Agricultural liming contributes significantly to atmospheric CO2 emission from soils but data on magnitude of lime- contributed CO2 in a wide range of acid soils are still few. Data on lime-contributed CO2 and SOC tur...Agricultural liming contributes significantly to atmospheric CO2 emission from soils but data on magnitude of lime- contributed CO2 in a wide range of acid soils are still few. Data on lime-contributed CO2 and SOC turnover for global acid soils are needed to estimate the potential contribution of agricultural liming to atmospheric CO2. Using Ca13CO3 (13C 99%) as lime and tracer, here we separated lime-contributed and SOC-originated CO2 evolution in an acidic Kuroboku Andisol from Tanashi, Tokyo Prefecture (35°44′ N, 139°32′ E) and Kunigami Mahji Ultisol of Nakijin, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan (26°38′ N, 127°58′ E). On the average, lime-CO2 was 76.84% (Kuroboku Andisol) and 66.36% (Kunigami Mahji Ultisol) of overall CO2 emission after 36 days. There was increased SOC turnover in all limed soils, confirming priming effect (PE) of liming. The calculated PE of lime (Kuroboku Andisol, 51.97% - 114.95%;Kunigami Mahji Ultisol, 10.13% - 35.61%) was entirely 12C turnover of stable soil organic carbon (SOC) since SMBC, a labile SOC pool, was suppressed by liming in our experiment. Our results confirmed that mineralization of lime-carbonates is the major source of CO2 emission from acid soils during agricultural liming. Liming can influence the size of CO2 evolution from agricultural ecosystems considering global extent of acid soils and current volume of lime utilization. We propose the inclusion of liming in simulating carbon dynamics in agricultural ecosystems.展开更多
Soil acidification and phosphorus deficiency are a major constraint to crop production in tropical soils. Use of conventional liming materials is associated with some limitations viz： inability to solely improve nitr...Soil acidification and phosphorus deficiency are a major constraint to crop production in tropical soils. Use of conventional liming materials is associated with some limitations viz： inability to solely improve nitrogen and available phosphorus in soils, loss of soil organic carbon and soil aggregate stability. Liming and fertilizer potentials of leaves from three plant materials （Tithonia diversifolia （TL）, Imperata cylindrica （SG） and Gliricidia sepium （GL）） widely growing in Ogbomoso, southwest Nigeria, were tested under incubation condition. Each of the plant material was applied at.the rate of 10 t·hm-2 with and without 50% concentration of NPK 15 ： 15 ： 15-urea mix in 500 g acidic soiL Sole lime applied at 1 t·hm-2, sole NPK 15 ： 15 ： 15 applied at 60 kg·hm2 mixed with urea at 60 kg N· hm2 and an unamended soil were compared in completely randomized design in three replicates. The treated soils were incubated for 12 weeks. Thereafter, maize seeds were raised in each pot for a period of 3 weeks. Data coUected were subjected to analysis of variance. Regression analysis was used to predict contributions of increased soil pH in plant material treated soils to exchangeable A1, H, dry root weight of maize and available phosphorus. Results indicated that sole plant materials were the order SG〉TL〉GL significantly （P〈0.05） reduced exchangeable acidity compared to unamended and sole NPK. Sole NPK had the highest exchangeable acidity （4.7 cmol·kg-1） compared to unamended soil （3.3 cmol·kg-1） and sole lime （2.7 cmol·kg-1）. Application of sole Tithonia diversifolia increased available phosphorus by 214% and 97% compared to unamended and sole NPK treated soils respectively. Sole plant materials increased maize root weight by 33% compared to sole NPK. Increasing soil pH at harvesting in plant material treated soils significantly reduced exchangeable H and A1. Soil pH was responsible for up to 33% and 53% reductions in exchangeable Al and H, respectively. This culminated into up to 22% increases in dry root weight of maize seedling. Present results showed ability of the plant materials tested to ameliorate soil acidity and improved soil available phosphorus. The plant materials should be explored for using as green manure and composting feedstock. It will go a long way to reduce high dosage use of conventional liming and fertilizer materials on acidic nutrient degraded soils.展开更多
The Shenyang Liming Garments Group is a large consortium, specializing in garments and the development of wool-spinning maerials, and combining science and technology with industry, trade and real estate. It consists ...The Shenyang Liming Garments Group is a large consortium, specializing in garments and the development of wool-spinning maerials, and combining science and technology with industry, trade and real estate. It consists of more than 20 enterprises, with total assets of RMB 650 million, it has imported garment production equipment from Japan. the USA and Germany, and its automatic computer composition, plate making mid cutting systems have reached the world’s advanced level. The group produces, mainly the following: western-style clothes for men and women, overcoats, unlined and cotton-padded jackets, shirts, and a series of fine woolen products. Its Lifu Brand Westem-style clothes were designated One of the "展开更多
The effect of liming 4 red soils developed from Quaternary red clay and red sandstone on the cadmiumforms and its toxicity were investigated. Liming the acid red soils could greatly reduce Cd toxicity to plantsbecause...The effect of liming 4 red soils developed from Quaternary red clay and red sandstone on the cadmiumforms and its toxicity were investigated. Liming the acid red soils could greatly reduce Cd toxicity to plantsbecause the soluble Cd and organic Cd in the soils decreased significantly while Cd bound to minerals/oxidesand residual Cd increased markedly with increasing lime rates (pH).展开更多
The use of sewage sludge on agricultural land provides an alternative for its disposal. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using industrial sewage sludge produced in Pakistan, a...The use of sewage sludge on agricultural land provides an alternative for its disposal. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using industrial sewage sludge produced in Pakistan, as an agricultural fertilizer. The agricultural soil amended with 250 g kg^-1 sewage sludge with or without lime treatment was used for the growth of the common local grain crop, maize （Zea maize）. The mobility of the trace and toxic metals in the sludge samples was assessed by applying a modified BCR sequential extraction procedure. The single extraction procedure was comprised of the application of a mild extractant （CaCl2） and water, for the estimation of the proportion of easily soluble metal fractions. To check the precision of the analytical results, the concentrations of trace and toxic metals in every step of the sequential extraction procedure were summed up and compared with total metal concentrations. The plant-available metal contents, as indicated by the deionized water and 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl2 solution extraction fractions and the exchangeable fraction of the sequential extraction, decreased significantly （P 〈 0.05） with lime application because of the reduced metal availability at a higher pH, except in the cases of Cd and Cu, whose mobility was slightly increased. Sludge amendment enhanced the dry weight yield of maize and the increase was more obvious for the soil with lime treatment. Liming the sewage sludge reduced the trace and toxic metal contents in the grain tissues, except Cu and Cd, which were below the permissible limits of these metals. The present experiment demonstrates that liming was an important factor in facilitating the growth of maize in sludge-amended soil.展开更多
