Legume foods are not only trendy but also rich in nutrients and offer unique health benefits.Nevertheless,allergies to soy and other legumes have emerged as critical issues in food safety,presenting significant challe...Legume foods are not only trendy but also rich in nutrients and offer unique health benefits.Nevertheless,allergies to soy and other legumes have emerged as critical issues in food safety,presenting significant challenges to the food processing industry and impacting consumer health.The complexity of legume allergens,coupled with inadequate allergen identification methods and the absence of robust detection and evaluation systems,complicates the management of these allergens.Here,we provide a comprehensive and critical review,mentioning various aspects related to legume allergies,including the types of legume allergens,the mechanisms behind these allergies,and the immunoglobulin E(Ig E)-binding epitopes involved,summarizing and discussing the detection techniques and the impact of different processing techniques on sensitization to legume proteins.Furthermore,this paper provides an overview of research advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for legume allergens and discusses current challenges and prospects for studying legume allergens.展开更多
Legumes,such as peas,beans,and alfalfa,have evolved a remarkable ability to establish root nodule symbioses with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria to fulfill their nitrogen needs.This partnership is characterized by a hig...Legumes,such as peas,beans,and alfalfa,have evolved a remarkable ability to establish root nodule symbioses with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria to fulfill their nitrogen needs.This partnership is characterized by a high degree of specificity,occurring both within and between host and bacterial species.Consequently,nodulation capacity and nitrogen-fixing efficiency vary significantly among different plant–bacteria pairs.The genetic and molecular mechanisms regulating symbiotic specificity are diverse,involving a wide array of host and bacterial genes and signals with various modes of action.Understanding the genetic basis of symbiotic specificity could enable the development of strategies to enhance nodulation capacity and nitrogen fixation efficiency.This knowledge will also help overcome the host range barrier,which is a critical step toward extending root nodule symbiosis to non-leguminous plants.In this review,we provide an update on our current understanding of the genetics and evolution of recognition specificity in root nodule symbioses,providing more comprehensive insights into the molecular signaling in plant–bacterial interactions.展开更多
Many studies have focused on various agricultural management measures to reduce agricultural nitrous oxide （N2O） emission. However, few studies have investigated soil N2O emissions in intercropping systems in the No...Many studies have focused on various agricultural management measures to reduce agricultural nitrous oxide （N2O） emission. However, few studies have investigated soil N2O emissions in intercropping systems in the North China Plain. Thus, we conducted a ifeld experiment to compare N2O emissions under monoculture and maize-legume intercropping systems. In 2010, ifve treatments, including monocultured maize （M）, maize-peanut （MP）, maize-alfalfa （MA）, maize-soybean （MS）, and maize-sweet clover （MSC） intercropping were designed to investigate this issue using the static chamber technique. In 2011, M, MP, and MS remained, and monocultured peanuts （P） and soybean （S） were added to the trial. The results showed that total production of N2O from different treatments ranged from （0.87＆#177;0.12） to （1.17＆#177;0.11） kg ha-1 in 2010, while those ranged from （3.35＆#177;0.30） to （9.10＆#177;2.09） kg ha-1 in 2011. MA and MSC had no signiifcant effect on soil N2O production compared to that of M （P＆lt;0.05）. Cumulative N2O emissions from MP in 2010 were signiifcantly lower than those from M, but the result was the opposite in 2011 （P＆lt;0.05）. MS signiifcantly reduced soil N2O emissions by 25.55 and 48.84%in 2010 and 2011, respectively （P＆lt;0.05）. Soil N2O emissions were signiifcantly correlated with soil water content, soil temperature, nitriifcation potential, soil NH4＋, and soil NO3-content （R2=0.160-0.764, P＆lt;0.01）. A stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that soil N2O release was mainly controlled by the interaction between soil moisture and soil NO3-content （R2=0.828, P＆lt;0.001）. These results indicate that MS had a coincident effect on soil N2O lfux and signiifcantly reduced soil N2O production compared to that of M over two growing seasons.展开更多
Food legumes comprise all legumes grown for human food in China as either dry grains or vegetables,except for soybean and groundnut.China has a vast territory with complex ecological conditions.Rotation,intercropping,...Food legumes comprise all legumes grown for human food in China as either dry grains or vegetables,except for soybean and groundnut.China has a vast territory with complex ecological conditions.Rotation,intercropping,and mixed cropping involving pulses are normal cropping systems in China.Whether indigenous or introduced crops,pulses have played an important role in Chinese cropping systems and made an important contribution to food resources for humans since ancient times.The six major food legume species(pea,faba bean,common bean,mung bean,adzuki bean,and cowpea) are the most well-known pulses in China,as well as those with more local distributions;runner bean,lima bean,chickpea,lentil,grass pea,lupine,rice bean,black gram,hyacinth bean,pigeon pea,velvet bean,winged bean,guar bean,sword bean,and jack bean.China has remained the world's leading producer of peas,faba beans,mung beans,and adzuki beans in recent decades,as documented by FAO statistics and China Agriculture Statistical Reports.The demand for food legumes as a healthy food will markedly increase with the improvement of living standards in China.Since China officially joined the World Trade Organization(WTO) in2001,imports of pea from Canada and Australia have rapidly increased,resulting in reduced prices for dry pea and other food legumes.With reduced profits for food legume crops,their sowing area and total production has decreased within China.At the same time,the rising consumer demand for vegetable food legumes as a healthy food has led to attractive market prices and sharp production increases in China.Vegetable food legumes have reduced growing duration and enable flexibility in cropping systems.In the future,production of dry food legumes will range from stable to slowly decreasing,while production of vegetable food legumes will continue to increase.展开更多
A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the in?uence of soil moisture content on plant growth and the rhizosphere microbial community structure of four plant species (white clover, alfalfa, sudan gras...A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the in?uence of soil moisture content on plant growth and the rhizosphere microbial community structure of four plant species (white clover, alfalfa, sudan grass, tall fescue), grown individually or in a mixture. The soil moisture content was adjusted to 55% or 80% water holding capacity (WHC). The results indicated that the total plant biomass of one pot was lower at 55% WHC. At a given soil moisture, the total plant biomass of white clover and tall ...展开更多
