本文记述了采白云南的獾蛛属Hygrolycosa Dahl,1908 1新种Hygrolycosa ligulacea sp.nov..并提供了详细的描述、鉴别特征图版和地理分布数据.模式标本保存在晓庄学院生命科学学院,部分副模保存于美同加州科学院.Abstract：One new w...本文记述了采白云南的獾蛛属Hygrolycosa Dahl,1908 1新种Hygrolycosa ligulacea sp.nov..并提供了详细的描述、鉴别特征图版和地理分布数据.模式标本保存在晓庄学院生命科学学院,部分副模保存于美同加州科学院.Abstract：One new wolf spider of the genus Hygrolycosa Dalal, 1908 (Araneae: Lycosidae) from China is described and illustrated, under the name of Hygrolycosa ligulacea sp. nov.. The differences among new species and its related species are discussed, Distributional data and illustrations of body and genital organs are provided.展开更多
Effective signal transmission is essential for communication. In environments where signal transmission is highly variable, signalers may utilize complex signals, which incorporate multiple components and modalities, ...Effective signal transmission is essential for communication. In environments where signal transmission is highly variable, signalers may utilize complex signals, which incorporate multiple components and modalities, to maintain effective communication. Male Rabidosa rabida wolf spiders produce complex courtship signals, consisting of both visual and seismic components. We test the hypothesis that the complex signaling of R. rabida contributes to male reproductive success in variable signaling environments. We first examine the condition-dependence of foreleg ornamentation （a presumed visual signal） and seismic signal components and find that both may provide potentially redundant information on foraging history. Next, we assessed reproductive success across manipulated signaling environments that varied in the effectiveness of visual and/or seismic signal transmission. In environments where only one signal could be successfully transmitted （e.g., visual or seismic）, pairs were still able to successfully copulate. Additionally, we found that males altered their courtship display depending on the current signaling environment. Specifically, males reduced their use of a visual display component in signaling environments where visual signal transmission was ablated. Incorporating signals in multiple modalities not only enables R. rabida males to maintain copulation success across variable signaling environments, but it also enables males to adjust their composite courtship display to current signaling conditions .展开更多
Males and females have conflicting interests on the frequency and outcomes of mating interactions.Males maximize their fitness by mating with as many females as possible,whereas choosy females often reduce receptivity...Males and females have conflicting interests on the frequency and outcomes of mating interactions.Males maximize their fitness by mating with as many females as possible,whereas choosy females often reduce receptivity following copulation.Alternative male mating tactics can be adaptive in their expression to a variety of mating contexts,including interactions with a relatively unreceptive mated female.Male Rabidosa punctulata wolf spiders can adopt distinctive mating tactics when interacting with a female,a complex courtship display,and/or a more coercive direct mount tactic that often involves grappling with females for copulation.In this study,we set up female mating treatments with initial trials and then paired mated and unmated females with males to observe both female remating frequencies and the male mating tactics used during the interactions.Males adopted different mating tactics depending on the mating status of the female they were paired with.Males were more likely to adopt a direct mount tactic with already-mated females and courtship with unmated females.Already-mated females were considerably less receptive to males during experimental trials,although they did remate 34%of the time,the majority of which were with males using a direct mount tactic.Whereas males adjusting to these contextual cues were able to gain more copulations,the observation of multiple mating in female R.punctulata introduces the potential for sperm competition.We discuss this sexual conflict in terms of the fitness consequences of these mating outcomes for both males and females.展开更多
