Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide.Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor(LHRH-R)agonists and antagonists are known to achieve castration-level testosterone suppression...Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide.Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor(LHRH-R)agonists and antagonists are known to achieve castration-level testosterone suppression;however,long-term data comparing the survival benefits of these therapies are insufficient to inform treatment decisions.Furthermore,the advent of nextgeneration hormonal agents(NHAs),such as abiraterone and enzalutamide,have shifted the paradigm of managing prostate cancer.Although LHRH-R agonists and antagonists remain the cornerstone treatment across various stages of prostate cancer,they are increasingly administered with NHAs,because the combination treatment confers a survival advantage.Nevertheless,the differences in efficacy and safety profiles among various combinations of LHRH-R agonists and antagonists and NHAs remain unclear.Hence,this narrative review is aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the long-term outcomes of various LHRH-R agonists and antagonists.Key data from major clinical studies are summarized,categorized by disease stage.LHRH-R agonists and antagonists,particularly goserelin,have demonstrated long-term survival benefits in patients with localized and locally advanced prostate cancer.The clinical outcomes of different LHRH-R agonists and antagonists in combination with NHAs have also been evaluated.Among the various combinations,goserelin plus abiraterone appears to have a manageable safety profile with relatively low rates of hot flushes and fatigue.Overall,long-term survival data and safety profiles should be considered in selecting optimal combination therapies for prostate cancer treatment.展开更多
In order to improve the bioavailability of lutein(LUT),a novel lutein-stevio side nanoparticle(LUT-STE)were prepared previously,but the information about LUT-STE on protecting of eye health was limited.This study inve...In order to improve the bioavailability of lutein(LUT),a novel lutein-stevio side nanoparticle(LUT-STE)were prepared previously,but the information about LUT-STE on protecting of eye health was limited.This study investigated the effect of LUT-STE on antioxidant activity of H_(2)O_(2)-induced human retinal pigment epithelial(ARPE)cells.LUT and LUT-STE(final concentration of 5μg/mL)significantly enhanced cell viability from(74.84±5.10)%to(81.92±10.01)%(LUT)and(89.33±4.34)%(LUT-STE),and inhibited the cell apoptosis(P<0.05).After pretreatment with LUT-STE in ARPE cells,the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)and glutathion peroxidase(GSH-Px)in ARPE cells were significantly increased(P<0.05),the contents of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and malondialdehyde(MDA)were decreased.In addition,the vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)levels were inhibited by 13.61%and 17.39%,respectively,pretreatment with LUT and LUT-STE.Western blotting results showed that the pretreatment with LUT-STE inhibited the expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and up-regulated Bcl-2/Bax pathway to inhibit H_(2)O_(2)-induced apoptosis.In summary,the novel delivery LUT-STE had more pronounced inhibitory effect on H_(2)O_(2)-induced damage in human ARPE cells.展开更多
Lutein and lutein esters in marigold flowers was quantitatively determined by high performance chromatography （HPLC） with ODS-C 18 column.A mixture of CH3CNCD*2CH3OHCD*2CH3COOCH2CH3 with volume ratio of 55∶1∶44 wa...Lutein and lutein esters in marigold flowers was quantitatively determined by high performance chromatography （HPLC） with ODS-C 18 column.A mixture of CH3CNCD*2CH3OHCD*2CH3COOCH2CH3 with volume ratio of 55∶1∶44 was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection was carried out at 460nm. The column temperature was about 20℃. The contents of lutein and lutein esters were determined by analytical curve of lutein since lutein and lutein esters have the same spectral characteristics. Determination results of hexane extracts and saponified samples of lutein show that the saponification transforms the esters into free lutein. The increase of the content of dipalmitate and palmitate stearate reveals that the reaction includes transesterifications.展开更多
Lutein was nano-encapsuled with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate （HPMCP） to maintain its bioactivity and to avoid thermal/light degradation. Supercritical antisolvent precipitation was applied to prepare lute...Lutein was nano-encapsuled with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate （HPMCP） to maintain its bioactivity and to avoid thermal/light degradation. Supercritical antisolvent precipitation was applied to prepare lutein/HPMCP nano-capsule. The effects of several operating parameters on the yield, lutein loading, encapsulation efficiency, particle size and particle size distribution of the nanocapsule were investigated. The mean diameter of nanocapsules ranged from 163 nm to 219 nm under appropriate experimental conditions. The result of scanning electron microscope showed that the nanocapsules were nearly spherical. The highest yield reached 95.35% when the initial concentration of lutein was saturated. The highest lutein loading of 15.80% and encapsulation efficiency of 88,41% were obtained under the conditions of 11 MPa, 40℃ and CHPMCP： Clutein= 5：1. The results may promote the application of lutein in food industry.展开更多
AIM: To compare serum Lutein and Zeaxanthin (L/Z) concentrations between patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NDR) and normal subjects,and to explore the effect of L/Z supplementation on serum L/Z leve...AIM: To compare serum Lutein and Zeaxanthin (L/Z) concentrations between patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NDR) and normal subjects,and to explore the effect of L/Z supplementation on serum L/Z level and visual function in NDR patients METHODS: Subjects were divided into three groups: 30 NDR patients supplied with Lutein 6mg/d and Zeaxanthin 0.5mg/d for three months (DR Group),30 NDR patients without L/Z supplementation (DR Control Group) and 30 normal subjects (Control Group).Serum L/Z concentrations were measured by liquid high-resolution chromatography (HPLC).Visual acuity was recorded at baseline,1 month,2 months and 3 months post initial supplementation.Serum L/Z concentration were measured at baseline,1 month and 2 months post initial supplementation.Contrast sensitivity (CS) and fovea thickness were recorded at baseline and 3 months post initial supplementation.RESULTS: Mean serum lutein concentrations in DR group were 0.0686±0.0296μg/mL and zeaxanthin concentration was 0.0137±0.0059μg/mL.The L/Z level of DR group was significantly lower compared to the control group( lutein: 0.2302±0.1308μg/mL,zeaxanthin: 0.0456±0.0266μg/m,P = 0.000).The concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin in the DR control group at base line was 0.0714±0.0357μg/mL and 0.0119±0.0072μg/mL,respectively.There was no significant change of L/Z concentration in the DR control group during the study.Serum L/Z concentrations of DR group increased significantly after supplementation(F=109.124,P=0.000;F=219.207,P=0.000).Visual acuity improved significantly after medication.Compared with pre-medication,the average CS values of 1.5cpd,3cpd and 6cpd after three months increased significantly (P =0.030,0.013,0.008) and the foveal thickness decreased.(P =0.05) CONCLUSION: Serum L/Z concentrations in DR patients are significantly lower than those in normal subjects,and L/Z intake can improve the visual acuity,CS and macular edema in DR patients,suggesting that L/Z supplementation might be targeted as potential potential therapeutic agents in treating NDR.展开更多
