A critical challenge for global food security and sustainable agriculture is enhancing crop yields while reducing chemical N inputs.Improving N use efficiency in crops is essential for increasing agricultural producti...A critical challenge for global food security and sustainable agriculture is enhancing crop yields while reducing chemical N inputs.Improving N use efficiency in crops is essential for increasing agricultural productivity.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of intercropping maize with leguminous green manure on grain yield and N utilization under reduced N-fertilization conditions.A field experiment with a split-plot design was conducted in northwestern China from 2018 to 2021.The main plots consisted of two cropping systems:maize-common vetch intercropping(IM)and sole maize(SM).The subplots had three N levels:zero N application(N0,0 kg ha^(-1)),a 25%reduction from the traditional chemical N supply(N1,270 kg ha^(-1)),and the traditional chemical N supply(N2,360 kg ha^(-1)).The results showed that the negative effects of N reduction on maize grain yield and N uptake were compensated by intercropping leguminous green manure,and the improvements increased with cultivation years.The integrated system involving maize-leguminous green manure intercropping and a reduced N supply enhanced N translocation from maize vegetative organs to grains and increased the nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities in maize leaves.The supercompensatory effect in maize leaves increased year by year,reaching values of 16.1,21.3,and 25.5%in 2019,2020,and 2021,respectively.These findings suggest that intercropping maize with leguminous green manure under reduced chemical N input can enhance N assimilation and uptake in maize.By using this strategy,chemical fertilizer is effectively replaced by leguminous green manure,thereby improving N use efficiency and maintaining stable yields in the maize-based intercropping system.展开更多
[Objective] To study the differences in the tolerance of leguminous crops and cruciferous crops to microcystin （MC）. [Methed] The cruciferous typical crops oilseed rapes, pakchois, cabbages and leguminous typical cr...[Objective] To study the differences in the tolerance of leguminous crops and cruciferous crops to microcystin （MC）. [Methed] The cruciferous typical crops oilseed rapes, pakchois, cabbages and leguminous typical crops soybeans, peas and broad beans were selected as the materials to test the effects of MC of differ- ent concentrations on the germination, growth and development of leguminous crops and cruciferous crops. The measurement indicators included germination rate, plant height, chlorophyll, etc. [Result] The MC had great effects on the oilseed rape and pakchois of cruciferous crops, and smaller effects on cabbage, while the leguminous crops were generally not affected. [Conclusion] Leguminous crops are more tolerant to MC than cruciferous crops and more preferential in MC polluted regions.展开更多
An in vitro rumen gas production technique was employed to determine the methane production and fermentation characteristics of Leymus chinensis and Medicago ruthenica at differing harvest dates（May 15,May 30,June 30...An in vitro rumen gas production technique was employed to determine the methane production and fermentation characteristics of Leymus chinensis and Medicago ruthenica at differing harvest dates（May 15,May 30,June 30,July 30,August 30 and September 30）,which are sequential phases within a single continuous growth of two 10-year-old pastures.To quantify the rate of degradation and compare in vitro rumen fermentation characteristic,a logistic-exponential model,where initial gas volume was zero（LE_0）,was used to fit gas production and methane output results.Dried,milled forage samples were incubated in vitro for 72 h at 39℃ and gas production was recorded intermittently throughout the incubation and gas samples were collected to measure methane production.Results showed that there were significant interactions between species and harvest for all chemical composition variables（P〈0.001） and condensed tannin content（P〈0.001）.L.chinensis produced more total gas and methane than M.ruthenica（P〈0.001）.Both total gas and methane production decreased lineally（P〈0.001） with advancing harvest date.The degradation rates of L.chinensis and M.ruthenica harvested on September 30 were lower than those on the other harvest dates（P〈0.01）.M.ruthenica fermented fluid had higher concentration of ammonia N（P〈0.05） and molar proportions of isobutyrate（P〈0.01）,valerate（P〈0.001） and isovalerate（P〈0.01） in total volatile fatty acids than L chinensis.Furthermore,concentration of isovalerate decreased cubically with advancing harvest date（P〈0.05）.In conclusion,M.ruthenica produced less methane than L.chinensis and the total gas and methane production decreased with advancing harvest date for both species,which may be due to the changes in contents of chemical compositions and condensed tannin in forages.展开更多
Agricultural activities that encourage slashing, burning and ploughing greatly affect the soil structure and soil organic matter on which soil water retention depends. In this study, we hypothesized that inclusion of ...Agricultural activities that encourage slashing, burning and ploughing greatly affect the soil structure and soil organic matter on which soil water retention depends. In this study, we hypothesized that inclusion of rotational leguminous tree species improves soil water retention in a semi-arid conservation agriculture system. In a study done in Kibwezi, semi-arid eastern Kenya, results showed that the amount of water retained in the different soil strata from plots with different tree species and tillage practices was highly significant (P = 0.032). Plots with planting basins and Gliricidia sepium and Faidherbia albida tree species retained more water in both the upper and lower strata. Plots with G. sepium tree species under planting basins and zero tillage under F. albida had significantly higher soil organic carbon levels than plots that were managed under ridges and ploughing (P = 0.002). On the other hand, bulk density in plots with planting basins and zero tillage and ridges ranged between 1.35 g/cm3 and 1.53 g/cm3. Conventional tillage plots had bulk density values of 1.65 g/cm3 and 1.72 g/cm3 in the upper and lower strata respectively. The time-dependent nature of rotational leguminous tree species on soil organic matter and soil water retention in the semi-arid conservation agriculture system highlights the importance of considering these species for improving organic carbon and water retention for improved crop production.展开更多
The impacts of climate change on crop yields are receiving renewed interest,with focus on cereals and staple crops at the regional and national scales.Yet,the impacts of climate change on the yields of leguminous crop...The impacts of climate change on crop yields are receiving renewed interest,with focus on cereals and staple crops at the regional and national scales.Yet,the impacts of climate change on the yields of leguminous crops in the local context has not been explored.Thus,an in-depth understanding of climate change in the local context may support the design of locally relevant adaptation responses to current and future climate risks.This study examined the impacts of climate variables(annual rainfall,annual average temperature,rainfall indices(rainfall onset,rainfall cessation,and the length of rainy days),and the number of dry days)on the yields of leguminous crops(groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans)in the Guinea Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana during the period of 1989-2020.The data were analysed using Mann-Kendall’s trend,Sen’s slope test,correlation analysis,and Multiple Regression Analysis(MRA).The findings revealed that annual rainfall,annual average temperature,rainfall onset,rainfall cessation,and the length of rainy days,and the number of dry days all showed varied impacts on the yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans.The trend analysis detected a marginal decrease in the amount of rainfall,rainfall onset,and the number of dry days from 1989 to 2020(P>0.050).Annual average temperature and the length of rainy days substantially varied(P<0.050)from 1989 to 2020,showing an increasing trend.The findings also showed a marked upward trend for the yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans during 2005-2020.The climate variables analysed above increased the yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans by 49.0%,55.0%,and 69.0%,respectively.The yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans fluctuated with the variability of 30.0%,28.0%,and 27.0%from 2005 to 2020,respectively.The three leguminous crops under study demonstrated unpredictable yields due to the variations of annual rainfall,annual average temperature,rainfall onset,rainfall cessation,the length of rainy days,and the number of dry days,which stressed the need for agricultural diversification,changing planting dates,using improved seed variety,and irrigation to respond to climate change.The results of this study implied that climate change considerably impacts crop production in the Guinea Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana,emphasizing the urgency of locally based and farmer-induced adaptation measures for food security and resilient agricultural systems.展开更多
