Predation is an important source of natural selection on prey species and has resulted in adaptations such as antipredator vocal signals,which can alert others to the presence of predators and solicit cooperative atta...Predation is an important source of natural selection on prey species and has resulted in adaptations such as antipredator vocal signals,which can alert others to the presence of predators and solicit cooperative attack.Although vocal alarm signals of birds have been well studied,they are poorly known in tropical African species.To address this lack of information,the antipredatory signals and responses of two lapwings(Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus and Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus)to potential predators were investigated using data collected from focal observation,distance measurements,focal recordings,and playback experiment.The lapwing calls elicited to predators were classified as alarm or mobbing calls based on whether the calls elicited alert behavior or attack from other lapwings.Discriminant linear analysis(DLA)was used to compare the time and frequency parameters of the call types measured in Raven PRO.Also,lapwings’responses to intruders,alert and start distance,time of day,and latency,as well as the effects of flock size and distance to cover were examined.About 48%of all calls was correctly classified by DLA.The best predictors of call type for the lapwings were maximum frequency and high frequency.Both alarm and mobbing calls were elicited by African Wattled Lapwings to dogs and humans.Mobbing calls were elicited to intruders by the Spur-winged Lapwings.Alert distance was positively associated with start distance,and differed between morning and evening in both lapwings.With scarce information from tropical Africa,this study put in perspective vocal and antipredator behavior of lapwing species in Africa.展开更多
The Sociable Lapwing(Vanellus gregarius) was recently categorized as Critically Endangered by the IUCN due to a strong decline and overall range contraction.Until now the only published Chinese record of the species w...The Sociable Lapwing(Vanellus gregarius) was recently categorized as Critically Endangered by the IUCN due to a strong decline and overall range contraction.Until now the only published Chinese record of the species was a vagrant sighting in 1998.We reviewed reports and historic literature from a German ornithological expedition in 1876,which reported the species to be a breeding bird in Xinjiang,western China in the second half of the 19th century.According to local expertise,the species seems since to have become extinct in Xinjiang,but surveys are suggested to clarify its current status.展开更多
The adaptively compressed exchange(ACE)operator is a low-rank representation of the Fock exchange,avoiding any loss of precision.We present an application of this method in the formalism of linearized augmented plane ...The adaptively compressed exchange(ACE)operator is a low-rank representation of the Fock exchange,avoiding any loss of precision.We present an application of this method in the formalism of linearized augmented plane waves(LAPW)to hybrid functionals with range separation.For this purpose,we extend the functionality of the LAPW-specific Poisson solver employing the pseudocharge method for the short-and long-range interaction kernels.To make these calculations more affordable,we revise the most expensive steps in the pseudocharge method and reduce their computational complexity.As a result,this implementation is a first step towards cubic-scaling hybrid calculations employing LAPW with respect to the number of atoms.We apply our code for assessing the numerical quality of band gaps computed with hybrid functionals in the literature,employing a test set consisting of 26 materials.展开更多
基金funding(No.217)from the A.P.Leventis Foundation Scholarship(to F.R.J).
文摘Predation is an important source of natural selection on prey species and has resulted in adaptations such as antipredator vocal signals,which can alert others to the presence of predators and solicit cooperative attack.Although vocal alarm signals of birds have been well studied,they are poorly known in tropical African species.To address this lack of information,the antipredatory signals and responses of two lapwings(Wattled Lapwing Vanellus senegallus and Spur-winged Lapwing Vanellus spinosus)to potential predators were investigated using data collected from focal observation,distance measurements,focal recordings,and playback experiment.The lapwing calls elicited to predators were classified as alarm or mobbing calls based on whether the calls elicited alert behavior or attack from other lapwings.Discriminant linear analysis(DLA)was used to compare the time and frequency parameters of the call types measured in Raven PRO.Also,lapwings’responses to intruders,alert and start distance,time of day,and latency,as well as the effects of flock size and distance to cover were examined.About 48%of all calls was correctly classified by DLA.The best predictors of call type for the lapwings were maximum frequency and high frequency.Both alarm and mobbing calls were elicited by African Wattled Lapwings to dogs and humans.Mobbing calls were elicited to intruders by the Spur-winged Lapwings.Alert distance was positively associated with start distance,and differed between morning and evening in both lapwings.With scarce information from tropical Africa,this study put in perspective vocal and antipredator behavior of lapwing species in Africa.
基金funded by the Darwin Initiative of the UK government and the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)support from Swarovski optics, The Rufford Foundation and Deutsche Ornithologen-Gesellschaft (DO-G)
文摘The Sociable Lapwing(Vanellus gregarius) was recently categorized as Critically Endangered by the IUCN due to a strong decline and overall range contraction.Until now the only published Chinese record of the species was a vagrant sighting in 1998.We reviewed reports and historic literature from a German ornithological expedition in 1876,which reported the species to be a breeding bird in Xinjiang,western China in the second half of the 19th century.According to local expertise,the species seems since to have become extinct in Xinjiang,but surveys are suggested to clarify its current status.
基金supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the grant agreement No.951786(NOMAD CoE)the Latvian Quantum Initiative within European Union Recovery and Resilience Facility project No.2.3.1.1.i.0/1/22/I/CFLA/001.We also acknowledge the EuroHPC Joint Undertaking for awarding access to the EuroHPC supercomputer LUMI,hosted by CSC(Finland)and the LUMI consortium through a EuroHPC Development Access call.
文摘The adaptively compressed exchange(ACE)operator is a low-rank representation of the Fock exchange,avoiding any loss of precision.We present an application of this method in the formalism of linearized augmented plane waves(LAPW)to hybrid functionals with range separation.For this purpose,we extend the functionality of the LAPW-specific Poisson solver employing the pseudocharge method for the short-and long-range interaction kernels.To make these calculations more affordable,we revise the most expensive steps in the pseudocharge method and reduce their computational complexity.As a result,this implementation is a first step towards cubic-scaling hybrid calculations employing LAPW with respect to the number of atoms.We apply our code for assessing the numerical quality of band gaps computed with hybrid functionals in the literature,employing a test set consisting of 26 materials.
