNN method offers more reliable confidence intervals in reconstruction at high redshifts.Our findings underscore the potential of these methodologies to refine constraints on H_(0) and contribute to resolving the Hubble tension with future advancements.
文摘A novel fabrication method for lensed fiber array has been proposed utilizing UV-curable fluorinated polymer, whose refractive index is matched to fused silica. The structure is composed of three segments; single mode fiber, coreless silica fiber and UV-curable polymer lens-tip. Flexible control of the curvature of lens-tip was realized by control of deposited volume of the liquid polymer and free-space interconnection performances are characterized.
文摘AIM:To compare the visual outcomes between bilateral implantation of Tecnis ZXR00 extended depth-of-focus(EDOF)intraocular lenses(IOLs)and mixed implantation of Tecnis ZXR00(EDOF)with Tecnis ZMB00(bifocal)IOLs.METHODS:This postoperative cross-sectional study enrolled patients who underwent phacoemulsification combined with IOL implantation.Patients were divided into two groups:the bilateral ZXR00 group(ZXR00-only group)and the mixed IOL group(ZXR00+ZMB00 group).Primary outcome measures included uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity(UDVA,CDVA),uncorrected and distance-corrected near visual acuity(UNVA,DCNVA),uncorrected and distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity(UIVA,DCIVA),and defocus curves.Secondary outcome measures were visual quality,spectacle independence,patient satisfaction,photic phenomena,and stereopsis.RESULTS:A total of 47 patients(94 eyes)were included,with 26 patients(11 males,15 females)in the ZXR00-only group(mean age:62.73±7.24y)and 21 patients(7 males,14 females)in the mixed group(mean age:65.71±9.16y).There was no statistically significant difference in age between the two groups(P=0.218).The mixed group showed significantly better binocular DCNVA compared to the ZXR00-only group(P=0.002).Defocus curve analysis revealed that the mixed group exhibited superior performance at−2.5 to−4.0 D but inferior performance at−0.5 and−1.5 D.Near stereoacuity was significantly poorer in the mixed group(Randot:5.589±0.744 vs 6.240±0.394 ln arcsec;Contour:4.966±0.973 vs 5.740±0.833 ln arcsec;both P<0.01).Both groups achieved high levels of spectacle independence and patient satisfaction,with no significant differences in photic phenomena or questionnaire scores.CONCLUSION:Mixed implantation of EDOF and bifocal IOLs improve near visual acuity but may compromise near stereopsis.This approach provides a viable option for patients prioritizing near vision;however,caution is recommended for individuals requiring fine stereoscopic vision for daily or professional tasks.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the clinical outcomes of a new minimally invasive technique using horizontal mattress sutures and Hoffman pockets for four-point refixation of dislocated fourhaptic intraocular lenses(IOLs).METHODS:This retrospective consecutive case series included eyes with dislocated Akreos AO60 IOLs underwent scleral refixation using a horizontal mattress doubleneedle suture technique with intralamellar knot burial via Hoffman pockets.Clinical outcomes assessed included pre-and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),intraocular pressure(IOP),spherical equivalent(SE),suture duration,IOL centration,and perioperative complications.RESULTS:A total of 10 eyes from 10 patients(6 males)were included.The mean age at the time of IOL refixation was 53.10±13.07y(range:28-68y).The mean interval between initial IOL implantation and dislocation was 8.44±3.54y.The mean postoperative follow-up duration was 11.45±10.30mo.Surgical time averaged 15.3±1.77min,with no intraoperative complications.The mean axial length was 27.16±4.35 mm,with high myopia(HM)as the leading comorbidity(4/10 eyes).Postoperative BCVA significantly improved compared to preoperative values(P=0.025).Postoperative SE was significantly improved compared with preoperative(P=0.01).All IOLs remained centered throughout follow-up.CONCLUSION:This minimally invasive four-point scleral fixation technique offers a safe and effective refixation strategy for dislocated four-haptic IOLs.The horizontal mattress suture configuration combined with Hoffman pockets facilitates durable centration,avoids conjunctival dissection,and could be adopted into routine surgical practice.