Vitreoscilla hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein that promotes oxygen delivery and reduces oxygen consumption under low oxygen conditions to increase the effi ciency of cell respiration and metabolism.In this stud...Vitreoscilla hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein that promotes oxygen delivery and reduces oxygen consumption under low oxygen conditions to increase the effi ciency of cell respiration and metabolism.In this study,we introduced a Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene(vgb)into Chlorella vulgaris by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation(ATMT).PCR analysis confi rmed that the vgb gene was successfully integrated into the Chlorella vulgaris genome.Analysis of biomass obtained in shake fl asks revealed transformant biomass concentrations as high as 3.28 g/L,which was 38.81% higher than that of the wild-type strain.Lutein content of transformants also increased slightly.Further experiments recovered a maximum lutein yield of 2.91 mg/L from the transformants,which was 36.77% higher than that of the wild-type strain.The above results suggest that integrated expression of the vgb gene may improve cell growth and lutein yield in Chlorella vulgaris,with applications to lutein production from Chlorella during fermentation.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of lutein against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and the related underlying mechanism.METHODS: After 9 d of acclimation to a constant temperature-controlled room(...AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of lutein against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and the related underlying mechanism.METHODS: After 9 d of acclimation to a constant temperature-controlled room(20 ℃-22 ℃) under 12h light/dark cycles,male Sprague-Darley rats were randomly divided into two groups and fed a standard commercial diet(n = 8) or a high-fat diet(HFD)(n = 32) for 10 d.Animals receiving HFD were then randomly divided into 4 groups and administered with 0,12.5,25,or 50 mg/kg(body weight) per day of lutein for the next 45 d.At the end of the experiment,the perinephric and abdominal adipose tissues of the rats were isolated and weighed.Additionally,serum and liver lipid metabolic condition parameters were measured,and liver function and insulin resistance state indexes were assessed.Liver samples were collected and stained with hematoxylin eosin and Oil Red O,and the expression of the key factors related to insulin signaling and lipid metabolism in the liver were detected using Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses.RESULTS: Our data showed that after being fed a high-fat diet for 10 d,the rats showed a significant gain in body weight,energy efficiency,and serum total cholesterol(TC) and triglyceride(TG) levels.Lutein supplementation induced fat loss in rats fed a highfat diet,without influencing body weight or energy efficiency,and decreased serum TC and hepatic TC and TG levels.Moreover,lutein supplementation decreased hepatic levels of lipid accumulation and glutamic pyruvic transaminase content,and also improved insulin sensitivity.Lutein administration also increased the expression of key factors in hepatic insulin signaling,such as insulin receptor substrate-2,phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,and glucose transporter-2 at the gene and protein levels.Furthermore,high-dose lutein increased the expression of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-α and sirtuin 1,which are associated with lipid metabolism and insulin signaling.CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that lutein has positive effects on NAFLD via the modulation of hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance.展开更多
Lutein is an antioxidant that is deposited in the macular region of the eye and is crucial to macular function. Lutein is present in human milk and recently has been added to infant and toddler formulas. A method for ...Lutein is an antioxidant that is deposited in the macular region of the eye and is crucial to macular function. Lutein is present in human milk and recently has been added to infant and toddler formulas. A method for the extraction and quantification of lutein from lutein-fortified infant formula and toddler milk products was developed. The lipids and carotenoids were extracted from the samples with ethanol and hexane:tetrahydrofuran. Polar xanthophylls were ex-tracted from the organic mixture with ethanol:water, leaving behind lipids and less polar carotenoids. The ethanol:water extracts were dried, reconstituted in mobile phase, and the lutein was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A C30 carotenoid column and a mobile phase gradient of methyl-tert-butyl ether and methanol were used for the chromatographic separation. Validation data showed repeatability with relative stan-dard deviations < 4% and intermediate precision with relative standard deviations <20% at a low fortification level, 25 mcg lutein/L, and <12% at a high fortification level, 200 mcg lutein/L. Overall recoveries from sample matrix ranged from 88% to 106%. This liquid:liquid extraction method for the quantification of lutein in infant formulas is precise and accurate. Keywords: Lutein;carotenoid;infant formula;toddler milk;xanthophylls.展开更多
BACKGROUND： Leptin may regulate reproductive function via release of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y. However, it is unknown whether this regulatory effect is limited to the hypothalamus. OBJECTIVE： To detect the effect...BACKGROUND： Leptin may regulate reproductive function via release of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y. However, it is unknown whether this regulatory effect is limited to the hypothalamus. OBJECTIVE： To detect the effect of different dosages of leptin on luteinizing hormone （LH） and follicle stimulating hormone （FSH） secretion from in vitro cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. DESIGN： Contrast study based on cells. SETTING： This study was performed in the Basic Institute of Chengde Medical College, Chengde City, Hebei Province, China from March to June 2007. MATERIALS： Eighteen female Wistar rats of three months of age, weighing 200-220 g, and of clean grade were used. Leptin was provided by Peprotech Company, DMEM culture medium by Invitrogen Company, and the radioimmunological kit by Beijing Zhongshan Jinqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. METHODS： Three glandular organs were regarded as one group for culture of anterior pituitary cells. In the control group, saline was added to the culture medium instead of leptin. In the leptin group, leptin was prepared into different concentrations of 1×10^-12, 1×10^-11, 1×10^-9, 1×10^-7, and 1×10^-6 mol/L for stimulation of cultured cells. The culture supernatant was obtained at three hours after additional of saline/leptin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Contents of LH and FSH were detected by radioimmunology. RESULTS： Following leptin stimulation, LH release increased with increasing concentrations of leptin up to 1×10^-9 mol/L, where LH release peaked. LH release then progressively decreased with increasing leptin concentrations （P 〈 0.01）. LH release in the leptin （1×10^-12, 1×10^-11, 1×10^-7, and 1×10^-6 mol/L） groups was significantly higher than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. FSH content in the leptin （1×10^-11, 1×10^-9, and 1×10^-7 mol/L） groups was significantly higher than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Leptin can directly affect pituitary tissue to promote the secretion of LH and FSH in a dose-dependent manner.展开更多