This study was carried out to assess the relationship of the status of nodulation(i.e., the number of nodules, their shape and size) in root and biomass production of plant growth parameters(i.e., number of leaves, ro...This study was carried out to assess the relationship of the status of nodulation(i.e., the number of nodules, their shape and size) in root and biomass production of plant growth parameters(i.e., number of leaves, root and shoot lengths, root biomass and shoot biomass) in Albizia saman and Leucaena leucocephala. The assessment started 60 days after seeding. The study revealed that nodulation response and biomass production in both species showed significant differences over time(p < 0.05) in all variables except in the root-shoot ratio(oven-dry) of L. leucocephala. The study also showed significant differences(p < 0.05) in nodule formation and biomass production at the end of the study period between the two species except in the number of nodules and leaves and the green root-shoot ratio. There were strong positive correlations between nodule formation and biomass production, i.e., the number of nodules and the age of plants, the number of nodules and leaves, as well as the number of nodules and biomass(root biomass and shoot biomass) in both species. The results obtained using principal component analysis(PCA) and correlation coefficients of the different characteristics of nodulation and biomass production were similar in both species. The PCA showed that shoot biomass(shoot green weight and shoot oven-dry weight) is positively correlated with PC1(with an eigenvalue of 7.50) and root length is positively correlated with PC2(with an eigenvalue of 0.19) in the case of A. saman. In the case of L. leucocephala, the PCA revealed that root biomass(root green weight and root oven-dry weight), shoot biomass and shoot length are also positively correlated with PC1, while nodule formation and the number of leaves are positively correlated with PC2(with an eigenvalue PC1 of 6.92 and PC2 of 0.49).展开更多
The investigation was conducted to determine physiological criteria of early selection for salt tolerant leguminous plants. Plants were subjected to 5 levels of salt stress at the roots （0, 50, 100,150 and 200 mM NaC...The investigation was conducted to determine physiological criteria of early selection for salt tolerant leguminous plants. Plants were subjected to 5 levels of salt stress at the roots （0, 50, 100,150 and 200 mM NaCI）. Results showed that sodium chloride had an underrating effect on growth of stems and seed germination of the species studied. The germination rates of seeds of Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris （sensitive glyeophytes） were affected from 3 g/L of NaCl, with critical thresholds at 9 and 12 g/L respectively. In contrast, critical thresholds with Mucunapoggei （facultative halophyte）, Vigna unguiculata （moderately tolerant glycophyte） and P. adenanthus （natural halophyte） was found to be above 21 g/L. The reduction of stems growth rate were not significant in P. adenanthus whereas in M. poggei and V. unguiculata this inhibition was observed just when nutritive solutions were enriched with 200 mM. The lipid contents were reduced in all the species under salt stress, whereas proteins and proline contents in the leaves were substantially increased in tolerant species （M. poggei, P. adenanthus and V. unguiculata）. In contrast, proteins and leaf proline contents were negatively affected by salt concentration to G. max and P. vulgaris. Seed germination, proteins and proline could be used as physiological criteria of early selection for salt tolerant leguminous plants.展开更多
This paper help with leguminous seeds detection and smart farming. There are hundreds of kinds of seeds and itcan be very difficult to distinguish between them. Botanists and those who study plants, however, can ident...This paper help with leguminous seeds detection and smart farming. There are hundreds of kinds of seeds and itcan be very difficult to distinguish between them. Botanists and those who study plants, however, can identifythe type of seed at a glance. As far as we know, this is the first work to consider leguminous seeds images withdifferent backgrounds and different sizes and crowding. Machine learning is used to automatically classify andlocate 11 different seed types. We chose Leguminous seeds from 11 types to be the objects of this study. Thosetypes are of different colors, sizes, and shapes to add variety and complexity to our research. The images datasetof the leguminous seeds was manually collected, annotated, and then split randomly into three sub-datasetstrain, validation, and test (predictions), with a ratio of 80%, 10%, and 10% respectively. The images consideredthe variability between different leguminous seed types. The images were captured on five different backgrounds: white A4 paper, black pad, dark blue pad, dark green pad, and green pad. Different heights and shootingangles were considered. The crowdedness of the seeds also varied randomly between 1 and 50 seeds per image.Different combinations and arrangements between the 11 types were considered. Two different image-capturingdevices were used: a SAMSUNG smartphone camera and a Canon digital camera. A total of 828 images wereobtained, including 9801 seed objects (labels). The dataset contained images of different backgrounds, heights,angles, crowdedness, arrangements, and combinations. The TensorFlow framework was used to construct theFaster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN) model and CSPDarknet53 is used as the backbonefor YOLOv4 based on DenseNet designed to connect layers in convolutional neural. Using the transfer learningmethod, we optimized the seed detection models. The currently dominant object detection methods, Faster RCNN, and YOLOv4 performances were compared experimentally. The mAP (mean average precision) of the FasterR-CNN and YOLOv4 models were 84.56% and 98.52% respectively. YOLOv4 had a significant advantage in detection speed over Faster R-CNN which makes it suitable for real-time identification as well where high accuracy andlow false positives are needed. The results showed that YOLOv4 had better accuracy, and detection ability, as wellas faster detection speed beating Faster R-CNN by a large margin. The model can be effectively applied under avariety of backgrounds, image sizes, seed sizes, shooting angles, and shooting heights, as well as different levelsof seed crowding. It constitutes an effective and efficient method for detecting different leguminous seeds incomplex scenarios. This study provides a reference for further seed testing and enumeration applications.展开更多
Many small RNAs have been confirmed to play important roles in the development of root nodules and arbuscular mycorrhiza. In this study, we carried out the identification of certain small RNAs in leguminous plants(Med...Many small RNAs have been confirmed to play important roles in the development of root nodules and arbuscular mycorrhiza. In this study, we carried out the identification of certain small RNAs in leguminous plants(Medicago truncatula, soybean, peanut and common bean), such as miRNAs, tRFs and srRNAs, as well as the computational investigation of their regulations. Thirty miRNAs were predicted to be involved in establishing root nodules and mycorrhiza, and 12 of them were novel in common bean and peanut. The generation of tRFs in M. truncatula was not associated with tRNA gene frequencies and codon usage. Six tRFs exhibited different expressions in mycorrhiza and root nodules. Moreover, srRNA^(5.8S) in M. truncatula was generated from the regions with relatively low conservation at the rRNA 3′ terminal. The protein-protein interactions between the proteins encoded by the target genes of miRNAs, tRFs and srRNAs were computed. The regulation of these three types of sRNAs in the symbiosis between leguminous plants and microorganisms is not a single regulation of certain signaling or metabolic pathways but a global regulation for the plants to own growth or specific events in symbiosis.展开更多
