BACKGROUNDEctopic thyroid at the base of the tongue is a rare congenital condition, and it iseven rarer to have clinical symptoms and require surgical intervention. Thisdisease is easily misdiagnosed preoperatively. T...BACKGROUNDEctopic thyroid at the base of the tongue is a rare congenital condition, and it iseven rarer to have clinical symptoms and require surgical intervention. Thisdisease is easily misdiagnosed preoperatively. This article reports the diagnosis,surgical treatment, and follow-up of a case of lingual thyroid.CASE SUMMARYThe patient was a 54-year-old woman who presented with laryngeal foreign bodysensation and dysphagia for 20 d. The lingual thyroid was considered for generalexamination, and surgery was performed to transpose the lingual thyroid to theright submaxillary region. Pathological analysis confirmed thyroid tissue. Thepatient experienced complete remission after surgery, but developed hypothyroidismand required thyroid hormone replacement therapy, and her thyroidfunction gradually recovered over time.CONCLUSIONWe report a rare case of lingual thyroid with marked laryngeal foreign body sensationand dysphagia. Symptoms were completely relieved by transposition surgerybut postoperative hypothyroidism developed.展开更多
Lingual lymph nodes are an inconstant group of in-transit nodes,which are located on the route of lymph drainage from the tongue mucosa to the regional nodes in neck levels I and II.There is growing academic data on t...Lingual lymph nodes are an inconstant group of in-transit nodes,which are located on the route of lymph drainage from the tongue mucosa to the regional nodes in neck levels I and II.There is growing academic data on the metastatic spread of oral cancer,particularly regarding the spreading of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma to lingual nodes.These nodes are not currently included in diagnostic and treatment protocols for oral tongue cancer.Combined information on surgical anatomy,clinical observations,means of detection,and prognostic value is presented.Anatomically obtained incidence of lingual nodes ranges from 8.6%to 30.2%.Incidence of lingual lymph node metastasis ranges from 1.3%to 17.1%.It is clear that lymph nodes that bear intervening tissues from the floor of the mouth should be removed to improve loco-regional control.Extended resection volume,which is required for the surgical treatment of lingual node metastasis,cannot be implied to every tongue cancer patient.As these lesions significantly influence prognosis,special efforts of their detection must be made.Reasonably,every tongue cancer patient must be investigated for the existence of lingual lymph node metastasis.Lymphographic tracing methods,which are currently implied for sentinel lymph node biopsies,may improve the detection of lingual lymph nodes.展开更多
Objective: Microcapsule chemoembolism is a promising treatment of tumors. We describe a deep lingual arterial embolization of tongue carcinoma with microcapsuled carboplatinum. Methods: Lingual artery cast specimens f...Objective: Microcapsule chemoembolism is a promising treatment of tumors. We describe a deep lingual arterial embolization of tongue carcinoma with microcapsuled carboplatinum. Methods: Lingual artery cast specimens from cadavers were microscopically examined, and 78 patients with tongue cancer were recruited and treated with the deep lingual arterial embolization therapy. Results: Microcapsule embolism occurred approximately at the fifth or sixth level of the deep lingual artery branches. The five-year survival rate was 88.5% (69 out of 78), and the ten-year survival rate 52.6% (41 out of 78). Conclusion: The deep lingual arterial embolization of tongue carcinoma with microcapsuled carboplatinum is an effective therapy to treat carcinoma in mid-margin or mid-body of the tongue.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the functional results and complications of the lingual mucosal graft(LMG)urethroplasty and to sum up the current state of the art of this surgical technique.Methods:A systematic search of PubMed...Objective:To evaluate the functional results and complications of the lingual mucosal graft(LMG)urethroplasty and to sum up the current state of the art of this surgical technique.Methods:A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus electronic databases was performed,according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)statement.Studies involving male patients treated with LMG urethroplasty for urethral stricture were included.Complete protocol is available at http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42017080121.A meta-analysis comparing functional and long-term oral complication outcomes of LMG and buccal mucosal graft(BMG)was performed,calculating the odds ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(CI).Results:Twenty original articles were included in the qualitative analysis.Strictures of 1.5e16.5 cm have been treated with LMG urethroplasty,due to the improvement of harvesting technique and very low rate of long-term oral complications.Very good functional results have been reported by different authors for LMG urethroplasty,with lower rate of oral complications than BMG.The meta-analysis included six comparative studies involving 187 and 178 patients treated with LMG and BMG urethroplasty,respectively.An OR of 1.65(95%CI[0.95e2.87],I^2=0%)and 0.18(95%CI[0.03e1.26],I^2=68%)were found for LMG vs.BMG urethroplasty,in terms of success and oral complication rate,respectively.Conclusion:LMG urethroplasty can be reasonably considered a first choice technique for urethral stricture with very good results.Oral complications are temporary and minimally disabling,basically less than those for BMG,and depend mainly on the graft extent.展开更多