AIM To investigate the therapeutic potential of two recombinant proteins, Survivin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) fusion protein [LHRH(6 leu)-LTB] for immunotherapy of breast cancer.METHODS Murine 4 ...AIM To investigate the therapeutic potential of two recombinant proteins, Survivin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) fusion protein [LHRH(6 leu)-LTB] for immunotherapy of breast cancer.METHODS Murine 4 T-1 breast cancer model was used to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant proteins in vivo. Twenty four Balb/c mice were divided into 4 groups of 6 mice each. Recombinant Survivin and LHRH fusion protein, alone or in combination, were administered along with immunomodulator Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) in Balb/c mice. Unimmunized or control group mice were administered with phosphate buffer saline. Each group was then challenged with syngeneic 4 T-1 cells to induce the growth of breast tumor. Tumor growth was monitored to evaluate the efficacy of immune-response in preventing the growth of cancer cells.RESULTS Preventive immunization with 20 μg recombinant Survivin and MIP was effective in suppressing growth of 4 T-1 mouse model of breast cancer (P = 0.04) but 50 μg dose was ineffective in suppressing tumor growth. However, combination of Survivin and LHRH fusion protein was more effective in suppressing tumor growth (P = 0.02) as well as metastasis in vivo in comparison to LHRH fusion protein as vaccine antigen alone.CONCLUSION Recombinant Survivin and MIP suppress tumor growth significantly. Combining LHRH fusion protein with Survivin and MIP enhances tumor suppressive effects marginally which provides evidence for recombinant Survivin and LHRH fusion protein as candidates for translating the combination cancer immunotherapy approaches.展开更多
Retinitis pigmentosa is a retinal disease characterized by photoreceptor degeneration.There is currently no effective treatment for retinitis pigmentosa.Although a mixture of lutein and other antioxidant agents has sh...Retinitis pigmentosa is a retinal disease characterized by photoreceptor degeneration.There is currently no effective treatment for retinitis pigmentosa.Although a mixture of lutein and other antioxidant agents has shown promising effects in protecting the retina from degeneration,the role of lutein alone remains unclear.In this study,we administered intragastric lutein to Pde6brd10 model mice,which display degeneration of retinal photoreceptors,on postnatal days 17(P17)to P25,when rod apoptosis reaches peak.Lutein at the optimal protective dose of 200 mg/kg promoted the survival of photoreceptors compared with vehicle control.Lutein increased rhodopsin expression in rod cells and opsin expression in cone cells,in line with an increased survival rate of photoreceptors.Functionally,lutein improved visual behavior,visual acuity,and retinal electroretinogram responses in Pde6brd10 mice.Mechanistically,lutein reduced the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in Müller glial cells.The results of this study confirm the ability of lutein to postpone photoreceptor degeneration by reducing reactive gliosis of Müller cells in the retina and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.This study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Jinan University(approval No.LACUC-20181217-02)on December 17,2018.展开更多
This study examined the impact of luteinized unruptured follicle （LUF） on endometrial receptivity. The menstrual cycle of 17 LUF patients （LUF group） and 13 ovulatory women （control group） was monitored by measu...This study examined the impact of luteinized unruptured follicle （LUF） on endometrial receptivity. The menstrual cycle of 17 LUF patients （LUF group） and 13 ovulatory women （control group） was monitored by measuring LH level in urine and by ultrasonic examination. An endometrial biopsy at the sixth to tenth day after LH surge was taken in all the patients. The expressions of endometrial ER, PR and integrin ανβ3 were immunohistochemically determined. At the same time, the serum levels of E2 and P were detected by chemiluminescence. The results exhibited that （1） The mean serum P level in LUF group （7.32±2.56 ng/mL） was significantly lower than that in control group （11.17±3.17 ng/mL） （P0.01）. But there was no significant difference in the mean serum E2 levels between LUF group （179.35±81.60 pg/mL） and the control group （198.58±75.23 pg/mL） （P0.05）; （2） The mean expression intensities of ER, PR in endometrium of LUF group （183.86±2.43, 167.94±3.04） were significantly higher than those in control group （109.35±6.31, 105.98±4.07） （P0.01）; （3） The mean expression intensities of integrin ανβ3 in endomtrium of LUF patients （114.90±11.38） were significantly lower than those in control group （191.34±1.82） （P0.01）; （4） The change profile of integrin ανβ3 expression in the endometrium of LUF patients was in positive relation with serum P level （r=0.77, P0.01）, but bore no significant relationship with serum E2 level （r=0.01, P0.05）. It was concluded that the depression of serum P levels in LUF patients was closely related to the failure of the down-regulation of ER and PR, and the low expressions of integrin ανβ3 also suggested that the delayed implantation and the impaired endometrial receptivity had impact on embryonic implantation.展开更多
In order to effectively deliver lutein to the inflamed colon and better exert its pharmacological activity,this paper constructed a sodium alginate hydrogel-based delivery system loaded with lutein nanoparticles,evalu...In order to effectively deliver lutein to the inflamed colon and better exert its pharmacological activity,this paper constructed a sodium alginate hydrogel-based delivery system loaded with lutein nanoparticles,evaluated the regulation on the expression and secretion of related inflammatory factors in mice with colitis,and its impact on intestinal microbial environment.The results showed that comparing lutein crystal and its nanoparticle,lutein hydrogel alleviated dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)-induced colitis in mice more effectively by adjusting fecal heme content,colon tissue damage,and inflammatory factor levels.Moreover,lutein hydrogel increased the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins zonula occluden-1(ZO-1),claudin-1 and occludin to maintain the integrity of the intestinal-barrier,inhibited the nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)pathway and reduced expression and secretion of inflammatory factors including tumour necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),NOD-like receptors 3(NLRP3)and interleukin(IL)-1β.In addition,the intestinal microbial environment of mice with colitis was improved by down-regulating the relative abundance of Desulfovibrionaceae and up-regulating the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae and Rikenellaceae.As a slow-release carrier to load lutein nanoparticles,sodium alginate-based hydrogel has potential application prospect.展开更多
