As an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in the innate immune system,C-type lectin plays an important role in the innate immune process of invertebrates.Two C-type lectins Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D were characteri...As an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in the innate immune system,C-type lectin plays an important role in the innate immune process of invertebrates.Two C-type lectins Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D were characterized from mud crab(Scylla paramamosain).The predicted Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D proteins both contain a single carbohydrate-recognition domain(CRD)with key motif Gln-Pro-Ala(QPA)and Met-Pro-Ala(MPA),respectively.Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D transcripts distributed in all examined tissues,and the expression level was the highest in hepatopancreas.As PRR,the purifi ed recombinant proteins r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D have high affi nity for three kinds of pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs):β-glucan,lipopolysaccharide,and peptidoglycan.Besides,r Sp CTL-D can bind to all nine microorganisms tested,while r Sp CTL-C can bind to seven microorganisms except for Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus.Both r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D showed agglutination activity towards fungi Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.However,r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D exhibited diff erent antimicrobial activities:r Sp CTL-D has a certain inhibitory eff ect on the growth of Vibrio fl uvialis and M.luteus,while r Sp CTL-C has no obvious inhibitory activity.The results show that r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D had better phagocytosis-promoting eff ect on M.luteus than the negative control.Meanwhile,both r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D had certain encapsulation-promoting activity.Collectively,two C-type lectins with novel key motifs make an important impact as PRR in immune response towards pathogens.At the same time,they play diff erent functions in the innate immunity of mud crab S.paramamosain.展开更多
Here we report a family with a clinical spectrum of Pachyonychia Congenita Tarda (PCT) encompassing two generations via a balanced chromosomal translocation between 4q26 and 12p12.3. We discuss the effects of chromoso...Here we report a family with a clinical spectrum of Pachyonychia Congenita Tarda (PCT) encompassing two generations via a balanced chromosomal translocation between 4q26 and 12p12.3. We discuss the effects of chromosomal translocations on gene expression through involved breakpoints and structural gene abnormalities detected by array CGH. We believe that the family we present gives further insight to the better understanding of molecular and structural basis of keratin disorders, and to the late onset and genetic basis of PCT through the possible role of C-type lectins and human epithelial membrane protein1 (EMP1). Better understanding of the molecular basis of keratin disorders is the foundation for improved diagnosis, genetic counseling and novel therapeutic approaches to overcome the current treatment limitations related to this disease.展开更多
C-type lectins(CTLs)represent a large family of soluble and membrane-bound proteins which bind calcium dependently via carbohydrate recognition domains(CRDs)to glycan residues presented on the surface of a variety of ...C-type lectins(CTLs)represent a large family of soluble and membrane-bound proteins which bind calcium dependently via carbohydrate recognition domains(CRDs)to glycan residues presented on the surface of a variety of pathogens.The deconvolution of a cell’s glycan code by CTLs underpins several important physiological processes in mammals such as pathogen neutralization and opsonization,leukocyte trafficking,and the inflammatory response.However,as our knowledge of CTLs has developed it has become apparent that the role of this innate immune family of proteins can be double-edged,where some pathogens have developed approaches to subvert and exploit CTL interactions to promote infection and sustain the pathological state.Equally,CTL interactions with host glycoproteins can contribute to inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and cancer whereby,in certain contexts,they exacerbate inflammation and drive malignant progression.This review discusses the‘dual agent’roles of some of the major mammalian CTLs in both resolving and promoting infection,inflammation and inflammatory disease and highlights opportunities and emerging approaches for their therapeutic modulation.展开更多
Jacalin-related lectins （JRLs） are widely distributed carbohydrate-binding proteins in the plant kingdom, which play key roles in development and pathogen defense. In this study, we profiled evolutionary trajectory ...Jacalin-related lectins （JRLs） are widely distributed carbohydrate-binding proteins in the plant kingdom, which play key roles in development and pathogen defense. In this study, we profiled evolutionary trajectory of JRLs family in 30 plant species and identified domain diversification and recombination leading to different responsive patterns of JRLs in rice during defense against rice blast. All of 30 plant species analyzed in our study have two types of JRLs by containing either a single jacalin or repeated jacalin domains, while chimeric jacalins exist in more than half of the species, especially in the Poaceae family. Moreover, Poaceae species have evolved two types of unique chimeric JRLs by fusing the jacalin domain（s） with dirigent or NB_ARC domain, some of which positively regulate plant immunity. Seven Poaceae-specific JRLs are found in the rice genome. We further found expression of rice JRLs, including four Poaceae-specific JRLs, are induced by Magnaporthe oryzae infections at either early or late infection stages. Overall, the results present the evolutionary trajectory of JRLs in plant and highlight essential roles of Poaceae specific JRLs against pathogen attacks in rice.展开更多
