This paper presents a lineament detection method using multi-band remote sensing images. The main objective of this work is to design an automatic image processing tool for lineament mapping from Landsat-7 ETM + satel...This paper presents a lineament detection method using multi-band remote sensing images. The main objective of this work is to design an automatic image processing tool for lineament mapping from Landsat-7 ETM + satellite data. Five procedures were involved: 1) The Principal Component Analysis;2) image enhancement using histogram equalization technique 3) directional Sobel filters of the original data;4) histogram segmentation and 5) binary image generation. The applied methodology was contributed in identifying several known large-scale faults in the Northeast of Tunisia. The statistical and spatial analyses of lineament map indicate a difference of morphological appearance of lineaments in the satellite image. Indeed, all the lineaments present a specific organization. Five groups were classified based on three orientations: NE-SW, E-W and NW-SE. The overlapping of lineament map with the geologic map confirms that these lineaments of diverse directions can be identified and recognized on the field as a fault. The identified lineaments were linked to a deep faults caused by tectonic movements in Tunisia. This study shows the performance of the satellite image processing in the analysis and mapping of the accidents in the northern Atlas.展开更多
Sinai Peninsula has fascinating geologic setting and is displaying a diversity of structural lineaments that have greatly influenced the distribution of natural resources and hazards. Shaded relief images derived from...Sinai Peninsula has fascinating geologic setting and is displaying a diversity of structural lineaments that have greatly influenced the distribution of natural resources and hazards. Shaded relief images derived from SRTM-DEM mosaics were used for the identification, extraction, and mapping of these structural lineaments. Statistical parameters particularly, azimuth frequency, lineament intersection, lengths, and density distribution were analyzed using SPSS software. Two additional new statistical indices;Lineament Relative Abundance Index (LRAI) and Lineament Majority-Minority Index (LMMI) were applied. Moreover, the distribution of the different statistical parameters was illustrated as contour maps through GIS environment. Basically, two dominant clusters;NW-SE and NNE-SSW trends were detected. These trends are related to major fracture systems that are characterized by extensive mean lengths and high proportion values. Furthermore, the northern and central parts of Sinai Peninsula have lower density and intersection of structural lineaments that gradually increase towards the southern part. However, the northern part of Sinai displays wider areas of majority zones than the southern part. This could be attributed to the lower density of lineaments and little tendency for multiple lineament populations. The majority zones are usually associated with NE and NW-SE in the northern part of Sinai, whereas the majority zones are of less abundance in the central and southern parts of Sinai due to the multiple orientations of lineament populations which reduce the tendency for majority. Eventually, the results of the present work could be applicable in the different geologic and environmental aspects that are based on a good understanding of the genetic and spatial relationships of fracture systems. These aspects encompass geodynamics, exploration for mineralization and groundwater, in addition to the mitigation of natural hazards such as flush flooding and earthquakes.展开更多
Northeastern Morocco is made up of several units belonging to the Alpine belt and its foreland. Miocene to plio-quaternary volcanic rocks with variable mineralogy and geochemistry dominate the geology of this region. ...Northeastern Morocco is made up of several units belonging to the Alpine belt and its foreland. Miocene to plio-quaternary volcanic rocks with variable mineralogy and geochemistry dominate the geology of this region. The presence of active faults in different directions explains the high tectonic instability and the high frequency of earthquakes. This study contributes to the effort of understanding the geothermal potential of the Northeast of Morocco. Heat source and permeability are both key factors in the geothermal process. Indeed, lineaments analysis constrains the structures and their directions and indicates severely faulted zones, which are the most promising areas for geothermal exploration. For this purpose, we used Landsat data combined with geological and structural maps available in this region. Different image processing techniques were applied including band ratio (6/2) and directional filters. To validate the results, we conducted a comparative study between linear structures, available geological data, and previous studies. Results of the automatic extraction method of lineaments from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS indicate three main lineament systems: 1) a NE-SW system ranging from N40 to N70;2) an N-S system ranging from N10 to N45;3) an EW to WNW-ESE systems ranging from N80 to N120. Most of lineaments extracted are localized in Kebdana, Amejjaou, Nador and Melilla regions. Compared to previous studies, the NE-SW system is consistent with an extensive period (Tortonian to Pliocene);the NW-SE system is consistent with the last compressive episode (Pliocene);the N-S system is consistent with the first compressive period (Late/End Tortonian).展开更多
A family of geophysical lineaments have been identified in ~15,000 km^2 in central Kerala between9 30'N to 10 45'N and 76 00'E to 77°30′E,integrating geophysical data with geological and geomorpholog...A family of geophysical lineaments have been identified in ~15,000 km^2 in central Kerala between9 30'N to 10 45'N and 76 00'E to 77°30′E,integrating geophysical data with geological and geomorphological features. The characteristics of these lineaments in the magnetic and gravity fields and their derivatives have been analysed. The evolution of the lineaments has been traced to the temporal phases of global evolution of the region. A group of these faults have formed by reactivation of the deep-seated distensional fractures associated with and accompanying dyke emplacements during the episodic breakup of Gondwana at ~90 and 65 Ma under distinctive mantle thermal regimes. It is possible that reactivation of these distensional faults may have started during the cooling interval of time between the two distensions in the 90 and 65 Ma and post 65 Ma periods and later in the Cenozoic, when the lineaments were enlarged to their present dimension, possibly under the influence of forces that led to the uplift of the western Ghats. These may extend down to the crust-mantle interface. A cluster of youngergeophysical lineaments has been generated by reactivation along the weak planes of transformation of the charnockitic rocks of the Precambrian. They seem to have a strike-slip character. They are devoid of any dyke association and were formed on a cold crust. They may be confined to the upper-middle crust.They were generated in the high intensity intra-plate palaeo-stress fields of the triple forces arising from(1) the back-thrust from the Himalayan Collision;(2) the impact of epeirogenic forces and related isostatic uplift of the Western Ghats and(3) the flexural isostatic uplifts due to surface loads of late Mesozoic basaltic lavas and Cenozoic sedimentation in the coastal rifted basins in late Cenozoic, probably in the time span of 20 Ma to the present, when the palaeostress fields were most intense.展开更多