An incubation experiment was carried out on plateau and slope fields to investigate the effect of plant age and rock phosphate （RP） on the organic resource （OR） quality and available N and P release of the legume ...An incubation experiment was carried out on plateau and slope fields to investigate the effect of plant age and rock phosphate （RP） on the organic resource （OR） quality and available N and P release of the legume residues, including standing biomass and surface litter. The legumes, Mueuna pruriens （L.） and Lablab purpureus （L.）, were treated with or without Togo rock phosphate （RP） and were sampled at 12, 18, 24 and 30 weeks after planting. Results showed that the application of RP significantly affected the P content of the legume residues on the plateau field for the first 18 weeks, but not the other OR quality parameters, nor their N mineralization, or P release parameters. Although application of RP led to higher P contents in both legumes on the plateau field, the P contents were still far below those observed on the slope field. For both species, the biomass age appeared to have a major impact on their N, P, and polyphenol contents, but not on the liguin content. At 24 weeks, both legume N and P contents dropped to about half their values at 12 weeks of age. Residue age also significantly affected N mineralization both with and without RP addition and the net Olsen-P with RP addition. The younger residues generally led to higher N mineralization and net Olsen-P content than the older residues. The best immediate responses to herbaceous legume addition were expected from younger materials, but often at the cost of the total biomass produced and the possibility to produce seeds. The production of seeds, however, could be potentially implemented on a small area of legumes, thus invariably allowing for maturity and seed production.展开更多
Aberrant functioning of serine proteases in inflammatory and carcinogenic processes within the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)has prompted scientists to investigate the potential of serine protease inhibitors,both natural...Aberrant functioning of serine proteases in inflammatory and carcinogenic processes within the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)has prompted scientists to investigate the potential of serine protease inhibitors,both natural and synthetic,as modulators of their proteolytic activities.Protease inhibitors of the Bowman-Birk type,a major protease inhibitor family in legume seeds,which inhibit potently and specifically trypsin-and chymotrypsin-like proteases,are currently being investigated as colorectal chemopreventive agents.Physiologically relevant amounts of Bowman-Birk inhibitors(BBI)can reach the large intestine in active form due to their extraordinary resistance to extreme conditions within the GIT.Studies in animal models have proven that dietary BBI from several legume sources,including soybean,pea,lentil and chickpea,can prevent or suppress carcinogenic and inflammatory processes within the GIT.Although the therapeutic targets and the action mechanism of BBI have not yet been elucidated,the emerging evidence suggests that BBI exert their preventive properties via protease inhibition;in this sense,serine proteases should be considered as primary targets in early stages of carcinogenesis.The validation of candidate serine proteases as therapeutic targets together with the identification,within the wide array of natural BBI variants,of the most potent and specific protease inhibitors,are necessary to better understand the potential of this protein family as colorectal chemopreventive agents.展开更多
Achieving the green development of agriculture requires the reduction of chemical nitrogen(N)fertilizer input.Previous studies have confirmed that returning green manure to the field is an effective measure to improve...Achieving the green development of agriculture requires the reduction of chemical nitrogen(N)fertilizer input.Previous studies have confirmed that returning green manure to the field is an effective measure to improve crop yields while substituting partial chemical N fertilizer.However,it remains unclear how to further intensify the substituting function of green manure and elucidate its underlying agronomic mechanism.In a split-plot field experiment in spring wheat,different green manures returned to the field under reduced chemical N supply was established in an oasis area since 2018,in order to investigate the effect of green manure and reduced N on grain yield,N uptake,N use efficiency(NUE),N nutrition index,soil organic matter,and soil N of wheat in 2020-2022.Our results showed that mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40%of chemical N fertilizer without reducing grain yield or N accumulation.Noteworthily,mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20%showed the highest N agronomy efficiency and recovery efficiency,which were 92.0%and 46.0%higher than fallow after wheat harvest and conventional N application rate,respectively.The increase in NUE of wheat was mainly attributed to mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch,which increased N transportation quantity and transportation rate at pre-anthesis,enhanced N harvest index,optimized N nutrition index,and increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of leaf,respectively.Meanwhile,mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20%improved soil organic matter and N contents.Therefore,mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40%of chemical N fertilizer while maintaining grain yield and N accumulation,and it combined with reduced chemical N by 20%or 40%improved NUE of wheat via enhancing N supply and uptake.展开更多
Livestock is traditionally managed in mixed crop-livestock production systems in Sud-Kivu, D. R. Congo. Currently, livestock production is facing numerous constraints due to wars and insecurity in the country, with lo...Livestock is traditionally managed in mixed crop-livestock production systems in Sud-Kivu, D. R. Congo. Currently, livestock production is facing numerous constraints due to wars and insecurity in the country, with looting of animals, demographic pressure on natural resources, and lack of extension services. Multipurpose trees and shrubs with adequate forage quality could help overcome dry-season feed shortage. The objective of this research was to assess the agro-ecological adaptability of selected forage tree and shrub legumes combined with farmer participatory evaluation. The study was carried out at two distinct mid-altitude sites in Sud-Kivu. Trees and shrubs were planted randomly in eleven lines, with each species/accession consisting of nine plants split into three replications. Following a standardization cut after one year of growth, regular biomass harvests were performed every eight weeks during one year;Desmodium and Flemingia were cut at 0.5 m above soil surface, while Leucaena and Calliandra at 1 m. Before every harvest, plant height was measured and number of stems counted. Fresh leaf and stem biomass were weighted, sub samples dried and leaves analyzed for nutritive value. Results from agronomic evaluation show that Leucaena diversifolia ILRI 15551 and Leucaena leucocephala had the highest yield in the rainy season on fertile soil;during dry season, Leucaena diversifolia ILRI 15551 was superior. On poor soil, Flemingia macrophylla CIAT 17403 performed best in both seasons, however, its forage quality was relatively low. Forage tree and shrub legumes chosen by farmers were, in general, the same as those superior ones in agronomic evaluation.展开更多
An experiment was conducted during Kharif seasons of 2009 and 2010 on sandy loam soil of West Bengal, India to evaluate the productivity and economic viability of maize ＋ legume intercropping systems in additive as w...An experiment was conducted during Kharif seasons of 2009 and 2010 on sandy loam soil of West Bengal, India to evaluate the productivity and economic viability of maize ＋ legume intercropping systems in additive as well as in replacement series with different row proportions. Maize （Zea rnays L.） cv. ＂Vijay＂ （composite）, green gram （Vigna radiata L.） cv. ＂Samrat＂, black gram （Vigna mungo L.） cv. ＂Sarada＂, soybean （Glycine max L. Merril） cv. ＂PK 327＂ and peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.） cv. ＂JL 24＂, were tested in monoculture as well as in intercropping situations with 1：1 （additive series） and 1：2 ratios （replacement series）. The result indicated that intercropped legumes improved the yield components of maize and offered some bonus yield. The highest maize grain yield （2,916.28 kg/ha） and maize equivalent yield （4,831.45 kg/ha） were recorded with maize ＋ green gram （1：1） and maize ＋ peanut （1：I）, respectively. The values of all the competition functions were always greater than unity and maize ＋ black gram （1：2） recorded the highest values of land equivalent ratio （1.433）, area time equivalent ratio （1.374） and land equivalent coefficient （0.421）. Maximum monetary advantage （Rs. 10,579.13） was found with maize ＋ green gam （l：1）. Maize ＋ peanut （1：2） combination recorded the highest relative net return （2.01）, net return （Rs. 28,523.08）, benefit-cost ratio （2.76） ad per day return （Rs. 259.30）.展开更多