The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the outcomes of patients who underwent one-stage onlay or inlay urethroplasty using a lingual mucosal graft （LMG） after failed hypospadias repairs. Inclusion ...The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the outcomes of patients who underwent one-stage onlay or inlay urethroplasty using a lingual mucosal graft （LMG） after failed hypospadias repairs. Inclusion criteria included a history of failed hypospadias repair, insufficiency of the local skin that made a reoperation with skin flaps difficult, and necessity of an oral mucosal graft urethroplasty. Patients were excluded if they had undergone a failed hypospadias repair using the foreskin or a multistage repair urethroplasty. Between January 2008 and December 2012, 110 patients with failed hypospadias repairs were treated in our center. Of these patients, 56 underwent a one-stage onlay or inlay urethroplasty using LMG. The median age was 21.8 years （range： 4-45 years）. Of the 56 patients, one-stage onlay LMG urethroplasty was performed in 42 patients （group 1）, and a modified Snodgrass technique using one-stage inlay LMG urethroplasty was performed in 14 （group 2）. The median LMG urethroplasty length was 5.6 ± 1.6 cm （range： 4-13 cm）. The mean follow-up was 34.7 months （range： 10-58 months）, and complications developed in 12 of 56 patients （21.4%）, including urethrocutaneous fistulas in 7 （6 in group 1, 1 in group 2） and neourethral strictures in 5 （4 in group 1, 1 in group 2）. The total success rate was 78.6%. Our survey suggests that one-stage onlay or inlay urethroplasty with LMG may be an effective option to treat the patients with less available skin after failed hypospadias repairs; LMG harvesting is easy and safe, irrespective of the patient＇s age.展开更多
Objective： To explore the clinical effect of electro-acupuncture （EA） in treating patients with lingual hemangioma （LHG）. Methods： EA therapy was applied on 36 patients by directly inserting the platinum needles...Objective： To explore the clinical effect of electro-acupuncture （EA） in treating patients with lingual hemangioma （LHG）. Methods： EA therapy was applied on 36 patients by directly inserting the platinum needles into LHG through a trocar with plastic insulating cannula to protect the normal tissues and connecting the needles with the electro-chemical therapeutic apparatus of model ZAY-B. Then electricity was given until the tumor body got contracted and rigid. The result was assessed 6 months after EA was started. Results： All patients were treated effectively, namely, the effective rate was 100%, with the therapeutic effect reaching grade Ⅰ in 29 patients （80.6%）, grade Ⅱ in 7 （19.4%）, and all having the function of tongue recovered to normal. Conclusion： EA shows special superiorities in treating LHG, proved to bring a- bout less injury and quick recovery and being simple in operation. Especially when applied on huge LHG, it could not only remove the tumor, but also preserve the function of the tongue, so it is a brand-new approach that is likely to be accepted by patients.展开更多
The dorsal lingual epithelium,which is composed of taste buds and keratinocytes differentiated from K14^(+)basal cells,discriminates taste compounds and maintains the epithelial barrier.N6-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is th...The dorsal lingual epithelium,which is composed of taste buds and keratinocytes differentiated from K14^(+)basal cells,discriminates taste compounds and maintains the epithelial barrier.N6-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most abundant mRNA modification in eukaryotic cells.How METTL3-mediated m^(6)A modification regulates K14^(+)basal cell fate during dorsal lingual epithelium formation and regeneration remains unclear.Here we show knockout of Mettl3 in K14^(+)cells reduced the taste buds and enhanced keratinocytes.Deletion of Mettl3 led to increased basal cell proliferation and decreased cell division in taste buds.Conditional Mettl3 knock-in mice showed little impact on taste buds or keratinization,but displayed increased proliferation of cells around taste buds in a protective manner during post-irradiation recovery.Mechanically,we revealed that the most frequent m^(6)A modifications were enriched in Hippo and Wnt signaling,and specific peaks were observed near the stop codons of Lats1 and FZD7.Our study elucidates that METTL3 is essential for taste bud formation and could promote the quantity recovery of taste bud after radiation.展开更多
BACKGROUND Lingual nerve injury(LNI)is a rare complication following the use of laryngeal mask airway(LMA).The occurrence of this unexpected complication causes uncomfortable symptoms in patients and worsens their qua...BACKGROUND Lingual nerve injury(LNI)is a rare complication following the use of laryngeal mask airway(LMA).The occurrence of this unexpected complication causes uncomfortable symptoms in patients and worsens their quality of life.We present an unusual case of LNI caused by the use of an LMA in percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL).CASE SUMMARY A 49-year-old man presented to our hospital with a 3-year history of intermittent left lower back pain.Abdominal computed tomography showed a 25 mm×20 mm stone in the left renal pelvis.PCNL surgery using LMA was performed to remove the renal stone.The patient reported numbness on the tip of his tongue after the operation,but there were no signs of swelling or trauma.The patient was diagnosed with LNI after other possible causes were ruled out.The symptom of numbness eventually improved after conservative medical therapy for 1 wk.The patient completely recovered 3 wk after surgery.CONCLUSION This is the first case report describing LNI with the use of LMA in PCNL.In our case,an inappropriate LMA size,intraoperative movement,and a specific surgical position might be potential causes of this rare complication.展开更多
The position and branching of the lingual nerve (LN) in the mandibular third molar region were documented in 30 head hemi-sections (16: right and 14: left). In all the dissections, the LN was found below the level of ...The position and branching of the lingual nerve (LN) in the mandibular third molar region were documented in 30 head hemi-sections (16: right and 14: left). In all the dissections, the LN was found below the level of the posterior alveolar crest (PAC). Branching was observed in 26 (86.7%) of the 30 specimen in which one branch was most frequently given per hemi-section. All branches were located superior to the main trunk of the LN. The mean vertical distance of the LN from the PAC was 10.3 ± 5.2 mm (range: 2.8 - 19.9 mm) whereas the mean antero-posterior distance was 7.1 ± 2.8 mm (range: 1.3 - 15.6 mm). The mean mandibular height from the PAC was 28.7 ± 4.0 mm (range: 23.3 - 40.7 mm). The vertical distance and mandibular height correlated positively giving a ratio of 1:2.7 between the two parameters. There was no significant difference between the two sides of the head. Position of the LN differed from previous studies suggesting that ethnicity may have a role in morphometry of the nerve. Use of different methodology may also contribute to this. Branches of the LN being closer to the PAC may be more prone to injury than the main trunk during surgical treatment.展开更多
