Aim: To explore the causes of the difference in spermatogenic suppression between responders and non-responders in Chinese men treated with levonorgestrel (LNG) implants plus testosterone undecanoate (TU) injectable. ...Aim: To explore the causes of the difference in spermatogenic suppression between responders and non-responders in Chinese men treated with levonorgestrel (LNG) implants plus testosterone undecanoate (TU) injectable. Methods: The 16 Chinese volunteers treated were divided into two groups in regard to the sperm count during the treatment period, 7 men in the responder group (Group R), including 6 azoospermia and one severe oligozoospermia, and the remaining 9 in the non-responder group (Group N), including 4 oligozoospermia and 5 with sperm counts greater than 20×106/mL. The differences in serum profiles of FSH, LH, T, LNG and T/LH ratio were compared between the two groups and the correlation between the seminal fluid parameters and serum reproductive hormones was analyzed. Results: The serum FSH level was lower in Group R than that in Group N (P<0.05), while the serum LH and LNG levels were higher in Group R than those in Group N (P<0.05). The sperm density (P<0.01, r=0.235), motility (P<0.01, r=0.326) and vitality (P<0.01, r=0.219) showed significantly positive correlation with the serum FSH level. Conclusion: The blood LNG and T levels, the degree of FSH inhibition and/or the sensitivity of the pituitary-testis axis to exogenous steroids, as well as the individual spermatogenetic potential and the functional status of the Leydig cells may be factors bringing about individual differences in spermatogenic suppression in Chinese men treated with LNG and TU.展开更多
BACKGROUND A cystic lesion arising from the myometrium of the uterus, termed as cystic adenomyosis, has chocolate-like, thick viscous contents and contains various amounts of endometrial stroma below the glandular epi...BACKGROUND A cystic lesion arising from the myometrium of the uterus, termed as cystic adenomyosis, has chocolate-like, thick viscous contents and contains various amounts of endometrial stroma below the glandular epithelium. It is an extremely rare type of adenomyosis.CASE SUMMARY Herein, we report an unusual case of a giant cystic mass in the pelvic cavity after uterine myomectomy. The patient complained of abnormal uterine bleeding and severe dysmenorrhea. After a levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine device(LNG-IUD) was inserted, her symptoms were greatly alleviated. However, the LNG-IUD was detected in the cystic cavity during the follow-up. For fear of the intrauterine device migrating into and damaging the surrounding viscera,surgical treatment was proposed. Therefore, laparoscopic resection of the lesion and removal of the LNG-IUD were performed and cystic adenomyosis with an LNG-IUD out of the uterine cavity was diagnosed.CONCLUSION We believe that myomectomy breaking through the endometrial cavity may have been a predisposing factor for the development of cystic adenomyosis in this case.展开更多
Electrospray ionization(ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization(APCI) techniques for liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) determination of levonorgestrel were evaluated.In consideration...Electrospray ionization(ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization(APCI) techniques for liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) determination of levonorgestrel were evaluated.In consideration of difference in ionization mechanism,the two ionization sources were compared in terms of LC conditions,MS parameters and performance of method.The sensitivity for detection of levonorgestrel with ESI was 0.25 ng/m L which was lower than 1 ng/m L with APCI.Matrix effects were evaluated for levonorgestrel and canrenone(internal standard,IS) in human plasma,and the results showed that APCI source appeared to be slightly less liable to matrix effect than ESI source.With an overall consideration,ESI was chosen as a better ionization technique for rapid and sensitive quantification of levonorgestrel.The optimized LC–ESI–MS/MS method was validated for a linear range of 0.25–50 ng/m L with a correlation coefficient ≥0.99.The intra-and inter-batch precision and accuracy were within 11.72% and 6.58%,respectively.The application of this method was demonstrated by a bioequivalence study following a single oral administration of 1.5 mg levonorgestrel tablets in 21 Chinese healthy female volunteers.展开更多