Plant roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi critically mediate the decomposition of soil organic carbon(C),but the general patterns of their impacts over a broad geographical range and the primary mediating fac...Plant roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi critically mediate the decomposition of soil organic carbon(C),but the general patterns of their impacts over a broad geographical range and the primary mediating factors remain unclear.Based on a synthesis of 596 paired observations from both field and greenhouse experiments,we found that living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi increased organic C decomposition by 30.9%,but low soil nitrogen(N)availability(i.e.,high soil C:N ratio)critically mitigated this promotion effect.In addition,the positive effects of living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi on organic C decomposition were higher under herbaceous and leguminous plants than under woody and non-leguminous plants,respectively.Surprisingly,there was no significant difference between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi in their effects on organic C decomposition.Furthermore,roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi significantly enhanced the decomposition of leaf litter but not root litter.These findings advance our understanding of how roots and their symbiotic fungi modulate soil C dynamics in the rhizosphere or mycorrhizosphere and may help improve predictions of soil global C balance under a changing climate.展开更多
Soil microbial biomass is an active fraction of soil organic matter. It shows quicker response than soil organic matter to any change in the soil environment. Being an index of soil fertility, it plays a key role in t...Soil microbial biomass is an active fraction of soil organic matter. It shows quicker response than soil organic matter to any change in the soil environment. Being an index of soil fertility, it plays a key role in the decomposition of litters and fast release of available nutrients. Leaf litters of leguminous and non-leguminous species in alone and mixed form were applied as treatments in the soil to observe the changes in the magnitude of soil microbial biomass. Soil microbial biomass C and N were determined by chloroform fumigation extraction method. Increment in the concentration of microbial biomass C and N was higher in the treatments with leguminous leaf litter (497 - 571 μgCg?1, 48 - 55 μgNg?1) than the non-leguminous one (256 - 414 μgCg?1;22 - 36 μgNg?1). However, when non-leguminous litters were mixed with leguminous litters then the values increased distinctly (350 - 465 μgCg?1, 28 - 48 μgNg?1). On the basis of increment in soil microbial biomass, leaf litters of the species considered potential to improve soil nutrients are—Cassia siamea and Dalbergia sissoo from leguminous trees, Anthocephalus + Cassia and Shorea + Dalbergia from mixed form of non-leguminous and leguminous one and Eichhornia crassipes, an alien aquatic macrophyte. The leaf litters of these species can be used as source of organic matter to improve the crop yield.展开更多
The effects of plant vegetation on phosphorus （P） speciation, pH, total carbon concentration, total nitrogen concentration, and alkaline phosphatase activities were investigated to explore the P uptake strategy of p...The effects of plant vegetation on phosphorus （P） speciation, pH, total carbon concentration, total nitrogen concentration, and alkaline phosphatase activities were investigated to explore the P uptake strategy of plants in low-P soil and to determine the nutrient stoichiometric ratio changes in the rhizosphere of plants （Imperata cylindrica, Miscanthus floridulus, Zoysia sinica, Artemisia lavandulaefolia, Indigofera pseudotinctoria, and Conyza canadensis） which had grown for approximately 15 years in copper mine tailings, East China. The results showed that the average pH values in the rhizosphere decreased by 0.06 1.37 compared with those in the non-rhizosphere. The alkaline phosphatase activities of the rhizosphere were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizosphere. The mean concentrations of aluminum （A1）- and iron （Fe）-bound P and Ca2-P （CaHPO4） in the rhizosphere of all plants were 5.4% to 87.7%, 49.2% to 214.2%, and 86.6% to 147.6% higher than those in the non-rhizosphere, respectively. Except for Cas-P （CasH2（PO4）6） and Cal0-P （Cal0（PO4）6（OH）2） in the rhizosphere, all kinds of inorganic P forms were negatively correlated with pH. Significant correlation was also observed among the concentrations of dominant forms of inorganic P, C, and N and alkaline phosphatase activities in the rhizosphere. Among the studied species, I. pseudotinetoria showed the most significant effect on enhancing soil available P concentration. The stoichiometric ratios of C：P and N：P were apparently higher in the rhizosphere than the non-rhizosphere, whereas these ratios were far below the ratios commonly observed in Chinese soils. These results indicated that the plant growth effectively affected P fractions possibly by changing pH, C and N concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase activity, in the rhizosphere in copper mine railings.展开更多
Calcaric regosols are a valuable land resource, distributed widely across western China. Soil quality has deteriorated considerably in recent years owing to the blind pursuit of economic benefits. A 2-year field exper...Calcaric regosols are a valuable land resource, distributed widely across western China. Soil quality has deteriorated considerably in recent years owing to the blind pursuit of economic benefits. A 2-year field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of using spent mushroom compost, leguminous plant (Vicia sepium L.) compost, and a combination of the two (at a 1:1 and 2:1 ratio), on rice yield and soil quality in a suburb of China. Vicia sepium L. composted with spent mushroom compost at a 1:1 ratio produced the highest grain and stover yield, grain and stover phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus uptake of rice; they were 56.5%, 93.2%, 89.3%, 198.6% and 22.2% greater than control soil, respectively. The 2:1 ratio (Vicia sepium L.: spent mushroom compost) produced the highest grain N concentration, stover N concentration, and N uptake; they were 31.6%, 31.4%, and 40.7% higher than control, respectively. Soil physical, chemical, and environmental properties were improved with the application of Vicia sepium L. composted with spent mushroom compost at a 2:1 ratio. In particular, soil water-stable aggregates, organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, and cation exchange capacity increased, whereas bulk density, pH, and phytoavailable heavy metals decreased. This organic treatment is beneficial to improve soil quality indicators, and contribute to soil restoration.展开更多
With limited use of inorganic fertilizers on smallholder farms,plant residues could be viable alternatives for soil fertility improvement.This study was conducted to determine how residue quality and decomposition of ...With limited use of inorganic fertilizers on smallholder farms,plant residues could be viable alternatives for soil fertility improvement.This study was conducted to determine how residue quality and decomposition of nine plant species influence soil N availability,microbial biomass,andβ-glucosidase activity during soil fertility improvement.Significant differences in N concentration were found among the species,ranging from 12.2 g kg-1 in Zea mays to 39.2 g kg-1 in Baphia nitida.The C/N ratio was the highest in Z.mays(34.4),whereas lignin and polyphenol concentrations were the greatest in Acacia auriculiformis.The highest decomposition rate(0.251%per day)occurred in Tithonia diversifolia,and the lowest in A.auriculiformis,Albizia zygia,B.nitida,and Z.mays,with the half-lives of 28-56 d.Between 80%and 89%of N,P,K,Ca,and Mg were released from T.diversifolia in 7 d,compared with over 70%retention in A.auriculiformis,B.nitida,and Z.mays.The decomposition and nutrient release half-lives of Gliricidia sepium,Leucaena leucocephala,Azadirachta indica,and Senna spectabilis were less than 14 d.Soil mineral N,microbial biomass,andβ-glucosidase activity increased under all treatments,with T.diversifolia having the greatest effect.While N mineralization occurred in all of the species throughout the experiment,an initial N immobilization was recorded in the A.zy.gia,B.nitida,A.auriculiformis,and Z.mays treatments for up to 14 d.Decomposition and nutrient release rates,mineral N,soil microbial biomass,andβ-glucosidase activity were dependent on residue quality,and P and lignin levels,the lignin/N ratio,and the(lignin+polyphenol)/N ratio had the most significant effects(P≤0.05).展开更多