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic significance of lingual flange protrusion for liver metastasis of patients with malignant neoplasia.METHODS: The data of 191 patients with malignant neoplasia were analyzed. Al...OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic significance of lingual flange protrusion for liver metastasis of patients with malignant neoplasia.METHODS: The data of 191 patients with malignant neoplasia were analyzed. All photos of patients' tongue image were recorded and lingual flange protrusion was the positive standard. χ~2 test for paired data and Kappa test were used to determine the diagnostic value of lingual flange protrusion for metastatic liver cancer. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the levels of liver serolog-ical markers. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) and logistic regression model were used to analyze the predictive values of lingual flange protrusion, alkaline phosphatase(ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) levels.RESULTS: Patients with lingual flange protrusion had a higher risk of liver metastasis than those without it(P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in diagnosis of liver metastasis between lingual flange protrusion and traditional diagnostic criteria(P = 0.541). Kappa was 0.738(P < 0.001). Lingual flange protrusion was significantly correlated with increased serum ALP and LDH levels(P < 0.01).Comparison of ROC curves showed that the diagnostic value of lingual flange protrusion is better than ALP, LDH and the combination of ALP and LDH(P < 0.01). Furthermore, the combined diagnostic values of lingual flange protrusion and ALP,lingual flange protrusion and LDH, and lingual flange protrusion, ALP and LDH are not better than lingual flange protrusion alone(P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: Lingual flange protrusion is a potential diagnostic marker for liver metastasis of patients with malignant neoplasia.展开更多
The macro-micro-anatomy of the lingual artery of 25 adult cadavers wasstudied.The origin of the artery is rather concentrated and the greater cornu of thehyoid bone can be used as the indicator.The entrance of the art...The macro-micro-anatomy of the lingual artery of 25 adult cadavers wasstudied.The origin of the artery is rather concentrated and the greater cornu of thehyoid bone can be used as the indicator.The entrance of the artery into the hyoglossusmuscle is almost constantly along the posterior border of the muscle,where the artery issuperficially located and easily to be exposed,and has a constant relationship with thevein and hypoglossal nerve.Thus the lingual artery can be used as the artery of a recipientarea in case of tongue reconstruction.The deep lingual artery has two types ofbranches;the short ones mainly supply the muscles of tongue while the long ones mainlysupply the mucosa by forming a submucosal network.In the muscles of tongue,minutearterioles run tortuously along the muscular fibers with abundant anastomoses betweeneach other,but no anastomosis is found to cross over the rnidline of the tongue.Be-neath the mucosa,there is an arterial network spreading all over the whole tongue notlimited to one side.The relationship of the arterial architecture to the structure and thefunctions of the tongue and its clinical significance were discussed.展开更多
Running through the infratemporal fossa is the lingual nerve （i.e. the third branch of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve）. Due to its location, there are various anatomic structures that might entrap and p...Running through the infratemporal fossa is the lingual nerve （i.e. the third branch of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve）. Due to its location, there are various anatomic structures that might entrap and potentially compress the lingual nerve. These anatomical sites of entrapment are： （a） the partially or completely ossified pterygospinous or pterygoalar ligaments; （b） the large lamina of the lateral plate of the pterygoid process; and （c） the medial fibers of the anterior region of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Due to the connection between these nerve and anatomic structures, a contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscle, for example, might cause a compression of the lingual nerve. Any variations in the course of the lingual nerve can be of clinical significance to surgeons and neurologists because of the significant complications that might occur. To name a few of such complications, lingual nerve entrapment can lead to： （a） numbness, hypoesthesia or even anesthesia of the tongue’s mucous glands; （b） anesthesia and loss of taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; （c） anesthesia of the lingual gums; and （d） pain related to speech articulation disorder. Dentists should, therefore, be alert to possible signs of neurovascular compression in regions where the lingual nerve is distributed.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of retrograde observation of the esophagus, pharynx, larynx and lingual root. METHODS:With the beagle dog under anesthesia, the anterior wall of the stomach was fixed on the abdominal wall...AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of retrograde observation of the esophagus, pharynx, larynx and lingual root. METHODS:With the beagle dog under anesthesia, the anterior wall of the stomach was fixed on the abdominal wall in a similar way to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. The gastrointestinal scope was inserted via a 12 mm laparoscopic port for subsequent retrograde observation from stomach to the oral cavity. RESULTS:With this technique, direct observation of gastric cardia was possible without restriction. The cervical esophagus was dilated well, also allowing clear observation of the hypopharyngo-esophageal junction. If the tongue was manually pulled out forward, observation of the lingual root was possible.CONCLUSION: This procedure is easy and effective for pre-treatment evaluation of the feasibility of endoscopic resection in cases of superficial carcinoma of head and neck.展开更多