C-type lectins are among the most significant pattern recognition receptors（PRRs） found in invertebrate. They are a class of carbohydrate-binding proteins that can recognize specific sugar moieties on the surface of...C-type lectins are among the most significant pattern recognition receptors（PRRs） found in invertebrate. They are a class of carbohydrate-binding proteins that can recognize specific sugar moieties on the surface of pathogens. In the present study, a novel C-type lecitn（termed Mj Lectin） from kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus was identified. The full-length c DNA of Mj Lectin was 1 245 bp with a 1 011 bp open reading frame（ORF） that encoded a polypeptide of 336 amino acid residues. Mj Lectin consisted of two tandemly arrayed carbohydrate-recognition domains（CRDs）, unlike other reported M. japonicus C-type lectins with only one CRD. It showed a high similarity to other shrimp dual-CRD lectins. Among the Ca2＋-binding Site 2, the tripeptide motif dictating the carbohydrate binding specificity was exhibited as a rare mutant LPN（Leu134-Pro135-Asn136） in CRD1 and a traditional EPN（Glu299-Pro300-Asn301） in CRD2, respectively. Mj Lectin showed a specific expression pattern in both tissue and cellular levels, for its m RNA transcript was mainly expressed in the F-cells of the hepatopancreas. After white spot syndrome virus（WSSV） challenge（3.6×108 virions/μL）, the expression of Mj Lectin in the hepatopancreas was up-regulated significantly at 48 h（P〈0.01） compared with the control group. These results suggested that Mj Lectin might be involved in the innate immune defense against WSSV infection.展开更多
Acting as one of the pattern recognition receptors （PRRs）, C-type lectin is believed to mediate pathogen recognition and plays an important role in the clearance of pathogens as part of the innate immune system. In ...Acting as one of the pattern recognition receptors （PRRs）, C-type lectin is believed to mediate pathogen recognition and plays an important role in the clearance of pathogens as part of the innate immune system. In this work, a novel C-type lectin gene （named LvLecl） was cloned from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, The ORF of LvLecl is 510 bp, encoding 169 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative signal peptide of 19 amino acids at the N-terminal and a carbohydrate recognition domain （CRD） at the C-terminal. LvLecl was mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that the level of LvLecl transcripts significantly changed in the hepatopancreas after the shrimp were artificially challenged with LPS, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and white spot syndrome virus （WSSV）. RNAi-based silencing of LvLecl resulted in increases in mortality when the shrimp were challenged with WSSV, and the median lethal time was reduced compared with controls. Although there was no characteristic ＂EPN＂ （Glu-Pro-Ser） or ＂QPD＂ （Gin-Pro-Asp） motif, the recombinant LvLecl, expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 （DE3）, could also agglutinate M. lysodeikticus and Vibrio anguillarum. The agglutinating activities were calcium-dependent and could be inhibited by D-mannose, D-glucose, D-galactose and N-Acetyl-D-mannose. These results suggest that LvLecl might be involved in the immune response against WSSV and bacterial infections and contribute to non-self recognition as a pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune system of the shrimp L. vannamei.展开更多
C-type lectins(CTLs)are a superfamily of Ca^(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins,and an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in insect innate immunity which can mediate humoral and cellular immunity ...C-type lectins(CTLs)are a superfamily of Ca^(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins,and an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in insect innate immunity which can mediate humoral and cellular immunity in insects.In this study,we report a novel dual carbohydrate-recognition domain(CRD)CTL from Plutella xylostella which we designate PxIML.PxIML is a protein with a 969 bp open reading frame(ORF)encoding 322 amino acids,containing a signal peptide and a dual-CRD with EPN(Glu_(124)-Pro_(125)-Asn_(126))and QPD(Gln_(274)-Pro_(275)-Asp_(276))motifs.The expression of PxIML mRNA in the fat body was significantly higher than in hemocytes and midgut.The relative expression levels of PxIML in the whole insect and the fat body were significantly inhibited after infection with Bacillus thuringiensis 8010(Bt8010)at 18 h,while they were significantly upregulated after infection with Serratia marcescens IAE6 or Pichia pastoris.The recombinant PxIML(rPxIML)protein could bind to the tested pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs),and the bacteria of Enterobacter sp.IAE5,S.marcescens IAE6,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli BL21,and Bt8010 in a Ca^(2+)-dependent manner,however,it showed limited binding to the fungus,P.pastoris.The rPxIML exhibited strong activity in the presence of Ca^(2+) to agglutinate Bt8010,Enterobacter sp.IAE5 and S.aureus,but it only weakly agglutinated with E.coli BL21,and could not agglutinate with S.marcescens IAE6 or P.pastoris.Furthermore,the rPxIML could bind to hemocytes,promote the adsorption of hemocytes to beads,and enhance the phenoloxidase(PO)activity and melanization of P.xylostella.Our results suggest that PxIML plays an important role in pathogen recognition and in mediating subsequent humoral and cellular immunity of P.xylostella.展开更多
The C-type lectin MGL is a pathogen recognition receptor, expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mfs), able to bind GalNAc (Tn) carrying structures. This receptor also recognized Tn-TAAs that were interna...The C-type lectin MGL is a pathogen recognition receptor, expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mfs), able to bind GalNAc (Tn) carrying structures. This receptor also recognized Tn-TAAs that were internalized, processed and presented by DCs to T cells and it acted as an adjuvant on DCs, highlighting its possible application in anti-cancer vaccination. In this work, we found that this receptor present a seasonal modulation: its expression is higher in winter rather than in summer. The percentage of MGL+ donors displayed a negative trend that dropped to 33% during the summer and increased up to 100% in winter. This modulation could be also ascribed to the circa-annual variation of glucocorticoids, in fact MGL is up-regulated in presence of dexamethasone in vitro. The seasonal variation of this receptor could be an important point in the field of tumor vaccination strategies.展开更多
Twelve species of crustacean from Fujian coast were examined for lectins with different animal erythrocytes. Serum extracts froma ll of 12 species showed agglutinating activity against at least two types of the erythr...Twelve species of crustacean from Fujian coast were examined for lectins with different animal erythrocytes. Serum extracts froma ll of 12 species showed agglutinating activity against at least two types of the erythrocytes used, which revealed the existence of lectins in these species. There were five species ( Penaeus japonicus , Lophosquilla costata, Charybdis feriatus, Portunus pelagicus, Scylla serrata ) whose serums could agglutinate all the erythrocytes tested. The lowest serum protein concentration required to produce erythrocytes agglutination varied remarkably, ranging from 0.7μ g/mL to 8 080μ g/mL. The strongest activity was shown in the agglutination of rabbit erythrocyte by serum of Penaeus vanaminas. Inhibition assays performed with seven mono- and bisaccharides showed that agglutination of quail erythrocytes by serums of three species (Portunus pelagicus, Scylla serrata and Sesarma sp. ) were not inhibited by any sugars, while others were inhibited by at least three types of sugars. The assay of temperature influence on agglutinating activity showed that only Penaeus japonicus retained activity when the serum was heated to 90 ℃, and other serums lost their activity at 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃ for 10 minutes, respectively.展开更多