Prazosin（PRZ） and levonorgestrel（LNG） are widely used as an anti-disease drugs due to their biological activity in the human body. The frequent detection of these compounds in water samples requires alternative te...Prazosin（PRZ） and levonorgestrel（LNG） are widely used as an anti-disease drugs due to their biological activity in the human body. The frequent detection of these compounds in water samples requires alternative technologies for the removal of both compounds. After electrochemical degradation of PRZ and LNG, the parent compounds could be completely removed after treatment, but the identification and characterization of by-products are necessary as well. In this study, the effects of NaCl concentration and applied voltage were investigated during the electrochemical degradation process. The results revealed that the increase of NaCl concentration and applied voltage could promote the generation of hypochlorite OCl-and then enhance the degradation of PRZ and LNG. After initial study, 6 V and 0.2 g NaCl were selected for further experiments（96% and 99% removal of PRZ and LNG after 40 min, respectively）. Energy consumption was also evaluated and calculated for PRZ and LNG at 3, 6 and 8 V. Solid phase extraction（SPE） method plays an important role in enhancing the detection limit of by-products. Furthermore, characterization and identification of chlorinated and non-chlorinated by-products were conducted using an accurate liquid chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry LC-TOF/MS instrument. The monitoring of products during the electrochemical degradation process was performed at6 V and 0.2 g NaCl in a 50 m L solution. The results indicated that two chlorinated products were formed during the electrochemical process. The toxicity of by-products toward E. coli bacteria was investigated at 37°C and 20 hr incubation time.展开更多
Objective: To study the acceptability, efficacy, adverse effect and user satisfaction of Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) for treatment of menorrahgia.?Method: This was an observational descriptive study c...Objective: To study the acceptability, efficacy, adverse effect and user satisfaction of Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) for treatment of menorrahgia.?Method: This was an observational descriptive study conducted in ESI PGIMSR over a period from Jan 2008-June 2011. 70 women presented in O.P.D with heavy menstrual bleeding having no contraindication for device, consenting for LNG IUS underwent its insertion. Menstrual pattern, pictorial blood loss assessment chart score, adverse effects, and rate of acceptability and satisfaction were recorded at 3, 6 and 12 months after procedure. Results: The mean age of the sample was 39.92?yrs ± 3.27.?Indication for device insertion was DUB in 81.42% (57), fibroid 8.57% (6), adenomyosis in 10% (7). The expulsion rate was 4.2% (3), removal rate was 7.14% (5) and continuation rate is 88.57% (62). 2.28% (3) patients underwent hysterectomy because of continuous bleeding even after 3?-?4 months of insertion. On follow-up at one year out of 62 patients, 33.87% (21) were amenorrhic and 51.61% (32) have?regular period, while 3.07% (2) patients had irregular period.?Conclusion: LNG IUS is a less invasive, effective treatment modality for menorrahgia with reasonable efficacy.展开更多
Adsorption and degradation of levonorgestrel （LNG） by two hydrophytes, Cyperus alternfolius （CA） and Eichhornia crassipes （EC）, were investigated under light-shielding conditions in the water column. Variations ...Adsorption and degradation of levonorgestrel （LNG） by two hydrophytes, Cyperus alternfolius （CA） and Eichhornia crassipes （EC）, were investigated under light-shielding conditions in the water column. Variations of LNG concentrations in water, plant root epidermis, root, stem and leaf of the plants were analyzed. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of LNG by hydrophytes over the period of 50 days was significantly greater than the blank control （p 〈 0.05）, with the removal rates of 79.80%± 3.10% and 78.86% ± 2.55% for CA and EC, respectively. Compared with bio-adsorption, bio-conversion of LNG was found to be the dominant elimination pathway, evidenced by relatively high conversion rates （77.31% ±2.68% for CA and 77.82% ± 2.95% for EC）, while the adsorption rates were lower （1.77% ± 0.90% for CA and 1.05% ± 0.40% for EC）. The bio-adsorption and conversion of LNG showed no significant differences between the two hydrophytes. Additionally, the mineralization on root epidermis played an important role in the reduction of LNG in water.