Reductive soil disinfestation（RSD）, namely amending organic materials and mulching or flooding to create strong reductive status, has been widely applied to improve degraded soils.However, there is little informatio...Reductive soil disinfestation（RSD）, namely amending organic materials and mulching or flooding to create strong reductive status, has been widely applied to improve degraded soils.However, there is little information available about sulfate（SO4^2-） transformation and sulfur（S）gas emissions during RSD treatment to degraded vegetable soils, in which S is generally accumulated. To investigate the effects of liming on SO4^2-transformation and S gas emissions,two SO4^2--accumulated vegetable soils（denoted as S1 and S2） were treated by RSD, and RSD plus lime, denoted as RSD0 and RSD1, respectively. The results showed that RSD0 treatment reduced soil SO4^2-by 51% and 61% in S1 and S2, respectively. The disappeared SO4^2-was mainly transformed into the undissolved form. During RSD treatment, hydrogen sulfide（H2S）,carbonyl sulfide（COS）, and dimethyl sulfide（DMS） were detected, but the total S gas emission accounted for 〈 0.006% of total S in both soils. Compared to RSD0, lime addition stimulated the conversion of SO42-into undissolved form, reduced soil SO4^2-by 81% in S1 and 84% in S2 and reduced total S gas emissions by 32% in S1 and 57% in S2, respectively. In addition to H2S, COS and DMS, the emissions of carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl disulfide were also detected in RSD1 treatment. The results indicated that RSD was an effective method to remove SO4^2-, liming stimulates the conversion of dissolved SO4^2-into undissolved form,probably due to the precipitation with calcium.展开更多
Two field experiments were conducted in the main seasons of 2021/22 at the farmers'farm in two districts of southwest Ethiopia to investigate the effects of lime and phosphorus on groundnut yield and yield compone...Two field experiments were conducted in the main seasons of 2021/22 at the farmers'farm in two districts of southwest Ethiopia to investigate the effects of lime and phosphorus on groundnut yield and yield components,employing four levels of lime(0,2,4,and 6 t CaCO_(3)ha^(-1))and phosphorus(0,46,69,and 92 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1))arranged in factorial RCBD design with three replications.Data on the yield and its components were collected and subjected to an ANOVA using SAS software.The result demonstrated that plant height,number of branches,canopy spread,and shelling percentage were affected significantly by liming while effective nodule number,total peg,matured pod,and pod yield of groundnut significantly influenced by the main factors and their interactions.The combined application of 4 t lime and 46 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1)resulted in the highest number of effective nodules(147.23 plant^(-1)),total pod(72.6 plant^(-1)),mature pod(62.4 plant^(-1)),pod yield(4.49 t ha^(-1)),oil content(50.6%)and protein content(33.1%)whereas the lowest values of these parameters were seen in plots where neither lime nor phosphorus was applied.Therefore,it is advised that groundnut growers in the study areas,and similar agroecologies,apply the combination of 4 t lime and 46 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1).展开更多
Due to coal’s availability and low cost, coal combustion continues to be the United States’ primary energy source. However, coal combustion produces large quantities of waste material. Some coal combustion by-produc...Due to coal’s availability and low cost, coal combustion continues to be the United States’ primary energy source. However, coal combustion produces large quantities of waste material. Some coal combustion by-products (CCBs) have chemical and physical characteristics that make them potentially useful as soil amendments. The objectives of this study were to characterize a relatively new, high-calcium dry flue gas desulfurization (DFGD) by-product and compare its agronomic liming potential to a Class-C fly ash (FA) and reagent-grade calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Calcium car-bonate equivalence (CCE), degree of fineness (DOF), and effective neutralizing value (ENV) for each CCB were determined using standard methods. The CCBs and CaCO3 were also incubated with an acidic (~4.5) clay sub-soil at application rates equiva-lent to 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 times the soil’s lime requirement and compared to an una-mended control. Soil pH was then measured periodically during a 40-day incubation. The ENV of 79.4% for the DFGD by-product and 57.3% for the FA were comparable to those of commercially available liming materials, but were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of reagent-grade CaCO3. After 40 days of incubation at the 0.5× ap-plication rate, both CCBs raised the pH of the clay soil to only 5.0, while the CaCO3 raised the pH to 6.5. After 40 days at the 1× rate, all three materials had raised the soil pH to between 6.5 and 7.0, although the FA increased the soil pH more slowly than did the other two materials. At the 2× rate, both CCBs increased the soil pH to between 7.5 and 8.0, while the CaCO3 increased the soil pH to only 7.0. Both CCBs appear to be useful as soil liming materials, although care should be taken to avoid over-application, as this may make the soil too alkaline for optimum plant growth.展开更多
Rapid development in industrialization and urbanization causes serious environmental issues,of which acid rain is one of the quintessential hazards,negatively affecting soil ecology.Liming has been investigated for a ...Rapid development in industrialization and urbanization causes serious environmental issues,of which acid rain is one of the quintessential hazards,negatively affecting soil ecology.Liming has been investigated for a long time as the most effective amendment to alter the adverse effects of soil acidity resulting from acid rain.Herein,this study tested the biochar produced from invasive plants as an alternative amendment and hypothesized that biochar can maintain better availability of macronutrients under acid rain than liming by improving soil chemical and biological properties.Therefore,a pot experiment was conducted to compare the effects of lime and biochar at two rates(1%and 3%)on soil available nitrogen(N),phosphorous(P)and potassium(K)under simulated acid rain of two pH levels(4.5:pH_(4.5) and 2.5:pH_(2.5))as compared with tap water(pH7.1)as a control treatment.Biochar was produced using different invasive plants,including Blackjack(Biden