This special issue is focused on grain legumes,which belong to the Fabaceae family.Legumes are the second largest family of plants in the world after the grasses and are key components of manmade and natural ecosystem...This special issue is focused on grain legumes,which belong to the Fabaceae family.Legumes are the second largest family of plants in the world after the grasses and are key components of manmade and natural ecosystems[1–3].They provide the environmental service of nitrogen fixation,so essential to soil construction and fertility maintenance,and are thus essential to agricultural systems[4,5].Different species of legumes range from huge trees to shrubs展开更多
To better understand the diversity of metal resistance genetic determinant from microbes that survived at metal tailings in northwest of China, a highly elevated level of heavy metal containing region, genomic analyse...To better understand the diversity of metal resistance genetic determinant from microbes that survived at metal tailings in northwest of China, a highly elevated level of heavy metal containing region, genomic analyses was conducted using genome sequence of three native metal-resistant plant growth promoting bacteria（PGPB）. It shows that： Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 contains metal transporters from P-type ATPase, CDF（Cation Diffusion Facilitator）, Hup E/Ure J and CHR（chromate ion transporter） family involved in copper, zinc, nickel as well as chromate resistance and homeostasis. Meanwhile, the putative Cop A/Cue O system is expected to mediate copper resistance in Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020 while Znt A transporter, assisted with putative Czc D, determines zinc tolerance in Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286. The greenhouse experiment provides the consistent evidence of the plant growth promoting effects of these microbes on their hosts by nitrogen fixation and/or indoleacetic acid（IAA） secretion,indicating a potential in-site phytoremediation usage in the mining tailing regions of China.展开更多
Evaluation of 450 surface sterilized tissue segments of a seasonal wild legume, Sesbania bispinosa （Jacq.）, of coastal sand dunes and mangroves of southwest India yielded 546 isolates comprising 39 endophytic fungi ...Evaluation of 450 surface sterilized tissue segments of a seasonal wild legume, Sesbania bispinosa （Jacq.）, of coastal sand dunes and mangroves of southwest India yielded 546 isolates comprising 39 endophytic fungi with six dominant taxa （Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium chrysogenum and morpho sp. 1）. A consortium of saprophytic, pathogenic and toxigenic fungi exists as endophytes in S. bispinosa. Number of segments colonized, number of isolates obtained, species richness and diversity were higher in S. bispinosa in mangroves compared to coastal sand dunes. Seeds yielded more fungal isolates, but species richness and diversity were low. In spite of low fungal colonization in root segments, the diversity was high. Up to 30-40 % endophytic fungi of S. bispinosa differed between coastal sand dunes and mangroves revealing partial host- and habitat-specificity. As S. bispi- nosa is extensively used as green manure and forage in southwest India, further studies especially on the bioactive compounds of its endophytic fungi might broaden its range of uses. In addition to conventional morphologicaltechniques, molecular tools would provide precise insight on the endophytic fungi of coastal sand dunes and mangroves.展开更多
A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of leguminous crop cultivation on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from upland agricultural soils. Results demonstrated that N2O emission sequences were that peanut ...A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of leguminous crop cultivation on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from upland agricultural soils. Results demonstrated that N2O emission sequences were that peanut crop> soybean>upland rice in terms of N2O-N flux, being 25.9, 21.2 and 18.4μg/m2·h respectively . While in terms of seasonal emission, the sequence was that soybean > peanut crop > upland rice, being 0.77, 0.70 and 0.55 kg/ha respectively. Results also demonstrated that legume crop treatment emitted much more N2O than non-legume upland rice treatment and that N fertilized treatments emitted more than unfertilized treatments, average N2O-N flux being 25.8 and 17.9μg/m2·h respectively. Legume crop cultivation and N fertilizer, therefore, were one of the important sources of N2O emissions from agricultural fields.展开更多
Production performance of four forage legumes species of Medicago sativa,Onobrychis viciifolia,Lotus corniculatus and Galega officinalis were determined,including plant height,above-ground biomass per unit area,tiller...Production performance of four forage legumes species of Medicago sativa,Onobrychis viciifolia,Lotus corniculatus and Galega officinalis were determined,including plant height,above-ground biomass per unit area,tillers per unit area,fertile tillers per unit area,shoot /leaf ratio and fresh /dry matter weight ratio,and the distribution characteristics of their root systems in 0- 100 cm soil layers with 10 cm interval were studied. Results showed that the average aboveground fresh biomass(4 a and 5 a) of four forage legumes species successively were L. corniculatus 】 M. sativa 】 O. viciifolia 】 G. officinalis. The average plant heights in two years successively were O. viciifolia 】 M. sativa 】 G. officinalis 】 L. corniculatus. Tillers per unit area of four forage legume species in two years successively were M. sativa 】 L. corniculatus 】 O. viciifolia 】 G. officinalis. Fertile tillers per unit area in two years were O. viciifolia 】 M. sativa 】 L. corniculatus 】 G. officinalis. Average shoot /leaf ratio in two years were G. officinalis 】 M. sativa 】 O. viciifolia 】 L. corniculatus. Average moisture contents of four forage legume species in two years successively were G. officinalis 】 L. corniculatus 】 M. sativa = O. viciifolia. The distribution characteristics of root systems of four forage legumes species in 0- 100 cm soil layers were as follows: the root weights of M. sativa in 0- 40 cm soil layers accounted for about 98. 3% of total root weight,that of O. viciifolia in 0- 30 cm soil layers was 85. 8%,that of L. corniculatus in 0- 10 cm soil layers was 80%,and that of G. officinalis in 0- 40 cm soil layers was 81. 4%. The results suggested that L. corniculatus was suited to plant in slighter degraded pasture to control water and soil erosion in early stage,G. officinalis with strong lateral roots was adapted to degraded grassland in the Loess Plateau where soil nutrient was poor,while O. viciifolia and M. sativa with potentially strong main root were fit for water and soil conservation in the losses plateau for long term.展开更多