This essay focused on comparing and contrasts audio lingual method and Task-based language teaching method,demonstrating the strengths and weaknesses of the two methods and discusses how they impact upon both the teac...This essay focused on comparing and contrasts audio lingual method and Task-based language teaching method,demonstrating the strengths and weaknesses of the two methods and discusses how they impact upon both the teachers and the learners.TBLT is the contemporary teaching method with a great number of strong points.It seems that if there is more relatively scientific and effective method,TBLT should give way to it.The ultimate goal is to advocate the comparatively successful teaching method in the field of foreign language education.展开更多
To increase the efficiency of teaching and improve the quality of teaching, it is necessary to learn the English teaching methodology and put the theory into practice. Audio-lingual Method and Communicative Language T...To increase the efficiency of teaching and improve the quality of teaching, it is necessary to learn the English teaching methodology and put the theory into practice. Audio-lingual Method and Communicative Language Teaching are very important methods in English language teaching. In this essay, I made a comparison and analysis based on their theories and practices. It is beneficial for us to proceed from the reality and use these methods appropriately.展开更多
Insomnia and related sleep disorders (somnipathies) affect a large segment of the population, and result in a significant negative impact on quality of life and reduced or lost productivity. The speed of sleep onset i...Insomnia and related sleep disorders (somnipathies) affect a large segment of the population, and result in a significant negative impact on quality of life and reduced or lost productivity. The speed of sleep onset is a critical characteristic of successful pharmacotherapeutic intervention for insomnia. Zolpidem, a non-benzodiazepine benzodiazepine receptor agonist (nBzRA) is widely used to treat insomnia. Although not itself a benzodiazepine (BZD), zolpidem has high binding affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor, which acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor complex. It therefore increases the neuronal transmembrane influx of Cl- ions, thereby decreasing neuronal excitability and promoting sleep. In this four-way crossover, dose-ranging, multiple-treatment study, a lingual spray formulation of zolpidem was safe and well-tolerated and yielded more rapid pharmacokinetics (mean plasma concentration) and efficacy (visual analog scale and digit symbol substitution test) compared to oral tablets.展开更多
<b><span>Objectives:</span></b><span> Recently, an increasing number of elderly patients have complained of tongue pain and fissured tongue, while atrophy of the lingual papillae wit...<b><span>Objectives:</span></b><span> Recently, an increasing number of elderly patients have complained of tongue pain and fissured tongue, while atrophy of the lingual papillae with </span><span>low </span><span>nutrition has also become a commonly encountered condition. The viewpoint that lingual papilla atrophy reflects systemic and pathological conditions, such as diabetes and </span><span>in </span><span>the circulatory system abnormalities, is supported by many clinicians. The present study was conducted to clarify the relationship of degree of atrophy of tongue papillae with oral symptoms, with an aim to evaluate the usefulness of clinical diagnostic criteria for tongue papillae atrophy.</span><span> </span><b><span>Subjects and Methods: </span></b><span>The subjects were asked to protrude the tongue forward. The tongue was held at rest and impressions were taken of the tongue dorsum 15 mm posterior to the apex of the tongue. Surface impressions were measured using a Surfcoder SE300 and the obtained values were used to define surface roughness (Ra). Multivariate analyses of the relationships between the Ra measurements and the living environment, subjective symptoms of oral health, and survey results of measurements were performed to examine factors associated with Ra. The tongue was photographed with a digital camera, then RGB color value of four random points 15 mm from the tongue apex was determined. Using those findings, redness was calculated.</span><span> </span><b><span>Results and Conclusions:</span></b><span> One hundred and six subjects with a mean age of 79.5</span><span> </span><span>±</span><span> </span><span>9.2 years were analyzed. In the smooth group, there was more redness in the tongue dorsum as compared to the rough group. Total and Sagittal Ra values of subjects with dysphagia were lower than those without dysphagia, suggesting that the degree of oral mucosal atrophy </span><span>is</span><span> related to subjective symptoms of dysphagia. Subjects with high water intake had higher Coronal Ra values, which was considered to be related to the edematous state of the lingual papillae.</span>展开更多
This article is aimed at the analysis of the images of consciousness that the representatives of the Kazakh and Russian nations possess. The analysis has been carried on the man-horseparadigm. It has been discovered t...This article is aimed at the analysis of the images of consciousness that the representatives of the Kazakh and Russian nations possess. The analysis has been carried on the man-horseparadigm. It has been discovered that the ability to associatively connect the objects and phenomena of the world around bring together the Kazakh and Russian writers as well as does the ability to see common features of different objects. At the same time in the Russian literature sometimes a person is identified with a horse, which does physical work, and characterizes people exhausted by hard work which is not typical for the Kazakhs. But the Russians do not compare their child with a foal whereas for the Kazakhs it is the kindest term of endearment. It is supposed that interesting image paradigms with ＂horse＂ element can also be discovered in the English language展开更多