Pilosa),Wedelia(Wedelia trilobata)and Bitter Vine(Mikania micrantha Kunth).Liming decreased the availability of soil N,P,and K by 36.3%as compared with the control due to the great increment in soil pH and exchangeable calcium(Ca^(2+))by 59%and 16-fold,respectively.Moreover,liming reduced the alpha diversity of soil bacteria and fungi by 27%and 11%,respectively.In contrast,biochar at different types and rates resulted in a fourfold increment in the available N,P,and K as an average under acid rain(pH_(4.5) and pH_(2.5))owing to maintaining a neutral pH(6.5-7),which is the most favorable level for soil microbial and enzymatic activites,and the bioavailability of soil nutrients.Furthermore,biochar caused balanced increments in Ca^(2+)by threefold,cation exchange capacity by 45%,urease activity by 16%,and fungal diversity by 10%,while having a slight reduction in bacterial diversity by 2.5%.Based on the path,correlation,and principal component analyses,the exchangeable aluminum was a moderator for the reductions in macronutrients’availability under acid rain,which decreased by 40%and 35%under liming and biochar,respectively.This study strongly recommended the use of biochar from invasive plants instead of lime for sustainable improvements in soil properties under acid rain.展开更多
A three-stage homogenate extraction was used as a new method for inulin extraction from Jerusalem artichoke tubers. Compared with the results from conventional hot water extraction, the three-stage homogenate extracti...A three-stage homogenate extraction was used as a new method for inulin extraction from Jerusalem artichoke tubers. Compared with the results from conventional hot water extraction, the three-stage homogenate extraction gave higher yields and caused less degradation of the inulin. The inulin crude extract was then clarified by a carbonate-precipitation method, during which three variables -- the quicklime mass, the reaction temperature and the reaction time were optimized for the main liming process to give the best clarification effect. A Plackett- Burman design, the path of steepest ascent method, a Box- Behnken design and response surface methodology （RSM） were employed in the experimental design. The optimal conditions for the main liming process were determined to be 12.0g/L, 71.4℃ and 8min. The confirmatory tests proved that the best clarification efficiency （92.74%） was achieved at these conditions and this was approximately equal to the value predicted by the model.展开更多
This study tested the electrical conductivity and pressure sensitivity of lime⁃improved silty sand reinforced with Carbon Fiber Powder(CFP)as the conductive medium.The influence of CFP dosage,moisture content and curi...This study tested the electrical conductivity and pressure sensitivity of lime⁃improved silty sand reinforced with Carbon Fiber Powder(CFP)as the conductive medium.The influence of CFP dosage,moisture content and curing duration on the unconfined compressive strength,initial resistivity and pressure sensitivity of the improved soil was systematically analysed.The results showed that the unconfined compressive strength varied non⁃monotonically with increasing CFP dosage,reaching a peak at a dosage of 1.6%.Furthermore,the initial resistivity showed slight variations under different moisture conditions but eventually converged towards the conductive percolation threshold at a dosage of 2.4%.It is worth noting that CFP reinforced lime⁃improved silty sand(CRLS)exhibit a clear dynamic synchronization of strain with stress and resistivity rate of variation.The pressure sensitivity was optimized with CFP dosages ranging from 1.6%to 2.0%.Both insufficient and excessive dosages had a negative impact on pressure sensitivity.It is important to consider the weakening effect of high moisture content on the pressure sensitivity of the specimens in practical applications.展开更多
乳腺癌持续位居全球女性癌症发病与致死的主要原因之列。早期且精确的诊断对于优化患者预后具有举足轻重的地位。乳房X线摄影、超声检查及磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI)等影像学技术在乳腺癌的诊断中扮演着至关重要的角...乳腺癌持续位居全球女性癌症发病与致死的主要原因之列。早期且精确的诊断对于优化患者预后具有举足轻重的地位。乳房X线摄影、超声检查及磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI)等影像学技术在乳腺癌的诊断中扮演着至关重要的角色。然而,这些技术手段面临着准确性波动、操作员依赖性显著及结果阐释困难等多重挑战。在此背景下,人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI),尤其是可解释人工智能(Explainable Artificial Intelligence, XAI)的融入,已成为提升诊断精确度及增强信任度的革命性途径。本综述聚焦于XAI技术在乳腺癌诊断领域内,于不同成像模式中的应用效果比较。深入探讨了核心的XAI方法,诸如Shapley加性解释(SHAP)、局部可解释模型无关解释(LIME)以及基于梯度的类激活映射(Grad-CAM),着重阐述了它们在增进模型可解释性及提升临床实用性方面的具体成效。综述不仅分析了XAI技术在乳房X线摄影、超声及MRI应用中的优势与局限,还特别强调了其在提高AI辅助预测透明度方面的贡献。此外,本文亦评估了XAI在应对假阳性、假阴性问题以及多模态成像数据整合挑战中的效能。该评论的核心价值在于,它全面剖析了XAI在缩小AI技术进展与临床实际应用之间鸿沟的潜力。通过提升透明度,XAI技术能够增强临床医生对AI的信任度,促进其更顺畅地融入诊断工作流程,从而助力个性化医疗实践的推进及患者治疗成效的改善。综上所述,尽管XAI在提升AI模型可解释性与准确性方面取得了显著进展,但在计算复杂度控制、普遍适用性拓展及临床接纳度提升等方面仍面临诸多挑战。未来研究应着重于优化XAI方法、促进跨学科间的深度合作,并开发标准化的框架体系,以确保XAI技术能在多样化的临床环境中实现可扩展性与可靠性的双重提升。Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer incidence and mortality among women worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis plays a pivotal role in optimizing patient prognosis. Imaging techniques such as mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) play crucial roles in the diagnosis of breast cancer. However, these techniques face multiple challenges, including accuracy fluctuations, significant operator dependency, and difficulties in result interpretation. In this context, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), has become a revolutionary approach to improving diagnostic accuracy and enhancing trust. This review focuses on the comparative application of XAI technologies across different imaging modalities in breast cancer diagnosis. It delves into core XAI methods such as Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME), and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), with an emphasis on their effectiveness in enhancing model interpretability and improving clinical utility. The review analyzes not only the advantages and limitations of XAI in mammography, ultrasound, and MRI applications but also highlights its contribution to increasing the transparency of AI-assisted predictions. Additionally, the review evaluates the performance of XAI in addressing issues related to false positives, false negatives, and the challenges of multimodal imaging data integration. The core value of this review lies in its comprehensive analysis of the potential of XAI in bridging the gap between advancements in AI technology and clinical application. By enhancing transparency, XAI can boost clinicians’ trust in AI, facilitating its smoother integration into diagnostic workflows, thereby promoting personalized medical practices and improving patient treatment outcomes. In conclusion, despite significant progress made by XAI in improving AI model interpretability and accuracy, challenges remain in terms of computational complexity, general applicability, and clinical acceptance. Future research should focus on optimizing XAI methods, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and developing standardized frameworks to ensure the scalability and reliability of XAI technologies in diverse clinical environments.展开更多