Proteolysis of seed storage proteins (SSP) during germination provides a steady supply of amino acids to the embryo development into seedling. This process is coordinated by different peptidases that act sequentially ...Proteolysis of seed storage proteins (SSP) during germination provides a steady supply of amino acids to the embryo development into seedling. This process is coordinated by different peptidases that act sequentially and overlaid mode. These enzymes are an ancient group evolved separately in a wide structural and functional diversity and have many applications in medicine, pharmacy and industry. However, the knowledge about seed peptidases during germination was obtained from studies almost restricted to the cultivated species. This restriction implies caution about generalizations made from these studies, as well limits the biological knowledge about plant kingdom and technological use from plant peptidases. In this work, a scan of the proteolytic activity was held in germinating seeds of a leguminous subtropical woody tree. Eleven proteolytic activities were detected in protein extracts from embryonic axis and cotyledons. The presence and intensity of these activities varied over time and between these tissues. There was indication that aspartyl-endopeptidases (phytepsins) and cysteine-carboxypeptidases (plant cathepsins) were involved in A. colubrina SSP hydrolysis. These peptidases differ to that commonly involved in germination of the cultivated leguminous. In addition, one of detected phytepsins showed stability on pH scale, which is important for industrial uses. There was also detected a metallo-carboxypeptidase activity, which has been not described in plants. These peptidases must be isolated to confirm or not these indications. However, these data indicate the biological and technological importance of extending the studies about plant peptidases on a diverse genetic basis.展开更多
Acacia seyal is a leguminous plant that plays an important role in the ecosystem of Sahelian zone by producing gum, wood and fodder. The growth of A. seyal is subject to many constraints as salinity which can affect t...Acacia seyal is a leguminous plant that plays an important role in the ecosystem of Sahelian zone by producing gum, wood and fodder. The growth of A. seyal is subject to many constraints as salinity which can affect the development of this tree. Therefore, soil microorganisms can help A. seyal to better tolerate the effects of negative environmental stresses. The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to the salt tolerance of A. seyal, was evaluated by testing the effects of eight different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates in the performance of A. seyal seedlings subjected to different levels of salinity (0, 340 and 680 mM). The results based on growth parameters of shoot and root parts, shoot mineral N, P, K and Na content as well as survival rates and mycorrhization showed that AMF improved mineral nutrition of A. seyal seedlings during salt stress. The combination between AMF and salinity provided evidence that the efficiency of AMF isolates were variable in improving mineral nutrition and mortality rate for A. seyal seedlings related to the level of salt stress. However, the effects of inoculation were variable depending to the AMF isolate associated with seedlings and the level of salinity, suggesting that interactions between plants and AMF can be modulated by both AMF diversity and the type and level of abiotic factors. Rhizophagus intraradices was more efficient at 680 mM NaCl in plant growth and mineral uptake while Glomus deserticola did not promote a better plant development than most of the other species inoculated to seedlings.展开更多
The content of chemical compounds of two leguminous plants (Alysicarpus ovalifolius and Indigofera pilosa) was given through chromatographic methods (HPLC) and spectrocolorimetry. The principal isolated compounds are:...The content of chemical compounds of two leguminous plants (Alysicarpus ovalifolius and Indigofera pilosa) was given through chromatographic methods (HPLC) and spectrocolorimetry. The principal isolated compounds are: β-Carotene in the sheets, the vitamin B in the roots and the vitamin C in the pods. Trace elements are not also insulated in the two plant species. The results show a content iodine (0.27 mg/100g of sample) particularly high in the stems of Indigofera pilosa, what could explain the use of the plant to fight against the thyroid dysfunctions. The ratio iron in mg/100g of sample 114.14 is rather important and would make Indigofera pilosa a palliative against anaemia. The two plants would be indicated in cases of treatment of hypocalcaemia.展开更多
The presence of trees in the pastures can bring several benefits to both the animals and to the soil under their influence.Thus,the objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of organic carbon and nitrogen und...The presence of trees in the pastures can bring several benefits to both the animals and to the soil under their influence.Thus,the objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of organic carbon and nitrogen under the baru canopy in the soil profile.Four adult baru trees were used.The samplings were made at the four cardinal points at four different distance points from the projection radius of the crown,being:P1=one-third of the crown projection radius length;P2=two-thirds of the crown projection radius length;P3=extremity of the crown projection radius;P4=one and a half times the maximum crown projection radius length.Soil samples were collected at each point at depths of 0-0.10,0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m.Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were evaluated and the C/N ratio was calculated.The baru trees influenced the soil organic and carbon contents in the areas under their canopy.The organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher in relation to the tree trunk(P1)and also in the most superficial layer of the soil(0-0.10 m).The C/N ratio was higher outside the tree canopy and in the deeper layer.展开更多
To better understand the effects of direct sowing under mulch-based cropping system (DMC) in Burkina Faso’s cotton production systems, randomized blocks of Fisher experimental design were implemented at Farako-B<s...To better understand the effects of direct sowing under mulch-based cropping system (DMC) in Burkina Faso’s cotton production systems, randomized blocks of Fisher experimental design were implemented at Farako-B<span style="white-space:nowrap;">a</span> research station from 2010 to 2019. The study was conducted on lixisoil to evaluate DMC effects on biomass production, crops yields and soil chemical properties in a maize and cotton rotation system associated with cover crop. Conventional tillage and direct seeding without cover crop were compared to DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> (GERM. & EVRARD), DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> + <em>M</em><em>.</em> <em>cochinchinensis</em> mulch and DMC under <em>C. juncea</em> (L.) mulch used in association with maize. Biomass production, crop yields and soil chemistry were evaluated. Results showed that over 10 years, no-till with or without a cover crop provided cotton seed and maize yields that were statistically equivalent to the tillage commonly practiced by farmers. Cover crop has allowed increasing the biomass production compared to Conventional Tillage and Direct Seeding. Maize yield has not varied significantly with the cover crop. After 10 years of maize and cotton rotation, the improvement raised from +27% to +38% for organic matter and from +15% to +29% for nitrogen with DMC including legumes such as <em>M. cochinchinensis</em> and <em>C. juncea</em> compared to Conventional Tillage on 0 - 5 cm depth. No significant differences were found on soil pH like P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>O content. Although DMC with <em>C. juncea</em> used as cover crop did not provide the best biomass production, it contributes to increase nitrogen and organic matter and presents better mineral balances in 10 years of rotation. The 5 - 10 cm and 10 - 20 cm were little influenced by DMC systems.展开更多