Five alien legume species, actively invading in natural plant communities in European part of Russia, were studied—Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., Galega orientalis Lam., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Amorpha fruticosa L. and...Five alien legume species, actively invading in natural plant communities in European part of Russia, were studied—Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., Galega orientalis Lam., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Amorpha fruticosa L. and Caragana arborescens L. Distribution ranges (considering their invasive status) were mapped. Not a single bio-morphological character to forecast invasion success in natural plant communities within secondary distribution range was found. The data of key value/importance for explaining invasive success of the species studied were obtained. Two hypotheses— Propagule Pressure and Evolution of Invasiveness—were critically analyzed in view of the received data.展开更多
Background： Grain legumes represent a valuable energy source in pig diets due to their high starch content. The present study was conducted to determine the content and apparent ileal digestibility（AID） of starch i...Background： Grain legumes represent a valuable energy source in pig diets due to their high starch content. The present study was conducted to determine the content and apparent ileal digestibility（AID） of starch in different grain legume cultivars for pigs by means of both a polarimetric and enzymatic method for starch determination.Methods： Three experiments were conducted with six barrows each which were fitted with ileal T-cannulas. In total, 18 diets including six different cultivars of faba beans（Vicia faba L.） and peas（Pisum sativum L.）, five different cultivars of lupins（Lupinus luteus L., Lupinus angustifolius L.）, and one diet with a soybean meal（SBM） were fed.Results： The starch content of faba beans and peas was greater（P ＆lt; 0.05） when determined polarimetrically than enzymatically（438 vs. 345 g/kg dry matter（DM） in faba beans and 509 vs. 390 g/kg DM in peas, respectively）.Considerable lower starch contents were obtained in lupins and SBM, with 82 and 48 g/kg DM（analyzed polarimetrically） and ＆lt;1.1 and 3 g/kg DM（analyzed enzymatically）, respectively. Mean values for contents of neutral detergent fiber（NDF） and acid detergent fiber（ADF） in grain legumes ranged from 111 and 79 g/kg DM in peas to248 and 207 g/kg DM in lupins, respectively. Contents of condensed tannins in the colored flowered faba bean cultivars ranged from 2.1 to 7.4 g/kg DM. The AID of starch was greater（P ＆lt; 0.05） in pea than in faba bean cultivars,and using the polarimetric starch determination method resulted in greater（P ＆lt; 0.05） digestibility values than using enzymatic starch analysis（84 vs. 80% in faba beans and 86 vs. 83% in peas）. Moreover, AID of starch differed（P ＆lt; 0.05）within pea cultivars and starch digestibility in faba beans decreased linearly（P ＆lt; 0.05） as the content of condensed tannins increased. However, there was no relationship between contents of NDF and ADF and AID of starch in pea and faba bean cultivars.Conclusion： Both contents and AID of starch in grain legumes can vary as influenced by the analytical method used for starch determination. Generally, starch digestibility is greater when measured by polarimetric rather than enzymatic methods.展开更多
The use of Mulato （Brachiaria mulato）, a new improved grass that has currently been introduced in Indonesia, in goats feeding system is lacking. This study aimed to examine the effects of supplementation of differen...The use of Mulato （Brachiaria mulato）, a new improved grass that has currently been introduced in Indonesia, in goats feeding system is lacking. This study aimed to examine the effects of supplementation of different legume leaves on feed intake, digestibility and daily liveweight gain of goats given Mulato grass as the basal diet. Twenty four male Kacang goats of approximately seven months old with initial body weight of 15.85 ± 0.56 （SE） kg were used. The experiment was a randomized block design with four treatments, and each treatment was replicated six times. The goats were randomly distributed into six groups according to their initial body weight rank. The dietary treatments tested were： TI： Mulato grass ad libitum （M）, T2： M ＋ Desmantus pernambucanus leaves （1.5% of body weight/day） （MD）, T3： M ＋ Gliricidia sepium leaves （1.5% of body weight/day） （MG）, and T4： M ＋ Leucaena leucocephala leaves （1.5% of body weight/day） （ML）. The animals were confined in individual metabolic crates during the study, which consisted of two weeks adaptation period and eight weeks measurement period. Parameters measured were feed dry matter intake （DMI）, dry matter digestibility （DMD）, estimated metabolisable energy intake （MEI）, metabolisable energy retention （MER） and daily liveweight gain （DLG）. Results showed that supplementation with different legume leaves to the goats receiving Mulato grass significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） total DMI, DMD, MEI, MER and DLG of the animals. Total DMI for goats treated with TI, T2, T3 and T4 were 3.61%, 3.85%, 3.98% and 3.89% of body weight/day, respectively. Feed DMD for the four treatments were 57.68%, 63.66%, 65.74% and 64.81% for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. DLG were 51.98, 69.84, 84.92 and 75.40 g/day for goats treated with T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. It was concluded that supplementation of legume leaves to Kacang goats fed Mulato grass significantly increased feed DMI, DMD and the animals＇ DLG, but there were no significant differeces among the legume leaves as feed supplements.展开更多
Seven varieties of Tajik legumes and two Tajik snack type ready-to-eat (RTE) whole/split chickpeas were analyzed for iron in raw and cooked legumes and for naturally occurring folate content in cooked legumes. Iron wa...Seven varieties of Tajik legumes and two Tajik snack type ready-to-eat (RTE) whole/split chickpeas were analyzed for iron in raw and cooked legumes and for naturally occurring folate content in cooked legumes. Iron was measured according to AACC method 40 - 41B. Folate contents were determined by microbiological (Lactobacillus casei subsp. Rhamnosus ATCC 7469) and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis utilizing a tri-enzyme treatment (pro-tease, α-amylase and conjugase). Folate derivatives of tetrahydrofolate, 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate and 5-methyl- -tetrahydrofolate were identified and quantified. Iron content for Tajik legumes ranged from 5.52 to 13.27 mg/100 g for raw;2.81 to 4.12 mg/100 g for cooked and 4.37 and 4.76 mg/100 g for RTE chickpeas. The total folate content of cooked legumes ranged from 53 to 81 μg/100 g for beans;133 to 203 μg/100 g for peas, and from 39 to 22 μg/100 g for small and large lentils, respectively. The predominant form of folate in legumes was tetrahydrofolate, followed by 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate and 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate.展开更多
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460627 and 32272359)the Special Research Fund of Natural Science(Special Post)of Guizhou University(2022)54。
文摘Legume foods are not only trendy but also rich in nutrients and offer unique health benefits.Nevertheless,allergies to soy and other legumes have emerged as critical issues in food safety,presenting significant challenges to the food processing industry and impacting consumer health.The complexity of legume allergens,coupled with inadequate allergen identification methods and the absence of robust detection and evaluation systems,complicates the management of these allergens.Here,we provide a comprehensive and critical review,mentioning various aspects related to legume allergies,including the types of legume allergens,the mechanisms behind these allergies,and the immunoglobulin E(Ig E)-binding epitopes involved,summarizing and discussing the detection techniques and the impact of different processing techniques on sensitization to legume proteins.Furthermore,this paper provides an overview of research advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for legume allergens and discusses current challenges and prospects for studying legume allergens.