This article reviews the literatures dealing with the lingualized occlusion of complete denture including the origin,development and research.Lingualized occlusion is a valuable concept because many advantages of anat...This article reviews the literatures dealing with the lingualized occlusion of complete denture including the origin,development and research.Lingualized occlusion is a valuable concept because many advantages of anatomic and nonanatomic occlusions are retained,satisfactory occlusion is easily obtained,balanced occlusion can be accomplished.展开更多
Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in the role of grammar in English language teaching. Grammar teaching has become a preoccupation among more and more language researchers and teachers. This paper sets o...Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in the role of grammar in English language teaching. Grammar teaching has become a preoccupation among more and more language researchers and teachers. This paper sets out to compare the views of grammar teaching in the Grammar-Translation, Audio-Lingual and Communicative Approaches from the following five points, the status of grammar teaching, the different methods in the instruction of grammar, the teacher's role in grammar teaching, the characteristics of typical teaching activities in the three approaches with detailed examples and the effect of the three approaches to grammar teaching.It is concluded that grammar teaching should subscribe to an eclectic approach, that is, to take advantage of the strong points of each approach and avoid their weak points. Moreover, grammar teaching should be conducted according to the variables of learners and teaching circumstances.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUNDEctopic thyroid at the base of the tongue is a rare congenital condition, and it iseven rarer to have clinical symptoms and require surgical intervention. Thisdisease is easily misdiagnosed preoperatively. This article reports the diagnosis,surgical treatment, and follow-up of a case of lingual thyroid.CASE SUMMARYThe patient was a 54-year-old woman who presented with laryngeal foreign bodysensation and dysphagia for 20 d. The lingual thyroid was considered for generalexamination, and surgery was performed to transpose the lingual thyroid to theright submaxillary region. Pathological analysis confirmed thyroid tissue. Thepatient experienced complete remission after surgery, but developed hypothyroidismand required thyroid hormone replacement therapy, and her thyroidfunction gradually recovered over time.CONCLUSIONWe report a rare case of lingual thyroid with marked laryngeal foreign body sensationand dysphagia. Symptoms were completely relieved by transposition surgerybut postoperative hypothyroidism developed.
文摘Lingual lymph nodes are an inconstant group of in-transit nodes,which are located on the route of lymph drainage from the tongue mucosa to the regional nodes in neck levels I and II.There is growing academic data on the metastatic spread of oral cancer,particularly regarding the spreading of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma to lingual nodes.These nodes are not currently included in diagnostic and treatment protocols for oral tongue cancer.Combined information on surgical anatomy,clinical observations,means of detection,and prognostic value is presented.Anatomically obtained incidence of lingual nodes ranges from 8.6%to 30.2%.Incidence of lingual lymph node metastasis ranges from 1.3%to 17.1%.It is clear that lymph nodes that bear intervening tissues from the floor of the mouth should be removed to improve loco-regional control.Extended resection volume,which is required for the surgical treatment of lingual node metastasis,cannot be implied to every tongue cancer patient.As these lesions significantly influence prognosis,special efforts of their detection must be made.Reasonably,every tongue cancer patient must be investigated for the existence of lingual lymph node metastasis.Lymphographic tracing methods,which are currently implied for sentinel lymph node biopsies,may improve the detection of lingual lymph nodes.
文摘Objective: Microcapsule chemoembolism is a promising treatment of tumors. We describe a deep lingual arterial embolization of tongue carcinoma with microcapsuled carboplatinum. Methods: Lingual artery cast specimens from cadavers were microscopically examined, and 78 patients with tongue cancer were recruited and treated with the deep lingual arterial embolization therapy. Results: Microcapsule embolism occurred approximately at the fifth or sixth level of the deep lingual artery branches. The five-year survival rate was 88.5% (69 out of 78), and the ten-year survival rate 52.6% (41 out of 78). Conclusion: The deep lingual arterial embolization of tongue carcinoma with microcapsuled carboplatinum is an effective therapy to treat carcinoma in mid-margin or mid-body of the tongue.
文摘Objective:To evaluate the functional results and complications of the lingual mucosal graft(LMG)urethroplasty and to sum up the current state of the art of this surgical technique.Methods:A systematic search of PubMed and Scopus electronic databases was performed,according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)statement.Studies involving male patients treated with LMG urethroplasty for urethral stricture were included.Complete protocol is available at http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42017080121.A meta-analysis comparing functional and long-term oral complication outcomes of LMG and buccal mucosal graft(BMG)was performed,calculating the odds ratio(OR)and 95%confidence interval(CI).Results:Twenty original articles were included in the qualitative analysis.Strictures of 1.5e16.5 cm have been treated with LMG urethroplasty,due to the improvement of harvesting technique and very low rate of long-term oral complications.Very good functional results have been reported by different authors for LMG urethroplasty,with lower rate of oral complications than BMG.The meta-analysis included six comparative studies involving 187 and 178 patients treated with LMG and BMG urethroplasty,respectively.An OR of 1.65(95%CI[0.95e2.87],I^2=0%)and 0.18(95%CI[0.03e1.26],I^2=68%)were found for LMG vs.BMG urethroplasty,in terms of success and oral complication rate,respectively.Conclusion:LMG urethroplasty can be reasonably considered a first choice technique for urethral stricture with very good results.Oral complications are temporary and minimally disabling,basically less than those for BMG,and depend mainly on the graft extent.
