Cucumber downy mildew is a fungal disease that severely threatens cucumber production and quality.Quantitative detection of sporangia and conidiophores is crucial for early disease prevention.However,traditional horiz...Cucumber downy mildew is a fungal disease that severely threatens cucumber production and quality.Quantitative detection of sporangia and conidiophores is crucial for early disease prevention.However,traditional horizontal bounding box detection methods cannot accurately detect these features due to their diverse morphology and orientations.Therefore,an improved YOLO v8s-OBB detection method was proposed by introducing the convolutional block attention module(CBAM)and the lightweight shared convolution detection head(LSCD)module.The aim was to enhance the detection efficiency and accuracy of sporangia and conidiophores of cucumber downy mildew.By incorporating CBAM,the model’s ability to identify key features was enhanced,allowing it to focus more on critical regions in microscopic images and improve the detection of small targets.The LSCD integrated multi-scale features through shared convolution operations,enhancing the model’s detection performance for targets of different sizes while reducing computational costs,making it suitable for resource-constrained environments.The rotated bounding box technique accurately captured sporangia and conidiophores’inclination and rotation postures.Experimental results showed that,compared with the original YOLO v8s-OBB model,the improved YOLO v8s-OBB model not only reduced the model size but also achieved superior detection performance for sporangia and conidiophores of cucumber downy mildew,with precision,recall,and mAP@0.5 reaching 96.0%,90.1%,and 96.5%,respectively.The improved YOLO v8s-OBB model outperformed advanced rotated object detection models such as S2ANet,H2RBox,and R2CNN in detection accuracy.The research result can validate the effectiveness of the improved model in practical applications and provide technical support for the early diagnosis of cucumber downy mildew.展开更多
Background and Objective:Limbal stem cell deficiency(LSCD)is characterized by the insufficiency of limbal stem cells to maintain the corneal epithelium.Severe cases of LSCD may be treated with limbal transplantation f...Background and Objective:Limbal stem cell deficiency(LSCD)is characterized by the insufficiency of limbal stem cells to maintain the corneal epithelium.Severe cases of LSCD may be treated with limbal transplantation from healthy autologous or allogeneic limbal tissue.Multiple cell-based therapies have been studied as alternative treatments to improve success rates and minimize immunosuppressive regimens after allogeneic transplants.In this review,we describe the success rates,and complications of different cell-based therapies for LSCD.We also discuss each therapy’s relative strengths and weaknesses,their history in animal and human studies,and their effectiveness compared to traditional transplants.Methods:PubMed was searched for publications using the terms LSCD,cell-based therapy,cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation(CLET),cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation(COMET),and mesenchymal stem cells from 1989 to August 2022.Inclusion criteria were English language articles.Exclusion criteria were non-English language articles.Key Content and Findings:current cell-based therapies for LSCD are CLET and non-limbal epithelial cells.Non-limbal epithelial cell methods include COMET,conjunctival epithelial autografts,and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells(MSCs).Moreover,several alternative potential sources of non-limbal cells have described,including induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs),human embryonic stem cells(hESCs),human dental pulp stem cells,hair follicle bulge-derived epithelial stem cells,amniotic membrane epithelial cells,and human umbilical cord lining epithelial cells.Conclusions:Cell-based therapies are a promising treatment modality for LSCD.While CLET is currently the only approved cell-based therapy and is only approved in the European Union,more novel methods have also been shown to be effective in human or animal studies thus far.Non-limbal epithelial cells such as COMET are also an alternative treatment to allogeneic transplants especially as a surface stabilizing procedure.iPSCs are currently being studied in early phase trials and have the potential to revolutionize the way LSCD is treated.Lastly,cell-based therapies for restoring the limbal niche such as mesenchymal stem cells have also shown promising results in the first human proof-of-concept study.Several potential sources of non-limbal cells are under investigation.展开更多