This work is to study earthquake precursors using lineament analysis of five MW3 earthquakes that occurred in 2018 on the territory of the Tashkent geodynamic polygon in Uzbekistan.The Landsat 8 satellite images were ...This work is to study earthquake precursors using lineament analysis of five MW3 earthquakes that occurred in 2018 on the territory of the Tashkent geodynamic polygon in Uzbekistan.The Landsat 8 satellite images were processed using the automated lineament detection method in the LEFA software.The processing steps included image preprocessing with graphic filters,edge detection using Canny’s algorithm,the definition of a vector of linear elements based on the probabilistic Hough transform and combining collinear linear elements into lineaments.The analysis of the cyclicity of precursors before and after earthquakes was based on the study of the distribution of the lineaments trend in the study area using rose diagrams and lineaments density maps.The results showed a change in the dynamics of the lineament structure.The statistical analysis of lineaments revealed that the number and orientation of lineaments changed significantly about 2-4 months before an earthquake,and after 2-3 months,the system gradually returned to its initial state.The rapid increase in lineaments density began almost 20 days before the event,reaching a maximum about 4 days before the earthquake,and its decrease began16 days after the earthquake.The main trends observed in the lineament map showed dominant trends in NS,EW,and the subdominant directions were in NW-SE,NE-SW,which coincided with main directions of the faults.展开更多
The gravity method may be used in the exploration of deep sedimentary basins. It allows the structuring and the lateral and vertical extent of sedimentary fill to be determined. This study has concerned a qualitative ...The gravity method may be used in the exploration of deep sedimentary basins. It allows the structuring and the lateral and vertical extent of sedimentary fill to be determined. This study has concerned a qualitative and quantitative gravity analysis of Sidi Bouzid Basin in Central Tunisia. Bouguer anomaly analysis and Gravity data filtering allows us to emphasize the structures affecting the basin. The Automatic Lineament Tracing method helps to quantify the different gravity responses of faults located in the shallow and deep sedimentary sections and in the basement. The elaborated structural map of the study area constitutes a useful document for rationalizing the future groundwater exploration in the arid area of central Tunisia since it shows faults dipping and deep hydrogeologic sub-basin delineation.展开更多
The aim of this study is to carry out hydrothermal alteration mapping and structural mapping using ASTER images in order to identify indices that could guide mining exploration work in the Poli area and its surroundin...The aim of this study is to carry out hydrothermal alteration mapping and structural mapping using ASTER images in order to identify indices that could guide mining exploration work in the Poli area and its surroundings. To achieve this, the ASTER images were first preprocessed to correct atmospheric effects and remove vegetation influence. Secondly, a lineament mapping was conducted by applying Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) algorithms to the First Principal Component Analysis (PCA1) of Visible Near-Infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) bands. Lastly, band ratio methods were applied to the VNIR, SWIR, and Thermal Infrared (TIR) bands to determine indices of iron oxides/hydroxides (hematite and limonite), hydroxyl-bearing minerals (chlorite, epidote, and muscovite), and the quartz index. The results obtained showed that the lineaments were mainly oriented NE-SW, ENE-WSW, and E-W, with NE-SW being the most predominant direction. Concerning hydrothermal alteration, the identified indices covered almost the entire study area and showed a strong correlation with lithological data. Overlaying the obtained lineaments with the hydrothermal alteration indices revealed a significant correlation between existing mining indices and those observed in the field. Mineralized zones generally coincided with areas of high lineament density exhibiting significant hydrothermal alteration. Based on the correlation between existing mining indices and the results of hydrothermal and structural mapping, the results obtained can then be used as a reference document for any mining exploration in the study area.展开更多
With the aim to produce a detailed structural map and then enhance the geological information of the south-western Cameroon, a field gravity study is carried out in the Kribi-Campo-Ma’an area (SW Cameroon). This stud...With the aim to produce a detailed structural map and then enhance the geological information of the south-western Cameroon, a field gravity study is carried out in the Kribi-Campo-Ma’an area (SW Cameroon). This study area is assumed to undergo pending active tectonics as witnessed by several earthquakes [1]. Besides, the area has been affected by some shears that gave rise to many major faults including the Kribi-Campo Fault (KCF). This N-S lineament is an active fault corresponding to the NW margin of the CC [2] [3] and related to the development of the Kribi-Campo basin. The gravity data analysis enables to highlight many deeply-seated structural features trending in the NE, NNE, N-S, NNW, NW and E-W directions in this region. The NW-SE trend is more strongly developed than the other identified trends and could have deeply affected the major NNE structure. The NNE-SSW to N-S fractures and faults which are local relays of the Kribi-Campo fault are related to the Kribi shear zone. The fairly good clustering observed on local maxima of the horizontal gradient magnitude enables to suggest that the contacts outlined have vertical to subvertical dips. However, a probable interpretation of these features is that they are vertical to subvertical faults which follow the aforementioned directions. The location of the study area in the gulf of Guinea suggests that it sustains tectonics related both to the equatorial and the south Atlantic oceans opening.展开更多
The rocks of the Jos – Bukuru area in North Central Nigeria is characterized by negative and positive gravity residual anomalies ranging from –25 to +20 mGals. Lineaments were extracted from the gravity residual ano...The rocks of the Jos – Bukuru area in North Central Nigeria is characterized by negative and positive gravity residual anomalies ranging from –25 to +20 mGals. Lineaments were extracted from the gravity residual anomaly map for the purpose of assessing the groundwater resources in the area. The region is marked by more than one set of lineaments, each with its distinctive orientation and probably spacing. Lineaments shorter than 20 km in length are shallow structures suitable for this exercise because of their importance in groundwater recharge, transmission and discharge. In a bin size of 15oone major and one minimum striking directions between 000o and 030o were obtained. The major type lies between 000o and 015o, while the minimum one is oriented within the 015o and 030o direction. These directions correspond to the stress axis of the essentially north – south trending geological structures of Nigeria. Invasions of mineralizing fluids might had sealed some of the joints and other fractures, however where the open spaces are not sealed, weathering and erosion widen and deepened the joints paving routes for surface water flows and direct seepage into the underlying strata. On the lineament density and lineament intersection maps the closures suggest probable discontinuity of the aquifer units. On this basis of the lineament density and the lineament intersection results, the area was divided into three hydrogeological zones. Site 1 is considered most favourable for water well development, while site 3 may result in low yields or even in abortive water wells.展开更多
Lineament extraction and analysis is one of the routine work in mapping medium and large areas using remote sensing data, most of which are satellite images. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper （ETM） of 945×1 232 ...Lineament extraction and analysis is one of the routine work in mapping medium and large areas using remote sensing data, most of which are satellite images. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper （ETM） of 945×1 232 pixels subscene acquired on 21 March 2000 covering the northwestern part of Yunnan Province has been digitally processed using ER Mapper software. This article aims to produce lineament density map that predicts favorable zones for hydrothermal mineral occurrences and quantify spatial associations between the known hydrothermal mineral deposits. In the process of lineament extraction a number of image processing techniques were applied. The extracted lineaments were imported into MapGIS software and a suitable grid of 100 m×100 m was chosen. The Kriging method was used to create the lineament density map of the area. The results show that remote sensing data could be useful to extract the lineaments in the area. These lineaments are closely correlated with the faults obtained through other geological investigation methods. On comparing with field data the lineament-density map identifies two important high prospective zones, where large-scale deposits are already existing. In addition the map highlights unrecognized target areas that require follow up investigation.展开更多