Marigold(Tagetes erecta L., African marigold) is a widely grown ornamental plant and a main source of the carotenoid lutein for the industrial production of pharmaceuticals, food coloring, and feed additives. To gain ...Marigold(Tagetes erecta L., African marigold) is a widely grown ornamental plant and a main source of the carotenoid lutein for the industrial production of pharmaceuticals, food coloring, and feed additives. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanism of lutein in marigold, a chromosome-scale assembly of the marigold(T. erecta V-01) genome was completed based on Illumina, PacBio, and Hi-C reads. The707.21-Mb assembled genome consisted of 35 834 annotated protein-coding genes, with 97.7% genomic integrity. We anchored 87.8% of the contigs(covering 621.20 Mb) to 12 pseudochromosomes, bringing the scaffold N50 length to 54.15 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis showed that marigold was closely related to the Asteraceae species bitter vine(Mikania micrantha) and sunflower(Helianthus annuus), all three of which originated in the Americas. Marigold diverged from the sunflower clade 23.57 million years ago(MYA) and from M. micrantha 19.59 MYA.Marigold has undergone three whole-genome duplication events, as well as a recent whole-genome duplication event(WGD-2) common to H.annuus and M. micrantha. Marigold gene families were significantly less expanded than those of M. micrantha or H. annuus, and the marigold genome contained significantly fewer interspersed repeats, which might account for its smaller genome. In addition, a range of candidate genes involved in the lutein biosynthetic pathway were identified. The high-quality reference genome obtained in this study provided a valuable genomic resource for studying the evolution of the Asteraceae family and for improving marigold breeding strategies.展开更多
Aim： To evaluate the long-term effectiveness, side effects and compliance rates of two types of drugs （luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone [LHRH] agonist and antiandrogen） that were used individually to treat pat...Aim： To evaluate the long-term effectiveness, side effects and compliance rates of two types of drugs （luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone [LHRH] agonist and antiandrogen） that were used individually to treat patients with localized prostate cancer （T1-2） at our institution. Methods： Ninety-seven patients who were diagnosed in the period from April 1997 to January 2000 as having clinically localized prostate cancer （T1-2） received either LHRH agonist （leuprolide acetate 7.5 mg/month） monotherapy （group 1, n = 62） or antiandrogen monotherapy （group 2, n = 35; 18 received bicalutamide 50 mg q.d., 13 received nilutamide 150 mg t.i.d, and 4 received flutamide 250 mg t.i.d.）. The mean age in both groups was 76 years. Results： The mean follow-up time was （50.8 ±8.5） months in group 1 and （43.1 ± 2.2） months in group 2. Prostate-specific antigen （PSA） levels rose in only 1 of the 62 patients （1.6%） in group 1, and in 20 of the 35 patients （57.1%） in group 2. In group 2, 10 of the 20 patients （50 %） with increasing PSA levels were treated with LHRH salvage therapy, and eight （80%） responded. Hot flashes （54.8%） and lethargy （41.9%） were the most common side effects in group 1. In contrast, nipple-tenderness （40%） and light-dark adaptation （17.1%） were more often seen in group 2. Only 1 of the 62 patients （1.6%） in group 1 switched to another medication because of adverse side effects; whereas 8 of the 35 patients （22.9%） in group 2 did so. Conclusion： Unlike antiandrogen monotherapy, LHRH agonist monotherapy provided long-term durable control of localized prostate cancer （T1-2）. It can also be an effective treatment option for patients whose disease failed to respond to antiandrogen monotherapy. The limitations of our study are the lack of health outcomes analysis and a small sample size.展开更多
AIM: To detect whether the combination of vincamine, thioctic acid and lutein will improve the retina and optic nerve functions in cases of an opaque media with an optic nerve and/or a retinal defect or not.METHODS: T...AIM: To detect whether the combination of vincamine, thioctic acid and lutein will improve the retina and optic nerve functions in cases of an opaque media with an optic nerve and/or a retinal defect or not.METHODS: Totally 2000 patients(2000 eyes) of corneal opacities with defects in the optic nerve or/and the retinal functions were studied. Every patient received three types of drugs: thioctic acid with cyanocobalamine, vincamine, and lutein. The drugs were given daily for 3-12 mo according to patient’s responses. Full field flash electroretinogram(ERG) and flash visual evoked potential(VEP) were done before treatment and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 mo sequentially. Patients were followed up for 12 mo.RESULTS: In the 2000 eyes, 1000 eyes had both moderate optic nerve and retinal function defects;and 840 eyes out of the 1000 improved with the medical treatment. Another 500 eyes out of the 2000 eyes had extinguished retinal function with normal optic nerve function and only 125 eyes of them improved. The 290 out of the 2000 eyes had severe defects in optic nerve with normal retinal function and 130 of them improved. Another 210 eyes have mild optic nerve and retinal function defects and 194 improved.CONCLUSION: The combination of vincamine, thioctic acid with cyanocobalamine, and lutein improved both retina and optic nerve functions mainly in mild and moderate defect than in severe cases.展开更多
The effects of lutein on the growth and migration of bovine lens epithelial cells （BLECs） in vitro were observed in an attempt to find a drug that can prevent after-cataract. BLECs were cultured in vitro and differe...The effects of lutein on the growth and migration of bovine lens epithelial cells （BLECs） in vitro were observed in an attempt to find a drug that can prevent after-cataract. BLECs were cultured in vitro and different concentrations of lutein were added to the BLECs cultures of the second and third generations. The effects of lutein on the proliferation of BLECs in vitro were examined by the MTT method, and the migration of BLECs was evaluated by a scratch wound assay. The results showed that： （1） Lutein at concentrations of 1 to 16 μmol/L could inhibit the proliferation of BLECs in a dose-and time-dependent manner （P〈0.01）; （2） The migration of BLECs was evaluated by wound healing rate. As compared with the control group, the wound healing rate in the experimental groups was decreased from 0.672±0.164 to -0.234±0.144 and -0.597±0.063 （P〈0.01） at 1 and 2 μmol/L lutein, respectively. It was concluded that lutein at concentration of 〉1 μmol/L inhibited the proliferation and migration of BLECs in vitro, Lutein may become an effective drug to prevent after-cataract.展开更多
Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone(LHRH) is known to influence sexual behavior in many vertebrate taxa, but there have been no systematic studies on the role of LHRH in sexual behavior of turtles. We tested the hyp...Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone(LHRH) is known to influence sexual behavior in many vertebrate taxa, but there have been no systematic studies on the role of LHRH in sexual behavior of turtles. We tested the hypotheses that exogenous LHRH analogues would induce sexual behavior of male Four-eyed turtle, Sacalia quadriocellata. We examined this by challenging males with intramuscular injections of mammalian luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue(LHRH-A), human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG), or a combination of the two, and subsequently exposing them to sexually receptive females for behavioral observation. Our data show that the injection of only HCG could not, while that of only LHRH-A could, facilitate sexual behavior along with testicular recrudescence and spermatogenesis in S. quadriocellata. The injection of both LHRH-A and HCG would induce more drastic sexual behavior of the animals than that of LHRH-A alone, indicating HCG enhances the effects of LHRH-A induced sexual behavior. However, different pharmacological dosages of LHRH-A(0.5 μg, 1 μg, 2 μg per 100 g bodyweight) did not correspond to different activity levels. Though the mechanism of LHRH effect was not determined, this study may support that the sexual behavior of S. quadriocellata which occurs at the beginning of the injection despite regression of the gonads. This is the first report on the exogenous LHRH-A induced sexual behavior for this species.展开更多