文摘The aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the outcomes of patients who underwent one-stage onlay or inlay urethroplasty using a lingual mucosal graft （LMG） after failed hypospadias repairs. Inclusion criteria included a history of failed hypospadias repair, insufficiency of the local skin that made a reoperation with skin flaps difficult, and necessity of an oral mucosal graft urethroplasty. Patients were excluded if they had undergone a failed hypospadias repair using the foreskin or a multistage repair urethroplasty. Between January 2008 and December 2012, 110 patients with failed hypospadias repairs were treated in our center. Of these patients, 56 underwent a one-stage onlay or inlay urethroplasty using LMG. The median age was 21.8 years （range： 4-45 years）. Of the 56 patients, one-stage onlay LMG urethroplasty was performed in 42 patients （group 1）, and a modified Snodgrass technique using one-stage inlay LMG urethroplasty was performed in 14 （group 2）. The median LMG urethroplasty length was 5.6 ± 1.6 cm （range： 4-13 cm）. The mean follow-up was 34.7 months （range： 10-58 months）, and complications developed in 12 of 56 patients （21.4%）, including urethrocutaneous fistulas in 7 （6 in group 1, 1 in group 2） and neourethral strictures in 5 （4 in group 1, 1 in group 2）. The total success rate was 78.6%. Our survey suggests that one-stage onlay or inlay urethroplasty with LMG may be an effective option to treat the patients with less available skin after failed hypospadias repairs; LMG harvesting is easy and safe, irrespective of the patient＇s age.
文摘Objective： To explore the clinical effect of electro-acupuncture （EA） in treating patients with lingual hemangioma （LHG）. Methods： EA therapy was applied on 36 patients by directly inserting the platinum needles into LHG through a trocar with plastic insulating cannula to protect the normal tissues and connecting the needles with the electro-chemical therapeutic apparatus of model ZAY-B. Then electricity was given until the tumor body got contracted and rigid. The result was assessed 6 months after EA was started. Results： All patients were treated effectively, namely, the effective rate was 100%, with the therapeutic effect reaching grade Ⅰ in 29 patients （80.6%）, grade Ⅱ in 7 （19.4%）, and all having the function of tongue recovered to normal. Conclusion： EA shows special superiorities in treating LHG, proved to bring a- bout less injury and quick recovery and being simple in operation. Especially when applied on huge LHG, it could not only remove the tumor, but also preserve the function of the tongue, so it is a brand-new approach that is likely to be accepted by patients.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81970913 and 82125006)。
文摘The dorsal lingual epithelium,which is composed of taste buds and keratinocytes differentiated from K14^(+)basal cells,discriminates taste compounds and maintains the epithelial barrier.N6-methyladenosine(m^(6)A)is the most abundant mRNA modification in eukaryotic cells.How METTL3-mediated m^(6)A modification regulates K14^(+)basal cell fate during dorsal lingual epithelium formation and regeneration remains unclear.Here we show knockout of Mettl3 in K14^(+)cells reduced the taste buds and enhanced keratinocytes.Deletion of Mettl3 led to increased basal cell proliferation and decreased cell division in taste buds.Conditional Mettl3 knock-in mice showed little impact on taste buds or keratinization,but displayed increased proliferation of cells around taste buds in a protective manner during post-irradiation recovery.Mechanically,we revealed that the most frequent m^(6)A modifications were enriched in Hippo and Wnt signaling,and specific peaks were observed near the stop codons of Lats1 and FZD7.Our study elucidates that METTL3 is essential for taste bud formation and could promote the quantity recovery of taste bud after radiation.
文摘BACKGROUND Lingual nerve injury(LNI)is a rare complication following the use of laryngeal mask airway(LMA).The occurrence of this unexpected complication causes uncomfortable symptoms in patients and worsens their quality of life.We present an unusual case of LNI caused by the use of an LMA in percutaneous nephrolithotomy(PCNL).CASE SUMMARY A 49-year-old man presented to our hospital with a 3-year history of intermittent left lower back pain.Abdominal computed tomography showed a 25 mm×20 mm stone in the left renal pelvis.PCNL surgery using LMA was performed to remove the renal stone.The patient reported numbness on the tip of his tongue after the operation,but there were no signs of swelling or trauma.The patient was diagnosed with LNI after other possible causes were ruled out.The symptom of numbness eventually improved after conservative medical therapy for 1 wk.The patient completely recovered 3 wk after surgery.CONCLUSION This is the first case report describing LNI with the use of LMA in PCNL.In our case,an inappropriate LMA size,intraoperative movement,and a specific surgical position might be potential causes of this rare complication.
