OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture analgesia(AA) compared with combined spinal-epidural anesthesia(CSEA) for labor pain relief and labor outcomes.METHODS: We evaluated 131 primiparous women who re...OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture analgesia(AA) compared with combined spinal-epidural anesthesia(CSEA) for labor pain relief and labor outcomes.METHODS: We evaluated 131 primiparous women who received respiratory guidance during maternal uterine contractions and received either AA(n =43), CSEA(n = 45), or no additional treatment(control, n = 43). The groups were compared regarding visual analog scale(VAS) scores for abdominal and back pain, and labor outcomes.RESULTS: The abdominal VAS scores of the AA and CSEA groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. In addition, the VAS scores of the CSEA group were significantly lower than that of the AA group at 10 and 60 min after intervention.The back pain VAS scores of the AA and CSEA groups were significantly lower than that of the control group at 5, 10, and 60 min after intervention. The duration of the active phase of labor in the CSEA group was significantly longer than that of the AA and control groups. The rates of oxytocin use(4.70%), urinary retention(4.70%), and postpartum hemorrhage [(273.7 ± 53.6) m L] in the AA group were significantly lower than in the CSEA group [46.70%, 24.20%, and(320.0 ± 85.6) m L, respectively].CONCLUSION: Both AA and CSEA were effective for labor pain relief, CSEA provided more effective pain relief, while AA was associated with a shorter duration of labor and fewer adverse effects.and each has its advantages and disadvantages.展开更多
Even today,academics continue to debate the effect of feminization of agricultural labor force on agricultural output.By considering the dimensions of participation in decision-making and production,this study divides...Even today,academics continue to debate the effect of feminization of agricultural labor force on agricultural output.By considering the dimensions of participation in decision-making and production,this study divides the various agricultural production models into three types:(i)the traditional model of decisions made either jointly by men and women or by men alone while both genders participate in production,(ii)complete feminization of agricultural decision-making and the production labor force,and(iii)feminization of the agricultural production labor force only.This study investigates the effects of combining or separating decision-making and production in regard to agricultural development in the context of feminization of the agricultural labor force.Using follow-up data collected from 2004–2008 by the Ministry of Agriculture of China,we built a comprehensive panel data model to test our hypotheses.Our research shows that in comparison to traditional agricultural households and fully feminized agricultural labor forces,partially feminized production resulted in lower grain yield and technological advancement.The feminization of agricultural labor does not necessarily have a negative impact on agricultural output,especially since heavy manual labor is being increasingly replaced by agricultural machinery and outsourcing of tasks.The degree of feminization of the decision-making and production processes should be an important consideration when evaluating the purported negative effects of the feminization of agricultural labor.展开更多
Aromatherapy is the therapeutic use of oil from herbs, flowers, and other plants. The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effectiveness of aromatherapy for laboring women. We searched five electronic databas...Aromatherapy is the therapeutic use of oil from herbs, flowers, and other plants. The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effectiveness of aromatherapy for laboring women. We searched five electronic databases till November 15th 2013 including those Chinese and English language articles. A total of 4 eligible studies were identified. Aromatherapy was effective in reducing the length of labor, but there were no statistically significant effects in the use of pharmacological analgesia, spontaneous vaginal delivery, caesarean delivery and assisted vaginal birth. Due to the limited number of articles identified, the evidence is not sufficiently convincing that aromatherapy is an effective therapy for laboring women.