The profile of polypeptides separated by SDS-PAGE from seed of major crop species such as pea (Pisum sativum) is complex, resulting from cleavage (processing) of precursors expressed from multiple copies of genes enco...The profile of polypeptides separated by SDS-PAGE from seed of major crop species such as pea (Pisum sativum) is complex, resulting from cleavage (processing) of precursors expressed from multiple copies of genes encoding vicilin and legumin, the major storage globulins. Translation in vitro of mRNAs hybrid-selected from mid-maturation pea seed RNAs by denned vicilin and legumin cDNA clones provided precursor molecules that were cleaved in vitro by a cell-free protease extract obtained from similar stage seed; the derived polypep tides were of comparable sizes to those observed in vivo. The feasibility of transcribing mENA in vitro from a cDNA clone and cleavage in vitro of the derived translation products was established for a legumin clone, providing a method for determining polypeptide products of an expressed sequence. This approach will also be useful for characterising cleavage site requirements since modifications an readily be introduced at the DNA level.展开更多
基金supported by the‘Double First-Class’Key Scientific Research Project of Education Department in Gansu Province,China(GSSYLXM-02)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218 and 32160765)+3 种基金the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-22-G-12)the Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province,China(20JR5RA037 and 21JR7RA836)the Postdoctoral Research Start-up Foundation of Gansu Province,China(03824034)the Postdoctoral Research Start-up Foundation of Gansu Agricultural University,China(202403)。
文摘A critical challenge for global food security and sustainable agriculture is enhancing crop yields while reducing chemical N inputs.Improving N use efficiency in crops is essential for increasing agricultural productivity.The aim of this study was to evaluate the impacts of intercropping maize with leguminous green manure on grain yield and N utilization under reduced N-fertilization conditions.A field experiment with a split-plot design was conducted in northwestern China from 2018 to 2021.The main plots consisted of two cropping systems:maize-common vetch intercropping(IM)and sole maize(SM).The subplots had three N levels:zero N application(N0,0 kg ha^(-1)),a 25%reduction from the traditional chemical N supply(N1,270 kg ha^(-1)),and the traditional chemical N supply(N2,360 kg ha^(-1)).The results showed that the negative effects of N reduction on maize grain yield and N uptake were compensated by intercropping leguminous green manure,and the improvements increased with cultivation years.The integrated system involving maize-leguminous green manure intercropping and a reduced N supply enhanced N translocation from maize vegetative organs to grains and increased the nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities in maize leaves.The supercompensatory effect in maize leaves increased year by year,reaching values of 16.1,21.3,and 25.5%in 2019,2020,and 2021,respectively.These findings suggest that intercropping maize with leguminous green manure under reduced chemical N input can enhance N assimilation and uptake in maize.By using this strategy,chemical fertilizer is effectively replaced by leguminous green manure,thereby improving N use efficiency and maintaining stable yields in the maize-based intercropping system.
基金Supported by the Key Technologies R&D Program of Henan Province(092102110105)the Docforal Foundation of Henan Institute of Engineering(D09010)+1 种基金the Critical Patented Projects in the Control and Management of National Polluted Water Bodies(2009ZX07104-005-03,2009ZX07102-003-004,2008ZX07101-007)the Open Lab Project of Hydrobiology Institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences(2009FBZ09)~~
文摘[Objective] To study the differences in the tolerance of leguminous crops and cruciferous crops to microcystin （MC）. [Methed] The cruciferous typical crops oilseed rapes, pakchois, cabbages and leguminous typical crops soybeans, peas and broad beans were selected as the materials to test the effects of MC of differ- ent concentrations on the germination, growth and development of leguminous crops and cruciferous crops. The measurement indicators included germination rate, plant height, chlorophyll, etc. [Result] The MC had great effects on the oilseed rape and pakchois of cruciferous crops, and smaller effects on cabbage, while the leguminous crops were generally not affected. [Conclusion] Leguminous crops are more tolerant to MC than cruciferous crops and more preferential in MC polluted regions.
基金support of the NationalNatural Science Foundation of China(31201820)the Excellent Young Scientists Foundation of the Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Changchun,China(DLSYQ12008)
文摘An in vitro rumen gas production technique was employed to determine the methane production and fermentation characteristics of Leymus chinensis and Medicago ruthenica at differing harvest dates（May 15,May 30,June 30,July 30,August 30 and September 30）,which are sequential phases within a single continuous growth of two 10-year-old pastures.To quantify the rate of degradation and compare in vitro rumen fermentation characteristic,a logistic-exponential model,where initial gas volume was zero（LE_0）,was used to fit gas production and methane output results.Dried,milled forage samples were incubated in vitro for 72 h at 39℃ and gas production was recorded intermittently throughout the incubation and gas samples were collected to measure methane production.Results showed that there were significant interactions between species and harvest for all chemical composition variables（P〈0.001） and condensed tannin content（P〈0.001）.L.chinensis produced more total gas and methane than M.ruthenica（P〈0.001）.Both total gas and methane production decreased lineally（P〈0.001） with advancing harvest date.The degradation rates of L.chinensis and M.ruthenica harvested on September 30 were lower than those on the other harvest dates（P〈0.01）.M.ruthenica fermented fluid had higher concentration of ammonia N（P〈0.05） and molar proportions of isobutyrate（P〈0.01）,valerate（P〈0.001） and isovalerate（P〈0.01） in total volatile fatty acids than L chinensis.Furthermore,concentration of isovalerate decreased cubically with advancing harvest date（P〈0.05）.In conclusion,M.ruthenica produced less methane than L.chinensis and the total gas and methane production decreased with advancing harvest date for both species,which may be due to the changes in contents of chemical compositions and condensed tannin in forages.
文摘Agricultural activities that encourage slashing, burning and ploughing greatly affect the soil structure and soil organic matter on which soil water retention depends. In this study, we hypothesized that inclusion of rotational leguminous tree species improves soil water retention in a semi-arid conservation agriculture system. In a study done in Kibwezi, semi-arid eastern Kenya, results showed that the amount of water retained in the different soil strata from plots with different tree species and tillage practices was highly significant (P = 0.032). Plots with planting basins and Gliricidia sepium and Faidherbia albida tree species retained more water in both the upper and lower strata. Plots with G. sepium tree species under planting basins and zero tillage under F. albida had significantly higher soil organic carbon levels than plots that were managed under ridges and ploughing (P = 0.002). On the other hand, bulk density in plots with planting basins and zero tillage and ridges ranged between 1.35 g/cm3 and 1.53 g/cm3. Conventional tillage plots had bulk density values of 1.65 g/cm3 and 1.72 g/cm3 in the upper and lower strata respectively. The time-dependent nature of rotational leguminous tree species on soil organic matter and soil water retention in the semi-arid conservation agriculture system highlights the importance of considering these species for improving organic carbon and water retention for improved crop production.