In this paper, the complexity in the spatial distribution of the lineaments was investigated from on remote sensing topographic (SRTM DEM) and multispectral (Landsat) data. Lineaments in equatorial Africa were chosen ...In this paper, the complexity in the spatial distribution of the lineaments was investigated from on remote sensing topographic (SRTM DEM) and multispectral (Landsat) data. Lineaments in equatorial Africa were chosen to apply the fractal analysis methodology. The good correlations of the obtained data with some geophysical data from the same area allow that the complexity in the spatial distribution of the lineaments can give qualitative information on the interior of the earth (or on other planets). This method can provide a bridge between classical geology and geophysics, and particularly powerful for studying large and inaccessible regions.展开更多
Gravity method is among the most applied geophysical methods in mineral and oil exploration. It may help to identify fault networks which are of interest for mineral exploration. Potential field data can give valuable...Gravity method is among the most applied geophysical methods in mineral and oil exploration. It may help to identify fault networks which are of interest for mineral exploration. Potential field data can give valuable information on the location of faults in the basement. These faults may have propagated into the overlying sedimentary rocks and influenced fluid flow and distribution of hydrocarbon traps and mineralization zones. A study was therefore conducted in south Cameroon with the aim of highlighting the different lineaments of the region, which were completely or partially hidden by the sedimentary cover. Different gravity data processing techniques including horizontal gradient coupled with upward continuation and Euler deconvolution were used. The application of these methods has mapped out a number of lineaments depicting gravity density discontinuities whose directions are NS, NE-SW, EW and NW-SE. The predominant direction for major lineaments is NE-SW. The major lineaments associated to the faults are: the Kribi-Edea faults, Ambam faults, Ebolowa-south of Yaounde faults;Bipindi-Yaounde faults;Pouma-Yaounde fault and the fault system which crosses the east, north, west of Monatele city. Euler solutions indicate depths up to18 km for the roof of the faults. The main results worked out from this study provide with new elements that allow the improvement of the knowledge on the structure of the study area. The structural map obtained shows major tectonic events that are responsible of the structural layout of the study zone. In addition, information related to the dip and depth of the various structures was also obtained. The map of lineaments is a useful tool for the planning of hydrogeological and/or petroleum investigations.展开更多
In addition to being among the major tiggers behind frequent earthquakes,fractures can allow surface water to infiltrate the permeable rocks,entering both shallow and deep aquifers.Occasionally,water penetrates to gre...In addition to being among the major tiggers behind frequent earthquakes,fractures can allow surface water to infiltrate the permeable rocks,entering both shallow and deep aquifers.Occasionally,water penetrates to great depths,heats up,and becomes geothermal water.Fractures similarly allow hydrothermal fluids to dissolve their chemical elements and form a mineral deposit.Given these important roles of fractures,this paper aims to map faults and fractures across the entire Moroccan territory in the form of lineaments extracted from remotely sensed images,and then analyze their spatial distribution using the fractal dimension(FD)approach,and then generate a fractal map of the entire Morocco as a guide for subsurface investigation purposes.It was found that the areas with high fractal dimension(FD˃1),considered potential groundwater recharge areas,essentially the northern Anti Atlas,the southwestern High Atlas,and the Meseta,present spatial conformity with several known mineral deposits,geothermal areas,and the epicenters of many historical earthquakes.This conformity can be a key element in expecting other unexplored mineral deposits,aquifers,or geothermal regions,as well as predicting the areas that may bear earthquake hazards in areas with high FD across the entire Moroccan territory.展开更多
The Agadem block is an area of major oil interest located in the large sedimentary basin of Termit,in the south-east of the Republic of Niger.Since the 1950s,this basin has known geological and geophysical research ac...The Agadem block is an area of major oil interest located in the large sedimentary basin of Termit,in the south-east of the Republic of Niger.Since the 1950s,this basin has known geological and geophysical research activities.However,despite the extensive research carried out,we believe that a geophysical contribution in terms of magnetic properties and their repercussions on the structure of the Agadem block allowing the improvement of existing knowledge is essential.The present study aims to study the structural characteristics of the Agadem block associated with magnetic anomalies.For this,after data shaping,several filtering techniques were applied to the aeromagnetic data to identify and map deep geological structures.The reduction to the pole map shows large negative wavelength anomalies in the southeast half of the block and short positive wavelength anomalies in the northwest part embedded in a large positive anomaly occupying the lower northern half of the block.The maps of the total horizontal derivative and tilt angle show lineaments globally distributed along the NW-SE direction in accordance with the structural style of the study area.The resulting map highlights numerous lineaments that may be associated with faults hidden by the sedimentary cover.The calculation of the Euler deconvolution allowed us to locate and estimate the depths of magnetic sources at variable depths of up to 4000 m.The compilation of the results obtained allowed us to locate zones of high and low intensities which correspond respectively to horsts and grabens as major structures of the Agadem block.展开更多
The Afyon-Akşehir and Sinanpaşa grabens,located in the eastern part of the Akşehir-Simav Fault System,are important sedimentary basins in the western Anatolia,Türkiye.This region,particularly the western of Afyon...The Afyon-Akşehir and Sinanpaşa grabens,located in the eastern part of the Akşehir-Simav Fault System,are important sedimentary basins in the western Anatolia,Türkiye.This region,particularly the western of Afyon-Akşehir Graben,is a significant region known for its geothermal potential.The study focuses on analyzing gravity data to identify structural elements and examine the geological structures in the basins.The edge detection and enhancement techniques such as total horizontal gradient,tilt angle of the total horizontal gradient,enhanced dip angle and curvature analysis were used to investigate the structural lineaments in the area.Furthermore,2D/3D gravity modeling techniques were utilized to investigate the sedimentary depths of the Afyon-Akşehir and Sinanpaşa grabens.Based on the findings from the edge detection studies,three distinct linear features were highlighted in addition to previously identified geological structures.3D gravity inversion modeling reveals sedimentary basin depths of up to 470 m in Sinanpaşa Graben and 720 m in the western Afyon-Akşehir Graben.As a result of the structural mapping and 2D/3D gravity modeling studies,a structural uplift that may be linked to geothermal activity was detected among the local depressions in the Afyon-Akşehir Graben.The obtained features may be of potential interest for geothermal exploration;therefore,further investigations using additional geophysical data are recommended.展开更多