This study aimed to address the challenges of solid waste utilization,cost reduction,and carbon reduction in the treatment of deep-dredged soil at Xuwei Port in Lianyungang city of China.Past research in this area was...This study aimed to address the challenges of solid waste utilization,cost reduction,and carbon reduction in the treatment of deep-dredged soil at Xuwei Port in Lianyungang city of China.Past research in this area was limited.Therefore,a curing agent made from powdered shells was used to solidify the dredged soil in situ.We employed laboratory orthogonal tests to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of the powdered shell-based curing agent.Data was collected by conducting experiments to assess the role of powdered shells in the curing process and to determine the optimal ratios of powdered shells to solidified soil for different purposes.The development of strength in solidified soil was studied in both seawater and pure water conditions.The study revealed that the strength of the solidified soil was influenced by the substitution rate of powdered shells and their interaction with cement.Higher cement content had a positive effect on strength.For high-strength solidified soil,the recommended ratio of wet soil:cement:lime:powdered shells were 100:16:4:4,while for low-strength solidified soil,the recommended ratio was 100:5.4:2.4:0.6.Seawater,under appropriate conditions,improved short-term strength by promoting the formation of expansive ettringite minerals that contributed to cementation and precipitation.These findings suggest that the combination of cement and powdered shells is synergistic,positively affecting the strength of solidified soil.The recommended ratios provide practical guidance for achieving desired strength levels while considering factors such as cost and carbon emissions.The role of seawater in enhancing short-term strength through crystal formation is noteworthy and can be advantageous for certain applications.In conclusion,this research demonstrates the potential of using a powdered shell-based curing agent for solidifying dredged soil in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective manner.The recommended ratios for different strength requirements offer valuable insights for practical applications in the field of soil treatment,contributing to sustainable and efficient solutions for soil management.展开更多
Lime mortars have a rich history of being blended with organic additives to address weaknesses such as low setting time and hydric properties.This study specifically investigates the impact of incorporating straw and ...Lime mortars have a rich history of being blended with organic additives to address weaknesses such as low setting time and hydric properties.This study specifically investigates the impact of incorporating straw and sesame oil into lime mortar mixes,focusing on their influence on open porosity,permeability,water absorption,and durability.While previous studies explored the effects of natural fibers and fatty acid additives on lime mortars separately,this study examines their simultaneous incorporation in mortars.The results demonstrated that the simultaneous addition of sesame oil and straw decreased the water absorption values of the mortars to 77%.Furthermore,the inclusion of sesame oil resulted in a significant 30%increase in impermeability values.However,when both sesame oil and straw were added together,the increase in impermeability was less than 20%compared to the reference mortar with no additives.These findings highlights that the combined addition of sesame oil and straw has a lesser impact on the permeability values of mortars,which is a positive outcome,as maintaining optimal permeability is essential for the long-term preservation of historical substrates.The combination of straw and sesame oil enhances hydric properties without undermining the mortar’s structure and permeability.These results emphasize the sustainable nature of lime mortars in restoration projects,showcasing their compatibility with traditional masonry practices.By combining natural fibers with fatty acids,mortars demonstrate improved durability,offering a promising avenue for enhancing performance while retaining essential properties.展开更多
The dissolution behaviors of lime,limestone,and core–shell structured lime,as well as their effects on dephosphorization behavior were studied.The results show that the slow dissolution of lime in converter slag is m...The dissolution behaviors of lime,limestone,and core–shell structured lime,as well as their effects on dephosphorization behavior were studied.The results show that the slow dissolution of lime in converter slag is mainly attributed to the calcium silicate layer at the lime/slag interface.CO_(2)generated by CaCO_(3)decomposition can destroy the calcium silicate layer,and thus accelerates the dissolution of limestone and core–shell structured lime.However,in the initial stage,a large amount of CO_(2)emission generated by limestone decomposition results in the poor contact between molten slag and limestone,and the dissolution rate is slower in the test of limestone than that of lime.For core–shell structured lime,the initial dissolution rate is not affected due to the lime surface,and is accelerated by the appropriate CO_(2)emission.Rapid CaO pickup in molten slag by fast dissolution of the lime sample can remarkably accelerate the dephosphorization reaction.Because of the fastest dissolution rate,the core–shell structured lime slagging mode shows the most promising prospects for the efficient dephosphorization.展开更多
Natural hydraulic lime(NHL) has garnered increasing attention for its sustainable and suitable performance in the field of historical building restoration. However, the prolonged hardening time and sluggish hydration ...Natural hydraulic lime(NHL) has garnered increasing attention for its sustainable and suitable performance in the field of historical building restoration. However, the prolonged hardening time and sluggish hydration rate of NHL infiuence the workability, strength development, and durability of construction structures in which it is used. In this study, nano-metakaolin(NMK) was applied as a highly reactive supplementary cementitious material(SCM) for NHL-based mortars to enhance their properties with various ratios. Meanwhile, the effects of NMK and its related enhancement mechanism on the physical properties and chemical structures of NHL composites were systematically investigated, mainly involving the modifications in their microstructure, chemical composition, and C-S-H structure. Results demonstrated that NMK-modified samples showed distinct and superior properties to pure NHL sample, such as shorter initial/final setting times(15.1%–49.1%, 27.1%–50.0%), and higher compactness(67.8%–81.4%, 38.1%–44.8%),lower shrinkage(25.0%–56.3%, 12.5%–25.0%), enhanced compressive strength(404.5%–546.0%, 180.8%–354.1%) and fiexural strength(227.5%–351.1%, 59.9%–125.7%) for both early and late curing times(7 and28 days). The inclusion of NMK not only acts as a fine filler, but also promotes NHL's hydrate rate by its super high pozzolanic activity, thus optimizing the pore structures and increasing the content and the average silicate chain length of hydration gel in NHL. Overall, this study can contribute to a deeper understanding of the enhancement mechanism of NMK on the physical properties and chemical structures of NHL from a meso/microscopic perspective, with a view to broadening NHL's potential applications.展开更多