文摘The impacts of climate change on crop yields are receiving renewed interest,with focus on cereals and staple crops at the regional and national scales.Yet,the impacts of climate change on the yields of leguminous crops in the local context has not been explored.Thus,an in-depth understanding of climate change in the local context may support the design of locally relevant adaptation responses to current and future climate risks.This study examined the impacts of climate variables(annual rainfall,annual average temperature,rainfall indices(rainfall onset,rainfall cessation,and the length of rainy days),and the number of dry days)on the yields of leguminous crops(groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans)in the Guinea Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana during the period of 1989-2020.The data were analysed using Mann-Kendall’s trend,Sen’s slope test,correlation analysis,and Multiple Regression Analysis(MRA).The findings revealed that annual rainfall,annual average temperature,rainfall onset,rainfall cessation,and the length of rainy days,and the number of dry days all showed varied impacts on the yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans.The trend analysis detected a marginal decrease in the amount of rainfall,rainfall onset,and the number of dry days from 1989 to 2020(P>0.050).Annual average temperature and the length of rainy days substantially varied(P<0.050)from 1989 to 2020,showing an increasing trend.The findings also showed a marked upward trend for the yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans during 2005-2020.The climate variables analysed above increased the yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans by 49.0%,55.0%,and 69.0%,respectively.The yields of groundnuts,cowpeas,and soybeans fluctuated with the variability of 30.0%,28.0%,and 27.0%from 2005 to 2020,respectively.The three leguminous crops under study demonstrated unpredictable yields due to the variations of annual rainfall,annual average temperature,rainfall onset,rainfall cessation,the length of rainy days,and the number of dry days,which stressed the need for agricultural diversification,changing planting dates,using improved seed variety,and irrigation to respond to climate change.The results of this study implied that climate change considerably impacts crop production in the Guinea Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana,emphasizing the urgency of locally based and farmer-induced adaptation measures for food security and resilient agricultural systems.
文摘This study was carried out to assess the relationship of the status of nodulation(i.e., the number of nodules, their shape and size) in root and biomass production of plant growth parameters(i.e., number of leaves, root and shoot lengths, root biomass and shoot biomass) in Albizia saman and Leucaena leucocephala. The assessment started 60 days after seeding. The study revealed that nodulation response and biomass production in both species showed significant differences over time(p < 0.05) in all variables except in the root-shoot ratio(oven-dry) of L. leucocephala. The study also showed significant differences(p < 0.05) in nodule formation and biomass production at the end of the study period between the two species except in the number of nodules and leaves and the green root-shoot ratio. There were strong positive correlations between nodule formation and biomass production, i.e., the number of nodules and the age of plants, the number of nodules and leaves, as well as the number of nodules and biomass(root biomass and shoot biomass) in both species. The results obtained using principal component analysis(PCA) and correlation coefficients of the different characteristics of nodulation and biomass production were similar in both species. The PCA showed that shoot biomass(shoot green weight and shoot oven-dry weight) is positively correlated with PC1(with an eigenvalue of 7.50) and root length is positively correlated with PC2(with an eigenvalue of 0.19) in the case of A. saman. In the case of L. leucocephala, the PCA revealed that root biomass(root green weight and root oven-dry weight), shoot biomass and shoot length are also positively correlated with PC1, while nodule formation and the number of leaves are positively correlated with PC2(with an eigenvalue PC1 of 6.92 and PC2 of 0.49).
文摘The investigation was conducted to determine physiological criteria of early selection for salt tolerant leguminous plants. Plants were subjected to 5 levels of salt stress at the roots （0, 50, 100,150 and 200 mM NaCI）. Results showed that sodium chloride had an underrating effect on growth of stems and seed germination of the species studied. The germination rates of seeds of Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris （sensitive glyeophytes） were affected from 3 g/L of NaCl, with critical thresholds at 9 and 12 g/L respectively. In contrast, critical thresholds with Mucunapoggei （facultative halophyte）, Vigna unguiculata （moderately tolerant glycophyte） and P. adenanthus （natural halophyte） was found to be above 21 g/L. The reduction of stems growth rate were not significant in P. adenanthus whereas in M. poggei and V. unguiculata this inhibition was observed just when nutritive solutions were enriched with 200 mM. The lipid contents were reduced in all the species under salt stress, whereas proteins and proline contents in the leaves were substantially increased in tolerant species （M. poggei, P. adenanthus and V. unguiculata）. In contrast, proteins and leaf proline contents were negatively affected by salt concentration to G. max and P. vulgaris. Seed germination, proteins and proline could be used as physiological criteria of early selection for salt tolerant leguminous plants.
文摘This paper help with leguminous seeds detection and smart farming. There are hundreds of kinds of seeds and itcan be very difficult to distinguish between them. Botanists and those who study plants, however, can identifythe type of seed at a glance. As far as we know, this is the first work to consider leguminous seeds images withdifferent backgrounds and different sizes and crowding. Machine learning is used to automatically classify andlocate 11 different seed types. We chose Leguminous seeds from 11 types to be the objects of this study. Thosetypes are of different colors, sizes, and shapes to add variety and complexity to our research. The images datasetof the leguminous seeds was manually collected, annotated, and then split randomly into three sub-datasetstrain, validation, and test (predictions), with a ratio of 80%, 10%, and 10% respectively. The images consideredthe variability between different leguminous seed types. The images were captured on five different backgrounds: white A4 paper, black pad, dark blue pad, dark green pad, and green pad. Different heights and shootingangles were considered. The crowdedness of the seeds also varied randomly between 1 and 50 seeds per image.Different combinations and arrangements between the 11 types were considered. Two different image-capturingdevices were used: a SAMSUNG smartphone camera and a Canon digital camera. A total of 828 images wereobtained, including 9801 seed objects (labels). The dataset contained images of different backgrounds, heights,angles, crowdedness, arrangements, and combinations. The TensorFlow framework was used to construct theFaster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (R-CNN) model and CSPDarknet53 is used as the backbonefor YOLOv4 based on DenseNet designed to connect layers in convolutional neural. Using the transfer learningmethod, we optimized the seed detection models. The currently dominant object detection methods, Faster RCNN, and YOLOv4 performances were compared experimentally. The mAP (mean average precision) of the FasterR-CNN and YOLOv4 models were 84.56% and 98.52% respectively. YOLOv4 had a significant advantage in detection speed over Faster R-CNN which makes it suitable for real-time identification as well where high accuracy andlow false positives are needed. The results showed that YOLOv4 had better accuracy, and detection ability, as wellas faster detection speed beating Faster R-CNN by a large margin. The model can be effectively applied under avariety of backgrounds, image sizes, seed sizes, shooting angles, and shooting heights, as well as different levelsof seed crowding. It constitutes an effective and efficient method for detecting different leguminous seeds incomplex scenarios. This study provides a reference for further seed testing and enumeration applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31371328,31571366,31470191)the Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Province(2013C3303,2014C33019)Project of Jiangxi Academy of Science(2014-XTPH1-09,2014-YYB-09)
文摘Many small RNAs have been confirmed to play important roles in the development of root nodules and arbuscular mycorrhiza. In this study, we carried out the identification of certain small RNAs in leguminous plants(Medicago truncatula, soybean, peanut and common bean), such as miRNAs, tRFs and srRNAs, as well as the computational investigation of their regulations. Thirty miRNAs were predicted to be involved in establishing root nodules and mycorrhiza, and 12 of them were novel in common bean and peanut. The generation of tRFs in M. truncatula was not associated with tRNA gene frequencies and codon usage. Six tRFs exhibited different expressions in mycorrhiza and root nodules. Moreover, srRNA^(5.8S) in M. truncatula was generated from the regions with relatively low conservation at the rRNA 3′ terminal. The protein-protein interactions between the proteins encoded by the target genes of miRNAs, tRFs and srRNAs were computed. The regulation of these three types of sRNAs in the symbiosis between leguminous plants and microorganisms is not a single regulation of certain signaling or metabolic pathways but a global regulation for the plants to own growth or specific events in symbiosis.