Geothermal is a clean energy source that is freely available in the subsurface. The exploitation of this vital resource needs intensive exploration in order to identify and quantify its occurrence. The three parameter...Geothermal is a clean energy source that is freely available in the subsurface. The exploitation of this vital resource needs intensive exploration in order to identify and quantify its occurrence. The three parameters considered when assessing the viability of a geothermal system include;heat source, fractures and fluids. Geological structures are important in transportation of fluids to and from the heat source aiding in recharge of the geothermal system and enhancing productivity. Remote sensing method was applied in mapping the structures at Barrier Volcanic Complex (BVC) by using hill shading technique which utilized four illumination angles of the sun (azimuth) i.e. 45°, 90°, 150°, and 315°, constant elevation of 45° and exaggeration of 10. The data used was Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Satellite Imagery. ArcGIS Software was used for lineaments delineation and density mapping, PCI Geomatica was used to generate major faults, while Georose and Rockworks 17 were used to generate the rose diagrams. Geological structural analysis was done by delineating lineaments, determining the density distribution of lineaments and finally determining the structural trends of lineaments. The generated major faults in the area and the location of the occurrence of surface manifestations were compared with the generated lineaments. A total of 260 lineaments were generated whereby at 45° there was a total of 60 lineaments, at 90° 95 lineaments, at 150° 61 lineaments, and at 315° 44 lineaments. The results of structural analysis in the area as shown by the rose diagrams indicate an NNE-SSW and N-S trending of structures. In conclusion, the study area is highly fractured as indicated by the presence of numerous lineaments. These lineaments provide good recharge to the geothermal system and enhance the geothermal reservoir in the area.展开更多
The NW part of Iran belongs to the Iranian plateau that is a tectonically active region within the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt. The intrusion of Oligocene parts in various faces caused the alteration and mineraliza...The NW part of Iran belongs to the Iranian plateau that is a tectonically active region within the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt. The intrusion of Oligocene parts in various faces caused the alteration and mineralization such as copper, molybdenum, gold and iron in the Siyahrood area. Granitoidic rocks with component of Granodiorite to alkali have been influenced by hydrothermal fluids. Alteration zones are important features for the exploration of deposits and the ASTER sensor is able to identify the type of alteration and its alteration zoning. This method can be a useful tool for detecting potential mineralization area in East Azarbaijan—Northwest of Iran. The purpose of this study is to evaluate ASTER data for mapping altered minerals in Siyahrood area in order to detect the potential mineralized areas. In this study, false color composite, and band ratio techniques were applied on ASTER data and argillic, phyllic, Iron oxide and propylitic alteration zones were separated. ASAR image processing has been used for lineaments and faults identified by the aid of directional filter. The structural study focused on fracture zones and their characteristics including strike, length, and relationship with alteration zones. The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of remote sensing methods and ASTER multi-spectral data for alteration, and ASAR data are useful for lineament mapping.展开更多
Drainage responds rapidly to tectonic changes and thus it is a potential parameter for teetonogeomorphological analysis. Drainage network of Potwar is a good geological record of movement, displacements, regional upli...Drainage responds rapidly to tectonic changes and thus it is a potential parameter for teetonogeomorphological analysis. Drainage network of Potwar is a good geological record of movement, displacements, regional uplifts and erosion of the tectonic units. This study focuses on utilizing drainage network extracted from Shuttle Radar Digital Elevation Data （SRTM-DEM） in order to constrain the structure of the Potwar Plateau. SWAN syncline divides Potwar into northern Potwar deformed zone （NPDZ） and southern Potwar platform zone （SPPZ）. We extracted the drainage network from DEM and analyzed 112 streams using stream power law. Spatial distribution of concavity and steepness indices were used to prepare uplift rate map for the area. DEM was further utilized to extract lineaments to study the mutual relationship between lineaments and drainage patterns. We compared the local correlation between the extracted lineaments and drainage network of the area that gives us quantitative information and shows promising prospects. The streams in the NPDZ indicate high steepness values as compared to the streams in the SPPZ. The spatial distribution of geomorphic parameters distinctive deformation and uplift rates suggest the among eastern, central and western parts. The local correlation between drainage network and lineaments from DEM is strongly positive in the area within I km of radius.展开更多
This study is concerned with the identification and delineation of aquiferous zones for potential groundwater development across Bulawayo Metropolitan from remotely sensed data and geological inference. Attempts have ...This study is concerned with the identification and delineation of aquiferous zones for potential groundwater development across Bulawayo Metropolitan from remotely sensed data and geological inference. Attempts have been made to review literatures on groundwater exploitation in the study area and the constraints to effective and sustainable management of underground water in the study area. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is useful in the recognition and delineation of aquiferous zones for potential groundwater in crystalline basement aquifers. LANDSAT ETM+ image, SRTM data, aeromagnetic data and other ancillary data sets were utilized to extract information on the groundwater storing controlling features of this study area. Six thematic maps were produced from remote sensing data and other ancillary data—Land use/landcover, drainage density, slope map, contact density, lithology and lineament density. GIS modeling technique of the index overlay method was used to produce the groundwater potential map. The study revealed that the regional lineaments correlate with faults, fracture zones, and lithological contrasts along fold belts in the crystalline basement rocks, while the main direction of faulting and jointing is north-north-west to north with several faults oriented, to the north-north-east, parallel to the Great Dyke. Proximity to lineaments is the highest zone of increased porosity and permeability which in turn have a greater chance of accumulating groundwater. The results have shown massive spatial variability of ground water potential ranging from very good to poor. The variability closely followed variations in the structures, geology, topography/slope, drainage density and land use/land cover in the project area. This work is a reconnaissance which needs to be validated by the use of high-resolution terrain data and satellite imagery and the quantitative analysis should be done using geophysical and hydrogeological surveys.展开更多