文摘MXene-based smart contact lenses demonstrate a cutting-edge advancement in wearable ophthalmic technology,combining real-time biosensing,therapeutic capabilities,and user comfort in a single platform.These devices take the advantage of the exceptional electrical conductivity,mechanical flexibility,and biocompatibility of two-dimensional MXenes to enable noninvasive,tear-based monitoring of key physiological markers such as intraocular pressure and glucose levels.Recent developments focus on the integration of transparent MXene films into the conventional lens materials,allowing multifunctional performance including photothermal therapy,antimicrobial and anti-inflammation protection,and dehydration resistance.These innovations offer promising strategies for ocular disease management and eye protection.In addition to their multifunctionality,improvements in MXene synthesis and device engineering have enhanced the stability,transparency,and wearability of these lenses.Despite these advances,challenges remain in long-term biostability,scalable production,and integration with wireless communication systems.This review summarizes the current progress,key challenges,and future directions of MXene-based smart contact lenses,highlighting their transformative potential in next-generation digital healthcare and ophthalmic care.
基金Supported by the Zhejiang Medical Health Science and Technology Project(No.2021KY217)the Basic Public Welfare Research Project of Wenzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(No.2024Y1221).
文摘AIM:To evaluate and compare alterations in the effective lens position(ELP)and refractive outcomes among three distinct intraocular lens(IOL)types.METHODS:Patients with cataracts were enrolled and allocated to 3 groups:Group A(implanted with the SN6CWS),Group B(implanted with the MI60),and Group C(implanted with the Aspira-aA).ELP measurements were obtained with swept-source optical coherence tomography(SS-OCT)at 1d,1wk,1mo,and 3mo postoperatively.Subjective refraction assessments were conducted at 1wk,1mo,and 3mo following surgery.RESULTS:The study included 189 eyes of 150 cataract patients(66 males).There were 77 eyes in Group A,55 eyes in Group B,and 57 eyes in Group C.The root mean square of the ELP(ELPRMS)within the initial 3mo was significantly lower for Group A than for Groups B and C.Refractive changes within Group A were not significant across the time points of 1wk,1mo,and 3mo.Conversely,both Group B and Group C demonstrated statistically significant shifts toward hyperopia from 1wk to 3mo postsurgery.CONCLUSION:Among the three IOLs examined,the SN6CWS IOL showes the greatest stability during the first 3mo postoperatively.Between 1wk and 3mo after surgery,notable hyperopic shifts are evident in eyes implanted with the MI60 and Aspira-aA IOLs,whereas refractive outcomes remain relatively constant in eyes implanted with SN6CWS IOLs.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81900841)the Guangzhou Major Difficult and Rare Diseases Project(No.2024MDRD05)+2 种基金the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021A1515011673No.2022A1515011181)the Guangzhou Basic Research Program,City&University(Institute)Joint Funding Project(No.SL2023A03J00514).
文摘AIM:To investigate the characteristics and associated factors of intraocular lens(IOL)tilt and decentration after transscleral suture-fixated IOL surgery in congenital ectopia lentis(CEL).METHODS:CEL patients undergoing transscleral suture-fixated IOL surgery were divided into two groups based on implanted IOL type(three-piece IOL or one-piece IOL).The IOL tilt and decentration at 3-month and 1-year postoperative were measured.Multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify the associated factors of IOL tilt and decentration as well as longitudinal changes.RESULTS:The 61 CEL patients(mean age 9.07±5.05y)in three-piece IOL(M/F:14/7)group had a greater tilt than those with one-piece IOL(M/F:28/12)group both at 3-month postoperative(horizontal:P=0.024;vertical:P=0.048)and 1-year postoperative(horizontal:P=0.011;vertical:P=0.001).Three-piece IOL group had a greater longitudinal change between 3-month postoperative to 1-year postoperative in IOL tilt(horizontal:P=0.028;vertical:P=0.026)and a greater longitudinal change in horizontal IOL decentration than one-piece IOL group(P<0.05).The longer axial length(AL)was associated with the longitudinal changes in IOL tilt(P=0.039),while the three-piece IOL was associated with the longitudinal changes in horizontal IOL decentration 1-year postoperatively(P=0.011).CONCLUSION:IOL tilt is greater in the three-piece IOL group than that in the one-piece IOL group 1-year postoperatively.The three-piece IOL is associated with greater longitudinal changes of IOL decentration,while longer AL is associated with longitudinal changes of IOL tilt.For CEL patients,more stable IOL type should be selected and patients with longer AL warrant closer monitoring.