The purpose of this work is to perform a detailed study of carbohydrate specificity of the new extracellular bacilli lectins which is considered to determine mechanisms of the lectins action. Sources of lectins were b...The purpose of this work is to perform a detailed study of carbohydrate specificity of the new extracellular bacilli lectins which is considered to determine mechanisms of the lectins action. Sources of lectins were bacterial strains from Ukrainian collection of microorganisms. The optimized protocol of bacilli lectins isolation and purification included precipitation with ammonium sulfate with subsequent gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B. Hemagglutinating activity of bacilli lectins and their fine carbohydrate specificity to sialic acids and their derivatives as well as sialic asid-containing and asialic glycoconjugates were studied. The ability of extracellular bacilli lectins to discriminate a- and 13-conformation of carbohydrate molecule and the type of connection between the monomers was determined. Studied lectins showed the most affinity to glycoconjugates containing both types of sialic acids （N-acetylneuraminic acid （Neu5Ac） and N-glycolylneuraminic acid （NeuGc）） and it is supposed to be a basis of their diagnostic and analytical potential.展开更多
This paper report the binding pattern of 12 different kinds of lectin in human breast lesions. Of the 12 kinds of lectins, WGA showed the highest binding activity to the cells of the breast tissue derived; the binding...This paper report the binding pattern of 12 different kinds of lectin in human breast lesions. Of the 12 kinds of lectins, WGA showed the highest binding activity to the cells of the breast tissue derived; the binding of BSL, SBA and DBA were localized to membrane or cytoplasm of cancer cells and to the lumina membrane border of the normal and benign lesions; PNA receptor is related with the differentiation of the breast; cancer; we didn't find any relationship between the lectin receptor and the tendency of metastasis of breast cancer.展开更多
The production of free radicals is a natural process in aerobic organisms due to the mitochondrial activity. Usually the cells have several mechanisms for scavenging those free radicals, but, in several pathologic pro...The production of free radicals is a natural process in aerobic organisms due to the mitochondrial activity. Usually the cells have several mechanisms for scavenging those free radicals, but, in several pathologic processes, such as cancer, those free radicals increase their production, making it impossible to sustain the system stable, generating the condition called oxidative stress. Ruta graveolens L. （Rue） is a plant commonly used in traditional medicine, mainly as antiinflamatory; this has been related to some organic components, such as Rutin, but there hasn＇t been any lectin studies in Rue stem. Lectins are glycoproteins of non-enzymatic and no immune origin, able to bind to simple carbohydrates, which lets them bind selectively to malignant cells against normal cells, killing them via apoptosis and reducing the free radicals level. In this study we intended to characterize rue stem lectins as those weren＇t reported yet. Also, the anticancer and antioxidant activity of these lectins was evaluated, Rue stem lectins were extracted using a saline solution and semipurified to obtain an enriched extract and administrated to nickel oxide treated mice. Oxidative stress was cuantified using the tiobarbituric acid （TBARS） method to quantify Malondialdehyde （MDA）, the Griess method to cuantify Nitrites and enzymatic activity of catalase were cuantified in liver. In this study was found that rue stem lectins are useful as a therapeutic auxiliar, considering that its ratio of antioxidant activity is limited, being a prooxidant agent at high concentrations.展开更多
C-type lectins(CTLs)are a family of proteins that contain 1 or more carbohydrate-recognition domains(CRDs)and bind to a broad repertoire of ligands in the presence of calcium ions.CTLs play important roles in innate i...C-type lectins(CTLs)are a family of proteins that contain 1 or more carbohydrate-recognition domains(CRDs)and bind to a broad repertoire of ligands in the presence of calcium ions.CTLs play important roles in innate immune defenses against microorganisms by acting as pattern-recognition receptors(PRRs)for invading pathogens,such as bacteria,viruses,and parasites.After binding to pathogen-associated ligands,CTLs mediate immune responses,such as agglutination,phagocytosis,and the activation of phenol oxidase progenitors,thereby clearing pathogens.CTLs are an evolutionarily conserved family found in almost all vertebrates and invertebrates.Medical arthropods can acquire and transmit a range pathogens through various approaches,such as bloodsucking,lancing,and parasitism,thus infecting humans and animals with related diseases,some of which can be life-threatening.Recent studies have shown that lectins are important components of the arthropod immune system and are essential for the immune responses of arthropods to arthropod-borne pathogens.This article reviews the current understanding of the structure,function,and signaling pathways involved in CTLs derived from important medical arthropods.展开更多
AIM To study the agglutination pattern ofHelicobacter pylori coccoid and spiral forms.METHODS Assays of agglutination andagglutination inhibition were applied usingfifteen commercial lectins.RESULTS Strong agglutinati...AIM To study the agglutination pattern ofHelicobacter pylori coccoid and spiral forms.METHODS Assays of agglutination andagglutination inhibition were applied usingfifteen commercial lectins.RESULTS Strong agglutination was observedwith mannose-specific Concanavalin A(Con A),fucose-specific Tetragonolobus purpureas(Lotus A)and N-acetyl glucosamine-specificTriticum vulgaris(WGA)lectins.Mannose andfucose specific lectins were reactive with allstrains of H.pylori coccoids as compared to thespirals.Specific carbohydrates,glycoproteinsand mucin were shown to inhibit H.pylorilectin-agglutination reactions.Pre-treatment ofthe bacterial cells with formalin and sulphuricacid did not alter the agglutination patterns withlectins.However,sodium periodate treatment ofbacterial cells were shown to inhibitagglutination reaction with Con A,Lotus A andWGA lectins.On the contrary,enzymatictreatment of coccoids and spirals did not showmarked inhibition of H.pylori-lectinagglutination.Interestingly,heating of H.pylori cells at 60℃ for 1 hour was shown toaugment the agglutination with all of the lectinstested.CONCLUSION The considerable differences inlectin agglutination patterns seen among the twodifferentiated forms of H.pylori might beattributable to the structural changes during theevents of morphological transformation,resulting in exposing or masking some of the sugar residues on the cell surface.Possibility ofvarious sugar residues on the cell wall of thecoccoids may allow them to bind to differentcarbohydrate receptors on gastric mucus andepithelial cells.The coccoids with adherencecharacteristics like the spirals could aid in thepathogenic process of Helicobacter infection.This may probably lead to different clinicaloutcome of H.pylori associated gastroduodenaldisease.展开更多