Aeromagnetic data for center-east Cameroon between the latitudes 3.5° to 4.5°N and longitudes 12° to 12.5°E are used to further study the subsurface area of this part of the geological Province of ...Aeromagnetic data for center-east Cameroon between the latitudes 3.5° to 4.5°N and longitudes 12° to 12.5°E are used to further study the subsurface area of this part of the geological Province of Central Africa and the Congo Craton. The GIS and GEOSOFT v6.5 softwares are used to treat the data. This analysis enabled us to explore our study area from surface right to the base. The Tilt Angle method is used to delineate geological structures and to estimate the depth. The Euler’s deconvolution method is used to estimate the specific depth of structural contacts. We estimate the northern boundary of the Congo Craton and southern boundary of the Pan-African starting from 3°7'N of West to 3°75'N of East. Its depth is estimated around 2.6 km for deep and 0.1 km for shallow while the direction is WSW-ENE and the NW slope varies from 30° to 60°. We obtain that main and minor lineaments exist throughout, from the surface to the base of the area with their principal direction being SW-NE. We also obtain the vertical gradient contact and the quasihorizontal contact. This is proof of the subduction of the Pan-African belt under the Congo Craton due to the intense collision which caused the rejuvenation of the crust. The main consequence of this collision is the formation of pudding and fold structures, beginning from the superficial part right to the base and which caused the intrusion of schistose, chlorite-schist, quartzite in the micaschist and the intrusions of gneiss and garnetiferous schist in the migmatite. In our study, we highlight the presence of 37 major and 523 minor lineaments that localize the circulation of minerals. The probable slope of the lineaments in the northern part of the region varies from 30° to 60° in a SE direction while in the southern part, and it varies from 30° to 60° in a NW direction.展开更多
文摘This paper presents a lineament detection method using multi-band remote sensing images. The main objective of this work is to design an automatic image processing tool for lineament mapping from Landsat-7 ETM + satellite data. Five procedures were involved: 1) The Principal Component Analysis;2) image enhancement using histogram equalization technique 3) directional Sobel filters of the original data;4) histogram segmentation and 5) binary image generation. The applied methodology was contributed in identifying several known large-scale faults in the Northeast of Tunisia. The statistical and spatial analyses of lineament map indicate a difference of morphological appearance of lineaments in the satellite image. Indeed, all the lineaments present a specific organization. Five groups were classified based on three orientations: NE-SW, E-W and NW-SE. The overlapping of lineament map with the geologic map confirms that these lineaments of diverse directions can be identified and recognized on the field as a fault. The identified lineaments were linked to a deep faults caused by tectonic movements in Tunisia. This study shows the performance of the satellite image processing in the analysis and mapping of the accidents in the northern Atlas.
文摘Sinai Peninsula has fascinating geologic setting and is displaying a diversity of structural lineaments that have greatly influenced the distribution of natural resources and hazards. Shaded relief images derived from SRTM-DEM mosaics were used for the identification, extraction, and mapping of these structural lineaments. Statistical parameters particularly, azimuth frequency, lineament intersection, lengths, and density distribution were analyzed using SPSS software. Two additional new statistical indices;Lineament Relative Abundance Index (LRAI) and Lineament Majority-Minority Index (LMMI) were applied. Moreover, the distribution of the different statistical parameters was illustrated as contour maps through GIS environment. Basically, two dominant clusters;NW-SE and NNE-SSW trends were detected. These trends are related to major fracture systems that are characterized by extensive mean lengths and high proportion values. Furthermore, the northern and central parts of Sinai Peninsula have lower density and intersection of structural lineaments that gradually increase towards the southern part. However, the northern part of Sinai displays wider areas of majority zones than the southern part. This could be attributed to the lower density of lineaments and little tendency for multiple lineament populations. The majority zones are usually associated with NE and NW-SE in the northern part of Sinai, whereas the majority zones are of less abundance in the central and southern parts of Sinai due to the multiple orientations of lineament populations which reduce the tendency for majority. Eventually, the results of the present work could be applicable in the different geologic and environmental aspects that are based on a good understanding of the genetic and spatial relationships of fracture systems. These aspects encompass geodynamics, exploration for mineralization and groundwater, in addition to the mitigation of natural hazards such as flush flooding and earthquakes.
文摘Northeastern Morocco is made up of several units belonging to the Alpine belt and its foreland. Miocene to plio-quaternary volcanic rocks with variable mineralogy and geochemistry dominate the geology of this region. The presence of active faults in different directions explains the high tectonic instability and the high frequency of earthquakes. This study contributes to the effort of understanding the geothermal potential of the Northeast of Morocco. Heat source and permeability are both key factors in the geothermal process. Indeed, lineaments analysis constrains the structures and their directions and indicates severely faulted zones, which are the most promising areas for geothermal exploration. For this purpose, we used Landsat data combined with geological and structural maps available in this region. Different image processing techniques were applied including band ratio (6/2) and directional filters. To validate the results, we conducted a comparative study between linear structures, available geological data, and previous studies. Results of the automatic extraction method of lineaments from Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS indicate three main lineament systems: 1) a NE-SW system ranging from N40 to N70;2) an N-S system ranging from N10 to N45;3) an EW to WNW-ESE systems ranging from N80 to N120. Most of lineaments extracted are localized in Kebdana, Amejjaou, Nador and Melilla regions. Compared to previous studies, the NE-SW system is consistent with an extensive period (Tortonian to Pliocene);the NW-SE system is consistent with the last compressive episode (Pliocene);the N-S system is consistent with the first compressive period (Late/End Tortonian).
文摘A family of geophysical lineaments have been identified in ~15,000 km^2 in central Kerala between9 30'N to 10 45'N and 76 00'E to 77°30′E,integrating geophysical data with geological and geomorphological features. The characteristics of these lineaments in the magnetic and gravity fields and their derivatives have been analysed. The evolution of the lineaments has been traced to the temporal phases of global evolution of the region. A group of these faults have formed by reactivation of the deep-seated distensional fractures associated with and accompanying dyke emplacements during the episodic breakup of Gondwana at ~90 and 65 Ma under distinctive mantle thermal regimes. It is possible that reactivation of these distensional faults may have started during the cooling interval of time between the two distensions in the 90 and 65 Ma and post 65 Ma periods and later in the Cenozoic, when the lineaments were enlarged to their present dimension, possibly under the influence of forces that led to the uplift of the western Ghats. These may extend down to the crust-mantle interface. A cluster of youngergeophysical lineaments has been generated by reactivation along the weak planes of transformation of the charnockitic rocks of the Precambrian. They seem to have a strike-slip character. They are devoid of any dyke association and were formed on a cold crust. They may be confined to the upper-middle crust.They were generated in the high intensity intra-plate palaeo-stress fields of the triple forces arising from(1) the back-thrust from the Himalayan Collision;(2) the impact of epeirogenic forces and related isostatic uplift of the Western Ghats and(3) the flexural isostatic uplifts due to surface loads of late Mesozoic basaltic lavas and Cenozoic sedimentation in the coastal rifted basins in late Cenozoic, probably in the time span of 20 Ma to the present, when the palaeostress fields were most intense.