基金Research in the Hongyan Zhu group is supported by the US National Science Foundation Grant IOS-1758037.
文摘Legumes,such as peas,beans,and alfalfa,have evolved a remarkable ability to establish root nodule symbioses with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria to fulfill their nitrogen needs.This partnership is characterized by a high degree of specificity,occurring both within and between host and bacterial species.Consequently,nodulation capacity and nitrogen-fixing efficiency vary significantly among different plant–bacteria pairs.The genetic and molecular mechanisms regulating symbiotic specificity are diverse,involving a wide array of host and bacterial genes and signals with various modes of action.Understanding the genetic basis of symbiotic specificity could enable the development of strategies to enhance nodulation capacity and nitrogen fixation efficiency.This knowledge will also help overcome the host range barrier,which is a critical step toward extending root nodule symbiosis to non-leguminous plants.In this review,we provide an update on our current understanding of the genetics and evolution of recognition specificity in root nodule symbioses,providing more comprehensive insights into the molecular signaling in plant–bacterial interactions.
基金supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (2011BAD16B15 and 2012BAD14B03)
文摘Many studies have focused on various agricultural management measures to reduce agricultural nitrous oxide （N2O） emission. However, few studies have investigated soil N2O emissions in intercropping systems in the North China Plain. Thus, we conducted a ifeld experiment to compare N2O emissions under monoculture and maize-legume intercropping systems. In 2010, ifve treatments, including monocultured maize （M）, maize-peanut （MP）, maize-alfalfa （MA）, maize-soybean （MS）, and maize-sweet clover （MSC） intercropping were designed to investigate this issue using the static chamber technique. In 2011, M, MP, and MS remained, and monocultured peanuts （P） and soybean （S） were added to the trial. The results showed that total production of N2O from different treatments ranged from （0.87＆#177;0.12） to （1.17＆#177;0.11） kg ha-1 in 2010, while those ranged from （3.35＆#177;0.30） to （9.10＆#177;2.09） kg ha-1 in 2011. MA and MSC had no signiifcant effect on soil N2O production compared to that of M （P＆lt;0.05）. Cumulative N2O emissions from MP in 2010 were signiifcantly lower than those from M, but the result was the opposite in 2011 （P＆lt;0.05）. MS signiifcantly reduced soil N2O emissions by 25.55 and 48.84%in 2010 and 2011, respectively （P＆lt;0.05）. Soil N2O emissions were signiifcantly correlated with soil water content, soil temperature, nitriifcation potential, soil NH4＋, and soil NO3-content （R2=0.160-0.764, P＆lt;0.01）. A stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that soil N2O release was mainly controlled by the interaction between soil moisture and soil NO3-content （R2=0.828, P＆lt;0.001）. These results indicate that MS had a coincident effect on soil N2O lfux and signiifcantly reduced soil N2O production compared to that of M over two growing seasons.
基金partially supported by grants from the China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-09) from the Ministry of Agriculture of Chinathe Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(ASTIP) in CAAS
文摘Food legumes comprise all legumes grown for human food in China as either dry grains or vegetables,except for soybean and groundnut.China has a vast territory with complex ecological conditions.Rotation,intercropping,and mixed cropping involving pulses are normal cropping systems in China.Whether indigenous or introduced crops,pulses have played an important role in Chinese cropping systems and made an important contribution to food resources for humans since ancient times.The six major food legume species(pea,faba bean,common bean,mung bean,adzuki bean,and cowpea) are the most well-known pulses in China,as well as those with more local distributions;runner bean,lima bean,chickpea,lentil,grass pea,lupine,rice bean,black gram,hyacinth bean,pigeon pea,velvet bean,winged bean,guar bean,sword bean,and jack bean.China has remained the world's leading producer of peas,faba beans,mung beans,and adzuki beans in recent decades,as documented by FAO statistics and China Agriculture Statistical Reports.The demand for food legumes as a healthy food will markedly increase with the improvement of living standards in China.Since China officially joined the World Trade Organization(WTO) in2001,imports of pea from Canada and Australia have rapidly increased,resulting in reduced prices for dry pea and other food legumes.With reduced profits for food legume crops,their sowing area and total production has decreased within China.At the same time,the rising consumer demand for vegetable food legumes as a healthy food has led to attractive market prices and sharp production increases in China.Vegetable food legumes have reduced growing duration and enable flexibility in cropping systems.In the future,production of dry food legumes will range from stable to slowly decreasing,while production of vegetable food legumes will continue to increase.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40621061)the National Basic Research Program (973) of China(No. 2005CB121105)
文摘A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the in?uence of soil moisture content on plant growth and the rhizosphere microbial community structure of four plant species (white clover, alfalfa, sudan grass, tall fescue), grown individually or in a mixture. The soil moisture content was adjusted to 55% or 80% water holding capacity (WHC). The results indicated that the total plant biomass of one pot was lower at 55% WHC. At a given soil moisture, the total plant biomass of white clover and tall ...