The rapid evolution of smart cities through IoT,cloud computing,and connected infrastructures has significantly enhanced sectors such as transportation,healthcare,energy,and public safety,but also increased exposure t...The rapid evolution of smart cities through IoT,cloud computing,and connected infrastructures has significantly enhanced sectors such as transportation,healthcare,energy,and public safety,but also increased exposure to sophisticated cyber threats.The diversity of devices,high data volumes,and real-time operational demands complicate security,requiring not just robust intrusion detection but also effective feature selection for relevance and scalability.Traditional Machine Learning(ML)based Intrusion Detection System(IDS)improves detection but often lacks interpretability,limiting stakeholder trust and timely responses.Moreover,centralized feature selection in conventional IDS compromises data privacy and fails to accommodate the decentralized nature of smart city infrastructures.To address these limitations,this research introduces an Interpretable Federated Learning(FL)based Cyber Intrusion Detection model tailored for smart city applications.The proposed system leverages privacy-preserving feature selection,where each client node independently identifies top-ranked features using ML models integrated with SHAP-based explainability.These local feature subsets are then aggregated at a central server to construct a global model without compromising sensitive data.Furthermore,the global model is enhanced with Explainable AI(XAI)techniques such as SHAP and LIME,offering both global interpretability and instance-level transparency for cyber threat decisions.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed global model achieves a high detection accuracy of 98.51%,with a significantly low miss rate of 1.49%,outperforming existing models while ensuring explainability,privacy,and scalability across smart city infrastructures.展开更多
文摘Agricultural liming contributes significantly to atmospheric CO2 emission from soils but data on magnitude of lime- contributed CO2 in a wide range of acid soils are still few. Data on lime-contributed CO2 and SOC turnover for global acid soils are needed to estimate the potential contribution of agricultural liming to atmospheric CO2. Using Ca13CO3 (13C 99%) as lime and tracer, here we separated lime-contributed and SOC-originated CO2 evolution in an acidic Kuroboku Andisol from Tanashi, Tokyo Prefecture (35°44′ N, 139°32′ E) and Kunigami Mahji Ultisol of Nakijin, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan (26°38′ N, 127°58′ E). On the average, lime-CO2 was 76.84% (Kuroboku Andisol) and 66.36% (Kunigami Mahji Ultisol) of overall CO2 emission after 36 days. There was increased SOC turnover in all limed soils, confirming priming effect (PE) of liming. The calculated PE of lime (Kuroboku Andisol, 51.97% - 114.95%;Kunigami Mahji Ultisol, 10.13% - 35.61%) was entirely 12C turnover of stable soil organic carbon (SOC) since SMBC, a labile SOC pool, was suppressed by liming in our experiment. Our results confirmed that mineralization of lime-carbonates is the major source of CO2 emission from acid soils during agricultural liming. Liming can influence the size of CO2 evolution from agricultural ecosystems considering global extent of acid soils and current volume of lime utilization. We propose the inclusion of liming in simulating carbon dynamics in agricultural ecosystems.
文摘Soil acidification and phosphorus deficiency are a major constraint to crop production in tropical soils. Use of conventional liming materials is associated with some limitations viz： inability to solely improve nitrogen and available phosphorus in soils, loss of soil organic carbon and soil aggregate stability. Liming and fertilizer potentials of leaves from three plant materials （Tithonia diversifolia （TL）, Imperata cylindrica （SG） and Gliricidia sepium （GL）） widely growing in Ogbomoso, southwest Nigeria, were tested under incubation condition. Each of the plant material was applied at.the rate of 10 t·hm-2 with and without 50% concentration of NPK 15 ： 15 ： 15-urea mix in 500 g acidic soiL Sole lime applied at 1 t·hm-2, sole NPK 15 ： 15 ： 15 applied at 60 kg·hm2 mixed with urea at 60 kg N· hm2 and an unamended soil were compared in completely randomized design in three replicates. The treated soils were incubated for 12 weeks. Thereafter, maize seeds were raised in each pot for a period of 3 weeks. Data coUected were subjected to analysis of variance. Regression analysis was used to predict contributions of increased soil pH in plant material treated soils to exchangeable A1, H, dry root weight of maize and available phosphorus. Results indicated that sole plant materials were the order SG〉TL〉GL significantly （P〈0.05） reduced exchangeable acidity compared to unamended and sole NPK. Sole NPK had the highest exchangeable acidity （4.7 cmol·kg-1） compared to unamended soil （3.3 cmol·kg-1） and sole lime （2.7 cmol·kg-1）. Application of sole Tithonia diversifolia increased available phosphorus by 214% and 97% compared to unamended and sole NPK treated soils respectively. Sole plant materials increased maize root weight by 33% compared to sole NPK. Increasing soil pH at harvesting in plant material treated soils significantly reduced exchangeable H and A1. Soil pH was responsible for up to 33% and 53% reductions in exchangeable Al and H, respectively. This culminated into up to 22% increases in dry root weight of maize seedling. Present results showed ability of the plant materials tested to ameliorate soil acidity and improved soil available phosphorus. The plant materials should be explored for using as green manure and composting feedstock. It will go a long way to reduce high dosage use of conventional liming and fertilizer materials on acidic nutrient degraded soils.
文摘The Shenyang Liming Garments Group is a large consortium, specializing in garments and the development of wool-spinning maerials, and combining science and technology with industry, trade and real estate. It consists of more than 20 enterprises, with total assets of RMB 650 million, it has imported garment production equipment from Japan. the USA and Germany, and its automatic computer composition, plate making mid cutting systems have reached the world’s advanced level. The group produces, mainly the following: western-style clothes for men and women, overcoats, unlined and cotton-padded jackets, shirts, and a series of fine woolen products. Its Lifu Brand Westem-style clothes were designated One of the "
文摘The effect of liming 4 red soils developed from Quaternary red clay and red sandstone on the cadmiumforms and its toxicity were investigated. Liming the acid red soils could greatly reduce Cd toxicity to plantsbecause the soluble Cd and organic Cd in the soils decreased significantly while Cd bound to minerals/oxidesand residual Cd increased markedly with increasing lime rates (pH).