基金the scientific and applied project FA-A5-F014 of the Astronomical Institute of Uzbekistan with the financial support got from the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan。
文摘This work is to study earthquake precursors using lineament analysis of five MW3 earthquakes that occurred in 2018 on the territory of the Tashkent geodynamic polygon in Uzbekistan.The Landsat 8 satellite images were processed using the automated lineament detection method in the LEFA software.The processing steps included image preprocessing with graphic filters,edge detection using Canny’s algorithm,the definition of a vector of linear elements based on the probabilistic Hough transform and combining collinear linear elements into lineaments.The analysis of the cyclicity of precursors before and after earthquakes was based on the study of the distribution of the lineaments trend in the study area using rose diagrams and lineaments density maps.The results showed a change in the dynamics of the lineament structure.The statistical analysis of lineaments revealed that the number and orientation of lineaments changed significantly about 2-4 months before an earthquake,and after 2-3 months,the system gradually returned to its initial state.The rapid increase in lineaments density began almost 20 days before the event,reaching a maximum about 4 days before the earthquake,and its decrease began16 days after the earthquake.The main trends observed in the lineament map showed dominant trends in NS,EW,and the subdominant directions were in NW-SE,NE-SW,which coincided with main directions of the faults.
文摘The gravity method may be used in the exploration of deep sedimentary basins. It allows the structuring and the lateral and vertical extent of sedimentary fill to be determined. This study has concerned a qualitative and quantitative gravity analysis of Sidi Bouzid Basin in Central Tunisia. Bouguer anomaly analysis and Gravity data filtering allows us to emphasize the structures affecting the basin. The Automatic Lineament Tracing method helps to quantify the different gravity responses of faults located in the shallow and deep sedimentary sections and in the basement. The elaborated structural map of the study area constitutes a useful document for rationalizing the future groundwater exploration in the arid area of central Tunisia since it shows faults dipping and deep hydrogeologic sub-basin delineation.
文摘The aim of this study is to carry out hydrothermal alteration mapping and structural mapping using ASTER images in order to identify indices that could guide mining exploration work in the Poli area and its surroundings. To achieve this, the ASTER images were first preprocessed to correct atmospheric effects and remove vegetation influence. Secondly, a lineament mapping was conducted by applying Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) algorithms to the First Principal Component Analysis (PCA1) of Visible Near-Infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) bands. Lastly, band ratio methods were applied to the VNIR, SWIR, and Thermal Infrared (TIR) bands to determine indices of iron oxides/hydroxides (hematite and limonite), hydroxyl-bearing minerals (chlorite, epidote, and muscovite), and the quartz index. The results obtained showed that the lineaments were mainly oriented NE-SW, ENE-WSW, and E-W, with NE-SW being the most predominant direction. Concerning hydrothermal alteration, the identified indices covered almost the entire study area and showed a strong correlation with lithological data. Overlaying the obtained lineaments with the hydrothermal alteration indices revealed a significant correlation between existing mining indices and those observed in the field. Mineralized zones generally coincided with areas of high lineament density exhibiting significant hydrothermal alteration. Based on the correlation between existing mining indices and the results of hydrothermal and structural mapping, the results obtained can then be used as a reference document for any mining exploration in the study area.
文摘With the aim to produce a detailed structural map and then enhance the geological information of the south-western Cameroon, a field gravity study is carried out in the Kribi-Campo-Ma’an area (SW Cameroon). This study area is assumed to undergo pending active tectonics as witnessed by several earthquakes [1]. Besides, the area has been affected by some shears that gave rise to many major faults including the Kribi-Campo Fault (KCF). This N-S lineament is an active fault corresponding to the NW margin of the CC [2] [3] and related to the development of the Kribi-Campo basin. The gravity data analysis enables to highlight many deeply-seated structural features trending in the NE, NNE, N-S, NNW, NW and E-W directions in this region. The NW-SE trend is more strongly developed than the other identified trends and could have deeply affected the major NNE structure. The NNE-SSW to N-S fractures and faults which are local relays of the Kribi-Campo fault are related to the Kribi shear zone. The fairly good clustering observed on local maxima of the horizontal gradient magnitude enables to suggest that the contacts outlined have vertical to subvertical dips. However, a probable interpretation of these features is that they are vertical to subvertical faults which follow the aforementioned directions. The location of the study area in the gulf of Guinea suggests that it sustains tectonics related both to the equatorial and the south Atlantic oceans opening.
文摘The rocks of the Jos – Bukuru area in North Central Nigeria is characterized by negative and positive gravity residual anomalies ranging from –25 to +20 mGals. Lineaments were extracted from the gravity residual anomaly map for the purpose of assessing the groundwater resources in the area. The region is marked by more than one set of lineaments, each with its distinctive orientation and probably spacing. Lineaments shorter than 20 km in length are shallow structures suitable for this exercise because of their importance in groundwater recharge, transmission and discharge. In a bin size of 15oone major and one minimum striking directions between 000o and 030o were obtained. The major type lies between 000o and 015o, while the minimum one is oriented within the 015o and 030o direction. These directions correspond to the stress axis of the essentially north – south trending geological structures of Nigeria. Invasions of mineralizing fluids might had sealed some of the joints and other fractures, however where the open spaces are not sealed, weathering and erosion widen and deepened the joints paving routes for surface water flows and direct seepage into the underlying strata. On the lineament density and lineament intersection maps the closures suggest probable discontinuity of the aquifer units. On this basis of the lineament density and the lineament intersection results, the area was divided into three hydrogeological zones. Site 1 is considered most favourable for water well development, while site 3 may result in low yields or even in abortive water wells.
