This critical review looks at the assessment of the application of artificial intelligence in handling legal documents with specific reference to medical negligence cases with a view of identifying its transformative ...This critical review looks at the assessment of the application of artificial intelligence in handling legal documents with specific reference to medical negligence cases with a view of identifying its transformative potentialities, issues and ethical concerns. The review consolidates findings that show the impact of AI in improving the efficiency, accuracy and justice delivery in the legal profession. The studies show increased efficiency in speed of document review and enhancement of the accuracy of the reviewed documents, with time efficiency estimates of 60% reduction of time. However, the review also outlines some of the problems that continue to characterize AI, such as data quality problems, biased algorithms and the problem of the opaque decision-making system. This paper assesses ethical issues related to patient autonomy, justice and non-malignant suffering, with particular focus on patient privacy and fair process, and on potential unfairness to patients. This paper’s review of AI innovations finds that regulations lag behind AI developments, leading to unsettled issues regarding legal responsibility for AI and user control over AI-generated results and findings in legal proceedings. Some of the future avenues that are presented in the study are the future of XAI for legal purposes, utilizing federated learning for resolving privacy issues, and the need to foster adaptive regulation. Finally, the review advocates for Legal Subject Matter Experts to collaborate with legal informatics experts, ethicists, and policy makers to develop the best solutions to implement AI in medical negligence claims. It reasons that there is great potential for AI to have a deep impact on the practice of law but when done, it must do so in a way that respects justice and on the Rights of Individuals.展开更多
In recent years,machine learning algorithms and in particular deep learning has shown promising results when used in the field of legal domain.The legal field is strongly affected by the problem of information overloa...In recent years,machine learning algorithms and in particular deep learning has shown promising results when used in the field of legal domain.The legal field is strongly affected by the problem of information overload,due to the large amount of legal material stored in textual form.Legal text processing is essential in the legal domain to analyze the texts of the court events to automatically predict smart decisions.With an increasing number of digitally available documents,legal text processing is essential to analyze documents which helps to automate various legal domain tasks.Legal document classification is a valuable tool in legal services for enhancing the quality and efficiency of legal document review.In this paper,we propose Sammon Keyword Mapping-based Quadratic Discriminant Recurrent Multilayer Perceptive Deep Neural Classifier(SKM-QDRMPDNC),a system that applies deep neural methods to the problem of legal document classification.The SKM-QDRMPDNC technique consists of many layers to perform the keyword extraction and classification.First,the set of legal documents are collected from the dataset.Then the keyword extraction is performed using SammonMapping technique based on the distance measure.With the extracted features,Quadratic Discriminant analysis is applied to performthe document classification based on the likelihood ratio test.Finally,the classified legal documents are obtained at the output layer.This process is repeated until minimum error is attained.The experimental assessment is carried out using various performance metrics such as accuracy,precision,recall,F-measure,and computational time based on several legal documents collected from the dataset.The observed results validated that the proposed SKM-QDRMPDNC technique provides improved performance in terms of achieving higher accuracy,precision,recall,and F-measure with minimum computation time when compared to existing methods.展开更多
The demands placed on the legal document writers and translators （Chinese, English） in creating and organizing faithful legal documents are well-recognized in recent years. In order to achieve a satisfactory result,...The demands placed on the legal document writers and translators （Chinese, English） in creating and organizing faithful legal documents are well-recognized in recent years. In order to achieve a satisfactory result, the legal document writers must be fully aware of the prominent characteristics of the legal documents and the translators are compelled to have a good command of the complexities of the stylistic features of the two different legal documents in contrast. This paper analyses five Chinese legal documents and two English legal documents, following a framework synthesized from contrastive and stylistic analysis. Eight findings are discovered from the analysis concerning lexical, grammatical and textual features of the legal language, attempting to provide an opportunity for the legal document writers and translators to gain further insight into the contrastive features between Chinese and English legal languages as well as their respective stylistic features.展开更多
GB/T 7714-2005 Rules for description of bibliographic reference is specifically for writers and editors to edit bibliographic references. Legal documents, standard documents and patent documents are considered special...GB/T 7714-2005 Rules for description of bibliographic reference is specifically for writers and editors to edit bibliographic references. Legal documents, standard documents and patent documents are considered special. GB/T 7714-2005 provides that description of such literature in bibliographic references should stress the key points and simplify the content.展开更多
Legal aid has recently come into the spotlight once again given the Central Government’s release of a document on further expanding the system in late June.China established a nationwide legal aid network following t...Legal aid has recently come into the spotlight once again given the Central Government’s release of a document on further expanding the system in late June.China established a nationwide legal aid network following the introduction of the Legal Aid Regulations in September 2003,whereby lawyers were organized into legal aid agencies set up by the government to offer free legal services to people facing economic hardship or involved in special cases.Since the system’s introduction,the financial input into legal aid by governments at various levels has grown rapidly.展开更多