文摘The position and branching of the lingual nerve (LN) in the mandibular third molar region were documented in 30 head hemi-sections (16: right and 14: left). In all the dissections, the LN was found below the level of the posterior alveolar crest (PAC). Branching was observed in 26 (86.7%) of the 30 specimen in which one branch was most frequently given per hemi-section. All branches were located superior to the main trunk of the LN. The mean vertical distance of the LN from the PAC was 10.3 ± 5.2 mm (range: 2.8 - 19.9 mm) whereas the mean antero-posterior distance was 7.1 ± 2.8 mm (range: 1.3 - 15.6 mm). The mean mandibular height from the PAC was 28.7 ± 4.0 mm (range: 23.3 - 40.7 mm). The vertical distance and mandibular height correlated positively giving a ratio of 1:2.7 between the two parameters. There was no significant difference between the two sides of the head. Position of the LN differed from previous studies suggesting that ethnicity may have a role in morphometry of the nerve. Use of different methodology may also contribute to this. Branches of the LN being closer to the PAC may be more prone to injury than the main trunk during surgical treatment.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Biomechanics Mechanism of the Anti-Tumor Effects of Softing and Resolving Hard Mass Drugs,No.81473441)
文摘OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnostic significance of lingual flange protrusion for liver metastasis of patients with malignant neoplasia.METHODS: The data of 191 patients with malignant neoplasia were analyzed. All photos of patients' tongue image were recorded and lingual flange protrusion was the positive standard. χ~2 test for paired data and Kappa test were used to determine the diagnostic value of lingual flange protrusion for metastatic liver cancer. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the levels of liver serolog-ical markers. The area under receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) and logistic regression model were used to analyze the predictive values of lingual flange protrusion, alkaline phosphatase(ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) levels.RESULTS: Patients with lingual flange protrusion had a higher risk of liver metastasis than those without it(P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in diagnosis of liver metastasis between lingual flange protrusion and traditional diagnostic criteria(P = 0.541). Kappa was 0.738(P < 0.001). Lingual flange protrusion was significantly correlated with increased serum ALP and LDH levels(P < 0.01).Comparison of ROC curves showed that the diagnostic value of lingual flange protrusion is better than ALP, LDH and the combination of ALP and LDH(P < 0.01). Furthermore, the combined diagnostic values of lingual flange protrusion and ALP,lingual flange protrusion and LDH, and lingual flange protrusion, ALP and LDH are not better than lingual flange protrusion alone(P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: Lingual flange protrusion is a potential diagnostic marker for liver metastasis of patients with malignant neoplasia.
文摘The macro-micro-anatomy of the lingual artery of 25 adult cadavers wasstudied.The origin of the artery is rather concentrated and the greater cornu of thehyoid bone can be used as the indicator.The entrance of the artery into the hyoglossusmuscle is almost constantly along the posterior border of the muscle,where the artery issuperficially located and easily to be exposed,and has a constant relationship with thevein and hypoglossal nerve.Thus the lingual artery can be used as the artery of a recipientarea in case of tongue reconstruction.The deep lingual artery has two types ofbranches;the short ones mainly supply the muscles of tongue while the long ones mainlysupply the mucosa by forming a submucosal network.In the muscles of tongue,minutearterioles run tortuously along the muscular fibers with abundant anastomoses betweeneach other,but no anastomosis is found to cross over the rnidline of the tongue.Be-neath the mucosa,there is an arterial network spreading all over the whole tongue notlimited to one side.The relationship of the arterial architecture to the structure and thefunctions of the tongue and its clinical significance were discussed.
文摘Running through the infratemporal fossa is the lingual nerve （i.e. the third branch of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve）. Due to its location, there are various anatomic structures that might entrap and potentially compress the lingual nerve. These anatomical sites of entrapment are： （a） the partially or completely ossified pterygospinous or pterygoalar ligaments; （b） the large lamina of the lateral plate of the pterygoid process; and （c） the medial fibers of the anterior region of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Due to the connection between these nerve and anatomic structures, a contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscle, for example, might cause a compression of the lingual nerve. Any variations in the course of the lingual nerve can be of clinical significance to surgeons and neurologists because of the significant complications that might occur. To name a few of such complications, lingual nerve entrapment can lead to： （a） numbness, hypoesthesia or even anesthesia of the tongue’s mucous glands; （b） anesthesia and loss of taste in the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; （c） anesthesia of the lingual gums; and （d） pain related to speech articulation disorder. Dentists should, therefore, be alert to possible signs of neurovascular compression in regions where the lingual nerve is distributed.
文摘AIM:To evaluate the efficacy of retrograde observation of the esophagus, pharynx, larynx and lingual root. METHODS:With the beagle dog under anesthesia, the anterior wall of the stomach was fixed on the abdominal wall in a similar way to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. The gastrointestinal scope was inserted via a 12 mm laparoscopic port for subsequent retrograde observation from stomach to the oral cavity. RESULTS:With this technique, direct observation of gastric cardia was possible without restriction. The cervical esophagus was dilated well, also allowing clear observation of the hypopharyngo-esophageal junction. If the tongue was manually pulled out forward, observation of the lingual root was possible.CONCLUSION: This procedure is easy and effective for pre-treatment evaluation of the feasibility of endoscopic resection in cases of superficial carcinoma of head and neck.