基金supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M741742)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFD1501600)+1 种基金Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent,China(No.2023ZB122)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32371626)。
文摘Plant roots and their associated mycorrhizal fungi critically mediate the decomposition of soil organic carbon(C),but the general patterns of their impacts over a broad geographical range and the primary mediating factors remain unclear.Based on a synthesis of 596 paired observations from both field and greenhouse experiments,we found that living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi increased organic C decomposition by 30.9%,but low soil nitrogen(N)availability(i.e.,high soil C:N ratio)critically mitigated this promotion effect.In addition,the positive effects of living roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi on organic C decomposition were higher under herbaceous and leguminous plants than under woody and non-leguminous plants,respectively.Surprisingly,there was no significant difference between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi in their effects on organic C decomposition.Furthermore,roots and/or mycorrhizal fungi significantly enhanced the decomposition of leaf litter but not root litter.These findings advance our understanding of how roots and their symbiotic fungi modulate soil C dynamics in the rhizosphere or mycorrhizosphere and may help improve predictions of soil global C balance under a changing climate.
文摘Soil microbial biomass is an active fraction of soil organic matter. It shows quicker response than soil organic matter to any change in the soil environment. Being an index of soil fertility, it plays a key role in the decomposition of litters and fast release of available nutrients. Leaf litters of leguminous and non-leguminous species in alone and mixed form were applied as treatments in the soil to observe the changes in the magnitude of soil microbial biomass. Soil microbial biomass C and N were determined by chloroform fumigation extraction method. Increment in the concentration of microbial biomass C and N was higher in the treatments with leguminous leaf litter (497 - 571 μgCg?1, 48 - 55 μgNg?1) than the non-leguminous one (256 - 414 μgCg?1;22 - 36 μgNg?1). However, when non-leguminous litters were mixed with leguminous litters then the values increased distinctly (350 - 465 μgCg?1, 28 - 48 μgNg?1). On the basis of increment in soil microbial biomass, leaf litters of the species considered potential to improve soil nutrients are—Cassia siamea and Dalbergia sissoo from leguminous trees, Anthocephalus + Cassia and Shorea + Dalbergia from mixed form of non-leguminous and leguminous one and Eichhornia crassipes, an alien aquatic macrophyte. The leaf litters of these species can be used as source of organic matter to improve the crop yield.
基金financially supported by the Open Fund of Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention (No. FECPP201804)the Key Research and Development Project of Anhui Province, China (No. 1804a07020121)+2 种基金the Special Foundation for Young Scientists of Anhui Province, China (No. gxyq ZD2016236)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province, China (No. 1808085MC80)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2017YFD0200604)
文摘The effects of plant vegetation on phosphorus （P） speciation, pH, total carbon concentration, total nitrogen concentration, and alkaline phosphatase activities were investigated to explore the P uptake strategy of plants in low-P soil and to determine the nutrient stoichiometric ratio changes in the rhizosphere of plants （Imperata cylindrica, Miscanthus floridulus, Zoysia sinica, Artemisia lavandulaefolia, Indigofera pseudotinctoria, and Conyza canadensis） which had grown for approximately 15 years in copper mine tailings, East China. The results showed that the average pH values in the rhizosphere decreased by 0.06 1.37 compared with those in the non-rhizosphere. The alkaline phosphatase activities of the rhizosphere were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizosphere. The mean concentrations of aluminum （A1）- and iron （Fe）-bound P and Ca2-P （CaHPO4） in the rhizosphere of all plants were 5.4% to 87.7%, 49.2% to 214.2%, and 86.6% to 147.6% higher than those in the non-rhizosphere, respectively. Except for Cas-P （CasH2（PO4）6） and Cal0-P （Cal0（PO4）6（OH）2） in the rhizosphere, all kinds of inorganic P forms were negatively correlated with pH. Significant correlation was also observed among the concentrations of dominant forms of inorganic P, C, and N and alkaline phosphatase activities in the rhizosphere. Among the studied species, I. pseudotinetoria showed the most significant effect on enhancing soil available P concentration. The stoichiometric ratios of C：P and N：P were apparently higher in the rhizosphere than the non-rhizosphere, whereas these ratios were far below the ratios commonly observed in Chinese soils. These results indicated that the plant growth effectively affected P fractions possibly by changing pH, C and N concentrations, and alkaline phosphatase activity, in the rhizosphere in copper mine railings.
基金funded by the National Science and Technology Support Project (Grant No.2008BAD7B09-2)
文摘Calcaric regosols are a valuable land resource, distributed widely across western China. Soil quality has deteriorated considerably in recent years owing to the blind pursuit of economic benefits. A 2-year field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of using spent mushroom compost, leguminous plant (Vicia sepium L.) compost, and a combination of the two (at a 1:1 and 2:1 ratio), on rice yield and soil quality in a suburb of China. Vicia sepium L. composted with spent mushroom compost at a 1:1 ratio produced the highest grain and stover yield, grain and stover phosphorus concentration, and phosphorus uptake of rice; they were 56.5%, 93.2%, 89.3%, 198.6% and 22.2% greater than control soil, respectively. The 2:1 ratio (Vicia sepium L.: spent mushroom compost) produced the highest grain N concentration, stover N concentration, and N uptake; they were 31.6%, 31.4%, and 40.7% higher than control, respectively. Soil physical, chemical, and environmental properties were improved with the application of Vicia sepium L. composted with spent mushroom compost at a 2:1 ratio. In particular, soil water-stable aggregates, organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, total nitrogen, available potassium, and cation exchange capacity increased, whereas bulk density, pH, and phytoavailable heavy metals decreased. This organic treatment is beneficial to improve soil quality indicators, and contribute to soil restoration.
基金fully funded by the International Foundation for Science (IFS) in Stockholmsupported by the West Africa Regional Program of the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Security (CCAFS) in Bamako, Mali
文摘With limited use of inorganic fertilizers on smallholder farms,plant residues could be viable alternatives for soil fertility improvement.This study was conducted to determine how residue quality and decomposition of nine plant species influence soil N availability,microbial biomass,andβ-glucosidase activity during soil fertility improvement.Significant differences in N concentration were found among the species,ranging from 12.2 g kg-1 in Zea mays to 39.2 g kg-1 in Baphia nitida.The C/N ratio was the highest in Z.mays(34.4),whereas lignin and polyphenol concentrations were the greatest in Acacia auriculiformis.The highest decomposition rate(0.251%per day)occurred in Tithonia diversifolia,and the lowest in A.auriculiformis,Albizia zygia,B.nitida,and Z.mays,with the half-lives of 28-56 d.Between 80%and 89%of N,P,K,Ca,and Mg were released from T.diversifolia in 7 d,compared with over 70%retention in A.auriculiformis,B.nitida,and Z.mays.The decomposition and nutrient release half-lives of Gliricidia sepium,Leucaena leucocephala,Azadirachta indica,and Senna spectabilis were less than 14 d.Soil mineral N,microbial biomass,andβ-glucosidase activity increased under all treatments,with T.diversifolia having the greatest effect.While N mineralization occurred in all of the species throughout the experiment,an initial N immobilization was recorded in the A.zy.gia,B.nitida,A.auriculiformis,and Z.mays treatments for up to 14 d.Decomposition and nutrient release rates,mineral N,soil microbial biomass,andβ-glucosidase activity were dependent on residue quality,and P and lignin levels,the lignin/N ratio,and the(lignin+polyphenol)/N ratio had the most significant effects(P≤0.05).