Various international documents,treaties,and conventions have defined assets,including the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime,the United Nations Convention Against Corruption,and the UNCC....Various international documents,treaties,and conventions have defined assets,including the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime,the United Nations Convention Against Corruption,and the UNCC.These conventions reveal that property refers to assets of any kind—tangible or intangible,movable or immovable,physical or non-physical,including virtual assets and legal documents evidencing ownership or interests in these assets.These conventions consistently define criminal proceeds as any property directly or indirectly derived or obtained through criminal activity.展开更多
文摘This critical review looks at the assessment of the application of artificial intelligence in handling legal documents with specific reference to medical negligence cases with a view of identifying its transformative potentialities, issues and ethical concerns. The review consolidates findings that show the impact of AI in improving the efficiency, accuracy and justice delivery in the legal profession. The studies show increased efficiency in speed of document review and enhancement of the accuracy of the reviewed documents, with time efficiency estimates of 60% reduction of time. However, the review also outlines some of the problems that continue to characterize AI, such as data quality problems, biased algorithms and the problem of the opaque decision-making system. This paper assesses ethical issues related to patient autonomy, justice and non-malignant suffering, with particular focus on patient privacy and fair process, and on potential unfairness to patients. This paper’s review of AI innovations finds that regulations lag behind AI developments, leading to unsettled issues regarding legal responsibility for AI and user control over AI-generated results and findings in legal proceedings. Some of the future avenues that are presented in the study are the future of XAI for legal purposes, utilizing federated learning for resolving privacy issues, and the need to foster adaptive regulation. Finally, the review advocates for Legal Subject Matter Experts to collaborate with legal informatics experts, ethicists, and policy makers to develop the best solutions to implement AI in medical negligence claims. It reasons that there is great potential for AI to have a deep impact on the practice of law but when done, it must do so in a way that respects justice and on the Rights of Individuals.
文摘In recent years,machine learning algorithms and in particular deep learning has shown promising results when used in the field of legal domain.The legal field is strongly affected by the problem of information overload,due to the large amount of legal material stored in textual form.Legal text processing is essential in the legal domain to analyze the texts of the court events to automatically predict smart decisions.With an increasing number of digitally available documents,legal text processing is essential to analyze documents which helps to automate various legal domain tasks.Legal document classification is a valuable tool in legal services for enhancing the quality and efficiency of legal document review.In this paper,we propose Sammon Keyword Mapping-based Quadratic Discriminant Recurrent Multilayer Perceptive Deep Neural Classifier(SKM-QDRMPDNC),a system that applies deep neural methods to the problem of legal document classification.The SKM-QDRMPDNC technique consists of many layers to perform the keyword extraction and classification.First,the set of legal documents are collected from the dataset.Then the keyword extraction is performed using SammonMapping technique based on the distance measure.With the extracted features,Quadratic Discriminant analysis is applied to performthe document classification based on the likelihood ratio test.Finally,the classified legal documents are obtained at the output layer.This process is repeated until minimum error is attained.The experimental assessment is carried out using various performance metrics such as accuracy,precision,recall,F-measure,and computational time based on several legal documents collected from the dataset.The observed results validated that the proposed SKM-QDRMPDNC technique provides improved performance in terms of achieving higher accuracy,precision,recall,and F-measure with minimum computation time when compared to existing methods.
文摘The demands placed on the legal document writers and translators （Chinese, English） in creating and organizing faithful legal documents are well-recognized in recent years. In order to achieve a satisfactory result, the legal document writers must be fully aware of the prominent characteristics of the legal documents and the translators are compelled to have a good command of the complexities of the stylistic features of the two different legal documents in contrast. This paper analyses five Chinese legal documents and two English legal documents, following a framework synthesized from contrastive and stylistic analysis. Eight findings are discovered from the analysis concerning lexical, grammatical and textual features of the legal language, attempting to provide an opportunity for the legal document writers and translators to gain further insight into the contrastive features between Chinese and English legal languages as well as their respective stylistic features.
文摘GB/T 7714-2005 Rules for description of bibliographic reference is specifically for writers and editors to edit bibliographic references. Legal documents, standard documents and patent documents are considered special. GB/T 7714-2005 provides that description of such literature in bibliographic references should stress the key points and simplify the content.
文摘Legal aid has recently come into the spotlight once again given the Central Government’s release of a document on further expanding the system in late June.China established a nationwide legal aid network following the introduction of the Legal Aid Regulations in September 2003,whereby lawyers were organized into legal aid agencies set up by the government to offer free legal services to people facing economic hardship or involved in special cases.Since the system’s introduction,the financial input into legal aid by governments at various levels has grown rapidly.
文摘Various international documents,treaties,and conventions have defined assets,including the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime,the United Nations Convention Against Corruption,and the UNCC.These conventions reveal that property refers to assets of any kind—tangible or intangible,movable or immovable,physical or non-physical,including virtual assets and legal documents evidencing ownership or interests in these assets.These conventions consistently define criminal proceeds as any property directly or indirectly derived or obtained through criminal activity.