A general functionalization strategy was reported,which enables one to conjugate saccharide（SA） on gold nanoparticle（GNP） surface without affecting SA properties.First,disulfide phenylboronic acid（Bor） functiona...A general functionalization strategy was reported,which enables one to conjugate saccharide（SA） on gold nanoparticle（GNP） surface without affecting SA properties.First,disulfide phenylboronic acid（Bor） functionalized GNPs（Bor@GNPs） were synthesized by the reaction of citrate stabilized GNPs of 13 nm in diameter with the mixture of Bor and pentapeptide（Cys-Ala-Leu-Asn-Asn,CALNN）.Subsequently,the SA-GNP conjugates（SA@GNPs） were prepared by coupling SA to the GNP surface via the reaction of phenylboronic acid（PBA） with the cis-diol configuration in SA.The interactions of three SA@GNPs with three lectins have been analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopic and transmission electronic microscopic（TEM） techniques,respectively.The experimental results demonstrate that SA@GNPs can efficiently bind to lectins and show a great promise as optical probes for monitoring specific affinities of lectins for SA,and detecting lectins with high sensitivity.展开更多
Amount of thyroid pathology patients in Ukraine increased 3.7 times from 0.9 to 3.5 per 1000 population within a decade. The main reason of most of organs damage associated with hypothyroidism is decreased synthesis o...Amount of thyroid pathology patients in Ukraine increased 3.7 times from 0.9 to 3.5 per 1000 population within a decade. The main reason of most of organs damage associated with hypothyroidism is decreased synthesis of number of cellular enzymes because of thyroid hormones deficiency. Mast cells (MC) play leading role in inflammatory processes, allergic reactions and in autoimmune diseases pathogenesis, since they produce various cytokines. Influence of maternal hypothyroidism on the progeny skin histogenesis and MC correlation is poorly studied. Hypothyroid condition was modeled in Wistar female rats by adding thyreostatic drug mercazolilum (methimazole) 5 mg/kg body mass. Thyroid glands and progeny skin pieces from the back on the 1, 10, 20 and 40 postnatal development days were fixed in 4% neutral formalin and embedded in paraffin. For MC detection slides were stained by Bismark brown, alcian blue (pH 2.5), toluidine blue. D-Man and β-DGal carbohydrate determinants were studied by use of GNA and PNA lectins labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Lectin receptors visualization was conducted in3’3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride system in Н2О2 presence. Counting the MC number and thyroid glands’ morphometric parameters were conducted on 5 μm thin sections by using UTHSCSA “Image Tool for Windows Version2.00”(USA) computer program. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t-test. Body mass increase, changes in thyroid cells parameters and colloid structure were stated in experimental animals. The biggest MC amount was detected in control animals skin on the 1 day of postnatal development, slight decrease on 10 day and gradual increase till 40 day. MC amount with signs of degranulation increased in experimental animals skin at all stages of the research. Simultaneously, D-Man and β-DGal glycopolymers expression similarity was noted on MC surface. According to MC quantitative-qualitative indicators in skin, hypothyroid female rat progeny should be included into the risk group of immune status change and allergic reactions beginning.展开更多
Selective targeting of drugs to the proposed site of action provides therapeutic advantages such as reduced toxicity and smaller dose levels. Despite a huge progress made in drug design and delivery systems, many chal...Selective targeting of drugs to the proposed site of action provides therapeutic advantages such as reduced toxicity and smaller dose levels. Despite a huge progress made in drug design and delivery systems, many challenges still have to be solved. Small therapeutic drugs always have the potential to pass into the kidneys and be excreted from the body. The use of macromolecular constructs (carriers) that allow longer circulation times, contribute to improved chemical functionality and more precise drug delivery is an attractive alternative option. Bioadhesive systems which will utilize intense contact to increase the drug concentration gradient could be an attractive approach. Because of their specific carbohydrate-binding, lectins can interact with glycoconjugates present on the epithelial cells that line all of the organs exposed to the external environment. The unique carbohydrate specificities of plant lectins can facilitate mucoadhesion and cytoadhesion of drugs. As immunostimulatory molecules with an adjuvant effect plant lectins can also be employed in vaccine development.展开更多
Seaweeds are marine biological resources rich in a variety of bioactive substances with a wide range of biological functions.In this research,lectins were extracted from C.ocellatus Holmes,Rhodomela C.Ag,Laminaria jap...Seaweeds are marine biological resources rich in a variety of bioactive substances with a wide range of biological functions.In this research,lectins were extracted from C.ocellatus Holmes,Rhodomela C.Ag,Laminaria japonica Aresch,Undaria pinnati fida,Porphyra yezoensis Ueda and Alga Scytosiphonis Lomentarii.The activities of the lectins were measured and analyzed respectively.The results showed that the effect of extracting the lectin with normal saline was better,and the activity in kelp crude extract was better.It can provide a reference for further development and utilization of economic seaweed.展开更多