The spiders are the member of the class Arachnida of the phylum Arthropoda with a hard cephalothorax and soft abdomen. They are environmental indicators and play an important role in biological control of insect popul...The spiders are the member of the class Arachnida of the phylum Arthropoda with a hard cephalothorax and soft abdomen. They are environmental indicators and play an important role in biological control of insect population. The present study was conducted to prepare the checklist of the first recorded spider fauna of the 6 quadrates, i.e., Daramdala, Doki, Guryaal, Samang, Shahoor and Sia-Sheringal of Sheringal, Dir Upper (DU), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan during June 2013-July 2014. Ten species (spp) belonging to 7 families, and 10 genera (n = 123: total;n = 77: identified;n = 46: unidentified) were recorded. The family Opilionidae (n = 12): harvestmen spider, Hadrobunus grandis Sundevall, 1833;family, Hersiliidae (n = 6): two-tailed spider, Harsilia savignyi Lucas, 1836;family, Pholcidae (n = 10): cellar spider, Crossopriza lyoni Blackwall, 1867;family, Araneidae (n = 5): garden spider, Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757;family, Gnaphosidae (n = 3): ground spider, Gnaphosa eucalyptus Ghafoor and Beg, 2002 were with one species;family, Sparassidae (n = 19), huntsman spider with 2 spp including Halconia insignis Thorell, 1836, and Isopeda tuhogniga Barrion and Litsinger, 1995;while the highest number of species caught from family Lycosidae (n = 20): wolf spider with 3 spp including Arctosa littorali Simon, 1897;Hippasa partita Takidar, 1970 and Pardosa distincta Backwall, 1867 were recorded. It was concluded that 7 families with 10 genera and species each, respectively, were identified from the study area. A detail study is required for further enhancing of the biodiversity of the spider fauna of Sheringal, KP, Pakistan for synthesis of the ethnozoopharmaco-products.展开更多
Spiders are an abundant group of natural enemies preying on insect pests in agroecosystem.But their potential in biological control has not been fully realized due to difficult mass production.One hindrance is the int...Spiders are an abundant group of natural enemies preying on insect pests in agroecosystem.But their potential in biological control has not been fully realized due to difficult mass production.One hindrance is the intense intraspecific aggression in spiders.Neurotransmitters such as serotonin play important roles in modulating aggression.Here,we investigated the regulatory function of serotonin(5-hydroxytryptamine[5-HT])signaling in the intraspecific aggression in a wandering spider Pardosa pseudoannulata(Araneae,Lycosidae).The aggression was quantified with 5 escalated aggression behaviors as approach,chasing,lunging,boxing,and biting.Virgin(VG)females exhibited higher aggression levels but less 5-HT content than post-reproductive(PR)females.Systemic increase of 5-HT via 5-HT injection decreased aggression,while decrease of 5-HT via RNA interference(RNAi)of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene,increased aggression.The involvement of the four 5-HT receptors were determined via individual or combined RNAi.Co-RNAi of the three 5-HT1 genes increased overall aggression with decreased incidents of approach,chasing,lunging,and increased biting.RNAi of 5-HT1B decreased approach and increased biting,whereas RNAi of 5-HT1A or 5-HT1C did not affect aggression.RNAi of 5-HT7 decreased approach only.Therefore,different 5-HT receptor types contribute to different aspects of the inhibitory effects of 5-HT on aggression and provide several pharmacological targets for manipulating spider aggression.5-HT injection did not affect spiders’predation on their insect prey,the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens.The findings reveal 1 neuronal mechanism regulating intraspecific aggression in spiders and provide an insight in developing aggression suppression strategies for spider mass rearing.展开更多
Cannibalism is common in spiders.Wolf spider(Lycosidae)females,which exhibit extensive maternal care,have been reported to cannibalize less when they are carrying egg sacs and juveniles.In a laboratory experiment,we d...Cannibalism is common in spiders.Wolf spider(Lycosidae)females,which exhibit extensive maternal care,have been reported to cannibalize less when they are carrying egg sacs and juveniles.In a laboratory experiment,we demonstrated that cannibalism of early-instar spiderlings(EIS)by a wolf spider(Pardosa pseudoannulata)mother was almost completely inhibited when she was carrying spiderlings.Compared with virgin and mated-females,mother spiders tolerated more and predated fewer spiderlings,including gregarious pulli and newly dispersed spiderlings(NDS).Cannibalism of EIS by females during their reproductive period exhibited a V-shaped pattern,with a gradual decrease from the egg sac-carrying to pulli-carrying(PC)stage,and a recovery from the PC stage to post-reproductive(PR)stage.Notably,there was 0 cannibalism at the PC stage.PC females exhibited no interest in pulli,while PR females were attracted to and predated pulli and NDS as they did their natural prey,Nilaparvata lugens.Interestingly,PC females captured and released NDS in a foraging assay,although attraction was observed from olfactometer measurements.PC mothers possessed a cuticular volatile profile that was closer to that of pulli and NDS than to that of PR females.Moreover,NDS cuticular extract provoked an electrophysiological response in legs of PC females.Therefore,cuticular compound-mediated chemical communication may be involved in inhibiting cannibalism of EIS by spider mothers,and especially in eliminating cannibalism by PC mothers.Future studies will aim to characterize the specific cuticular compounds and chemoreception mechanism in females,which will facilitate our understanding of intraspecific recognition and cannibalism in spiders.展开更多