基金supported by the Belgian General Administration for Development Cooperation and the International Instituteof Tropical Agriculture (IITA).
文摘An incubation experiment was carried out on plateau and slope fields to investigate the effect of plant age and rock phosphate （RP） on the organic resource （OR） quality and available N and P release of the legume residues, including standing biomass and surface litter. The legumes, Mueuna pruriens （L.） and Lablab purpureus （L.）, were treated with or without Togo rock phosphate （RP） and were sampled at 12, 18, 24 and 30 weeks after planting. Results showed that the application of RP significantly affected the P content of the legume residues on the plateau field for the first 18 weeks, but not the other OR quality parameters, nor their N mineralization, or P release parameters. Although application of RP led to higher P contents in both legumes on the plateau field, the P contents were still far below those observed on the slope field. For both species, the biomass age appeared to have a major impact on their N, P, and polyphenol contents, but not on the liguin content. At 24 weeks, both legume N and P contents dropped to about half their values at 12 weeks of age. Residue age also significantly affected N mineralization both with and without RP addition and the net Olsen-P with RP addition. The younger residues generally led to higher N mineralization and net Olsen-P content than the older residues. The best immediate responses to herbaceous legume addition were expected from younger materials, but often at the cost of the total biomass produced and the possibility to produce seeds. The production of seeds, however, could be potentially implemented on a small area of legumes, thus invariably allowing for maturity and seed production.
基金Supported by ERDF-co-financed grant from the Spanish CICYT,No.AGL2011-26353 to Clemente AClemente A involved in COST Action FA1005 INFOGEST on Food Digestion
文摘Aberrant functioning of serine proteases in inflammatory and carcinogenic processes within the gastrointestinal tract(GIT)has prompted scientists to investigate the potential of serine protease inhibitors,both natural and synthetic,as modulators of their proteolytic activities.Protease inhibitors of the Bowman-Birk type,a major protease inhibitor family in legume seeds,which inhibit potently and specifically trypsin-and chymotrypsin-like proteases,are currently being investigated as colorectal chemopreventive agents.Physiologically relevant amounts of Bowman-Birk inhibitors(BBI)can reach the large intestine in active form due to their extraordinary resistance to extreme conditions within the GIT.Studies in animal models have proven that dietary BBI from several legume sources,including soybean,pea,lentil and chickpea,can prevent or suppress carcinogenic and inflammatory processes within the GIT.Although the therapeutic targets and the action mechanism of BBI have not yet been elucidated,the emerging evidence suggests that BBI exert their preventive properties via protease inhibition;in this sense,serine proteases should be considered as primary targets in early stages of carcinogenesis.The validation of candidate serine proteases as therapeutic targets together with the identification,within the wide array of natural BBI variants,of the most potent and specific protease inhibitors,are necessary to better understand the potential of this protein family as colorectal chemopreventive agents.
基金support of the Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20218)the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFD1700202-02)+1 种基金the Agricultural Research System of China(CARS-22-G-12)the Fostering Foundation for the Excellent Ph.D.Dissertation of Gansu Agricultural University(YB2024002).
文摘Achieving the green development of agriculture requires the reduction of chemical nitrogen(N)fertilizer input.Previous studies have confirmed that returning green manure to the field is an effective measure to improve crop yields while substituting partial chemical N fertilizer.However,it remains unclear how to further intensify the substituting function of green manure and elucidate its underlying agronomic mechanism.In a split-plot field experiment in spring wheat,different green manures returned to the field under reduced chemical N supply was established in an oasis area since 2018,in order to investigate the effect of green manure and reduced N on grain yield,N uptake,N use efficiency(NUE),N nutrition index,soil organic matter,and soil N of wheat in 2020-2022.Our results showed that mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40%of chemical N fertilizer without reducing grain yield or N accumulation.Noteworthily,mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20%showed the highest N agronomy efficiency and recovery efficiency,which were 92.0%and 46.0%higher than fallow after wheat harvest and conventional N application rate,respectively.The increase in NUE of wheat was mainly attributed to mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch,which increased N transportation quantity and transportation rate at pre-anthesis,enhanced N harvest index,optimized N nutrition index,and increased activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase of leaf,respectively.Meanwhile,mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch under reduced N by 20%improved soil organic matter and N contents.Therefore,mixed sown common vetch and hairy vetch can substitute 40%of chemical N fertilizer while maintaining grain yield and N accumulation,and it combined with reduced chemical N by 20%or 40%improved NUE of wheat via enhancing N supply and uptake.
文摘Livestock is traditionally managed in mixed crop-livestock production systems in Sud-Kivu, D. R. Congo. Currently, livestock production is facing numerous constraints due to wars and insecurity in the country, with looting of animals, demographic pressure on natural resources, and lack of extension services. Multipurpose trees and shrubs with adequate forage quality could help overcome dry-season feed shortage. The objective of this research was to assess the agro-ecological adaptability of selected forage tree and shrub legumes combined with farmer participatory evaluation. The study was carried out at two distinct mid-altitude sites in Sud-Kivu. Trees and shrubs were planted randomly in eleven lines, with each species/accession consisting of nine plants split into three replications. Following a standardization cut after one year of growth, regular biomass harvests were performed every eight weeks during one year;Desmodium and Flemingia were cut at 0.5 m above soil surface, while Leucaena and Calliandra at 1 m. Before every harvest, plant height was measured and number of stems counted. Fresh leaf and stem biomass were weighted, sub samples dried and leaves analyzed for nutritive value. Results from agronomic evaluation show that Leucaena diversifolia ILRI 15551 and Leucaena leucocephala had the highest yield in the rainy season on fertile soil;during dry season, Leucaena diversifolia ILRI 15551 was superior. On poor soil, Flemingia macrophylla CIAT 17403 performed best in both seasons, however, its forage quality was relatively low. Forage tree and shrub legumes chosen by farmers were, in general, the same as those superior ones in agronomic evaluation.