Macrocycle-based glycoclusters, on account of their promising anti-adhesive properties against bacteria,are potential therapeutic alternatives to classic antibiotics through the much less explored anti-adhesive strate...Macrocycle-based glycoclusters, on account of their promising anti-adhesive properties against bacteria,are potential therapeutic alternatives to classic antibiotics through the much less explored anti-adhesive strategy. In this study, a series of constitutionally-pure pentavalent glycoclusters was prepared by conjugating assorted azido-carbohydrates onto a penta-propargyl rim-differentiated pillar[5]arene(RD-P[5])scaffold through Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition “click” reactions. Their binding towards therapeutically relevant bacterial lectins, such as Lec A and Lec B from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and concanavalin A(Con A), were evaluated subsequently by isothermal titration calorimetric studies. Most of these isomerfree RD-P[5] pentavalent glycoclusters, except the fucosylated ones, display good affinities to lectins.Nonetheless, the dissociation constants observed are similar to those displayed by an analogous pentavalent glycocluster consisting of four P[5] constitutional isomers, in which the RD-P[5] component merely accounts for 7% in the mixture. Our results revealed that high constitutional purity is not essential for achieving effective multivalent interactions between P[5]-based glycoclusters and lectins, presumably as a result of the conformationally labile nature of the P[5] scaffold. This information provides valuable design principles for low-cost and facile syntheses of glycosylated P[5]s for biomedical applications.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31702375)the Fundamental Research Funds of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University(No.2019Q047)。
文摘As an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in the innate immune system,C-type lectin plays an important role in the innate immune process of invertebrates.Two C-type lectins Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D were characterized from mud crab(Scylla paramamosain).The predicted Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D proteins both contain a single carbohydrate-recognition domain(CRD)with key motif Gln-Pro-Ala(QPA)and Met-Pro-Ala(MPA),respectively.Sp CTL-C and Sp CTL-D transcripts distributed in all examined tissues,and the expression level was the highest in hepatopancreas.As PRR,the purifi ed recombinant proteins r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D have high affi nity for three kinds of pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs):β-glucan,lipopolysaccharide,and peptidoglycan.Besides,r Sp CTL-D can bind to all nine microorganisms tested,while r Sp CTL-C can bind to seven microorganisms except for Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus.Both r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D showed agglutination activity towards fungi Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.However,r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D exhibited diff erent antimicrobial activities:r Sp CTL-D has a certain inhibitory eff ect on the growth of Vibrio fl uvialis and M.luteus,while r Sp CTL-C has no obvious inhibitory activity.The results show that r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D had better phagocytosis-promoting eff ect on M.luteus than the negative control.Meanwhile,both r Sp CTL-C and r Sp CTL-D had certain encapsulation-promoting activity.Collectively,two C-type lectins with novel key motifs make an important impact as PRR in immune response towards pathogens.At the same time,they play diff erent functions in the innate immunity of mud crab S.paramamosain.
文摘Here we report a family with a clinical spectrum of Pachyonychia Congenita Tarda (PCT) encompassing two generations via a balanced chromosomal translocation between 4q26 and 12p12.3. We discuss the effects of chromosomal translocations on gene expression through involved breakpoints and structural gene abnormalities detected by array CGH. We believe that the family we present gives further insight to the better understanding of molecular and structural basis of keratin disorders, and to the late onset and genetic basis of PCT through the possible role of C-type lectins and human epithelial membrane protein1 (EMP1). Better understanding of the molecular basis of keratin disorders is the foundation for improved diagnosis, genetic counseling and novel therapeutic approaches to overcome the current treatment limitations related to this disease.
基金D.A.M.is supported by the Howard Ostin Fund and the University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire Renal Medicine Department.J.N.A.is funded by a grant from Cancer Research UK(DCRPGF\100009)and is the recipient of a Cancer Research Institute/Wade F.B.Thompson CLIP grant(CRI3645).
文摘C-type lectins(CTLs)represent a large family of soluble and membrane-bound proteins which bind calcium dependently via carbohydrate recognition domains(CRDs)to glycan residues presented on the surface of a variety of pathogens.The deconvolution of a cell’s glycan code by CTLs underpins several important physiological processes in mammals such as pathogen neutralization and opsonization,leukocyte trafficking,and the inflammatory response.However,as our knowledge of CTLs has developed it has become apparent that the role of this innate immune family of proteins can be double-edged,where some pathogens have developed approaches to subvert and exploit CTL interactions to promote infection and sustain the pathological state.Equally,CTL interactions with host glycoproteins can contribute to inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and cancer whereby,in certain contexts,they exacerbate inflammation and drive malignant progression.This review discusses the‘dual agent’roles of some of the major mammalian CTLs in both resolving and promoting infection,inflammation and inflammatory disease and highlights opportunities and emerging approaches for their therapeutic modulation.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0100600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1405212)
文摘Jacalin-related lectins （JRLs） are widely distributed carbohydrate-binding proteins in the plant kingdom, which play key roles in development and pathogen defense. In this study, we profiled evolutionary trajectory of JRLs family in 30 plant species and identified domain diversification and recombination leading to different responsive patterns of JRLs in rice during defense against rice blast. All of 30 plant species analyzed in our study have two types of JRLs by containing either a single jacalin or repeated jacalin domains, while chimeric jacalins exist in more than half of the species, especially in the Poaceae family. Moreover, Poaceae species have evolved two types of unique chimeric JRLs by fusing the jacalin domain（s） with dirigent or NB_ARC domain, some of which positively regulate plant immunity. Seven Poaceae-specific JRLs are found in the rice genome. We further found expression of rice JRLs, including four Poaceae-specific JRLs, are induced by Magnaporthe oryzae infections at either early or late infection stages. Overall, the results present the evolutionary trajectory of JRLs in plant and highlight essential roles of Poaceae specific JRLs against pathogen attacks in rice.