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the quality of life in patients with endometriosis pelvic pain before and after the application of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). Design: Open non-comparative study....Objective: To evaluate the quality of life in patients with endometriosis pelvic pain before and after the application of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). Design: Open non-comparative study. Setting: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital at Monterrey, Mexico. Sample: 29 women aged 18 to 40 years with pelvic pain associated with endometriosis confirmed by laparoscopy. Methods: After laparoscopy but before LNG-IUS insertion (basal visit) and 6 months afterwards, modified Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30) was applied. Main outcomes measures: Size of change of questionnaire scores, need of additional analgesic therapy and adverse effects. Statistical Analysis: Differences in the questionnaire scores before and after intervention were analyzed by Student t-test. Results: Final analysis set included 29 women aged 31.7 ± 4.7 years years. The ASRM surgical staging of endometriosis was mild in 19.3 moderate in 13.7 and severe in 76% of the patients. The general perception of quality of life improved from 52 at baseline to 98% at six months (p < 0.001). Adverse events were mild in nature, 19 patients reported no adverse events during the study (65.5%). Two patients (6.9%) required the use of concomitant therapy with non-steroidal analgesics for relief of pain. Conclusion: The application of LNG-IUS in patients with pelvic pain associated with endometriosis improved significatively all aspects related with quality of life as measured with Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30). We concluded that LNGIUS may be an effective and convenient therapeutic alternative for the management of pain associated with endometriosis.展开更多
Objective To investigate possible causes resulting in the differences in the spermatogenesis suppression on individual treated with levonorgestrel (LNG) implants and testosterone undecanoate (TU) injectableMethods Tot...Objective To investigate possible causes resulting in the differences in the spermatogenesis suppression on individual treated with levonorgestrel (LNG) implants and testosterone undecanoate (TU) injectableMethods Totally 21 Chinese male volunteers were given treatment with LNG implants (four rods, 75 mg/rod) and intramuscular injection of TU (500 mg,bimonthly for 3 times). According to the effects of treatment, they were divided into two groups, namely, azoospermia group (group A) and oligozoospermia group (group O). Then seminal FSH, LH, T and estradiol (E2) were determined by immunoenzymetric assay, while seminal and serum dihydrotachysterol (DHT) and serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were by radioimmunoassay, and seminal transferrin (Tf) by scatter turbidimetry assay.Results Seminal FSH, LH and serum DHT, SHBG, FTI (T/SHBG ×100) levels were significantly lower in group A than in group O, while higher seminal concentrations ofE2 were observed in azoospermia group.Conclusion The differences in the spermatogenic suppression in Chinese men might be attributed to different rate of peripheral androgen metabolism, variations in serum SHBG levels, 5á-reductase activity and individual aromatase activity during LNG plus TU administration. In addition, seminal sex hormones might be more sensitive indexes to assess the extent of feedback inhibition on hypothalamus-pituitary-testis with exogenous testosterone plus progestogen in the efficacy hormone male contraceptive trials.展开更多
Objective: To compare the efficacy and side effects of levonorgestrel and low dose mifepristone in emergency contraception. Method: The study is a randomized double--blind multicenter comparative trial. A total of 1, ...Objective: To compare the efficacy and side effects of levonorgestrel and low dose mifepristone in emergency contraception. Method: The study is a randomized double--blind multicenter comparative trial. A total of 1, 276 women with unprotected intercourse within 72 hours were allocated to one of the two study groups. In the levonorgestrel (LNG) group, 0. 75 mg LNG was taken twice, 12 hours apart, whereas in the mifepristone (Mife) group, a single dose of 10 mg mifepristone was taken and a placebo 12 hours after. Follow--up visit was paid on the seventh day of the expected next menstruation to evaluate the contraceptive efficacy and side effects. Contraceptive efficacy was calculated by Dixon’s method. Result:In the LNG group 20 pregnancies occurred among 643 women, while in the Mife group 9 pregnancies occurred among 633 women. The pregnancy rates were 3. 10% and 1. 43% respectively. Contraceptive efficacy rate of preventing pregnancy was 59. 16% and 79. 73%, the difference was statistically significant (P<O. 05). The incidence of various side effects, which were mild, was less than 10%. There was no statistical difference between the two groups. The percentage of subjects who had their next menstruation 3 days earlier or later than their expected menstruation in LNG group and Mife group was 77. 7% and 78. 5% respectively. Conclusion: Use of levonorgestrel or low dose mifepristone for emergency contraception is effective and safe.展开更多