文摘Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in men worldwide.Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone receptor(LHRH-R)agonists and antagonists are known to achieve castration-level testosterone suppression;however,long-term data comparing the survival benefits of these therapies are insufficient to inform treatment decisions.Furthermore,the advent of nextgeneration hormonal agents(NHAs),such as abiraterone and enzalutamide,have shifted the paradigm of managing prostate cancer.Although LHRH-R agonists and antagonists remain the cornerstone treatment across various stages of prostate cancer,they are increasingly administered with NHAs,because the combination treatment confers a survival advantage.Nevertheless,the differences in efficacy and safety profiles among various combinations of LHRH-R agonists and antagonists and NHAs remain unclear.Hence,this narrative review is aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the long-term outcomes of various LHRH-R agonists and antagonists.Key data from major clinical studies are summarized,categorized by disease stage.LHRH-R agonists and antagonists,particularly goserelin,have demonstrated long-term survival benefits in patients with localized and locally advanced prostate cancer.The clinical outcomes of different LHRH-R agonists and antagonists in combination with NHAs have also been evaluated.Among the various combinations,goserelin plus abiraterone appears to have a manageable safety profile with relatively low rates of hot flushes and fatigue.Overall,long-term survival data and safety profiles should be considered in selecting optimal combination therapies for prostate cancer treatment.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31801541)the Independent Innovation Fund Project of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu Province (CX (22)3065)+1 种基金Major Scientific and Technological Achievements Transformation Project of Taizhou (SCG 202105)the Taizhou Science and Technology Support Plan (TN202106)。
文摘In order to improve the bioavailability of lutein(LUT),a novel lutein-stevio side nanoparticle(LUT-STE)were prepared previously,but the information about LUT-STE on protecting of eye health was limited.This study investigated the effect of LUT-STE on antioxidant activity of H_(2)O_(2)-induced human retinal pigment epithelial(ARPE)cells.LUT and LUT-STE(final concentration of 5μg/mL)significantly enhanced cell viability from(74.84±5.10)%to(81.92±10.01)%(LUT)and(89.33±4.34)%(LUT-STE),and inhibited the cell apoptosis(P<0.05).After pretreatment with LUT-STE in ARPE cells,the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD),catalase(CAT)and glutathion peroxidase(GSH-Px)in ARPE cells were significantly increased(P<0.05),the contents of reactive oxygen species(ROS)and malondialdehyde(MDA)were decreased.In addition,the vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)levels were inhibited by 13.61%and 17.39%,respectively,pretreatment with LUT and LUT-STE.Western blotting results showed that the pretreatment with LUT-STE inhibited the expression of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and up-regulated Bcl-2/Bax pathway to inhibit H_(2)O_(2)-induced apoptosis.In summary,the novel delivery LUT-STE had more pronounced inhibitory effect on H_(2)O_(2)-induced damage in human ARPE cells.
文摘Lutein and lutein esters in marigold flowers was quantitatively determined by high performance chromatography （HPLC） with ODS-C 18 column.A mixture of CH3CNCD*2CH3OHCD*2CH3COOCH2CH3 with volume ratio of 55∶1∶44 was used as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection was carried out at 460nm. The column temperature was about 20℃. The contents of lutein and lutein esters were determined by analytical curve of lutein since lutein and lutein esters have the same spectral characteristics. Determination results of hexane extracts and saponified samples of lutein show that the saponification transforms the esters into free lutein. The increase of the content of dipalmitate and palmitate stearate reveals that the reaction includes transesterifications.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2007AA10Z350)
文摘Lutein was nano-encapsuled with hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate （HPMCP） to maintain its bioactivity and to avoid thermal/light degradation. Supercritical antisolvent precipitation was applied to prepare lutein/HPMCP nano-capsule. The effects of several operating parameters on the yield, lutein loading, encapsulation efficiency, particle size and particle size distribution of the nanocapsule were investigated. The mean diameter of nanocapsules ranged from 163 nm to 219 nm under appropriate experimental conditions. The result of scanning electron microscope showed that the nanocapsules were nearly spherical. The highest yield reached 95.35% when the initial concentration of lutein was saturated. The highest lutein loading of 15.80% and encapsulation efficiency of 88,41% were obtained under the conditions of 11 MPa, 40℃ and CHPMCP： Clutein= 5：1. The results may promote the application of lutein in food industry.
文摘AIM: To compare serum Lutein and Zeaxanthin (L/Z) concentrations between patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NDR) and normal subjects,and to explore the effect of L/Z supplementation on serum L/Z level and visual function in NDR patients METHODS: Subjects were divided into three groups: 30 NDR patients supplied with Lutein 6mg/d and Zeaxanthin 0.5mg/d for three months (DR Group),30 NDR patients without L/Z supplementation (DR Control Group) and 30 normal subjects (Control Group).Serum L/Z concentrations were measured by liquid high-resolution chromatography (HPLC).Visual acuity was recorded at baseline,1 month,2 months and 3 months post initial supplementation.Serum L/Z concentration were measured at baseline,1 month and 2 months post initial supplementation.Contrast sensitivity (CS) and fovea thickness were recorded at baseline and 3 months post initial supplementation.RESULTS: Mean serum lutein concentrations in DR group were 0.0686±0.0296μg/mL and zeaxanthin concentration was 0.0137±0.0059μg/mL.The L/Z level of DR group was significantly lower compared to the control group( lutein: 0.2302±0.1308μg/mL,zeaxanthin: 0.0456±0.0266μg/m,P = 0.000).The concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin in the DR control group at base line was 0.0714±0.0357μg/mL and 0.0119±0.0072μg/mL,respectively.There was no significant change of L/Z concentration in the DR control group during the study.Serum L/Z concentrations of DR group increased significantly after supplementation(F=109.124,P=0.000;F=219.207,P=0.000).Visual acuity improved significantly after medication.Compared with pre-medication,the average CS values of 1.5cpd,3cpd and 6cpd after three months increased significantly (P =0.030,0.013,0.008) and the foveal thickness decreased.(P =0.05) CONCLUSION: Serum L/Z concentrations in DR patients are significantly lower than those in normal subjects,and L/Z intake can improve the visual acuity,CS and macular edema in DR patients,suggesting that L/Z supplementation might be targeted as potential potential therapeutic agents in treating NDR.