基金The National High-Technology R&D Program(863 Program) of China under contract No.2012AA10A409China Agriculture Research System under contract No.CARS-47
文摘C-type lectins are among the most significant pattern recognition receptors（PRRs） found in invertebrate. They are a class of carbohydrate-binding proteins that can recognize specific sugar moieties on the surface of pathogens. In the present study, a novel C-type lecitn（termed Mj Lectin） from kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus was identified. The full-length c DNA of Mj Lectin was 1 245 bp with a 1 011 bp open reading frame（ORF） that encoded a polypeptide of 336 amino acid residues. Mj Lectin consisted of two tandemly arrayed carbohydrate-recognition domains（CRDs）, unlike other reported M. japonicus C-type lectins with only one CRD. It showed a high similarity to other shrimp dual-CRD lectins. Among the Ca2＋-binding Site 2, the tripeptide motif dictating the carbohydrate binding specificity was exhibited as a rare mutant LPN（Leu134-Pro135-Asn136） in CRD1 and a traditional EPN（Glu299-Pro300-Asn301） in CRD2, respectively. Mj Lectin showed a specific expression pattern in both tissue and cellular levels, for its m RNA transcript was mainly expressed in the F-cells of the hepatopancreas. After white spot syndrome virus（WSSV） challenge（3.6×108 virions/μL）, the expression of Mj Lectin in the hepatopancreas was up-regulated significantly at 48 h（P〈0.01） compared with the control group. These results suggested that Mj Lectin might be involved in the innate immune defense against WSSV infection.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (No. 2006CB101804)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30972245)Public Industry (Agriculture) Specific Research Program (No. 200803012)
文摘Acting as one of the pattern recognition receptors （PRRs）, C-type lectin is believed to mediate pathogen recognition and plays an important role in the clearance of pathogens as part of the innate immune system. In this work, a novel C-type lectin gene （named LvLecl） was cloned from the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, The ORF of LvLecl is 510 bp, encoding 169 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a putative signal peptide of 19 amino acids at the N-terminal and a carbohydrate recognition domain （CRD） at the C-terminal. LvLecl was mainly expressed in the hepatopancreas. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that the level of LvLecl transcripts significantly changed in the hepatopancreas after the shrimp were artificially challenged with LPS, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and white spot syndrome virus （WSSV）. RNAi-based silencing of LvLecl resulted in increases in mortality when the shrimp were challenged with WSSV, and the median lethal time was reduced compared with controls. Although there was no characteristic ＂EPN＂ （Glu-Pro-Ser） or ＂QPD＂ （Gin-Pro-Asp） motif, the recombinant LvLecl, expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 （DE3）, could also agglutinate M. lysodeikticus and Vibrio anguillarum. The agglutinating activities were calcium-dependent and could be inhibited by D-mannose, D-glucose, D-galactose and N-Acetyl-D-mannose. These results suggest that LvLecl might be involved in the immune response against WSSV and bacterial infections and contribute to non-self recognition as a pattern recognition receptor in the innate immune system of the shrimp L. vannamei.
基金the project of the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFE0122000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31871968)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province,China(2018J01614).
文摘C-type lectins(CTLs)are a superfamily of Ca^(2+)-dependent carbohydrate-recognition proteins,and an important pattern recognition receptor(PRR)in insect innate immunity which can mediate humoral and cellular immunity in insects.In this study,we report a novel dual carbohydrate-recognition domain(CRD)CTL from Plutella xylostella which we designate PxIML.PxIML is a protein with a 969 bp open reading frame(ORF)encoding 322 amino acids,containing a signal peptide and a dual-CRD with EPN(Glu_(124)-Pro_(125)-Asn_(126))and QPD(Gln_(274)-Pro_(275)-Asp_(276))motifs.The expression of PxIML mRNA in the fat body was significantly higher than in hemocytes and midgut.The relative expression levels of PxIML in the whole insect and the fat body were significantly inhibited after infection with Bacillus thuringiensis 8010(Bt8010)at 18 h,while they were significantly upregulated after infection with Serratia marcescens IAE6 or Pichia pastoris.The recombinant PxIML(rPxIML)protein could bind to the tested pathogen-associated molecular patterns(PAMPs),and the bacteria of Enterobacter sp.IAE5,S.marcescens IAE6,Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli BL21,and Bt8010 in a Ca^(2+)-dependent manner,however,it showed limited binding to the fungus,P.pastoris.The rPxIML exhibited strong activity in the presence of Ca^(2+) to agglutinate Bt8010,Enterobacter sp.IAE5 and S.aureus,but it only weakly agglutinated with E.coli BL21,and could not agglutinate with S.marcescens IAE6 or P.pastoris.Furthermore,the rPxIML could bind to hemocytes,promote the adsorption of hemocytes to beads,and enhance the phenoloxidase(PO)activity and melanization of P.xylostella.Our results suggest that PxIML plays an important role in pathogen recognition and in mediating subsequent humoral and cellular immunity of P.xylostella.
文摘The C-type lectin MGL is a pathogen recognition receptor, expressed by dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mfs), able to bind GalNAc (Tn) carrying structures. This receptor also recognized Tn-TAAs that were internalized, processed and presented by DCs to T cells and it acted as an adjuvant on DCs, highlighting its possible application in anti-cancer vaccination. In this work, we found that this receptor present a seasonal modulation: its expression is higher in winter rather than in summer. The percentage of MGL+ donors displayed a negative trend that dropped to 33% during the summer and increased up to 100% in winter. This modulation could be also ascribed to the circa-annual variation of glucocorticoids, in fact MGL is up-regulated in presence of dexamethasone in vitro. The seasonal variation of this receptor could be an important point in the field of tumor vaccination strategies.
文摘Twelve species of crustacean from Fujian coast were examined for lectins with different animal erythrocytes. Serum extracts froma ll of 12 species showed agglutinating activity against at least two types of the erythrocytes used, which revealed the existence of lectins in these species. There were five species ( Penaeus japonicus , Lophosquilla costata, Charybdis feriatus, Portunus pelagicus, Scylla serrata ) whose serums could agglutinate all the erythrocytes tested. The lowest serum protein concentration required to produce erythrocytes agglutination varied remarkably, ranging from 0.7μ g/mL to 8 080μ g/mL. The strongest activity was shown in the agglutination of rabbit erythrocyte by serum of Penaeus vanaminas. Inhibition assays performed with seven mono- and bisaccharides showed that agglutination of quail erythrocytes by serums of three species (Portunus pelagicus, Scylla serrata and Sesarma sp. ) were not inhibited by any sugars, while others were inhibited by at least three types of sugars. The assay of temperature influence on agglutinating activity showed that only Penaeus japonicus retained activity when the serum was heated to 90 ℃, and other serums lost their activity at 40 ℃, 50 ℃, 60 ℃, 70 ℃, 80 ℃ for 10 minutes, respectively.