Maternal care is critically important for the survival of offspring in various animals.Spiders in the family Lycosidae are known for their hunting ability and maternal care behaviors.Predation on newly hatched spiderl...Maternal care is critically important for the survival of offspring in various animals.Spiders in the family Lycosidae are known for their hunting ability and maternal care behaviors.Predation on newly hatched spiderlings(pulli)by mother spiders decreases when they come into contact,and they carry the pulli on their dorsal surface.However,the factors inducing maternal care in lycosid spiders have not been elucidated.In this study,we investigated maternal care in Pardosa pseudoannulata(Araneae,Lycosidae)females.We proposed that the physical interaction between pulli and mother spiders induces maternal care via m-aminophenylacetylene(m-A),a novel regulator of maternal care.The presence of pulli on the dorsal abdomen of non-mother spiders suppressed pulli predation and in-creased the pulli-carrying rate,and the absence of pulli on the mother spiders increased pulli predation and decreased the pulli-carrying rate.The compound m-A was abundant in mother spiders,and it could be induced in non-mother spiders when they carried pulli.The topical application of m-A to non-mother spiders and m-A injection decreased pulli predation and increased the pulli-carrying rate,respectively;these findings indicate that m-A in both internal tissues and the integument is required for the induction of mater-nal care behavior,and the interaction between pulli and females induces the production of m-A.In-depth study of the regulatory mechanism of maternal care will enhance our understanding of spider biology and behavior.展开更多
基金the National Science Foundation of the USA through the grant Biotic survey of the Gaoliisolatusa, a biodiversity hotspot in western Yunnan, China，the Natural Sciences Foundation of the Education Department of Hunan Province，the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China
文摘本文记述了采白云南的獾蛛属Hygrolycosa Dahl,1908 1新种Hygrolycosa ligulacea sp.nov..并提供了详细的描述、鉴别特征图版和地理分布数据.模式标本保存在晓庄学院生命科学学院,部分副模保存于美同加州科学院.Abstract：One new wolf spider of the genus Hygrolycosa Dalal, 1908 (Araneae: Lycosidae) from China is described and illustrated, under the name of Hygrolycosa ligulacea sp. nov.. The differences among new species and its related species are discussed, Distributional data and illustrations of body and genital organs are provided.
基金Acknowledgements We would like to thank J. Rovner and W. Tietjen for their pioneering work on this wonderful species. We thank A. Basolo, L. Sullivan-Beckers, and O. Beckers for helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript, and R. Willemart, S. Schwartz, E Shamble, K. Fowler-Finn, A. Rundus, and D. Wickwire for help in collection of spiders. Spider body measurements were taken by B. Cook. This work was supported by UNL SBS special funds and GAANN fellowship research funds to DJW and the National Science Foundation （10S -0643179） to EAH.
文摘Effective signal transmission is essential for communication. In environments where signal transmission is highly variable, signalers may utilize complex signals, which incorporate multiple components and modalities, to maintain effective communication. Male Rabidosa rabida wolf spiders produce complex courtship signals, consisting of both visual and seismic components. We test the hypothesis that the complex signaling of R. rabida contributes to male reproductive success in variable signaling environments. We first examine the condition-dependence of foreleg ornamentation （a presumed visual signal） and seismic signal components and find that both may provide potentially redundant information on foraging history. Next, we assessed reproductive success across manipulated signaling environments that varied in the effectiveness of visual and/or seismic signal transmission. In environments where only one signal could be successfully transmitted （e.g., visual or seismic）, pairs were still able to successfully copulate. Additionally, we found that males altered their courtship display depending on the current signaling environment. Specifically, males reduced their use of a visual display component in signaling environments where visual signal transmission was ablated. Incorporating signals in multiple modalities not only enables R. rabida males to maintain copulation success across variable signaling environments, but it also enables males to adjust their composite courtship display to current signaling conditions .