The in vivo release rate of levonorgestrel-containing silicon capsule (in vitro releasing rate: 6 μg/d) placed in rabbits was determined.The results showed that the average release per year was 8. 32 μg with r being...The in vivo release rate of levonorgestrel-containing silicon capsule (in vitro releasing rate: 6 μg/d) placed in rabbits was determined.The results showed that the average release per year was 8. 32 μg with r being 0.96000.The release pattern of the levonorgestrel-containing silicon capsule system was proved to be zero-order release. Our study provided some experimental data for clinical use of the system for birth control.展开更多
Effect of domestically-made levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG, release rate: 6 μg/day) on the endocrine system and menstruation in mondeys was investigated. The results showed that the Estradiol (E2) ...Effect of domestically-made levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG, release rate: 6 μg/day) on the endocrine system and menstruation in mondeys was investigated. The results showed that the Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) levels were significantly decreased 2 ovulatory cycles after iusertion of the devices as compared with those before insertion in 3 monkeys (P>0. 001) ,suggesting an evident ovulation-suppressing effect. In 1 monkey, the E2 and P levels were the same before and after insertion,and expulsion of device was found in the monkey later. The plasma LNG concentration in 3 animals was 493. 69-454. 60 pg/ml and plasma LNG was not detected in 1 monkey. The hormone level returned to normal level after removal of the devices.展开更多
We report a case of arrhythmic storm in a patient with recent vaginal insertion of a device with release of levonorgestrel (synthetic progestin). A woman of 60 years was hospitalized for runs of monomorphic sustained ...We report a case of arrhythmic storm in a patient with recent vaginal insertion of a device with release of levonorgestrel (synthetic progestin). A woman of 60 years was hospitalized for runs of monomorphic sustained ventricular tachycardia. She received a vaginal device levonorgestrel-releasing 2 days before admission. No history of associated cardiovascular or thyroid disease or risk factors was reported. Laboratory parameters as well as ECG and echocardiogram were normal. After 48 hours from removal of the vaginal device, the patient was asymptomatic and showed only single ectopic beats, sometimes in pairs. The subsequent coronary angiography, electrophysiological study and cardiac magnetic resonance resulted negative.展开更多
Objective: To assess levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system LNG-IUS (Mirena?) application at caesarean section (CS). Design: Randomized, comparative study. Setting: Department of obstetrics and gynecology in a p...Objective: To assess levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system LNG-IUS (Mirena?) application at caesarean section (CS). Design: Randomized, comparative study. Setting: Department of obstetrics and gynecology in a primary reference hospital at Puebla City, Mexico. Sample: 396 women requiring CS signed informed consent and were randomly allocated to the post-placental application of LNG-IUS (198) or Copper T 380 A (198). Methods: Follow up visits at 6 weeks, and 6 and 12 months were performed. Main Outcomes Measures: IUDs expulsion, maternal and babies’ health conditions, breastfeeding and menstrual patterns, adverse effects and pregnancies. Differences between groups were analyzed by Fisher and X2 tests, Odds ratios, relative risk and 95% confidence limits, as appropriate. Results: After one year of follow up, no pregnancies were reported. The IUD expulsion rate was 4.5% in each group. LNG-IUS users had a higher incidence of amenorrhea (OR 2.5 95% CI 2.2 - 3) and menstrual patterns significantly brief and lighter than Copper T 380 A (p < 0.001) with lower incidence of dysmenorrhea (OR 0.1 95% CI 0.04 - 0.2). No detrimental effects of LNG-IUS on breastfeeding was observed and interestingly babies weights of LNG-IUS users was slightly above the average for age compared with Copper T 380 A users. This was probably related with a major proportion of women with normal ferritin serum levels (94% vs 68%) leading to better mother’s general condition. Conclusions: LNG-IUS inserted during CS provides high efficacy contraception with additional benefits, mainly reducing menstrual bleeding and doing so, faster recovery of ferrous homeostasis after CS.展开更多