Background and Objective:Limbal stem cell deficiency(LSCD)describes the clinical condition when there is dysfunction of the corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells and the inability to sustain the normal homeostasis ...Background and Objective:Limbal stem cell deficiency(LSCD)describes the clinical condition when there is dysfunction of the corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells and the inability to sustain the normal homeostasis of the corneal epithelium.The limbal stem cells are located in a specialized area of the eye called the palisades of Vogt(POV).There have been significant advances in the diagnosis and management of LSCD over the past decade and this review focuses on the pathophysiology of LSCD,its clinical manifestations,diagnosis,and causes.Methods:Papers regarding LSCD were searched using PubMed to identify the current state of diagnosis and causes of LSCD published through to June 2022.Key Content and Findings:LSCD is clinically demonstrated by a whorl-epitheliopathy,loss of the POV,and conjunctivalization of the cornea.The diagnosis of this condition is based on clinical examination and aided by the use of impression cytology,in vivo confocal microscopy,and anterior segment optical coherence tomography(asOCT).There are many causes of LSCD,but those which are most common include chemical injuries,aniridia,contact lens wear,and Stevens-Johnson syndrome(SJS).Conclusions:While this condition is most commonly encountered by corneal specialists,it is important that other ophthalmologists recognize the possibility of LSCD as it may arise in other co-morbid eye conditions.展开更多
Cornea serves as the partial front barrier and major light reflection organ of the eye.The integrity of corneal surface is essential for ocular function.Injuries or congenital diseases could significantly destruct the...Cornea serves as the partial front barrier and major light reflection organ of the eye.The integrity of corneal surface is essential for ocular function.Injuries or congenital diseases could significantly destruct the homeostasis of the ocular surface,especially the microenvironment of limbal epithelial stem cells(LESCs),and will eventually cause dysfunction of corneal regeneration and diminish of LESCs.The loss of LESCs by different reasons are named limbal stem cell deficiency(LSCD),which is one of the leading cause of vision loss worldwide.To restore the corneal surface,LESC transplantation in the form of tissue or cell cultures is currently a viable and promising method to treat LSCD.In this review,we aim to introduce the characters and niche of LESCs,and discuss different aspects of its application in cornea surface reconstruction.展开更多
文摘Cucumber downy mildew is a fungal disease that severely threatens cucumber production and quality.Quantitative detection of sporangia and conidiophores is crucial for early disease prevention.However,traditional horizontal bounding box detection methods cannot accurately detect these features due to their diverse morphology and orientations.Therefore,an improved YOLO v8s-OBB detection method was proposed by introducing the convolutional block attention module(CBAM)and the lightweight shared convolution detection head(LSCD)module.The aim was to enhance the detection efficiency and accuracy of sporangia and conidiophores of cucumber downy mildew.By incorporating CBAM,the model’s ability to identify key features was enhanced,allowing it to focus more on critical regions in microscopic images and improve the detection of small targets.The LSCD integrated multi-scale features through shared convolution operations,enhancing the model’s detection performance for targets of different sizes while reducing computational costs,making it suitable for resource-constrained environments.The rotated bounding box technique accurately captured sporangia and conidiophores’inclination and rotation postures.Experimental results showed that,compared with the original YOLO v8s-OBB model,the improved YOLO v8s-OBB model not only reduced the model size but also achieved superior detection performance for sporangia and conidiophores of cucumber downy mildew,with precision,recall,and mAP@0.5 reaching 96.0%,90.1%,and 96.5%,respectively.The improved YOLO v8s-OBB model outperformed advanced rotated object detection models such as S2ANet,H2RBox,and R2CNN in detection accuracy.The research result can validate the effectiveness of the improved model in practical applications and provide technical support for the early diagnosis of cucumber downy mildew.
基金supported by the National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health and the Core Grant for Vision Research[R01 EY024349(ARD),UH3 EY031809(ARD),EY01792]Department of Defense Vision Research Program–Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program[VR170180]Research to Prevent Blindness Unrestricted Grant to the department and Physician-Scientist Award.