基金This research was funded by the McPherson College Department of Natural Sciences.
文摘Males and females have conflicting interests on the frequency and outcomes of mating interactions.Males maximize their fitness by mating with as many females as possible,whereas choosy females often reduce receptivity following copulation.Alternative male mating tactics can be adaptive in their expression to a variety of mating contexts,including interactions with a relatively unreceptive mated female.Male Rabidosa punctulata wolf spiders can adopt distinctive mating tactics when interacting with a female,a complex courtship display,and/or a more coercive direct mount tactic that often involves grappling with females for copulation.In this study,we set up female mating treatments with initial trials and then paired mated and unmated females with males to observe both female remating frequencies and the male mating tactics used during the interactions.Males adopted different mating tactics depending on the mating status of the female they were paired with.Males were more likely to adopt a direct mount tactic with already-mated females and courtship with unmated females.Already-mated females were considerably less receptive to males during experimental trials,although they did remate 34%of the time,the majority of which were with males using a direct mount tactic.Whereas males adjusting to these contextual cues were able to gain more copulations,the observation of multiple mating in female R.punctulata introduces the potential for sperm competition.We discuss this sexual conflict in terms of the fitness consequences of these mating outcomes for both males and females.
文摘The spiders are the member of the class Arachnida of the phylum Arthropoda with a hard cephalothorax and soft abdomen. They are environmental indicators and play an important role in biological control of insect population. The present study was conducted to prepare the checklist of the first recorded spider fauna of the 6 quadrates, i.e., Daramdala, Doki, Guryaal, Samang, Shahoor and Sia-Sheringal of Sheringal, Dir Upper (DU), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan during June 2013-July 2014. Ten species (spp) belonging to 7 families, and 10 genera (n = 123: total;n = 77: identified;n = 46: unidentified) were recorded. The family Opilionidae (n = 12): harvestmen spider, Hadrobunus grandis Sundevall, 1833;family, Hersiliidae (n = 6): two-tailed spider, Harsilia savignyi Lucas, 1836;family, Pholcidae (n = 10): cellar spider, Crossopriza lyoni Blackwall, 1867;family, Araneidae (n = 5): garden spider, Araneus diadematus Clerck, 1757;family, Gnaphosidae (n = 3): ground spider, Gnaphosa eucalyptus Ghafoor and Beg, 2002 were with one species;family, Sparassidae (n = 19), huntsman spider with 2 spp including Halconia insignis Thorell, 1836, and Isopeda tuhogniga Barrion and Litsinger, 1995;while the highest number of species caught from family Lycosidae (n = 20): wolf spider with 3 spp including Arctosa littorali Simon, 1897;Hippasa partita Takidar, 1970 and Pardosa distincta Backwall, 1867 were recorded. It was concluded that 7 families with 10 genera and species each, respectively, were identified from the study area. A detail study is required for further enhancing of the biodiversity of the spider fauna of Sheringal, KP, Pakistan for synthesis of the ethnozoopharmaco-products.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(grant number 32172482)China National University Student Innovation&Entrepreneurship Development Program(grant number 202310307046Z).