基金Supported by the Ocean Public Welfare Scientific Research Special Appropriation Project(No.201005020)
文摘Vitreoscilla hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein that promotes oxygen delivery and reduces oxygen consumption under low oxygen conditions to increase the effi ciency of cell respiration and metabolism.In this study,we introduced a Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene(vgb)into Chlorella vulgaris by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation(ATMT).PCR analysis confi rmed that the vgb gene was successfully integrated into the Chlorella vulgaris genome.Analysis of biomass obtained in shake fl asks revealed transformant biomass concentrations as high as 3.28 g/L,which was 38.81% higher than that of the wild-type strain.Lutein content of transformants also increased slightly.Further experiments recovered a maximum lutein yield of 2.91 mg/L from the transformants,which was 36.77% higher than that of the wild-type strain.The above results suggest that integrated expression of the vgb gene may improve cell growth and lutein yield in Chlorella vulgaris,with applications to lutein production from Chlorella during fermentation.
基金Supported by Grants from the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China,No.2010AA023003the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.NSFC-81172657
文摘AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of lutein against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) and the related underlying mechanism.METHODS: After 9 d of acclimation to a constant temperature-controlled room(20 ℃-22 ℃) under 12h light/dark cycles,male Sprague-Darley rats were randomly divided into two groups and fed a standard commercial diet(n = 8) or a high-fat diet(HFD)(n = 32) for 10 d.Animals receiving HFD were then randomly divided into 4 groups and administered with 0,12.5,25,or 50 mg/kg(body weight) per day of lutein for the next 45 d.At the end of the experiment,the perinephric and abdominal adipose tissues of the rats were isolated and weighed.Additionally,serum and liver lipid metabolic condition parameters were measured,and liver function and insulin resistance state indexes were assessed.Liver samples were collected and stained with hematoxylin eosin and Oil Red O,and the expression of the key factors related to insulin signaling and lipid metabolism in the liver were detected using Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses.RESULTS: Our data showed that after being fed a high-fat diet for 10 d,the rats showed a significant gain in body weight,energy efficiency,and serum total cholesterol(TC) and triglyceride(TG) levels.Lutein supplementation induced fat loss in rats fed a highfat diet,without influencing body weight or energy efficiency,and decreased serum TC and hepatic TC and TG levels.Moreover,lutein supplementation decreased hepatic levels of lipid accumulation and glutamic pyruvic transaminase content,and also improved insulin sensitivity.Lutein administration also increased the expression of key factors in hepatic insulin signaling,such as insulin receptor substrate-2,phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,and glucose transporter-2 at the gene and protein levels.Furthermore,high-dose lutein increased the expression of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor-α and sirtuin 1,which are associated with lipid metabolism and insulin signaling.CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that lutein has positive effects on NAFLD via the modulation of hepatic lipid accumulation and insulin resistance.
文摘Lutein is an antioxidant that is deposited in the macular region of the eye and is crucial to macular function. Lutein is present in human milk and recently has been added to infant and toddler formulas. A method for the extraction and quantification of lutein from lutein-fortified infant formula and toddler milk products was developed. The lipids and carotenoids were extracted from the samples with ethanol and hexane:tetrahydrofuran. Polar xanthophylls were ex-tracted from the organic mixture with ethanol:water, leaving behind lipids and less polar carotenoids. The ethanol:water extracts were dried, reconstituted in mobile phase, and the lutein was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. A C30 carotenoid column and a mobile phase gradient of methyl-tert-butyl ether and methanol were used for the chromatographic separation. Validation data showed repeatability with relative stan-dard deviations < 4% and intermediate precision with relative standard deviations <20% at a low fortification level, 25 mcg lutein/L, and <12% at a high fortification level, 200 mcg lutein/L. Overall recoveries from sample matrix ranged from 88% to 106%. This liquid:liquid extraction method for the quantification of lutein in infant formulas is precise and accurate. Keywords: Lutein;carotenoid;infant formula;toddler milk;xanthophylls.
文摘BACKGROUND： Leptin may regulate reproductive function via release of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y. However, it is unknown whether this regulatory effect is limited to the hypothalamus. OBJECTIVE： To detect the effect of different dosages of leptin on luteinizing hormone （LH） and follicle stimulating hormone （FSH） secretion from in vitro cultured rat anterior pituitary cells. DESIGN： Contrast study based on cells. SETTING： This study was performed in the Basic Institute of Chengde Medical College, Chengde City, Hebei Province, China from March to June 2007. MATERIALS： Eighteen female Wistar rats of three months of age, weighing 200-220 g, and of clean grade were used. Leptin was provided by Peprotech Company, DMEM culture medium by Invitrogen Company, and the radioimmunological kit by Beijing Zhongshan Jinqiao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. METHODS： Three glandular organs were regarded as one group for culture of anterior pituitary cells. In the control group, saline was added to the culture medium instead of leptin. In the leptin group, leptin was prepared into different concentrations of 1×10^-12, 1×10^-11, 1×10^-9, 1×10^-7, and 1×10^-6 mol/L for stimulation of cultured cells. The culture supernatant was obtained at three hours after additional of saline/leptin. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Contents of LH and FSH were detected by radioimmunology. RESULTS： Following leptin stimulation, LH release increased with increasing concentrations of leptin up to 1×10^-9 mol/L, where LH release peaked. LH release then progressively decreased with increasing leptin concentrations （P 〈 0.01）. LH release in the leptin （1×10^-12, 1×10^-11, 1×10^-7, and 1×10^-6 mol/L） groups was significantly higher than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. FSH content in the leptin （1×10^-11, 1×10^-9, and 1×10^-7 mol/L） groups was significantly higher than that in the control group （P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Leptin can directly affect pituitary tissue to promote the secretion of LH and FSH in a dose-dependent manner.