文摘The purpose of this work is to perform a detailed study of carbohydrate specificity of the new extracellular bacilli lectins which is considered to determine mechanisms of the lectins action. Sources of lectins were bacterial strains from Ukrainian collection of microorganisms. The optimized protocol of bacilli lectins isolation and purification included precipitation with ammonium sulfate with subsequent gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose CL-6B. Hemagglutinating activity of bacilli lectins and their fine carbohydrate specificity to sialic acids and their derivatives as well as sialic asid-containing and asialic glycoconjugates were studied. The ability of extracellular bacilli lectins to discriminate a- and 13-conformation of carbohydrate molecule and the type of connection between the monomers was determined. Studied lectins showed the most affinity to glycoconjugates containing both types of sialic acids （N-acetylneuraminic acid （Neu5Ac） and N-glycolylneuraminic acid （NeuGc）） and it is supposed to be a basis of their diagnostic and analytical potential.
文摘This paper report the binding pattern of 12 different kinds of lectin in human breast lesions. Of the 12 kinds of lectins, WGA showed the highest binding activity to the cells of the breast tissue derived; the binding of BSL, SBA and DBA were localized to membrane or cytoplasm of cancer cells and to the lumina membrane border of the normal and benign lesions; PNA receptor is related with the differentiation of the breast; cancer; we didn't find any relationship between the lectin receptor and the tendency of metastasis of breast cancer.
文摘The production of free radicals is a natural process in aerobic organisms due to the mitochondrial activity. Usually the cells have several mechanisms for scavenging those free radicals, but, in several pathologic processes, such as cancer, those free radicals increase their production, making it impossible to sustain the system stable, generating the condition called oxidative stress. Ruta graveolens L. （Rue） is a plant commonly used in traditional medicine, mainly as antiinflamatory; this has been related to some organic components, such as Rutin, but there hasn＇t been any lectin studies in Rue stem. Lectins are glycoproteins of non-enzymatic and no immune origin, able to bind to simple carbohydrates, which lets them bind selectively to malignant cells against normal cells, killing them via apoptosis and reducing the free radicals level. In this study we intended to characterize rue stem lectins as those weren＇t reported yet. Also, the anticancer and antioxidant activity of these lectins was evaluated, Rue stem lectins were extracted using a saline solution and semipurified to obtain an enriched extract and administrated to nickel oxide treated mice. Oxidative stress was cuantified using the tiobarbituric acid （TBARS） method to quantify Malondialdehyde （MDA）, the Griess method to cuantify Nitrites and enzymatic activity of catalase were cuantified in liver. In this study was found that rue stem lectins are useful as a therapeutic auxiliar, considering that its ratio of antioxidant activity is limited, being a prooxidant agent at high concentrations.
基金supported by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,National Natural Science Foundation of China(81271792,81471571,81971917,and 32170142)Jiangsu Natural Science Foundation(BK20211310).
文摘C-type lectins(CTLs)are a family of proteins that contain 1 or more carbohydrate-recognition domains(CRDs)and bind to a broad repertoire of ligands in the presence of calcium ions.CTLs play important roles in innate immune defenses against microorganisms by acting as pattern-recognition receptors(PRRs)for invading pathogens,such as bacteria,viruses,and parasites.After binding to pathogen-associated ligands,CTLs mediate immune responses,such as agglutination,phagocytosis,and the activation of phenol oxidase progenitors,thereby clearing pathogens.CTLs are an evolutionarily conserved family found in almost all vertebrates and invertebrates.Medical arthropods can acquire and transmit a range pathogens through various approaches,such as bloodsucking,lancing,and parasitism,thus infecting humans and animals with related diseases,some of which can be life-threatening.Recent studies have shown that lectins are important components of the arthropod immune system and are essential for the immune responses of arthropods to arthropod-borne pathogens.This article reviews the current understanding of the structure,function,and signaling pathways involved in CTLs derived from important medical arthropods.
文摘AIM To study the agglutination pattern ofHelicobacter pylori coccoid and spiral forms.METHODS Assays of agglutination andagglutination inhibition were applied usingfifteen commercial lectins.RESULTS Strong agglutination was observedwith mannose-specific Concanavalin A(Con A),fucose-specific Tetragonolobus purpureas(Lotus A)and N-acetyl glucosamine-specificTriticum vulgaris(WGA)lectins.Mannose andfucose specific lectins were reactive with allstrains of H.pylori coccoids as compared to thespirals.Specific carbohydrates,glycoproteinsand mucin were shown to inhibit H.pylorilectin-agglutination reactions.Pre-treatment ofthe bacterial cells with formalin and sulphuricacid did not alter the agglutination patterns withlectins.However,sodium periodate treatment ofbacterial cells were shown to inhibitagglutination reaction with Con A,Lotus A andWGA lectins.On the contrary,enzymatictreatment of coccoids and spirals did not showmarked inhibition of H.pylori-lectinagglutination.Interestingly,heating of H.pylori cells at 60℃ for 1 hour was shown toaugment the agglutination with all of the lectinstested.CONCLUSION The considerable differences inlectin agglutination patterns seen among the twodifferentiated forms of H.pylori might beattributable to the structural changes during theevents of morphological transformation,resulting in exposing or masking some of the sugar residues on the cell surface.Possibility ofvarious sugar residues on the cell wall of thecoccoids may allow them to bind to differentcarbohydrate receptors on gastric mucus andepithelial cells.The coccoids with adherencecharacteristics like the spirals could aid in thepathogenic process of Helicobacter infection.This may probably lead to different clinicaloutcome of H.pylori associated gastroduodenaldisease.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2011CB935800)the Project of the Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department,China(No.20100701)
文摘A general functionalization strategy was reported,which enables one to conjugate saccharide（SA） on gold nanoparticle（GNP） surface without affecting SA properties.First,disulfide phenylboronic acid（Bor） functionalized GNPs（Bor@GNPs） were synthesized by the reaction of citrate stabilized GNPs of 13 nm in diameter with the mixture of Bor and pentapeptide（Cys-Ala-Leu-Asn-Asn,CALNN）.Subsequently,the SA-GNP conjugates（SA@GNPs） were prepared by coupling SA to the GNP surface via the reaction of phenylboronic acid（PBA） with the cis-diol configuration in SA.The interactions of three SA@GNPs with three lectins have been analyzed by UV-visible spectroscopic and transmission electronic microscopic（TEM） techniques,respectively.The experimental results demonstrate that SA@GNPs can efficiently bind to lectins and show a great promise as optical probes for monitoring specific affinities of lectins for SA,and detecting lectins with high sensitivity.