文摘This essay focused on comparing and contrasts audio lingual method and Task-based language teaching method,demonstrating the strengths and weaknesses of the two methods and discusses how they impact upon both the teachers and the learners.TBLT is the contemporary teaching method with a great number of strong points.It seems that if there is more relatively scientific and effective method,TBLT should give way to it.The ultimate goal is to advocate the comparatively successful teaching method in the field of foreign language education.
文摘To increase the efficiency of teaching and improve the quality of teaching, it is necessary to learn the English teaching methodology and put the theory into practice. Audio-lingual Method and Communicative Language Teaching are very important methods in English language teaching. In this essay, I made a comparison and analysis based on their theories and practices. It is beneficial for us to proceed from the reality and use these methods appropriately.
文摘Insomnia and related sleep disorders (somnipathies) affect a large segment of the population, and result in a significant negative impact on quality of life and reduced or lost productivity. The speed of sleep onset is a critical characteristic of successful pharmacotherapeutic intervention for insomnia. Zolpidem, a non-benzodiazepine benzodiazepine receptor agonist (nBzRA) is widely used to treat insomnia. Although not itself a benzodiazepine (BZD), zolpidem has high binding affinity for the benzodiazepine receptor, which acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor complex. It therefore increases the neuronal transmembrane influx of Cl- ions, thereby decreasing neuronal excitability and promoting sleep. In this four-way crossover, dose-ranging, multiple-treatment study, a lingual spray formulation of zolpidem was safe and well-tolerated and yielded more rapid pharmacokinetics (mean plasma concentration) and efficacy (visual analog scale and digit symbol substitution test) compared to oral tablets.
文摘<b><span>Objectives:</span></b><span> Recently, an increasing number of elderly patients have complained of tongue pain and fissured tongue, while atrophy of the lingual papillae with </span><span>low </span><span>nutrition has also become a commonly encountered condition. The viewpoint that lingual papilla atrophy reflects systemic and pathological conditions, such as diabetes and </span><span>in </span><span>the circulatory system abnormalities, is supported by many clinicians. The present study was conducted to clarify the relationship of degree of atrophy of tongue papillae with oral symptoms, with an aim to evaluate the usefulness of clinical diagnostic criteria for tongue papillae atrophy.</span><span> </span><b><span>Subjects and Methods: </span></b><span>The subjects were asked to protrude the tongue forward. The tongue was held at rest and impressions were taken of the tongue dorsum 15 mm posterior to the apex of the tongue. Surface impressions were measured using a Surfcoder SE300 and the obtained values were used to define surface roughness (Ra). Multivariate analyses of the relationships between the Ra measurements and the living environment, subjective symptoms of oral health, and survey results of measurements were performed to examine factors associated with Ra. The tongue was photographed with a digital camera, then RGB color value of four random points 15 mm from the tongue apex was determined. Using those findings, redness was calculated.</span><span> </span><b><span>Results and Conclusions:</span></b><span> One hundred and six subjects with a mean age of 79.5</span><span> </span><span>±</span><span> </span><span>9.2 years were analyzed. In the smooth group, there was more redness in the tongue dorsum as compared to the rough group. Total and Sagittal Ra values of subjects with dysphagia were lower than those without dysphagia, suggesting that the degree of oral mucosal atrophy </span><span>is</span><span> related to subjective symptoms of dysphagia. Subjects with high water intake had higher Coronal Ra values, which was considered to be related to the edematous state of the lingual papillae.</span>
文摘This article is aimed at the analysis of the images of consciousness that the representatives of the Kazakh and Russian nations possess. The analysis has been carried on the man-horseparadigm. It has been discovered that the ability to associatively connect the objects and phenomena of the world around bring together the Kazakh and Russian writers as well as does the ability to see common features of different objects. At the same time in the Russian literature sometimes a person is identified with a horse, which does physical work, and characterizes people exhausted by hard work which is not typical for the Kazakhs. But the Russians do not compare their child with a foal whereas for the Kazakhs it is the kindest term of endearment. It is supposed that interesting image paradigms with ＂horse＂ element can also be discovered in the English language
文摘This article reviews the literatures dealing with the lingualized occlusion of complete denture including the origin,development and research.Lingualized occlusion is a valuable concept because many advantages of anatomic and nonanatomic occlusions are retained,satisfactory occlusion is easily obtained,balanced occlusion can be accomplished.
文摘Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in the role of grammar in English language teaching. Grammar teaching has become a preoccupation among more and more language researchers and teachers. This paper sets out to compare the views of grammar teaching in the Grammar-Translation, Audio-Lingual and Communicative Approaches from the following five points, the status of grammar teaching, the different methods in the instruction of grammar, the teacher's role in grammar teaching, the characteristics of typical teaching activities in the three approaches with detailed examples and the effect of the three approaches to grammar teaching.It is concluded that grammar teaching should subscribe to an eclectic approach, that is, to take advantage of the strong points of each approach and avoid their weak points. Moreover, grammar teaching should be conducted according to the variables of learners and teaching circumstances.