文摘AIM:To investigate age-related differences in the irislens angle(ILA)among patients with age-related cortical cataracts and elucidate the impact of age on lens stability.METHODS:A prospective observational study was conducted on patients with age-related cortical cataracts scheduled for phacoemulsification surgery.Preoperative ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)images were collected and analyzed.Initially,patients were stratified into two age groups:<60y and≥60y,with no significant intergroup differences in sex or eye laterality.For further analysis,participants were subdivided into three age strata:<60y,60-75y,and>75y.The ILA was measured in four quadrants(superior,inferior,nasal,and temporal).Intergroup differences in ILA were compared,and correlations between age and ILA parameters were analyzed using statistical methods.RESULTS:The sample data were categorized into three groups according to age,<60y(113 patients;55.8%female),60–75y(245 patients;61.0%female),and>75y(70 patients;50.2%female).The superior quadrant ILA increased progressively with age stratification(P=0.02),and the maximum ILA difference(ΔILA)was significantly higher in patients over 75y(P<0.01).Simple linear regression analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between age and ILA in the superior(Y=7.487+0.096X,R=0.191,P<0.001)and temporal(Y=10.254+0.052X,R=0.104,P=0.032)quadrants.Additionally,the mean ILA across all quadrants(ILAmean)andΔILA were positively correlated with age(ILAmean:Y=9.721+0.055X,R=0.138,P=0.004;ΔILA:Y=3.267+0.044X,R=0.006,P<0.05).CONCLUSION:In patients with age-related cortical cataracts,ILA increases with age,particularly in the superior and temporal quadrants,suggesting that advanced age is associated with greater lens deviation and decreased lens stability.UBM imaging can effectively evaluate the status of the zonule and lens stability,providing crucial evidence for personalized surgical planning based on patients’age.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52178376)National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB2603301)Science and Technology Research and Development Program of China Railway Group Limited(Grant No.2022-ZD-13).
文摘Ice lens initiation is the core issue in understanding the dynamic process of frost heave.However,there are still limitations to find an adequate criterion for describing the formation of ice lens.A series of one-dimensional freezing tests is designed using the particle image velocimetry(PIV)method to monitor the frost heave and ice lens formation.The results show that the conventional parameters,such as displacement and velocity,cannot be used to track the ice lens formation,while the strain can be employed to detect the ice lens formation and investigate the freezing change patterns.This study proposes strain as a new criterion for assessing ice lens initiation,applicable across various soil types and freezing conditions(constant freezing and ramped freezing).The strain change in the region where the ice lens forms is the largest during the freezing process.Additionally,strain curves at the top of the soil samples can reveal different freezing patterns and distinguish the first and second frost heave stages.This newly developed technology enables continuous,non-destructive monitoring of ice lens initiation across diverse conditions and soil types,enhancing data visualization and three-dimensional modeling of freezing parameters while improving traditional methods by directly measuring velocity and strain in frost heave investigations.The study is expected to enhance the research of ice lens criterion and provide a new perspective for monitoring the freezing process.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82171095)the Project of Shanghai Science and Technology(No.23XD1400500)the Research Fund of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital(No.24QNPY049).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the differences and consistency of vault measurements obtained by Scheimpflug tomography(Pentacam),anterior segment optical coherence tomography(AS-OCT,CASIA II),and ultrasound biomicroscopy(UBM)following implantable collamer lens(ICL)V4c implantation.METHODS:Vault measurements were acquired using three modalities:Pentacam,CASIA II AS-OCT,and UBM.Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the vault values obtained by the three devices.The correlation and consistency of measurements among the three instruments were assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient,intraclass correlation coefficient(ICC),and Bland-Altman plots.RESULTS:This retrospective study enrolled 210 myopic eyes of 210 patients(158 women and 52 men)who underwent ICL implantation:108 eyes had a myopic ICL V4c implanted,and 102 eyes had a toric ICL V4c implanted.The mean vault values measured by Pentacam,CASIA II,and UBM were 452.64±204.20μm,538.57±203.54μm,and 560.95±227.54μm,respectively,with statistically significant differences among the three groups(P<0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed strong positive correlations between vault values measured by different instruments(all P<0.001).ICC results indicated good consistency among the three measurement modalities(all P<0.001).Stratified analysis revealed that when the vault value was≤250μm,the correlation and consistency of measurements across the three instruments were lower than those in the medium and high vault subgroups.CONCLUSION:Vault values measured by Pentacam are lower than those obtained by CASIA II and UBM,with UBM yielding the highest mean vault values.Measurements from the three instruments are not interchangeable but can serve as mutual references due to their significant correlation and good overall consistency.Pentacam and CASIA II demonstrate the highest consistency in vault measurement.Notably,when the vault value is≤250μm,the consistency between Pentacam and the other two instruments decreases significantly.