文摘Amount of thyroid pathology patients in Ukraine increased 3.7 times from 0.9 to 3.5 per 1000 population within a decade. The main reason of most of organs damage associated with hypothyroidism is decreased synthesis of number of cellular enzymes because of thyroid hormones deficiency. Mast cells (MC) play leading role in inflammatory processes, allergic reactions and in autoimmune diseases pathogenesis, since they produce various cytokines. Influence of maternal hypothyroidism on the progeny skin histogenesis and MC correlation is poorly studied. Hypothyroid condition was modeled in Wistar female rats by adding thyreostatic drug mercazolilum (methimazole) 5 mg/kg body mass. Thyroid glands and progeny skin pieces from the back on the 1, 10, 20 and 40 postnatal development days were fixed in 4% neutral formalin and embedded in paraffin. For MC detection slides were stained by Bismark brown, alcian blue (pH 2.5), toluidine blue. D-Man and β-DGal carbohydrate determinants were studied by use of GNA and PNA lectins labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Lectin receptors visualization was conducted in3’3-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride system in Н2О2 presence. Counting the MC number and thyroid glands’ morphometric parameters were conducted on 5 μm thin sections by using UTHSCSA “Image Tool for Windows Version2.00”(USA) computer program. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t-test. Body mass increase, changes in thyroid cells parameters and colloid structure were stated in experimental animals. The biggest MC amount was detected in control animals skin on the 1 day of postnatal development, slight decrease on 10 day and gradual increase till 40 day. MC amount with signs of degranulation increased in experimental animals skin at all stages of the research. Simultaneously, D-Man and β-DGal glycopolymers expression similarity was noted on MC surface. According to MC quantitative-qualitative indicators in skin, hypothyroid female rat progeny should be included into the risk group of immune status change and allergic reactions beginning.
文摘Selective targeting of drugs to the proposed site of action provides therapeutic advantages such as reduced toxicity and smaller dose levels. Despite a huge progress made in drug design and delivery systems, many challenges still have to be solved. Small therapeutic drugs always have the potential to pass into the kidneys and be excreted from the body. The use of macromolecular constructs (carriers) that allow longer circulation times, contribute to improved chemical functionality and more precise drug delivery is an attractive alternative option. Bioadhesive systems which will utilize intense contact to increase the drug concentration gradient could be an attractive approach. Because of their specific carbohydrate-binding, lectins can interact with glycoconjugates present on the epithelial cells that line all of the organs exposed to the external environment. The unique carbohydrate specificities of plant lectins can facilitate mucoadhesion and cytoadhesion of drugs. As immunostimulatory molecules with an adjuvant effect plant lectins can also be employed in vaccine development.
基金Supported by Research Project on Undergraduate Teaching Reform of General Higher Education in Liaoning(UPRP20160329)~~
文摘Seaweeds are marine biological resources rich in a variety of bioactive substances with a wide range of biological functions.In this research,lectins were extracted from C.ocellatus Holmes,Rhodomela C.Ag,Laminaria japonica Aresch,Undaria pinnati fida,Porphyra yezoensis Ueda and Alga Scytosiphonis Lomentarii.The activities of the lectins were measured and analyzed respectively.The results showed that the effect of extracting the lectin with normal saline was better,and the activity in kelp crude extract was better.It can provide a reference for further development and utilization of economic seaweed.
基金Financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21801184)the Tianjin Municipal Applied Basic and Key Research Scheme of China (No. 18JCQNJC06400)+3 种基金Xiamen University, Starry Night Science Fund of Zhejiang University Shanghai Institute for Advanced Study (No. SN-ZJU-SIAS-006)Université de Lyon, the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (Dyna Sweet, ANR-08-BLAN-0305)Glyco@Alps (ANR-15-IDEX-02)Labex Arcane/CBH-EUR-GS (ANR-17-EURE-0003) are gratefully acknowledged。
文摘Macrocycle-based glycoclusters, on account of their promising anti-adhesive properties against bacteria,are potential therapeutic alternatives to classic antibiotics through the much less explored anti-adhesive strategy. In this study, a series of constitutionally-pure pentavalent glycoclusters was prepared by conjugating assorted azido-carbohydrates onto a penta-propargyl rim-differentiated pillar[5]arene(RD-P[5])scaffold through Cu(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition “click” reactions. Their binding towards therapeutically relevant bacterial lectins, such as Lec A and Lec B from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and concanavalin A(Con A), were evaluated subsequently by isothermal titration calorimetric studies. Most of these isomerfree RD-P[5] pentavalent glycoclusters, except the fucosylated ones, display good affinities to lectins.Nonetheless, the dissociation constants observed are similar to those displayed by an analogous pentavalent glycocluster consisting of four P[5] constitutional isomers, in which the RD-P[5] component merely accounts for 7% in the mixture. Our results revealed that high constitutional purity is not essential for achieving effective multivalent interactions between P[5]-based glycoclusters and lectins, presumably as a result of the conformationally labile nature of the P[5] scaffold. This information provides valuable design principles for low-cost and facile syntheses of glycosylated P[5]s for biomedical applications.