Pest rodents pose a serious threat to island biodiversity.Fertility control could be an alternative approach to control the impact of rodents on these islands.In this study,we examined the antifertility effects of EP-...Pest rodents pose a serious threat to island biodiversity.Fertility control could be an alternative approach to control the impact of rodents on these islands.In this study,we examined the antifertility effects of EP-1 baits containing quinestrol(E)and levonorgestrel(P)using a dose of 50 ppm E and P at three different ratios(E:P ratio=1:2,1:1,and 2:1)on Pacific rats(Rattus exulans)in the Xisha Islands,Hainan,China.Compared to the control group,all animals in EP-1 treatment groups showed significantly decreased food intake and body weight.In treated males,there were obvious abnormalities in testis structure and a significant decrease of relative seminal vesicle weight,but no significant effect on relative uterine and ovarian weights(g kg-1 body weight),or ovarian structure in females.Adding 8%sucrose to the original 50-ppm baits(E:P ratio=1:1)significantly increased bait palatability for males and females.This dose induced uterine edema and abnormalities of ovarian structure in females but had no significant negative effect on the relative testis,epididymis,and seminal vesicle weights(g kg-1 body weight)or sperm density in males.In summary,50-ppm EP-1(1:1)baits have the potential to disrupt the fertility of females,and 8%sucrose addition to the EP-1 baits(E:P ratio=1:1)could improve bait palatability.This dose disrupted the testis structure in males.Future studies are needed to improve bait acceptance and assess the antifertility effects of EP-1(1:1)on Pacific rats in captive breeding trials and underfield conditions.展开更多
文摘Aim: To explore the causes of the difference in spermatogenic suppression between responders and non-responders in Chinese men treated with levonorgestrel (LNG) implants plus testosterone undecanoate (TU) injectable. Methods: The 16 Chinese volunteers treated were divided into two groups in regard to the sperm count during the treatment period, 7 men in the responder group (Group R), including 6 azoospermia and one severe oligozoospermia, and the remaining 9 in the non-responder group (Group N), including 4 oligozoospermia and 5 with sperm counts greater than 20×106/mL. The differences in serum profiles of FSH, LH, T, LNG and T/LH ratio were compared between the two groups and the correlation between the seminal fluid parameters and serum reproductive hormones was analyzed. Results: The serum FSH level was lower in Group R than that in Group N (P<0.05), while the serum LH and LNG levels were higher in Group R than those in Group N (P<0.05). The sperm density (P<0.01, r=0.235), motility (P<0.01, r=0.326) and vitality (P<0.01, r=0.219) showed significantly positive correlation with the serum FSH level. Conclusion: The blood LNG and T levels, the degree of FSH inhibition and/or the sensitivity of the pituitary-testis axis to exogenous steroids, as well as the individual spermatogenetic potential and the functional status of the Leydig cells may be factors bringing about individual differences in spermatogenic suppression in Chinese men treated with LNG and TU.
文摘BACKGROUND A cystic lesion arising from the myometrium of the uterus, termed as cystic adenomyosis, has chocolate-like, thick viscous contents and contains various amounts of endometrial stroma below the glandular epithelium. It is an extremely rare type of adenomyosis.CASE SUMMARY Herein, we report an unusual case of a giant cystic mass in the pelvic cavity after uterine myomectomy. The patient complained of abnormal uterine bleeding and severe dysmenorrhea. After a levonorgestrel-containing intrauterine device(LNG-IUD) was inserted, her symptoms were greatly alleviated. However, the LNG-IUD was detected in the cystic cavity during the follow-up. For fear of the intrauterine device migrating into and damaging the surrounding viscera,surgical treatment was proposed. Therefore, laparoscopic resection of the lesion and removal of the LNG-IUD were performed and cystic adenomyosis with an LNG-IUD out of the uterine cavity was diagnosed.CONCLUSION We believe that myomectomy breaking through the endometrial cavity may have been a predisposing factor for the development of cystic adenomyosis in this case.