文摘An experiment was conducted during Kharif seasons of 2009 and 2010 on sandy loam soil of West Bengal, India to evaluate the productivity and economic viability of maize ＋ legume intercropping systems in additive as well as in replacement series with different row proportions. Maize （Zea rnays L.） cv. ＂Vijay＂ （composite）, green gram （Vigna radiata L.） cv. ＂Samrat＂, black gram （Vigna mungo L.） cv. ＂Sarada＂, soybean （Glycine max L. Merril） cv. ＂PK 327＂ and peanut （Arachis hypogaea L.） cv. ＂JL 24＂, were tested in monoculture as well as in intercropping situations with 1：1 （additive series） and 1：2 ratios （replacement series）. The result indicated that intercropped legumes improved the yield components of maize and offered some bonus yield. The highest maize grain yield （2,916.28 kg/ha） and maize equivalent yield （4,831.45 kg/ha） were recorded with maize ＋ green gram （1：1） and maize ＋ peanut （1：I）, respectively. The values of all the competition functions were always greater than unity and maize ＋ black gram （1：2） recorded the highest values of land equivalent ratio （1.433）, area time equivalent ratio （1.374） and land equivalent coefficient （0.421）. Maximum monetary advantage （Rs. 10,579.13） was found with maize ＋ green gam （l：1）. Maize ＋ peanut （1：2） combination recorded the highest relative net return （2.01）, net return （Rs. 28,523.08）, benefit-cost ratio （2.76） ad per day return （Rs. 259.30）.
文摘This special issue is focused on grain legumes,which belong to the Fabaceae family.Legumes are the second largest family of plants in the world after the grasses and are key components of manmade and natural ecosystems[1–3].They provide the environmental service of nitrogen fixation,so essential to soil construction and fertility maintenance,and are thus essential to agricultural systems[4,5].Different species of legumes range from huge trees to shrubs
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program (863) of China (No.2012AA101402)the National Science Foundation of China (Nos.31125007,31370142)
文摘To better understand the diversity of metal resistance genetic determinant from microbes that survived at metal tailings in northwest of China, a highly elevated level of heavy metal containing region, genomic analyses was conducted using genome sequence of three native metal-resistant plant growth promoting bacteria（PGPB）. It shows that： Mesorhizobium amorphae CCNWGS0123 contains metal transporters from P-type ATPase, CDF（Cation Diffusion Facilitator）, Hup E/Ure J and CHR（chromate ion transporter） family involved in copper, zinc, nickel as well as chromate resistance and homeostasis. Meanwhile, the putative Cop A/Cue O system is expected to mediate copper resistance in Sinorhizobium meliloti CCNWSX0020 while Znt A transporter, assisted with putative Czc D, determines zinc tolerance in Agrobacterium tumefaciens CCNWGS0286. The greenhouse experiment provides the consistent evidence of the plant growth promoting effects of these microbes on their hosts by nitrogen fixation and/or indoleacetic acid（IAA） secretion,indicating a potential in-site phytoremediation usage in the mining tailing regions of China.
文摘Evaluation of 450 surface sterilized tissue segments of a seasonal wild legume, Sesbania bispinosa （Jacq.）, of coastal sand dunes and mangroves of southwest India yielded 546 isolates comprising 39 endophytic fungi with six dominant taxa （Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium tenuissimum, Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium chrysogenum and morpho sp. 1）. A consortium of saprophytic, pathogenic and toxigenic fungi exists as endophytes in S. bispinosa. Number of segments colonized, number of isolates obtained, species richness and diversity were higher in S. bispinosa in mangroves compared to coastal sand dunes. Seeds yielded more fungal isolates, but species richness and diversity were low. In spite of low fungal colonization in root segments, the diversity was high. Up to 30-40 % endophytic fungi of S. bispinosa differed between coastal sand dunes and mangroves revealing partial host- and habitat-specificity. As S. bispi- nosa is extensively used as green manure and forage in southwest India, further studies especially on the bioactive compounds of its endophytic fungi might broaden its range of uses. In addition to conventional morphologicaltechniques, molecular tools would provide precise insight on the endophytic fungi of coastal sand dunes and mangroves.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(39790100).
文摘A field study was conducted to investigate the effects of leguminous crop cultivation on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from upland agricultural soils. Results demonstrated that N2O emission sequences were that peanut crop> soybean>upland rice in terms of N2O-N flux, being 25.9, 21.2 and 18.4μg/m2·h respectively . While in terms of seasonal emission, the sequence was that soybean > peanut crop > upland rice, being 0.77, 0.70 and 0.55 kg/ha respectively. Results also demonstrated that legume crop treatment emitted much more N2O than non-legume upland rice treatment and that N fertilized treatments emitted more than unfertilized treatments, average N2O-N flux being 25.8 and 17.9μg/m2·h respectively. Legume crop cultivation and N fertilizer, therefore, were one of the important sources of N2O emissions from agricultural fields.
基金Supported by National Basic Research Program(2014CB138704)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31302023)
文摘Production performance of four forage legumes species of Medicago sativa,Onobrychis viciifolia,Lotus corniculatus and Galega officinalis were determined,including plant height,above-ground biomass per unit area,tillers per unit area,fertile tillers per unit area,shoot /leaf ratio and fresh /dry matter weight ratio,and the distribution characteristics of their root systems in 0- 100 cm soil layers with 10 cm interval were studied. Results showed that the average aboveground fresh biomass(4 a and 5 a) of four forage legumes species successively were L. corniculatus 】 M. sativa 】 O. viciifolia 】 G. officinalis. The average plant heights in two years successively were O. viciifolia 】 M. sativa 】 G. officinalis 】 L. corniculatus. Tillers per unit area of four forage legume species in two years successively were M. sativa 】 L. corniculatus 】 O. viciifolia 】 G. officinalis. Fertile tillers per unit area in two years were O. viciifolia 】 M. sativa 】 L. corniculatus 】 G. officinalis. Average shoot /leaf ratio in two years were G. officinalis 】 M. sativa 】 O. viciifolia 】 L. corniculatus. Average moisture contents of four forage legume species in two years successively were G. officinalis 】 L. corniculatus 】 M. sativa = O. viciifolia. The distribution characteristics of root systems of four forage legumes species in 0- 100 cm soil layers were as follows: the root weights of M. sativa in 0- 40 cm soil layers accounted for about 98. 3% of total root weight,that of O. viciifolia in 0- 30 cm soil layers was 85. 8%,that of L. corniculatus in 0- 10 cm soil layers was 80%,and that of G. officinalis in 0- 40 cm soil layers was 81. 4%. The results suggested that L. corniculatus was suited to plant in slighter degraded pasture to control water and soil erosion in early stage,G. officinalis with strong lateral roots was adapted to degraded grassland in the Loess Plateau where soil nutrient was poor,while O. viciifolia and M. sativa with potentially strong main root were fit for water and soil conservation in the losses plateau for long term.
