在90年代的中期，查尔斯·巴克利的签名球鞋开始热卖。而同期LWP生产线下生产鞋的数量开始减少。直到1994年的时候便将一些新的球鞋技术运用到复刻球鞋中去，现在看来无论好与坏在当时作为一种尝试都被我们所记忆。而在当时球鞋市...在90年代的中期，查尔斯·巴克利的签名球鞋开始热卖。而同期LWP生产线下生产鞋的数量开始减少。直到1994年的时候便将一些新的球鞋技术运用到复刻球鞋中去，现在看来无论好与坏在当时作为一种尝试都被我们所记忆。而在当时球鞋市场比较冷清的时候，重新复刻的Air Jordan Ⅰ，Ⅱ和Ⅲ运用了新的技术和设计在此刻推出。展开更多
The rice seeds of IR661 (indica); Yanjing 2 (japonica) and Shanyou 53 indica hybrid Fwere grown in 15 nursery trays (40×20×15cm~2 each), A water stress treatment was carried out at the leaf age 5 by excludin...The rice seeds of IR661 (indica); Yanjing 2 (japonica) and Shanyou 53 indica hybrid Fwere grown in 15 nursery trays (40×20×15cm~2 each), A water stress treatment was carried out at the leaf age 5 by excluding water for 120h. Leaf water potential (LWP) was determined with chamber pressure. Abscisic acid (ABA) content in rice leaves was measured with radioimmnoassay. The content of ABA in the leaves changed a little when LWP was larger than—0.02 MPa, but increased rapidly when LWP was lower than this value. It could be considered that the critical LWP for obvious accumulation of ABA in rice seedling leaves was about—0.02 MPa.展开更多
Differences in transpiration and leaf water potential （LWP） in relation to cassava yield were investigated along inland valley toposequence in a 4×4 Latin square design. The landrace with the highest transpirat...Differences in transpiration and leaf water potential （LWP） in relation to cassava yield were investigated along inland valley toposequence in a 4×4 Latin square design. The landrace with the highest transpiration rate and lowest LWP yielded the lowest, while TMS 91/02324 and TMS 91/02327 with intermediate rate and highest LWP yielded the highest, indicating that high transpiration rate associated with low LWP reduced yield. Transpiration was lower in the fringe with deeper water table than valley bottom at deep water table site, while at shallow water table, it was higher in the fringe than valley bottom, suggesting that drought and excess moisture reduced transpiration. LWP and water table depth correlated negatively indicating that shallow water table reduced transpiration by reducing LWP. Transpiration increased and LWP decreased as radiation, leaf temperature and vapour pressure deficit increased and differences in these microclimatic conditions caused differences in the two processes between sites, years and time of day. Under mild water stress, transpiration and LWP were higher in the afternoon than the morning, but the reverse occurred under severe stress. TMS 91/02324 and TMS 91/02327 had the highest LWP under severe stress, indicating their higher drought tolerance than the other cultivars.展开更多
The Microwave Radiation Imager （MWRI） on board Chinese Fengyun-3 （FY-3） satellites provides measurements at 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89.0 GHz with both horizontal and vertical polarization channels. Brightness...The Microwave Radiation Imager （MWRI） on board Chinese Fengyun-3 （FY-3） satellites provides measurements at 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89.0 GHz with both horizontal and vertical polarization channels. Brightness temperature measurements of those channels with their central frequencies higher than 19 GHz from satellite-based microwave imager radiometers had traditionally been used to retrieve cloud liquid water path （LWP） over ocean. The results show that the lowest frequency channels are the most appropriate for retrieving LWP when its values are large. Therefore, a modified LWP retrieval algorithm is developed for retrieving LWP of different magnitudes involving not only the high frequency channels but also the lowest frequency channels of FY-3 MWRI. The theoretical estimates of the LWP retrieval errors are between 0.11 and 0.06 mm for 10.65- and 18.7-GHz channels and between 0.02 and 0.04 mm for 36.5- and 89.0-GHz channels. It is also shown that the brightness temperature observations at 10.65 GHz can be utilized to better retrieve the LWP greater than 3 mm in the eyewall region of Super Typhoon Neoguri （2014）. The spiral structure of clouds within and around Typhoon Neoguri can be well captured by combining the LWP retrievals from different frequency channels.展开更多
Quantitative estimates of liquid water path （LWP） in clouds using satellite measurements are critical to understanding of cloud properties and the assessment of global climate change. In this paper, the relationship...Quantitative estimates of liquid water path （LWP） in clouds using satellite measurements are critical to understanding of cloud properties and the assessment of global climate change. In this paper, the relationship between microwave brightness temperature （TB） and LWP in the nonprecipitating clouds is studied by using satellite microwave measurements from the TRMM Microwave Imager （TMI） onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM）, together with a radiative transfer model for microwave radiance calculations. Radiative transfer modeling shows that the sensitivity is higher at both 37.0- and 85.5-GHz horizontal polarization channels for the LWP retrievals. Also, the differences between the retrieved values responding to TBs of various channels and the theoretical values are displayed by the model. Based upon above simulations, with taking into account the factor of resolution and retrieval bias for a single,channel, a nonprecipitating cloud LWP in the summer subtropical marine environment retrieval algorithm is formulated by the combination of the two TMI horizontal polarization channels, 37.0 and 85.5 GHz. Moreover,by using TMI measurements （1Bll）, this algorithm is applied to retrieving respectively LWPs for clear sky, nonprecipitating clouds, and typhoon precipitating clouds. In the clear sky case, the LWP cl^anges from -1 to 1 g m-2, and its mean value is about 10^-5 g m^-2. It indicates that, using this combination retrieval algorithm, there are no obvious systemic deviations when the LWP is low enough. The LWP values varying from 0 to 1000 g m^-2 in nonprecipitating clouds are reasonable, and its distribution pattern is very similar to the detected results in the visible channel of Visible and Infrared Scanner （VIRS） on the TRMM. In typhoon precipitating clouds, there is much more proportion of high LWP in the mature phase than the early stage. When surface rainfall rate is lower than 5 mm h^-1, the LWP increases with increasing rainfall rate.展开更多
文摘在90年代的中期，查尔斯·巴克利的签名球鞋开始热卖。而同期LWP生产线下生产鞋的数量开始减少。直到1994年的时候便将一些新的球鞋技术运用到复刻球鞋中去，现在看来无论好与坏在当时作为一种尝试都被我们所记忆。而在当时球鞋市场比较冷清的时候，重新复刻的Air Jordan Ⅰ，Ⅱ和Ⅲ运用了新的技术和设计在此刻推出。
文摘The rice seeds of IR661 (indica); Yanjing 2 (japonica) and Shanyou 53 indica hybrid Fwere grown in 15 nursery trays (40×20×15cm~2 each), A water stress treatment was carried out at the leaf age 5 by excluding water for 120h. Leaf water potential (LWP) was determined with chamber pressure. Abscisic acid (ABA) content in rice leaves was measured with radioimmnoassay. The content of ABA in the leaves changed a little when LWP was larger than—0.02 MPa, but increased rapidly when LWP was lower than this value. It could be considered that the critical LWP for obvious accumulation of ABA in rice seedling leaves was about—0.02 MPa.