文摘Proteolysis of seed storage proteins (SSP) during germination provides a steady supply of amino acids to the embryo development into seedling. This process is coordinated by different peptidases that act sequentially and overlaid mode. These enzymes are an ancient group evolved separately in a wide structural and functional diversity and have many applications in medicine, pharmacy and industry. However, the knowledge about seed peptidases during germination was obtained from studies almost restricted to the cultivated species. This restriction implies caution about generalizations made from these studies, as well limits the biological knowledge about plant kingdom and technological use from plant peptidases. In this work, a scan of the proteolytic activity was held in germinating seeds of a leguminous subtropical woody tree. Eleven proteolytic activities were detected in protein extracts from embryonic axis and cotyledons. The presence and intensity of these activities varied over time and between these tissues. There was indication that aspartyl-endopeptidases (phytepsins) and cysteine-carboxypeptidases (plant cathepsins) were involved in A. colubrina SSP hydrolysis. These peptidases differ to that commonly involved in germination of the cultivated leguminous. In addition, one of detected phytepsins showed stability on pH scale, which is important for industrial uses. There was also detected a metallo-carboxypeptidase activity, which has been not described in plants. These peptidases must be isolated to confirm or not these indications. However, these data indicate the biological and technological importance of extending the studies about plant peptidases on a diverse genetic basis.
文摘Acacia seyal is a leguminous plant that plays an important role in the ecosystem of Sahelian zone by producing gum, wood and fodder. The growth of A. seyal is subject to many constraints as salinity which can affect the development of this tree. Therefore, soil microorganisms can help A. seyal to better tolerate the effects of negative environmental stresses. The contribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) to the salt tolerance of A. seyal, was evaluated by testing the effects of eight different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates in the performance of A. seyal seedlings subjected to different levels of salinity (0, 340 and 680 mM). The results based on growth parameters of shoot and root parts, shoot mineral N, P, K and Na content as well as survival rates and mycorrhization showed that AMF improved mineral nutrition of A. seyal seedlings during salt stress. The combination between AMF and salinity provided evidence that the efficiency of AMF isolates were variable in improving mineral nutrition and mortality rate for A. seyal seedlings related to the level of salt stress. However, the effects of inoculation were variable depending to the AMF isolate associated with seedlings and the level of salinity, suggesting that interactions between plants and AMF can be modulated by both AMF diversity and the type and level of abiotic factors. Rhizophagus intraradices was more efficient at 680 mM NaCl in plant growth and mineral uptake while Glomus deserticola did not promote a better plant development than most of the other species inoculated to seedlings.
文摘The content of chemical compounds of two leguminous plants (Alysicarpus ovalifolius and Indigofera pilosa) was given through chromatographic methods (HPLC) and spectrocolorimetry. The principal isolated compounds are: β-Carotene in the sheets, the vitamin B in the roots and the vitamin C in the pods. Trace elements are not also insulated in the two plant species. The results show a content iodine (0.27 mg/100g of sample) particularly high in the stems of Indigofera pilosa, what could explain the use of the plant to fight against the thyroid dysfunctions. The ratio iron in mg/100g of sample 114.14 is rather important and would make Indigofera pilosa a palliative against anaemia. The two plants would be indicated in cases of treatment of hypocalcaemia.
文摘The presence of trees in the pastures can bring several benefits to both the animals and to the soil under their influence.Thus,the objective of this study was to evaluate the levels of organic carbon and nitrogen under the baru canopy in the soil profile.Four adult baru trees were used.The samplings were made at the four cardinal points at four different distance points from the projection radius of the crown,being:P1=one-third of the crown projection radius length;P2=two-thirds of the crown projection radius length;P3=extremity of the crown projection radius;P4=one and a half times the maximum crown projection radius length.Soil samples were collected at each point at depths of 0-0.10,0.10-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m.Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were evaluated and the C/N ratio was calculated.The baru trees influenced the soil organic and carbon contents in the areas under their canopy.The organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher in relation to the tree trunk(P1)and also in the most superficial layer of the soil(0-0.10 m).The C/N ratio was higher outside the tree canopy and in the deeper layer.
文摘To better understand the effects of direct sowing under mulch-based cropping system (DMC) in Burkina Faso’s cotton production systems, randomized blocks of Fisher experimental design were implemented at Farako-B<span style="white-space:nowrap;">a</span> research station from 2010 to 2019. The study was conducted on lixisoil to evaluate DMC effects on biomass production, crops yields and soil chemical properties in a maize and cotton rotation system associated with cover crop. Conventional tillage and direct seeding without cover crop were compared to DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> (GERM. & EVRARD), DMC under <em>B</em>. <em>ruziziensis</em> + <em>M</em><em>.</em> <em>cochinchinensis</em> mulch and DMC under <em>C. juncea</em> (L.) mulch used in association with maize. Biomass production, crop yields and soil chemistry were evaluated. Results showed that over 10 years, no-till with or without a cover crop provided cotton seed and maize yields that were statistically equivalent to the tillage commonly practiced by farmers. Cover crop has allowed increasing the biomass production compared to Conventional Tillage and Direct Seeding. Maize yield has not varied significantly with the cover crop. After 10 years of maize and cotton rotation, the improvement raised from +27% to +38% for organic matter and from +15% to +29% for nitrogen with DMC including legumes such as <em>M. cochinchinensis</em> and <em>C. juncea</em> compared to Conventional Tillage on 0 - 5 cm depth. No significant differences were found on soil pH like P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and K<sub>2</sub>O content. Although DMC with <em>C. juncea</em> used as cover crop did not provide the best biomass production, it contributes to increase nitrogen and organic matter and presents better mineral balances in 10 years of rotation. The 5 - 10 cm and 10 - 20 cm were little influenced by DMC systems.
文摘The profile of polypeptides separated by SDS-PAGE from seed of major crop species such as pea (Pisum sativum) is complex, resulting from cleavage (processing) of precursors expressed from multiple copies of genes encoding vicilin and legumin, the major storage globulins. Translation in vitro of mRNAs hybrid-selected from mid-maturation pea seed RNAs by denned vicilin and legumin cDNA clones provided precursor molecules that were cleaved in vitro by a cell-free protease extract obtained from similar stage seed; the derived polypep tides were of comparable sizes to those observed in vivo. The feasibility of transcribing mENA in vitro from a cDNA clone and cleavage in vitro of the derived translation products was established for a legumin clone, providing a method for determining polypeptide products of an expressed sequence. This approach will also be useful for characterising cleavage site requirements since modifications an readily be introduced at the DNA level.