文摘AIM To investigate the therapeutic potential of two recombinant proteins, Survivin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) fusion protein [LHRH(6 leu)-LTB] for immunotherapy of breast cancer.METHODS Murine 4 T-1 breast cancer model was used to evaluate the efficacy of recombinant proteins in vivo. Twenty four Balb/c mice were divided into 4 groups of 6 mice each. Recombinant Survivin and LHRH fusion protein, alone or in combination, were administered along with immunomodulator Mycobacterium indicus pranii (MIP) in Balb/c mice. Unimmunized or control group mice were administered with phosphate buffer saline. Each group was then challenged with syngeneic 4 T-1 cells to induce the growth of breast tumor. Tumor growth was monitored to evaluate the efficacy of immune-response in preventing the growth of cancer cells.RESULTS Preventive immunization with 20 μg recombinant Survivin and MIP was effective in suppressing growth of 4 T-1 mouse model of breast cancer (P = 0.04) but 50 μg dose was ineffective in suppressing tumor growth. However, combination of Survivin and LHRH fusion protein was more effective in suppressing tumor growth (P = 0.02) as well as metastasis in vivo in comparison to LHRH fusion protein as vaccine antigen alone.CONCLUSION Recombinant Survivin and MIP suppress tumor growth significantly. Combining LHRH fusion protein with Survivin and MIP enhances tumor suppressive effects marginally which provides evidence for recombinant Survivin and LHRH fusion protein as candidates for translating the combination cancer immunotherapy approaches.
基金supported by Aier Eye Hospital Group,Nos.AF2019001 and AF2019002(to SBT,KFS,YX and XSM)the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82074169(to XSM)+3 种基金Guangzhou Key Projects of Brain Science and Brain-Like Intelligence Technology of China,No.20200730009(to YX)Guangdong Grant Key Technologies for Treatment of Brain Disorders,China,No.2018B030332001(to YX)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China,No.2021A1515012473(to XSM)Project of Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Guangdong Province,No.20202045(to XSM)。
文摘Retinitis pigmentosa is a retinal disease characterized by photoreceptor degeneration.There is currently no effective treatment for retinitis pigmentosa.Although a mixture of lutein and other antioxidant agents has shown promising effects in protecting the retina from degeneration,the role of lutein alone remains unclear.In this study,we administered intragastric lutein to Pde6brd10 model mice,which display degeneration of retinal photoreceptors,on postnatal days 17(P17)to P25,when rod apoptosis reaches peak.Lutein at the optimal protective dose of 200 mg/kg promoted the survival of photoreceptors compared with vehicle control.Lutein increased rhodopsin expression in rod cells and opsin expression in cone cells,in line with an increased survival rate of photoreceptors.Functionally,lutein improved visual behavior,visual acuity,and retinal electroretinogram responses in Pde6brd10 mice.Mechanistically,lutein reduced the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in Müller glial cells.The results of this study confirm the ability of lutein to postpone photoreceptor degeneration by reducing reactive gliosis of Müller cells in the retina and exerting anti-inflammatory effects.This study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Jinan University(approval No.LACUC-20181217-02)on December 17,2018.
文摘This study examined the impact of luteinized unruptured follicle （LUF） on endometrial receptivity. The menstrual cycle of 17 LUF patients （LUF group） and 13 ovulatory women （control group） was monitored by measuring LH level in urine and by ultrasonic examination. An endometrial biopsy at the sixth to tenth day after LH surge was taken in all the patients. The expressions of endometrial ER, PR and integrin ανβ3 were immunohistochemically determined. At the same time, the serum levels of E2 and P were detected by chemiluminescence. The results exhibited that （1） The mean serum P level in LUF group （7.32±2.56 ng/mL） was significantly lower than that in control group （11.17±3.17 ng/mL） （P0.01）. But there was no significant difference in the mean serum E2 levels between LUF group （179.35±81.60 pg/mL） and the control group （198.58±75.23 pg/mL） （P0.05）; （2） The mean expression intensities of ER, PR in endometrium of LUF group （183.86±2.43, 167.94±3.04） were significantly higher than those in control group （109.35±6.31, 105.98±4.07） （P0.01）; （3） The mean expression intensities of integrin ανβ3 in endomtrium of LUF patients （114.90±11.38） were significantly lower than those in control group （191.34±1.82） （P0.01）; （4） The change profile of integrin ανβ3 expression in the endometrium of LUF patients was in positive relation with serum P level （r=0.77, P0.01）, but bore no significant relationship with serum E2 level （r=0.01, P0.05）. It was concluded that the depression of serum P levels in LUF patients was closely related to the failure of the down-regulation of ER and PR, and the low expressions of integrin ανβ3 also suggested that the delayed implantation and the impaired endometrial receptivity had impact on embryonic implantation.
基金supported by the Independent Innovation Fund Project of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu Province(Project No.CX(20)3047).
文摘In order to effectively deliver lutein to the inflamed colon and better exert its pharmacological activity,this paper constructed a sodium alginate hydrogel-based delivery system loaded with lutein nanoparticles,evaluated the regulation on the expression and secretion of related inflammatory factors in mice with colitis,and its impact on intestinal microbial environment.The results showed that comparing lutein crystal and its nanoparticle,lutein hydrogel alleviated dextran sodium sulfate(DSS)-induced colitis in mice more effectively by adjusting fecal heme content,colon tissue damage,and inflammatory factor levels.Moreover,lutein hydrogel increased the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins zonula occluden-1(ZO-1),claudin-1 and occludin to maintain the integrity of the intestinal-barrier,inhibited the nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)pathway and reduced expression and secretion of inflammatory factors including tumour necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS),NOD-like receptors 3(NLRP3)and interleukin(IL)-1β.In addition,the intestinal microbial environment of mice with colitis was improved by down-regulating the relative abundance of Desulfovibrionaceae and up-regulating the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae and Rikenellaceae.As a slow-release carrier to load lutein nanoparticles,sodium alginate-based hydrogel has potential application prospect.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31572166, 31772344, 31871691 and 31972444)。
文摘Marigold(Tagetes erecta L., African marigold) is a widely grown ornamental plant and a main source of the carotenoid lutein for the industrial production of pharmaceuticals, food coloring, and feed additives. To gain a deeper understanding of the genetic mechanism of lutein in marigold, a chromosome-scale assembly of the marigold(T. erecta V-01) genome was completed based on Illumina, PacBio, and Hi-C reads. The707.21-Mb assembled genome consisted of 35 834 annotated protein-coding genes, with 97.7% genomic integrity. We anchored 87.8% of the contigs(covering 621.20 Mb) to 12 pseudochromosomes, bringing the scaffold N50 length to 54.15 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis showed that marigold was closely related to the Asteraceae species bitter vine(Mikania micrantha) and sunflower(Helianthus annuus), all three of which originated in the Americas. Marigold diverged from the sunflower clade 23.57 million years ago(MYA) and from M. micrantha 19.59 MYA.Marigold has undergone three whole-genome duplication events, as well as a recent whole-genome duplication event(WGD-2) common to H.annuus and M. micrantha. Marigold gene families were significantly less expanded than those of M. micrantha or H. annuus, and the marigold genome contained significantly fewer interspersed repeats, which might account for its smaller genome. In addition, a range of candidate genes involved in the lutein biosynthetic pathway were identified. The high-quality reference genome obtained in this study provided a valuable genomic resource for studying the evolution of the Asteraceae family and for improving marigold breeding strategies.