文摘Differences in transpiration and leaf water potential （LWP） in relation to cassava yield were investigated along inland valley toposequence in a 4×4 Latin square design. The landrace with the highest transpiration rate and lowest LWP yielded the lowest, while TMS 91/02324 and TMS 91/02327 with intermediate rate and highest LWP yielded the highest, indicating that high transpiration rate associated with low LWP reduced yield. Transpiration was lower in the fringe with deeper water table than valley bottom at deep water table site, while at shallow water table, it was higher in the fringe than valley bottom, suggesting that drought and excess moisture reduced transpiration. LWP and water table depth correlated negatively indicating that shallow water table reduced transpiration by reducing LWP. Transpiration increased and LWP decreased as radiation, leaf temperature and vapour pressure deficit increased and differences in these microclimatic conditions caused differences in the two processes between sites, years and time of day. Under mild water stress, transpiration and LWP were higher in the afternoon than the morning, but the reverse occurred under severe stress. TMS 91/02324 and TMS 91/02327 had the highest LWP under severe stress, indicating their higher drought tolerance than the other cultivars.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91337218 and 41475103)China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201406008)
文摘The Microwave Radiation Imager （MWRI） on board Chinese Fengyun-3 （FY-3） satellites provides measurements at 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89.0 GHz with both horizontal and vertical polarization channels. Brightness temperature measurements of those channels with their central frequencies higher than 19 GHz from satellite-based microwave imager radiometers had traditionally been used to retrieve cloud liquid water path （LWP） over ocean. The results show that the lowest frequency channels are the most appropriate for retrieving LWP when its values are large. Therefore, a modified LWP retrieval algorithm is developed for retrieving LWP of different magnitudes involving not only the high frequency channels but also the lowest frequency channels of FY-3 MWRI. The theoretical estimates of the LWP retrieval errors are between 0.11 and 0.06 mm for 10.65- and 18.7-GHz channels and between 0.02 and 0.04 mm for 36.5- and 89.0-GHz channels. It is also shown that the brightness temperature observations at 10.65 GHz can be utilized to better retrieve the LWP greater than 3 mm in the eyewall region of Super Typhoon Neoguri （2014）. The spiral structure of clouds within and around Typhoon Neoguri can be well captured by combining the LWP retrievals from different frequency channels.
基金the NSFC under Grant Nos.40730950,40675027,and 40605010the Cooperate Project of LAPC,CAS(LAPCKF-2006-19),and AXA/EORC
文摘Quantitative estimates of liquid water path （LWP） in clouds using satellite measurements are critical to understanding of cloud properties and the assessment of global climate change. In this paper, the relationship between microwave brightness temperature （TB） and LWP in the nonprecipitating clouds is studied by using satellite microwave measurements from the TRMM Microwave Imager （TMI） onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM）, together with a radiative transfer model for microwave radiance calculations. Radiative transfer modeling shows that the sensitivity is higher at both 37.0- and 85.5-GHz horizontal polarization channels for the LWP retrievals. Also, the differences between the retrieved values responding to TBs of various channels and the theoretical values are displayed by the model. Based upon above simulations, with taking into account the factor of resolution and retrieval bias for a single,channel, a nonprecipitating cloud LWP in the summer subtropical marine environment retrieval algorithm is formulated by the combination of the two TMI horizontal polarization channels, 37.0 and 85.5 GHz. Moreover,by using TMI measurements （1Bll）, this algorithm is applied to retrieving respectively LWPs for clear sky, nonprecipitating clouds, and typhoon precipitating clouds. In the clear sky case, the LWP cl^anges from -1 to 1 g m-2, and its mean value is about 10^-5 g m^-2. It indicates that, using this combination retrieval algorithm, there are no obvious systemic deviations when the LWP is low enough. The LWP values varying from 0 to 1000 g m^-2 in nonprecipitating clouds are reasonable, and its distribution pattern is very similar to the detected results in the visible channel of Visible and Infrared Scanner （VIRS） on the TRMM. In typhoon precipitating clouds, there is much more proportion of high LWP in the mature phase than the early stage. When surface rainfall rate is lower than 5 mm h^-1, the LWP increases with increasing rainfall rate.