文摘Electrospray ionization(ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization(APCI) techniques for liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(LC–MS/MS) determination of levonorgestrel were evaluated.In consideration of difference in ionization mechanism,the two ionization sources were compared in terms of LC conditions,MS parameters and performance of method.The sensitivity for detection of levonorgestrel with ESI was 0.25 ng/m L which was lower than 1 ng/m L with APCI.Matrix effects were evaluated for levonorgestrel and canrenone(internal standard,IS) in human plasma,and the results showed that APCI source appeared to be slightly less liable to matrix effect than ESI source.With an overall consideration,ESI was chosen as a better ionization technique for rapid and sensitive quantification of levonorgestrel.The optimized LC–ESI–MS/MS method was validated for a linear range of 0.25–50 ng/m L with a correlation coefficient ≥0.99.The intra-and inter-batch precision and accuracy were within 11.72% and 6.58%,respectively.The application of this method was demonstrated by a bioequivalence study following a single oral administration of 1.5 mg levonorgestrel tablets in 21 Chinese healthy female volunteers.
基金Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for the scholarship of Z. H. Mussa (matric No. p69014)
文摘Prazosin（PRZ） and levonorgestrel（LNG） are widely used as an anti-disease drugs due to their biological activity in the human body. The frequent detection of these compounds in water samples requires alternative technologies for the removal of both compounds. After electrochemical degradation of PRZ and LNG, the parent compounds could be completely removed after treatment, but the identification and characterization of by-products are necessary as well. In this study, the effects of NaCl concentration and applied voltage were investigated during the electrochemical degradation process. The results revealed that the increase of NaCl concentration and applied voltage could promote the generation of hypochlorite OCl-and then enhance the degradation of PRZ and LNG. After initial study, 6 V and 0.2 g NaCl were selected for further experiments（96% and 99% removal of PRZ and LNG after 40 min, respectively）. Energy consumption was also evaluated and calculated for PRZ and LNG at 3, 6 and 8 V. Solid phase extraction（SPE） method plays an important role in enhancing the detection limit of by-products. Furthermore, characterization and identification of chlorinated and non-chlorinated by-products were conducted using an accurate liquid chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry LC-TOF/MS instrument. The monitoring of products during the electrochemical degradation process was performed at6 V and 0.2 g NaCl in a 50 m L solution. The results indicated that two chlorinated products were formed during the electrochemical process. The toxicity of by-products toward E. coli bacteria was investigated at 37°C and 20 hr incubation time.
文摘Objective: To study the acceptability, efficacy, adverse effect and user satisfaction of Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) for treatment of menorrahgia.?Method: This was an observational descriptive study conducted in ESI PGIMSR over a period from Jan 2008-June 2011. 70 women presented in O.P.D with heavy menstrual bleeding having no contraindication for device, consenting for LNG IUS underwent its insertion. Menstrual pattern, pictorial blood loss assessment chart score, adverse effects, and rate of acceptability and satisfaction were recorded at 3, 6 and 12 months after procedure. Results: The mean age of the sample was 39.92?yrs ± 3.27.?Indication for device insertion was DUB in 81.42% (57), fibroid 8.57% (6), adenomyosis in 10% (7). The expulsion rate was 4.2% (3), removal rate was 7.14% (5) and continuation rate is 88.57% (62). 2.28% (3) patients underwent hysterectomy because of continuous bleeding even after 3?-?4 months of insertion. On follow-up at one year out of 62 patients, 33.87% (21) were amenorrhic and 51.61% (32) have?regular period, while 3.07% (2) patients had irregular period.?Conclusion: LNG IUS is a less invasive, effective treatment modality for menorrahgia with reasonable efficacy.
基金supported by the key project of the National Water Pollution Control and Management of China (No.2008ZX07315-001)
文摘Adsorption and degradation of levonorgestrel （LNG） by two hydrophytes, Cyperus alternfolius （CA） and Eichhornia crassipes （EC）, were investigated under light-shielding conditions in the water column. Variations of LNG concentrations in water, plant root epidermis, root, stem and leaf of the plants were analyzed. The results indicated that the removal efficiency of LNG by hydrophytes over the period of 50 days was significantly greater than the blank control （p 〈 0.05）, with the removal rates of 79.80%± 3.10% and 78.86% ± 2.55% for CA and EC, respectively. Compared with bio-adsorption, bio-conversion of LNG was found to be the dominant elimination pathway, evidenced by relatively high conversion rates （77.31% ±2.68% for CA and 77.82% ± 2.95% for EC）, while the adsorption rates were lower （1.77% ± 0.90% for CA and 1.05% ± 0.40% for EC）. The bio-adsorption and conversion of LNG showed no significant differences between the two hydrophytes. Additionally, the mineralization on root epidermis played an important role in the reduction of LNG in water.