文摘Aim： To evaluate the long-term effectiveness, side effects and compliance rates of two types of drugs （luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone [LHRH] agonist and antiandrogen） that were used individually to treat patients with localized prostate cancer （T1-2） at our institution. Methods： Ninety-seven patients who were diagnosed in the period from April 1997 to January 2000 as having clinically localized prostate cancer （T1-2） received either LHRH agonist （leuprolide acetate 7.5 mg/month） monotherapy （group 1, n = 62） or antiandrogen monotherapy （group 2, n = 35; 18 received bicalutamide 50 mg q.d., 13 received nilutamide 150 mg t.i.d, and 4 received flutamide 250 mg t.i.d.）. The mean age in both groups was 76 years. Results： The mean follow-up time was （50.8 ±8.5） months in group 1 and （43.1 ± 2.2） months in group 2. Prostate-specific antigen （PSA） levels rose in only 1 of the 62 patients （1.6%） in group 1, and in 20 of the 35 patients （57.1%） in group 2. In group 2, 10 of the 20 patients （50 %） with increasing PSA levels were treated with LHRH salvage therapy, and eight （80%） responded. Hot flashes （54.8%） and lethargy （41.9%） were the most common side effects in group 1. In contrast, nipple-tenderness （40%） and light-dark adaptation （17.1%） were more often seen in group 2. Only 1 of the 62 patients （1.6%） in group 1 switched to another medication because of adverse side effects; whereas 8 of the 35 patients （22.9%） in group 2 did so. Conclusion： Unlike antiandrogen monotherapy, LHRH agonist monotherapy provided long-term durable control of localized prostate cancer （T1-2）. It can also be an effective treatment option for patients whose disease failed to respond to antiandrogen monotherapy. The limitations of our study are the lack of health outcomes analysis and a small sample size.
文摘AIM: To detect whether the combination of vincamine, thioctic acid and lutein will improve the retina and optic nerve functions in cases of an opaque media with an optic nerve and/or a retinal defect or not.METHODS: Totally 2000 patients(2000 eyes) of corneal opacities with defects in the optic nerve or/and the retinal functions were studied. Every patient received three types of drugs: thioctic acid with cyanocobalamine, vincamine, and lutein. The drugs were given daily for 3-12 mo according to patient’s responses. Full field flash electroretinogram(ERG) and flash visual evoked potential(VEP) were done before treatment and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 mo sequentially. Patients were followed up for 12 mo.RESULTS: In the 2000 eyes, 1000 eyes had both moderate optic nerve and retinal function defects;and 840 eyes out of the 1000 improved with the medical treatment. Another 500 eyes out of the 2000 eyes had extinguished retinal function with normal optic nerve function and only 125 eyes of them improved. The 290 out of the 2000 eyes had severe defects in optic nerve with normal retinal function and 130 of them improved. Another 210 eyes have mild optic nerve and retinal function defects and 194 improved.CONCLUSION: The combination of vincamine, thioctic acid with cyanocobalamine, and lutein improved both retina and optic nerve functions mainly in mild and moderate defect than in severe cases.
文摘The effects of lutein on the growth and migration of bovine lens epithelial cells （BLECs） in vitro were observed in an attempt to find a drug that can prevent after-cataract. BLECs were cultured in vitro and different concentrations of lutein were added to the BLECs cultures of the second and third generations. The effects of lutein on the proliferation of BLECs in vitro were examined by the MTT method, and the migration of BLECs was evaluated by a scratch wound assay. The results showed that： （1） Lutein at concentrations of 1 to 16 μmol/L could inhibit the proliferation of BLECs in a dose-and time-dependent manner （P〈0.01）; （2） The migration of BLECs was evaluated by wound healing rate. As compared with the control group, the wound healing rate in the experimental groups was decreased from 0.672±0.164 to -0.234±0.144 and -0.597±0.063 （P〈0.01） at 1 and 2 μmol/L lutein, respectively. It was concluded that lutein at concentration of 〉1 μmol/L inhibited the proliferation and migration of BLECs in vitro, Lutein may become an effective drug to prevent after-cataract.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30910103916)the Key Project of the Science and Technology Program of Hainan,China(06122)
文摘Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone(LHRH) is known to influence sexual behavior in many vertebrate taxa, but there have been no systematic studies on the role of LHRH in sexual behavior of turtles. We tested the hypotheses that exogenous LHRH analogues would induce sexual behavior of male Four-eyed turtle, Sacalia quadriocellata. We examined this by challenging males with intramuscular injections of mammalian luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogue(LHRH-A), human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG), or a combination of the two, and subsequently exposing them to sexually receptive females for behavioral observation. Our data show that the injection of only HCG could not, while that of only LHRH-A could, facilitate sexual behavior along with testicular recrudescence and spermatogenesis in S. quadriocellata. The injection of both LHRH-A and HCG would induce more drastic sexual behavior of the animals than that of LHRH-A alone, indicating HCG enhances the effects of LHRH-A induced sexual behavior. However, different pharmacological dosages of LHRH-A(0.5 μg, 1 μg, 2 μg per 100 g bodyweight) did not correspond to different activity levels. Though the mechanism of LHRH effect was not determined, this study may support that the sexual behavior of S. quadriocellata which occurs at the beginning of the injection despite regression of the gonads. This is the first report on the exogenous LHRH-A induced sexual behavior for this species.