文摘AIM:To investigate the long-term outcomes in acute primary angle closure(APAC)patients treated with lens extraction(LE)surgery and to identify risk factors for glaucomatous optic neuropathy(GON).METHODS:In this longitudinal observational study,detailed medical histories of APAC patients and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations at final followup were collected.Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of blindness.Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to determine risk factors associated with visual outcomes.RESULTS:This study included 39 affected eyes of 31 subjects(26 females)with an average age of 74.1±8.0y.At 6.7±4.2y after APAC attack,2(5.7%)eyes had bestcorrected visual acuity(VA)worse than 3/60.Advanced glaucomatous visual field loss was observed in 15(39.5%)affected eyes and 5(25.0%)fellow eyes.Nine affected eyes(23.7%)had GON,and 11(28.9%)were blind.Six(15.4%)affected eyes and 2(9.1%)fellow eyes had suspicious progression.A significantly higher blindness rate in factory workers compared to office workers.Logistic regression identified that worse VA at attack(OR 10.568,95%CI 1.288-86.695;P=0.028)and worse early postoperative VA(OR 13.214,95%CI 1.157-150.881;P=0.038)were risk factors for blindness.Multivariate regression showed that longer duration of elevated intraocular pressure(P=0.004)and worse early postoperative VA(P=0.009)were associated with worse visual outcomes.CONCLUSION:Despite LE surgery,some APAC patients experience continued visual function deterioration.Lifelong monitoring is necessary.Target pressure and progression rates should be re-evaluated during follow-up.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(11603005,11775038,11947406)。
文摘The cosmic distance relation(DDR) associates the angular diameters distance(DA) and luminosity distance(DL) by a simple formula,i.e.,DL=(1+z)2 DA.The strongly lensed gravitational waves(GWs) provide a unique way to measure DA and DL simultaneously to the GW source,hence they can be used as probes to test DDR.In this study,we investigated the use of strongly lensed GW events from the future Einstein Telescope to test DDR.We assumed the possible deviation of DDR as(1+z)2 DA/DL=η(z),and considered two different parametrizations of η(z),namely,η1(z)=1+η0 z and η2(z)=1+η0 z/(1+z).Numerical simulations showed that,with about 100 strongly lensed GW events observed by ET,the parameter η0 was constrained at 1.3% and 3% levels for the first and second parametrizations,respectively.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(11603005 and 11775038)。
文摘We propose a new method to test the cosmic distance duality relation using the strongly lensed gravitational waves.The simultaneous observation of the image positions,relative time delay between different images,redshift measurements of the lens and the source,together with the mass modelling of the lens galaxy,provide the angular diameter distance to the gravitational wave source.On the other hand,the luminosity distance to the source can be obtained from the observation of the gravitational wave signals.To our knowledge this is the first time a method is proposed to simultaneously measure the angular diameter distance and the luminosity distance from the same source.Hence,the strongly lensed gravitational waves provide a unique method to test the cosmic distance duality relation.With the construction of the third generation gravitational detectors such as the Einstein Telescope,it will be possible to test the cosmic distance duality relation with an accuracy of a few percent.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Fund of China(11775038,11603005,11647307)
文摘The possible variation of the electromagnetic fine structure constant, αe, at cosmological scales has aroused great interest in recent years. Strongly lensed gravitational waves（GWs） and their electromagnetic counterparts could be used to test this variation. Under the assumption that the speed of a photon can be modified,whereas the speed of a GW is the same as predicted by general relativity, and they both propagate in a flat FriedmanRobertson-Walker universe, we investigated the difference in time delays of the images and derived the upper bound of the variation of αe. For a typical lensing system in the standard cosmological models, we obtained B cosθ 1.85×10^（-5）,where B is the dipolar amplitude and θ is the angle between observation and the preferred direction. Our result is consistent with the most up-to-date observations on αe. In addition, the observations of strongly lensed GWs and their electromagnetic counterparts could be used to test which types of alternative theories of gravity can account for the variation of α_e.