文摘Background and Objective:Limbal stem cell deficiency(LSCD)is characterized by the insufficiency of limbal stem cells to maintain the corneal epithelium.Severe cases of LSCD may be treated with limbal transplantation from healthy autologous or allogeneic limbal tissue.Multiple cell-based therapies have been studied as alternative treatments to improve success rates and minimize immunosuppressive regimens after allogeneic transplants.In this review,we describe the success rates,and complications of different cell-based therapies for LSCD.We also discuss each therapy’s relative strengths and weaknesses,their history in animal and human studies,and their effectiveness compared to traditional transplants.Methods:PubMed was searched for publications using the terms LSCD,cell-based therapy,cultivated limbal epithelial transplantation(CLET),cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation(COMET),and mesenchymal stem cells from 1989 to August 2022.Inclusion criteria were English language articles.Exclusion criteria were non-English language articles.Key Content and Findings:current cell-based therapies for LSCD are CLET and non-limbal epithelial cells.Non-limbal epithelial cell methods include COMET,conjunctival epithelial autografts,and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells(MSCs).Moreover,several alternative potential sources of non-limbal cells have described,including induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs),human embryonic stem cells(hESCs),human dental pulp stem cells,hair follicle bulge-derived epithelial stem cells,amniotic membrane epithelial cells,and human umbilical cord lining epithelial cells.Conclusions:Cell-based therapies are a promising treatment modality for LSCD.While CLET is currently the only approved cell-based therapy and is only approved in the European Union,more novel methods have also been shown to be effective in human or animal studies thus far.Non-limbal epithelial cells such as COMET are also an alternative treatment to allogeneic transplants especially as a surface stabilizing procedure.iPSCs are currently being studied in early phase trials and have the potential to revolutionize the way LSCD is treated.Lastly,cell-based therapies for restoring the limbal niche such as mesenchymal stem cells have also shown promising results in the first human proof-of-concept study.Several potential sources of non-limbal cells are under investigation.
文摘Background and Objective:Limbal stem cell deficiency(LSCD)describes the clinical condition when there is dysfunction of the corneal epithelial stem/progenitor cells and the inability to sustain the normal homeostasis of the corneal epithelium.The limbal stem cells are located in a specialized area of the eye called the palisades of Vogt(POV).There have been significant advances in the diagnosis and management of LSCD over the past decade and this review focuses on the pathophysiology of LSCD,its clinical manifestations,diagnosis,and causes.Methods:Papers regarding LSCD were searched using PubMed to identify the current state of diagnosis and causes of LSCD published through to June 2022.Key Content and Findings:LSCD is clinically demonstrated by a whorl-epitheliopathy,loss of the POV,and conjunctivalization of the cornea.The diagnosis of this condition is based on clinical examination and aided by the use of impression cytology,in vivo confocal microscopy,and anterior segment optical coherence tomography(asOCT).There are many causes of LSCD,but those which are most common include chemical injuries,aniridia,contact lens wear,and Stevens-Johnson syndrome(SJS).Conclusions:While this condition is most commonly encountered by corneal specialists,it is important that other ophthalmologists recognize the possibility of LSCD as it may arise in other co-morbid eye conditions.
基金This research is funded by Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(No.2015B020226003).
文摘Cornea serves as the partial front barrier and major light reflection organ of the eye.The integrity of corneal surface is essential for ocular function.Injuries or congenital diseases could significantly destruct the homeostasis of the ocular surface,especially the microenvironment of limbal epithelial stem cells(LESCs),and will eventually cause dysfunction of corneal regeneration and diminish of LESCs.The loss of LESCs by different reasons are named limbal stem cell deficiency(LSCD),which is one of the leading cause of vision loss worldwide.To restore the corneal surface,LESC transplantation in the form of tissue or cell cultures is currently a viable and promising method to treat LSCD.In this review,we aim to introduce the characters and niche of LESCs,and discuss different aspects of its application in cornea surface reconstruction.