文摘The use of sewage sludge on agricultural land provides an alternative for its disposal. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using industrial sewage sludge produced in Pakistan, as an agricultural fertilizer. The agricultural soil amended with 250 g kg^-1 sewage sludge with or without lime treatment was used for the growth of the common local grain crop, maize （Zea maize）. The mobility of the trace and toxic metals in the sludge samples was assessed by applying a modified BCR sequential extraction procedure. The single extraction procedure was comprised of the application of a mild extractant （CaCl2） and water, for the estimation of the proportion of easily soluble metal fractions. To check the precision of the analytical results, the concentrations of trace and toxic metals in every step of the sequential extraction procedure were summed up and compared with total metal concentrations. The plant-available metal contents, as indicated by the deionized water and 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl2 solution extraction fractions and the exchangeable fraction of the sequential extraction, decreased significantly （P 〈 0.05） with lime application because of the reduced metal availability at a higher pH, except in the cases of Cd and Cu, whose mobility was slightly increased. Sludge amendment enhanced the dry weight yield of maize and the increase was more obvious for the soil with lime treatment. Liming the sewage sludge reduced the trace and toxic metal contents in the grain tissues, except Cu and Cd, which were below the permissible limits of these metals. The present experiment demonstrates that liming was an important factor in facilitating the growth of maize in sludge-amended soil.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos:41301313,41330744)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20140062)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China(No.13KJA210002)the Outstanding Innovation Team in Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(164320H116)
文摘Reductive soil disinfestation（RSD）, namely amending organic materials and mulching or flooding to create strong reductive status, has been widely applied to improve degraded soils.However, there is little information available about sulfate（SO4^2-） transformation and sulfur（S）gas emissions during RSD treatment to degraded vegetable soils, in which S is generally accumulated. To investigate the effects of liming on SO4^2-transformation and S gas emissions,two SO4^2--accumulated vegetable soils（denoted as S1 and S2） were treated by RSD, and RSD plus lime, denoted as RSD0 and RSD1, respectively. The results showed that RSD0 treatment reduced soil SO4^2-by 51% and 61% in S1 and S2, respectively. The disappeared SO4^2-was mainly transformed into the undissolved form. During RSD treatment, hydrogen sulfide（H2S）,carbonyl sulfide（COS）, and dimethyl sulfide（DMS） were detected, but the total S gas emission accounted for 〈 0.006% of total S in both soils. Compared to RSD0, lime addition stimulated the conversion of SO42-into undissolved form, reduced soil SO4^2-by 81% in S1 and 84% in S2 and reduced total S gas emissions by 32% in S1 and 57% in S2, respectively. In addition to H2S, COS and DMS, the emissions of carbon disulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl disulfide were also detected in RSD1 treatment. The results indicated that RSD was an effective method to remove SO4^2-, liming stimulates the conversion of dissolved SO4^2-into undissolved form,probably due to the precipitation with calcium.
基金Mattu University Research Affairs directorate and Mattu University Bedele Campus research coordination office for their administrative and financial support.
文摘Two field experiments were conducted in the main seasons of 2021/22 at the farmers'farm in two districts of southwest Ethiopia to investigate the effects of lime and phosphorus on groundnut yield and yield components,employing four levels of lime(0,2,4,and 6 t CaCO_(3)ha^(-1))and phosphorus(0,46,69,and 92 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1))arranged in factorial RCBD design with three replications.Data on the yield and its components were collected and subjected to an ANOVA using SAS software.The result demonstrated that plant height,number of branches,canopy spread,and shelling percentage were affected significantly by liming while effective nodule number,total peg,matured pod,and pod yield of groundnut significantly influenced by the main factors and their interactions.The combined application of 4 t lime and 46 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1)resulted in the highest number of effective nodules(147.23 plant^(-1)),total pod(72.6 plant^(-1)),mature pod(62.4 plant^(-1)),pod yield(4.49 t ha^(-1)),oil content(50.6%)and protein content(33.1%)whereas the lowest values of these parameters were seen in plots where neither lime nor phosphorus was applied.Therefore,it is advised that groundnut growers in the study areas,and similar agroecologies,apply the combination of 4 t lime and 46 kg P_(2)O_(5)ha^(-1).
文摘Due to coal’s availability and low cost, coal combustion continues to be the United States’ primary energy source. However, coal combustion produces large quantities of waste material. Some coal combustion by-products (CCBs) have chemical and physical characteristics that make them potentially useful as soil amendments. The objectives of this study were to characterize a relatively new, high-calcium dry flue gas desulfurization (DFGD) by-product and compare its agronomic liming potential to a Class-C fly ash (FA) and reagent-grade calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Calcium car-bonate equivalence (CCE), degree of fineness (DOF), and effective neutralizing value (ENV) for each CCB were determined using standard methods. The CCBs and CaCO3 were also incubated with an acidic (~4.5) clay sub-soil at application rates equiva-lent to 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 times the soil’s lime requirement and compared to an una-mended control. Soil pH was then measured periodically during a 40-day incubation. The ENV of 79.4% for the DFGD by-product and 57.3% for the FA were comparable to those of commercially available liming materials, but were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of reagent-grade CaCO3. After 40 days of incubation at the 0.5× ap-plication rate, both CCBs raised the pH of the clay soil to only 5.0, while the CaCO3 raised the pH to 6.5. After 40 days at the 1× rate, all three materials had raised the soil pH to between 6.5 and 7.0, although the FA increased the soil pH more slowly than did the other two materials. At the 2× rate, both CCBs increased the soil pH to between 7.5 and 8.0, while the CaCO3 increased the soil pH to only 7.0. Both CCBs appear to be useful as soil liming materials, although care should be taken to avoid over-application, as this may make the soil too alkaline for optimum plant growth.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1701236)Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture Project(NT2021010)+1 种基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province of China(grant number 2019B030301007)Special Funds for the Cultivation of Guangdong College Students’Scientific and Technological Innovation(grant number pdjh2020b0092).
文摘Rapid development in industrialization and urbanization causes serious environmental issues,of which acid rain is one of the quintessential hazards,negatively affecting soil ecology.Liming has been investigated for a long time as the most effective amendment to alter the adverse effects of soil acidity resulting from acid rain.Herein,this study tested the biochar produced from invasive plants as an alternative amendment and hypothesized that biochar can maintain better availability of macronutrients under acid rain than liming by improving soil chemical and biological properties.Therefore,a pot experiment was conducted to compare the effects of lime and biochar at two rates(1%and 3%)on soil available nitrogen(N),phosphorous(P)and potassium(K)under simulated acid rain of two pH levels(4.5:pH_(4.5) and 2.5:pH_(2.5))as compared with tap water(pH7.1)as a control treatment.Biochar was produced using different invasive plants,including Blackjack(Biden Pilosa),Wedelia(Wedelia trilobata)and Bitter Vine(Mikania micrantha Kunth).Liming decreased the availability of soil N,P,and K by 36.3%as compared with the control due to the great increment in soil pH and exchangeable calcium(Ca^(2+))by 59%and 16-fold,respectively.Moreover,liming reduced the alpha diversity of soil bacteria and fungi by 27%and 11%,respectively.In contrast,biochar at different types and rates resulted in a fourfold increment in the available N,P,and K as an average under acid rain(pH_(4.5) and pH_(2.5))owing to maintaining a neutral pH(6.5-7),which is the most favorable level for soil microbial and enzymatic activites,and the bioavailability of soil nutrients.Furthermore,biochar caused balanced increments in Ca^(2+)by threefold,cation exchange capacity by 45%,urease activity by 16%,and fungal diversity by 10%,while having a slight reduction in bacterial diversity by 2.5%.Based on the path,correlation,and principal component analyses,the exchangeable aluminum was a moderator for the reductions in macronutrients’availability under acid rain,which decreased by 40%and 35%under liming and biochar,respectively.This study strongly recommended the use of biochar from invasive plants instead of lime for sustainable improvements in soil properties under acid rain.