文摘Lineament extraction and analysis is one of the routine work in mapping medium and large areas using remote sensing data, most of which are satellite images. Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper （ETM） of 945×1 232 pixels subscene acquired on 21 March 2000 covering the northwestern part of Yunnan Province has been digitally processed using ER Mapper software. This article aims to produce lineament density map that predicts favorable zones for hydrothermal mineral occurrences and quantify spatial associations between the known hydrothermal mineral deposits. In the process of lineament extraction a number of image processing techniques were applied. The extracted lineaments were imported into MapGIS software and a suitable grid of 100 m×100 m was chosen. The Kriging method was used to create the lineament density map of the area. The results show that remote sensing data could be useful to extract the lineaments in the area. These lineaments are closely correlated with the faults obtained through other geological investigation methods. On comparing with field data the lineament-density map identifies two important high prospective zones, where large-scale deposits are already existing. In addition the map highlights unrecognized target areas that require follow up investigation.
文摘In this paper, the complexity in the spatial distribution of the lineaments was investigated from on remote sensing topographic (SRTM DEM) and multispectral (Landsat) data. Lineaments in equatorial Africa were chosen to apply the fractal analysis methodology. The good correlations of the obtained data with some geophysical data from the same area allow that the complexity in the spatial distribution of the lineaments can give qualitative information on the interior of the earth (or on other planets). This method can provide a bridge between classical geology and geophysics, and particularly powerful for studying large and inaccessible regions.
文摘Gravity method is among the most applied geophysical methods in mineral and oil exploration. It may help to identify fault networks which are of interest for mineral exploration. Potential field data can give valuable information on the location of faults in the basement. These faults may have propagated into the overlying sedimentary rocks and influenced fluid flow and distribution of hydrocarbon traps and mineralization zones. A study was therefore conducted in south Cameroon with the aim of highlighting the different lineaments of the region, which were completely or partially hidden by the sedimentary cover. Different gravity data processing techniques including horizontal gradient coupled with upward continuation and Euler deconvolution were used. The application of these methods has mapped out a number of lineaments depicting gravity density discontinuities whose directions are NS, NE-SW, EW and NW-SE. The predominant direction for major lineaments is NE-SW. The major lineaments associated to the faults are: the Kribi-Edea faults, Ambam faults, Ebolowa-south of Yaounde faults;Bipindi-Yaounde faults;Pouma-Yaounde fault and the fault system which crosses the east, north, west of Monatele city. Euler solutions indicate depths up to18 km for the roof of the faults. The main results worked out from this study provide with new elements that allow the improvement of the knowledge on the structure of the study area. The structural map obtained shows major tectonic events that are responsible of the structural layout of the study zone. In addition, information related to the dip and depth of the various structures was also obtained. The map of lineaments is a useful tool for the planning of hydrogeological and/or petroleum investigations.
文摘In addition to being among the major tiggers behind frequent earthquakes,fractures can allow surface water to infiltrate the permeable rocks,entering both shallow and deep aquifers.Occasionally,water penetrates to great depths,heats up,and becomes geothermal water.Fractures similarly allow hydrothermal fluids to dissolve their chemical elements and form a mineral deposit.Given these important roles of fractures,this paper aims to map faults and fractures across the entire Moroccan territory in the form of lineaments extracted from remotely sensed images,and then analyze their spatial distribution using the fractal dimension(FD)approach,and then generate a fractal map of the entire Morocco as a guide for subsurface investigation purposes.It was found that the areas with high fractal dimension(FD˃1),considered potential groundwater recharge areas,essentially the northern Anti Atlas,the southwestern High Atlas,and the Meseta,present spatial conformity with several known mineral deposits,geothermal areas,and the epicenters of many historical earthquakes.This conformity can be a key element in expecting other unexplored mineral deposits,aquifers,or geothermal regions,as well as predicting the areas that may bear earthquake hazards in areas with high FD across the entire Moroccan territory.
文摘The Agadem block is an area of major oil interest located in the large sedimentary basin of Termit,in the south-east of the Republic of Niger.Since the 1950s,this basin has known geological and geophysical research activities.However,despite the extensive research carried out,we believe that a geophysical contribution in terms of magnetic properties and their repercussions on the structure of the Agadem block allowing the improvement of existing knowledge is essential.The present study aims to study the structural characteristics of the Agadem block associated with magnetic anomalies.For this,after data shaping,several filtering techniques were applied to the aeromagnetic data to identify and map deep geological structures.The reduction to the pole map shows large negative wavelength anomalies in the southeast half of the block and short positive wavelength anomalies in the northwest part embedded in a large positive anomaly occupying the lower northern half of the block.The maps of the total horizontal derivative and tilt angle show lineaments globally distributed along the NW-SE direction in accordance with the structural style of the study area.The resulting map highlights numerous lineaments that may be associated with faults hidden by the sedimentary cover.The calculation of the Euler deconvolution allowed us to locate and estimate the depths of magnetic sources at variable depths of up to 4000 m.The compilation of the results obtained allowed us to locate zones of high and low intensities which correspond respectively to horsts and grabens as major structures of the Agadem block.
文摘The Afyon-Akşehir and Sinanpaşa grabens,located in the eastern part of the Akşehir-Simav Fault System,are important sedimentary basins in the western Anatolia,Türkiye.This region,particularly the western of Afyon-Akşehir Graben,is a significant region known for its geothermal potential.The study focuses on analyzing gravity data to identify structural elements and examine the geological structures in the basins.The edge detection and enhancement techniques such as total horizontal gradient,tilt angle of the total horizontal gradient,enhanced dip angle and curvature analysis were used to investigate the structural lineaments in the area.Furthermore,2D/3D gravity modeling techniques were utilized to investigate the sedimentary depths of the Afyon-Akşehir and Sinanpaşa grabens.Based on the findings from the edge detection studies,three distinct linear features were highlighted in addition to previously identified geological structures.3D gravity inversion modeling reveals sedimentary basin depths of up to 470 m in Sinanpaşa Graben and 720 m in the western Afyon-Akşehir Graben.As a result of the structural mapping and 2D/3D gravity modeling studies,a structural uplift that may be linked to geothermal activity was detected among the local depressions in the Afyon-Akşehir Graben.The obtained features may be of potential interest for geothermal exploration;therefore,further investigations using additional geophysical data are recommended.