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Some research exists on the effect of non-pharmacological approaches for labor pain relief However, there is limited information about effectiveness of breathing exercises in pregnant women to reduce mate...BACKGROUND： Some research exists on the effect of non-pharmacological approaches for labor pain relief However, there is limited information about effectiveness of breathing exercises in pregnant women to reduce maternal pain during labor. OBJECTIVE： To determine whether breathing exercises for pregnant women during the second stage of labor have beneficial effects on maternal pain, duration of labor, and the first-minute Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity and Respiration （APGAR） scores. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS： This randomized clinical trial involved 250 pregnant women, who were randomly divided into two groups： intervention group （IG; n = 125） and control group （CG; n = 125）. IG received one session breathing exercise training and performed breathing exercises during the second stage of labor versus the CG that did not receive any breathing exercise training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The effects of breathing exercises on maternal pain were determined by Visual Analogue Scale （VAS）, duration of the second stage of labor, and the first-minute APGAR scores. RESULTS： The mean age of the participants was （23.2 _＋ 4.2） （range： 18 to 42） years. Both IG and CG had similar baseline characteristics in terms of age, education level, occupation, and smoking （P 〉 0.05）. The mean VAS scores of IG and CG were （88.2 ＋_ 6.3） and （90.5 ＋_ 7.0）, respectively （P 〈 0.001）. The duration of the second stage of labor was （369.6 ＋ 92.0） s for IG and （440.7 ＋ 142.5） s for CG （P 〈 0.001 ）. The mean first-minute APGAR scores were （8.84 ＋ 0.50） for IG and （8.73 ＋ 0.89） for CG （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Based on this study, breathing exercises with deep inhalation and exhalation in pregnant women are effective in reducing the perception of labor pain and shortening the duration of the second stage of delivery. Therefore, we recommend breathing exercises as an effective modality for labor pain management and shortening the duration of labor. TRIAL REGISTRATION： This study is registered on the website of ClinicalTrials.gov （www.clinicaltrials.gov） with the number of NCT03066973.展开更多
目的:观察针刺合谷、太冲、三阴交对初产妇疼痛、焦虑、产时出血量、产程时间和新生儿的影响。方法:将100例初产妇随机分为针刺组(50例,剔除1例)和对照组(50例)。对照组给予产科常规护理;针刺组在对照组基础上给予针刺双侧合谷、三阴交...目的:观察针刺合谷、太冲、三阴交对初产妇疼痛、焦虑、产时出血量、产程时间和新生儿的影响。方法:将100例初产妇随机分为针刺组(50例,剔除1例)和对照组(50例)。对照组给予产科常规护理;针刺组在对照组基础上给予针刺双侧合谷、三阴交、太冲干预。比较两组产妇分娩方式和产程时间,针刺前后宫缩痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分,产时及产后1 h出血量与大出血情况,以及新生儿出生后1、5、10 min Apgar评分。结果:针刺组初产妇剖宫产率为4.1%(2/49),低于对照组的10.0%(5/50,P<0.05);针刺组初产妇宫开2指潜伏期、活跃期、第一产程、第二产程和总产程均短于对照组(P<0.001),产时出血量和大出血发生率低于对照组(P<0.001,P<0.05)。针刺后,针刺组初产妇宫缩痛VAS和HAMA评分低于针刺前(P<0.001),对照组初产妇宫缩痛VAS和HAMA评分高于针刺前(P<0.001)。针刺组初产妇针刺后宫缩痛VAS和HAMA评分低于对照组(P<0.001);针刺前后宫缩痛VAS和HAMA评分差值大于对照组(P<0.001)。两组新生儿出生后1、5、10 min Apgar评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:针刺合谷、太冲、三阴交可有效改善初产妇疼痛及焦虑程度,有助于缩短产程时长,减少产时出血量,降低大出血的发生率,提高顺产概率,可更好地提高初产妇生产舒适度及安全性。展开更多
基金Supported by a Grant of the Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Project(Application of Acupuncture Point Combined with Electroacupuncture in Labor Pain Relief,No.2011B031700024)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture analgesia(AA) compared with combined spinal-epidural anesthesia(CSEA) for labor pain relief and labor outcomes.METHODS: We evaluated 131 primiparous women who received respiratory guidance during maternal uterine contractions and received either AA(n =43), CSEA(n = 45), or no additional treatment(control, n = 43). The groups were compared regarding visual analog scale(VAS) scores for abdominal and back pain, and labor outcomes.RESULTS: The abdominal VAS scores of the AA and CSEA groups were significantly lower than that of the control group. In addition, the VAS scores of the CSEA group were significantly lower than that of the AA group at 10 and 60 min after intervention.The back pain VAS scores of the AA and CSEA groups were significantly lower than that of the control group at 5, 10, and 60 min after intervention. The duration of the active phase of labor in the CSEA group was significantly longer than that of the AA and control groups. The rates of oxytocin use(4.70%), urinary retention(4.70%), and postpartum hemorrhage [(273.7 ± 53.6) m L] in the AA group were significantly lower than in the CSEA group [46.70%, 24.20%, and(320.0 ± 85.6) m L, respectively].CONCLUSION: Both AA and CSEA were effective for labor pain relief, CSEA provided more effective pain relief, while AA was associated with a shorter duration of labor and fewer adverse effects.and each has its advantages and disadvantages.