文摘A three-stage homogenate extraction was used as a new method for inulin extraction from Jerusalem artichoke tubers. Compared with the results from conventional hot water extraction, the three-stage homogenate extraction gave higher yields and caused less degradation of the inulin. The inulin crude extract was then clarified by a carbonate-precipitation method, during which three variables -- the quicklime mass, the reaction temperature and the reaction time were optimized for the main liming process to give the best clarification effect. A Plackett- Burman design, the path of steepest ascent method, a Box- Behnken design and response surface methodology （RSM） were employed in the experimental design. The optimal conditions for the main liming process were determined to be 12.0g/L, 71.4℃ and 8min. The confirmatory tests proved that the best clarification efficiency （92.74%） was achieved at these conditions and this was approximately equal to the value predicted by the model.
基金Sponsored by Jilin Provincial Department of Education Scientific Research Project(Grant Nos.JJKH20190875KJ,JJKH20230348KJ).
文摘This study tested the electrical conductivity and pressure sensitivity of lime⁃improved silty sand reinforced with Carbon Fiber Powder(CFP)as the conductive medium.The influence of CFP dosage,moisture content and curing duration on the unconfined compressive strength,initial resistivity and pressure sensitivity of the improved soil was systematically analysed.The results showed that the unconfined compressive strength varied non⁃monotonically with increasing CFP dosage,reaching a peak at a dosage of 1.6%.Furthermore,the initial resistivity showed slight variations under different moisture conditions but eventually converged towards the conductive percolation threshold at a dosage of 2.4%.It is worth noting that CFP reinforced lime⁃improved silty sand(CRLS)exhibit a clear dynamic synchronization of strain with stress and resistivity rate of variation.The pressure sensitivity was optimized with CFP dosages ranging from 1.6%to 2.0%.Both insufficient and excessive dosages had a negative impact on pressure sensitivity.It is important to consider the weakening effect of high moisture content on the pressure sensitivity of the specimens in practical applications.
文摘乳腺癌持续位居全球女性癌症发病与致死的主要原因之列。早期且精确的诊断对于优化患者预后具有举足轻重的地位。乳房X线摄影、超声检查及磁共振成像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI)等影像学技术在乳腺癌的诊断中扮演着至关重要的角色。然而,这些技术手段面临着准确性波动、操作员依赖性显著及结果阐释困难等多重挑战。在此背景下,人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI),尤其是可解释人工智能(Explainable Artificial Intelligence, XAI)的融入,已成为提升诊断精确度及增强信任度的革命性途径。本综述聚焦于XAI技术在乳腺癌诊断领域内,于不同成像模式中的应用效果比较。深入探讨了核心的XAI方法,诸如Shapley加性解释(SHAP)、局部可解释模型无关解释(LIME)以及基于梯度的类激活映射(Grad-CAM),着重阐述了它们在增进模型可解释性及提升临床实用性方面的具体成效。综述不仅分析了XAI技术在乳房X线摄影、超声及MRI应用中的优势与局限,还特别强调了其在提高AI辅助预测透明度方面的贡献。此外,本文亦评估了XAI在应对假阳性、假阴性问题以及多模态成像数据整合挑战中的效能。该评论的核心价值在于,它全面剖析了XAI在缩小AI技术进展与临床实际应用之间鸿沟的潜力。通过提升透明度,XAI技术能够增强临床医生对AI的信任度,促进其更顺畅地融入诊断工作流程,从而助力个性化医疗实践的推进及患者治疗成效的改善。综上所述,尽管XAI在提升AI模型可解释性与准确性方面取得了显著进展,但在计算复杂度控制、普遍适用性拓展及临床接纳度提升等方面仍面临诸多挑战。未来研究应着重于优化XAI方法、促进跨学科间的深度合作,并开发标准化的框架体系,以确保XAI技术能在多样化的临床环境中实现可扩展性与可靠性的双重提升。Breast cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer incidence and mortality among women worldwide. Early and accurate diagnosis plays a pivotal role in optimizing patient prognosis. Imaging techniques such as mammography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) play crucial roles in the diagnosis of breast cancer. However, these techniques face multiple challenges, including accuracy fluctuations, significant operator dependency, and difficulties in result interpretation. In this context, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), has become a revolutionary approach to improving diagnostic accuracy and enhancing trust. This review focuses on the comparative application of XAI technologies across different imaging modalities in breast cancer diagnosis. It delves into core XAI methods such as Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP), Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanations (LIME), and Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), with an emphasis on their effectiveness in enhancing model interpretability and improving clinical utility. The review analyzes not only the advantages and limitations of XAI in mammography, ultrasound, and MRI applications but also highlights its contribution to increasing the transparency of AI-assisted predictions. Additionally, the review evaluates the performance of XAI in addressing issues related to false positives, false negatives, and the challenges of multimodal imaging data integration. The core value of this review lies in its comprehensive analysis of the potential of XAI in bridging the gap between advancements in AI technology and clinical application. By enhancing transparency, XAI can boost clinicians’ trust in AI, facilitating its smoother integration into diagnostic workflows, thereby promoting personalized medical practices and improving patient treatment outcomes. In conclusion, despite significant progress made by XAI in improving AI model interpretability and accuracy, challenges remain in terms of computational complexity, general applicability, and clinical acceptance. Future research should focus on optimizing XAI methods, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and developing standardized frameworks to ensure the scalability and reliability of XAI technologies in diverse clinical environments.