文摘Spiders are an abundant group of natural enemies preying on insect pests in agroecosystem.But their potential in biological control has not been fully realized due to difficult mass production.One hindrance is the intense intraspecific aggression in spiders.Neurotransmitters such as serotonin play important roles in modulating aggression.Here,we investigated the regulatory function of serotonin(5-hydroxytryptamine[5-HT])signaling in the intraspecific aggression in a wandering spider Pardosa pseudoannulata(Araneae,Lycosidae).The aggression was quantified with 5 escalated aggression behaviors as approach,chasing,lunging,boxing,and biting.Virgin(VG)females exhibited higher aggression levels but less 5-HT content than post-reproductive(PR)females.Systemic increase of 5-HT via 5-HT injection decreased aggression,while decrease of 5-HT via RNA interference(RNAi)of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene,increased aggression.The involvement of the four 5-HT receptors were determined via individual or combined RNAi.Co-RNAi of the three 5-HT1 genes increased overall aggression with decreased incidents of approach,chasing,lunging,and increased biting.RNAi of 5-HT1B decreased approach and increased biting,whereas RNAi of 5-HT1A or 5-HT1C did not affect aggression.RNAi of 5-HT7 decreased approach only.Therefore,different 5-HT receptor types contribute to different aspects of the inhibitory effects of 5-HT on aggression and provide several pharmacological targets for manipulating spider aggression.5-HT injection did not affect spiders’predation on their insect prey,the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens.The findings reveal 1 neuronal mechanism regulating intraspecific aggression in spiders and provide an insight in developing aggression suppression strategies for spider mass rearing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation(32172482)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KJQN201809)the National Natural Science Foundation(31772185,31972296).
文摘Cannibalism is common in spiders.Wolf spider(Lycosidae)females,which exhibit extensive maternal care,have been reported to cannibalize less when they are carrying egg sacs and juveniles.In a laboratory experiment,we demonstrated that cannibalism of early-instar spiderlings(EIS)by a wolf spider(Pardosa pseudoannulata)mother was almost completely inhibited when she was carrying spiderlings.Compared with virgin and mated-females,mother spiders tolerated more and predated fewer spiderlings,including gregarious pulli and newly dispersed spiderlings(NDS).Cannibalism of EIS by females during their reproductive period exhibited a V-shaped pattern,with a gradual decrease from the egg sac-carrying to pulli-carrying(PC)stage,and a recovery from the PC stage to post-reproductive(PR)stage.Notably,there was 0 cannibalism at the PC stage.PC females exhibited no interest in pulli,while PR females were attracted to and predated pulli and NDS as they did their natural prey,Nilaparvata lugens.Interestingly,PC females captured and released NDS in a foraging assay,although attraction was observed from olfactometer measurements.PC mothers possessed a cuticular volatile profile that was closer to that of pulli and NDS than to that of PR females.Moreover,NDS cuticular extract provoked an electrophysiological response in legs of PC females.Therefore,cuticular compound-mediated chemical communication may be involved in inhibiting cannibalism of EIS by spider mothers,and especially in eliminating cannibalism by PC mothers.Future studies will aim to characterize the specific cuticular compounds and chemoreception mechanism in females,which will facilitate our understanding of intraspecific recognition and cannibalism in spiders.
基金The work was supported by National Natural Foundation of China(grant number 31972296,31830075,and 32172482).
文摘Maternal care is critically important for the survival of offspring in various animals.Spiders in the family Lycosidae are known for their hunting ability and maternal care behaviors.Predation on newly hatched spiderlings(pulli)by mother spiders decreases when they come into contact,and they carry the pulli on their dorsal surface.However,the factors inducing maternal care in lycosid spiders have not been elucidated.In this study,we investigated maternal care in Pardosa pseudoannulata(Araneae,Lycosidae)females.We proposed that the physical interaction between pulli and mother spiders induces maternal care via m-aminophenylacetylene(m-A),a novel regulator of maternal care.The presence of pulli on the dorsal abdomen of non-mother spiders suppressed pulli predation and in-creased the pulli-carrying rate,and the absence of pulli on the mother spiders increased pulli predation and decreased the pulli-carrying rate.The compound m-A was abundant in mother spiders,and it could be induced in non-mother spiders when they carried pulli.The topical application of m-A to non-mother spiders and m-A injection decreased pulli predation and increased the pulli-carrying rate,respectively;these findings indicate that m-A in both internal tissues and the integument is required for the induction of mater-nal care behavior,and the interaction between pulli and females induces the production of m-A.In-depth study of the regulatory mechanism of maternal care will enhance our understanding of spider biology and behavior.