文摘Geothermal is a clean energy source that is freely available in the subsurface. The exploitation of this vital resource needs intensive exploration in order to identify and quantify its occurrence. The three parameters considered when assessing the viability of a geothermal system include;heat source, fractures and fluids. Geological structures are important in transportation of fluids to and from the heat source aiding in recharge of the geothermal system and enhancing productivity. Remote sensing method was applied in mapping the structures at Barrier Volcanic Complex (BVC) by using hill shading technique which utilized four illumination angles of the sun (azimuth) i.e. 45°, 90°, 150°, and 315°, constant elevation of 45° and exaggeration of 10. The data used was Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) Satellite Imagery. ArcGIS Software was used for lineaments delineation and density mapping, PCI Geomatica was used to generate major faults, while Georose and Rockworks 17 were used to generate the rose diagrams. Geological structural analysis was done by delineating lineaments, determining the density distribution of lineaments and finally determining the structural trends of lineaments. The generated major faults in the area and the location of the occurrence of surface manifestations were compared with the generated lineaments. A total of 260 lineaments were generated whereby at 45° there was a total of 60 lineaments, at 90° 95 lineaments, at 150° 61 lineaments, and at 315° 44 lineaments. The results of structural analysis in the area as shown by the rose diagrams indicate an NNE-SSW and N-S trending of structures. In conclusion, the study area is highly fractured as indicated by the presence of numerous lineaments. These lineaments provide good recharge to the geothermal system and enhance the geothermal reservoir in the area.
文摘The NW part of Iran belongs to the Iranian plateau that is a tectonically active region within the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt. The intrusion of Oligocene parts in various faces caused the alteration and mineralization such as copper, molybdenum, gold and iron in the Siyahrood area. Granitoidic rocks with component of Granodiorite to alkali have been influenced by hydrothermal fluids. Alteration zones are important features for the exploration of deposits and the ASTER sensor is able to identify the type of alteration and its alteration zoning. This method can be a useful tool for detecting potential mineralization area in East Azarbaijan—Northwest of Iran. The purpose of this study is to evaluate ASTER data for mapping altered minerals in Siyahrood area in order to detect the potential mineralized areas. In this study, false color composite, and band ratio techniques were applied on ASTER data and argillic, phyllic, Iron oxide and propylitic alteration zones were separated. ASAR image processing has been used for lineaments and faults identified by the aid of directional filter. The structural study focused on fracture zones and their characteristics including strike, length, and relationship with alteration zones. The results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of remote sensing methods and ASTER multi-spectral data for alteration, and ASAR data are useful for lineament mapping.
文摘Drainage responds rapidly to tectonic changes and thus it is a potential parameter for teetonogeomorphological analysis. Drainage network of Potwar is a good geological record of movement, displacements, regional uplifts and erosion of the tectonic units. This study focuses on utilizing drainage network extracted from Shuttle Radar Digital Elevation Data （SRTM-DEM） in order to constrain the structure of the Potwar Plateau. SWAN syncline divides Potwar into northern Potwar deformed zone （NPDZ） and southern Potwar platform zone （SPPZ）. We extracted the drainage network from DEM and analyzed 112 streams using stream power law. Spatial distribution of concavity and steepness indices were used to prepare uplift rate map for the area. DEM was further utilized to extract lineaments to study the mutual relationship between lineaments and drainage patterns. We compared the local correlation between the extracted lineaments and drainage network of the area that gives us quantitative information and shows promising prospects. The streams in the NPDZ indicate high steepness values as compared to the streams in the SPPZ. The spatial distribution of geomorphic parameters distinctive deformation and uplift rates suggest the among eastern, central and western parts. The local correlation between drainage network and lineaments from DEM is strongly positive in the area within I km of radius.
文摘This study is concerned with the identification and delineation of aquiferous zones for potential groundwater development across Bulawayo Metropolitan from remotely sensed data and geological inference. Attempts have been made to review literatures on groundwater exploitation in the study area and the constraints to effective and sustainable management of underground water in the study area. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is useful in the recognition and delineation of aquiferous zones for potential groundwater in crystalline basement aquifers. LANDSAT ETM+ image, SRTM data, aeromagnetic data and other ancillary data sets were utilized to extract information on the groundwater storing controlling features of this study area. Six thematic maps were produced from remote sensing data and other ancillary data—Land use/landcover, drainage density, slope map, contact density, lithology and lineament density. GIS modeling technique of the index overlay method was used to produce the groundwater potential map. The study revealed that the regional lineaments correlate with faults, fracture zones, and lithological contrasts along fold belts in the crystalline basement rocks, while the main direction of faulting and jointing is north-north-west to north with several faults oriented, to the north-north-east, parallel to the Great Dyke. Proximity to lineaments is the highest zone of increased porosity and permeability which in turn have a greater chance of accumulating groundwater. The results have shown massive spatial variability of ground water potential ranging from very good to poor. The variability closely followed variations in the structures, geology, topography/slope, drainage density and land use/land cover in the project area. This work is a reconnaissance which needs to be validated by the use of high-resolution terrain data and satellite imagery and the quantitative analysis should be done using geophysical and hydrogeological surveys.
文摘Aeromagnetic data for center-east Cameroon between the latitudes 3.5° to 4.5°N and longitudes 12° to 12.5°E are used to further study the subsurface area of this part of the geological Province of Central Africa and the Congo Craton. The GIS and GEOSOFT v6.5 softwares are used to treat the data. This analysis enabled us to explore our study area from surface right to the base. The Tilt Angle method is used to delineate geological structures and to estimate the depth. The Euler’s deconvolution method is used to estimate the specific depth of structural contacts. We estimate the northern boundary of the Congo Craton and southern boundary of the Pan-African starting from 3°7'N of West to 3°75'N of East. Its depth is estimated around 2.6 km for deep and 0.1 km for shallow while the direction is WSW-ENE and the NW slope varies from 30° to 60°. We obtain that main and minor lineaments exist throughout, from the surface to the base of the area with their principal direction being SW-NE. We also obtain the vertical gradient contact and the quasihorizontal contact. This is proof of the subduction of the Pan-African belt under the Congo Craton due to the intense collision which caused the rejuvenation of the crust. The main consequence of this collision is the formation of pudding and fold structures, beginning from the superficial part right to the base and which caused the intrusion of schistose, chlorite-schist, quartzite in the micaschist and the intrusions of gneiss and garnetiferous schist in the migmatite. In our study, we highlight the presence of 37 major and 523 minor lineaments that localize the circulation of minerals. The probable slope of the lineaments in the northern part of the region varies from 30° to 60° in a SE direction while in the southern part, and it varies from 30° to 60° in a NW direction.