基金Funded by the Science and Technology Project of Jiangsu Provincial Transportation Department(No.2022Y13)。
文摘This study aimed to address the challenges of solid waste utilization,cost reduction,and carbon reduction in the treatment of deep-dredged soil at Xuwei Port in Lianyungang city of China.Past research in this area was limited.Therefore,a curing agent made from powdered shells was used to solidify the dredged soil in situ.We employed laboratory orthogonal tests to investigate the physical and mechanical properties of the powdered shell-based curing agent.Data was collected by conducting experiments to assess the role of powdered shells in the curing process and to determine the optimal ratios of powdered shells to solidified soil for different purposes.The development of strength in solidified soil was studied in both seawater and pure water conditions.The study revealed that the strength of the solidified soil was influenced by the substitution rate of powdered shells and their interaction with cement.Higher cement content had a positive effect on strength.For high-strength solidified soil,the recommended ratio of wet soil:cement:lime:powdered shells were 100:16:4:4,while for low-strength solidified soil,the recommended ratio was 100:5.4:2.4:0.6.Seawater,under appropriate conditions,improved short-term strength by promoting the formation of expansive ettringite minerals that contributed to cementation and precipitation.These findings suggest that the combination of cement and powdered shells is synergistic,positively affecting the strength of solidified soil.The recommended ratios provide practical guidance for achieving desired strength levels while considering factors such as cost and carbon emissions.The role of seawater in enhancing short-term strength through crystal formation is noteworthy and can be advantageous for certain applications.In conclusion,this research demonstrates the potential of using a powdered shell-based curing agent for solidifying dredged soil in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective manner.The recommended ratios for different strength requirements offer valuable insights for practical applications in the field of soil treatment,contributing to sustainable and efficient solutions for soil management.
文摘Lime mortars have a rich history of being blended with organic additives to address weaknesses such as low setting time and hydric properties.This study specifically investigates the impact of incorporating straw and sesame oil into lime mortar mixes,focusing on their influence on open porosity,permeability,water absorption,and durability.While previous studies explored the effects of natural fibers and fatty acid additives on lime mortars separately,this study examines their simultaneous incorporation in mortars.The results demonstrated that the simultaneous addition of sesame oil and straw decreased the water absorption values of the mortars to 77%.Furthermore,the inclusion of sesame oil resulted in a significant 30%increase in impermeability values.However,when both sesame oil and straw were added together,the increase in impermeability was less than 20%compared to the reference mortar with no additives.These findings highlights that the combined addition of sesame oil and straw has a lesser impact on the permeability values of mortars,which is a positive outcome,as maintaining optimal permeability is essential for the long-term preservation of historical substrates.The combination of straw and sesame oil enhances hydric properties without undermining the mortar’s structure and permeability.These results emphasize the sustainable nature of lime mortars in restoration projects,showcasing their compatibility with traditional masonry practices.By combining natural fibers with fatty acids,mortars demonstrate improved durability,offering a promising avenue for enhancing performance while retaining essential properties.
基金gratefully acknowledge the support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52274305,52374309 and 52004189)Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Science and Technology(No.2022BAA021)+2 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2023T160210 and 2022M721109)Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(No.2022QNRC001)Open Foundation of Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education(FMRUlab-25-05).
文摘The dissolution behaviors of lime,limestone,and core–shell structured lime,as well as their effects on dephosphorization behavior were studied.The results show that the slow dissolution of lime in converter slag is mainly attributed to the calcium silicate layer at the lime/slag interface.CO_(2)generated by CaCO_(3)decomposition can destroy the calcium silicate layer,and thus accelerates the dissolution of limestone and core–shell structured lime.However,in the initial stage,a large amount of CO_(2)emission generated by limestone decomposition results in the poor contact between molten slag and limestone,and the dissolution rate is slower in the test of limestone than that of lime.For core–shell structured lime,the initial dissolution rate is not affected due to the lime surface,and is accelerated by the appropriate CO_(2)emission.Rapid CaO pickup in molten slag by fast dissolution of the lime sample can remarkably accelerate the dephosphorization reaction.Because of the fastest dissolution rate,the core–shell structured lime slagging mode shows the most promising prospects for the efficient dephosphorization.
基金sponsored by National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2021YFC1523403)Guangxi Key Technologies R&D Program (No. AB22080102)+1 种基金Shanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Protection Science and Technology Program (No. 208141400241)Special Key Project of Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development (No. CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0095)。
文摘Natural hydraulic lime(NHL) has garnered increasing attention for its sustainable and suitable performance in the field of historical building restoration. However, the prolonged hardening time and sluggish hydration rate of NHL infiuence the workability, strength development, and durability of construction structures in which it is used. In this study, nano-metakaolin(NMK) was applied as a highly reactive supplementary cementitious material(SCM) for NHL-based mortars to enhance their properties with various ratios. Meanwhile, the effects of NMK and its related enhancement mechanism on the physical properties and chemical structures of NHL composites were systematically investigated, mainly involving the modifications in their microstructure, chemical composition, and C-S-H structure. Results demonstrated that NMK-modified samples showed distinct and superior properties to pure NHL sample, such as shorter initial/final setting times(15.1%–49.1%, 27.1%–50.0%), and higher compactness(67.8%–81.4%, 38.1%–44.8%),lower shrinkage(25.0%–56.3%, 12.5%–25.0%), enhanced compressive strength(404.5%–546.0%, 180.8%–354.1%) and fiexural strength(227.5%–351.1%, 59.9%–125.7%) for both early and late curing times(7 and28 days). The inclusion of NMK not only acts as a fine filler, but also promotes NHL's hydrate rate by its super high pozzolanic activity, thus optimizing the pore structures and increasing the content and the average silicate chain length of hydration gel in NHL. Overall, this study can contribute to a deeper understanding of the enhancement mechanism of NMK on the physical properties and chemical structures of NHL from a meso/microscopic perspective, with a view to broadening NHL's potential applications.
文摘The rapid evolution of smart cities through IoT,cloud computing,and connected infrastructures has significantly enhanced sectors such as transportation,healthcare,energy,and public safety,but also increased exposure to sophisticated cyber threats.The diversity of devices,high data volumes,and real-time operational demands complicate security,requiring not just robust intrusion detection but also effective feature selection for relevance and scalability.Traditional Machine Learning(ML)based Intrusion Detection System(IDS)improves detection but often lacks interpretability,limiting stakeholder trust and timely responses.Moreover,centralized feature selection in conventional IDS compromises data privacy and fails to accommodate the decentralized nature of smart city infrastructures.To address these limitations,this research introduces an Interpretable Federated Learning(FL)based Cyber Intrusion Detection model tailored for smart city applications.The proposed system leverages privacy-preserving feature selection,where each client node independently identifies top-ranked features using ML models integrated with SHAP-based explainability.These local feature subsets are then aggregated at a central server to construct a global model without compromising sensitive data.Furthermore,the global model is enhanced with Explainable AI(XAI)techniques such as SHAP and LIME,offering both global interpretability and instance-level transparency for cyber threat decisions.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed global model achieves a high detection accuracy of 98.51%,with a significantly low miss rate of 1.49%,outperforming existing models while ensuring explainability,privacy,and scalability across smart city infrastructures.