文摘Five alien legume species, actively invading in natural plant communities in European part of Russia, were studied—Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl., Galega orientalis Lam., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Amorpha fruticosa L. and Caragana arborescens L. Distribution ranges (considering their invasive status) were mapped. Not a single bio-morphological character to forecast invasion success in natural plant communities within secondary distribution range was found. The data of key value/importance for explaining invasive success of the species studied were obtained. Two hypotheses— Propagule Pressure and Evolution of Invasiveness—were critically analyzed in view of the received data.
基金supported by the H.W.Schaumann Stiftung(Hamburg,Germany)
文摘Background： Grain legumes represent a valuable energy source in pig diets due to their high starch content. The present study was conducted to determine the content and apparent ileal digestibility（AID） of starch in different grain legume cultivars for pigs by means of both a polarimetric and enzymatic method for starch determination.Methods： Three experiments were conducted with six barrows each which were fitted with ileal T-cannulas. In total, 18 diets including six different cultivars of faba beans（Vicia faba L.） and peas（Pisum sativum L.）, five different cultivars of lupins（Lupinus luteus L., Lupinus angustifolius L.）, and one diet with a soybean meal（SBM） were fed.Results： The starch content of faba beans and peas was greater（P ＆lt; 0.05） when determined polarimetrically than enzymatically（438 vs. 345 g/kg dry matter（DM） in faba beans and 509 vs. 390 g/kg DM in peas, respectively）.Considerable lower starch contents were obtained in lupins and SBM, with 82 and 48 g/kg DM（analyzed polarimetrically） and ＆lt;1.1 and 3 g/kg DM（analyzed enzymatically）, respectively. Mean values for contents of neutral detergent fiber（NDF） and acid detergent fiber（ADF） in grain legumes ranged from 111 and 79 g/kg DM in peas to248 and 207 g/kg DM in lupins, respectively. Contents of condensed tannins in the colored flowered faba bean cultivars ranged from 2.1 to 7.4 g/kg DM. The AID of starch was greater（P ＆lt; 0.05） in pea than in faba bean cultivars,and using the polarimetric starch determination method resulted in greater（P ＆lt; 0.05） digestibility values than using enzymatic starch analysis（84 vs. 80% in faba beans and 86 vs. 83% in peas）. Moreover, AID of starch differed（P ＆lt; 0.05）within pea cultivars and starch digestibility in faba beans decreased linearly（P ＆lt; 0.05） as the content of condensed tannins increased. However, there was no relationship between contents of NDF and ADF and AID of starch in pea and faba bean cultivars.Conclusion： Both contents and AID of starch in grain legumes can vary as influenced by the analytical method used for starch determination. Generally, starch digestibility is greater when measured by polarimetric rather than enzymatic methods.
文摘The use of Mulato （Brachiaria mulato）, a new improved grass that has currently been introduced in Indonesia, in goats feeding system is lacking. This study aimed to examine the effects of supplementation of different legume leaves on feed intake, digestibility and daily liveweight gain of goats given Mulato grass as the basal diet. Twenty four male Kacang goats of approximately seven months old with initial body weight of 15.85 ± 0.56 （SE） kg were used. The experiment was a randomized block design with four treatments, and each treatment was replicated six times. The goats were randomly distributed into six groups according to their initial body weight rank. The dietary treatments tested were： TI： Mulato grass ad libitum （M）, T2： M ＋ Desmantus pernambucanus leaves （1.5% of body weight/day） （MD）, T3： M ＋ Gliricidia sepium leaves （1.5% of body weight/day） （MG）, and T4： M ＋ Leucaena leucocephala leaves （1.5% of body weight/day） （ML）. The animals were confined in individual metabolic crates during the study, which consisted of two weeks adaptation period and eight weeks measurement period. Parameters measured were feed dry matter intake （DMI）, dry matter digestibility （DMD）, estimated metabolisable energy intake （MEI）, metabolisable energy retention （MER） and daily liveweight gain （DLG）. Results showed that supplementation with different legume leaves to the goats receiving Mulato grass significantly increased （P 〈 0.05） total DMI, DMD, MEI, MER and DLG of the animals. Total DMI for goats treated with TI, T2, T3 and T4 were 3.61%, 3.85%, 3.98% and 3.89% of body weight/day, respectively. Feed DMD for the four treatments were 57.68%, 63.66%, 65.74% and 64.81% for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. DLG were 51.98, 69.84, 84.92 and 75.40 g/day for goats treated with T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. It was concluded that supplementation of legume leaves to Kacang goats fed Mulato grass significantly increased feed DMI, DMD and the animals＇ DLG, but there were no significant differeces among the legume leaves as feed supplements.
文摘Seven varieties of Tajik legumes and two Tajik snack type ready-to-eat (RTE) whole/split chickpeas were analyzed for iron in raw and cooked legumes and for naturally occurring folate content in cooked legumes. Iron was measured according to AACC method 40 - 41B. Folate contents were determined by microbiological (Lactobacillus casei subsp. Rhamnosus ATCC 7469) and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis utilizing a tri-enzyme treatment (pro-tease, α-amylase and conjugase). Folate derivatives of tetrahydrofolate, 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate and 5-methyl- -tetrahydrofolate were identified and quantified. Iron content for Tajik legumes ranged from 5.52 to 13.27 mg/100 g for raw;2.81 to 4.12 mg/100 g for cooked and 4.37 and 4.76 mg/100 g for RTE chickpeas. The total folate content of cooked legumes ranged from 53 to 81 μg/100 g for beans;133 to 203 μg/100 g for peas, and from 39 to 22 μg/100 g for small and large lentils, respectively. The predominant form of folate in legumes was tetrahydrofolate, followed by 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate and 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate.