基金supported by the the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71573133, 71673047 and 71473122)the Center for Food Security Research of Nanjing Agricultural Universitythe Center for Cooperative Innovation of Modern Grain Circulation and Security of Jiangsu Province, China
文摘Even today,academics continue to debate the effect of feminization of agricultural labor force on agricultural output.By considering the dimensions of participation in decision-making and production,this study divides the various agricultural production models into three types:(i)the traditional model of decisions made either jointly by men and women or by men alone while both genders participate in production,(ii)complete feminization of agricultural decision-making and the production labor force,and(iii)feminization of the agricultural production labor force only.This study investigates the effects of combining or separating decision-making and production in regard to agricultural development in the context of feminization of the agricultural labor force.Using follow-up data collected from 2004–2008 by the Ministry of Agriculture of China,we built a comprehensive panel data model to test our hypotheses.Our research shows that in comparison to traditional agricultural households and fully feminized agricultural labor forces,partially feminized production resulted in lower grain yield and technological advancement.The feminization of agricultural labor does not necessarily have a negative impact on agricultural output,especially since heavy manual labor is being increasingly replaced by agricultural machinery and outsourcing of tasks.The degree of feminization of the decision-making and production processes should be an important consideration when evaluating the purported negative effects of the feminization of agricultural labor.
文摘Aromatherapy is the therapeutic use of oil from herbs, flowers, and other plants. The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effectiveness of aromatherapy for laboring women. We searched five electronic databases till November 15th 2013 including those Chinese and English language articles. A total of 4 eligible studies were identified. Aromatherapy was effective in reducing the length of labor, but there were no statistically significant effects in the use of pharmacological analgesia, spontaneous vaginal delivery, caesarean delivery and assisted vaginal birth. Due to the limited number of articles identified, the evidence is not sufficiently convincing that aromatherapy is an effective therapy for laboring women.
文摘BACKGROUND： Some research exists on the effect of non-pharmacological approaches for labor pain relief However, there is limited information about effectiveness of breathing exercises in pregnant women to reduce maternal pain during labor. OBJECTIVE： To determine whether breathing exercises for pregnant women during the second stage of labor have beneficial effects on maternal pain, duration of labor, and the first-minute Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity and Respiration （APGAR） scores. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS： This randomized clinical trial involved 250 pregnant women, who were randomly divided into two groups： intervention group （IG; n = 125） and control group （CG; n = 125）. IG received one session breathing exercise training and performed breathing exercises during the second stage of labor versus the CG that did not receive any breathing exercise training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The effects of breathing exercises on maternal pain were determined by Visual Analogue Scale （VAS）, duration of the second stage of labor, and the first-minute APGAR scores. RESULTS： The mean age of the participants was （23.2 _＋ 4.2） （range： 18 to 42） years. Both IG and CG had similar baseline characteristics in terms of age, education level, occupation, and smoking （P 〉 0.05）. The mean VAS scores of IG and CG were （88.2 ＋_ 6.3） and （90.5 ＋_ 7.0）, respectively （P 〈 0.001）. The duration of the second stage of labor was （369.6 ＋ 92.0） s for IG and （440.7 ＋ 142.5） s for CG （P 〈 0.001 ）. The mean first-minute APGAR scores were （8.84 ＋ 0.50） for IG and （8.73 ＋ 0.89） for CG （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Based on this study, breathing exercises with deep inhalation and exhalation in pregnant women are effective in reducing the perception of labor pain and shortening the duration of the second stage of delivery. Therefore, we recommend breathing exercises as an effective modality for labor pain management and shortening the duration of labor. TRIAL REGISTRATION： This study is registered on the website of ClinicalTrials.gov （www.clinicaltrials.gov） with the number of NCT03066973.
文摘目的:观察针刺合谷、太冲、三阴交对初产妇疼痛、焦虑、产时出血量、产程时间和新生儿的影响。方法:将100例初产妇随机分为针刺组(50例,剔除1例)和对照组(50例)。对照组给予产科常规护理;针刺组在对照组基础上给予针刺双侧合谷、三阴交、太冲干预。比较两组产妇分娩方式和产程时间,针刺前后宫缩痛视觉模拟量表(VAS)及汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分,产时及产后1 h出血量与大出血情况,以及新生儿出生后1、5、10 min Apgar评分。结果:针刺组初产妇剖宫产率为4.1%(2/49),低于对照组的10.0%(5/50,P<0.05);针刺组初产妇宫开2指潜伏期、活跃期、第一产程、第二产程和总产程均短于对照组(P<0.001),产时出血量和大出血发生率低于对照组(P<0.001,P<0.05)。针刺后,针刺组初产妇宫缩痛VAS和HAMA评分低于针刺前(P<0.001),对照组初产妇宫缩痛VAS和HAMA评分高于针刺前(P<0.001)。针刺组初产妇针刺后宫缩痛VAS和HAMA评分低于对照组(P<0.001);针刺前后宫缩痛VAS和HAMA评分差值大于对照组(P<0.001)。两组新生儿出生后1、5、10 min Apgar评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:针刺合谷、太冲、三阴交可有效改善初产妇疼痛及焦虑程度,有助于缩短产程时长,减少产时出血量,降低大出血的发生率,提高顺产概率,可更好地提高初产妇生产舒适度及安全性。