文摘Objective: To evaluate the quality of life in patients with endometriosis pelvic pain before and after the application of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS). Design: Open non-comparative study. Setting: Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital at Monterrey, Mexico. Sample: 29 women aged 18 to 40 years with pelvic pain associated with endometriosis confirmed by laparoscopy. Methods: After laparoscopy but before LNG-IUS insertion (basal visit) and 6 months afterwards, modified Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30) was applied. Main outcomes measures: Size of change of questionnaire scores, need of additional analgesic therapy and adverse effects. Statistical Analysis: Differences in the questionnaire scores before and after intervention were analyzed by Student t-test. Results: Final analysis set included 29 women aged 31.7 ± 4.7 years years. The ASRM surgical staging of endometriosis was mild in 19.3 moderate in 13.7 and severe in 76% of the patients. The general perception of quality of life improved from 52 at baseline to 98% at six months (p < 0.001). Adverse events were mild in nature, 19 patients reported no adverse events during the study (65.5%). Two patients (6.9%) required the use of concomitant therapy with non-steroidal analgesics for relief of pain. Conclusion: The application of LNG-IUS in patients with pelvic pain associated with endometriosis improved significatively all aspects related with quality of life as measured with Endometriosis Health Profile (EHP-30). We concluded that LNGIUS may be an effective and convenient therapeutic alternative for the management of pain associated with endometriosis.
文摘Objective To investigate possible causes resulting in the differences in the spermatogenesis suppression on individual treated with levonorgestrel (LNG) implants and testosterone undecanoate (TU) injectableMethods Totally 21 Chinese male volunteers were given treatment with LNG implants (four rods, 75 mg/rod) and intramuscular injection of TU (500 mg,bimonthly for 3 times). According to the effects of treatment, they were divided into two groups, namely, azoospermia group (group A) and oligozoospermia group (group O). Then seminal FSH, LH, T and estradiol (E2) were determined by immunoenzymetric assay, while seminal and serum dihydrotachysterol (DHT) and serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were by radioimmunoassay, and seminal transferrin (Tf) by scatter turbidimetry assay.Results Seminal FSH, LH and serum DHT, SHBG, FTI (T/SHBG ×100) levels were significantly lower in group A than in group O, while higher seminal concentrations ofE2 were observed in azoospermia group.Conclusion The differences in the spermatogenic suppression in Chinese men might be attributed to different rate of peripheral androgen metabolism, variations in serum SHBG levels, 5á-reductase activity and individual aromatase activity during LNG plus TU administration. In addition, seminal sex hormones might be more sensitive indexes to assess the extent of feedback inhibition on hypothalamus-pituitary-testis with exogenous testosterone plus progestogen in the efficacy hormone male contraceptive trials.
文摘Objective: To compare the efficacy and side effects of levonorgestrel and low dose mifepristone in emergency contraception. Method: The study is a randomized double--blind multicenter comparative trial. A total of 1, 276 women with unprotected intercourse within 72 hours were allocated to one of the two study groups. In the levonorgestrel (LNG) group, 0. 75 mg LNG was taken twice, 12 hours apart, whereas in the mifepristone (Mife) group, a single dose of 10 mg mifepristone was taken and a placebo 12 hours after. Follow--up visit was paid on the seventh day of the expected next menstruation to evaluate the contraceptive efficacy and side effects. Contraceptive efficacy was calculated by Dixon’s method. Result:In the LNG group 20 pregnancies occurred among 643 women, while in the Mife group 9 pregnancies occurred among 633 women. The pregnancy rates were 3. 10% and 1. 43% respectively. Contraceptive efficacy rate of preventing pregnancy was 59. 16% and 79. 73%, the difference was statistically significant (P<O. 05). The incidence of various side effects, which were mild, was less than 10%. There was no statistical difference between the two groups. The percentage of subjects who had their next menstruation 3 days earlier or later than their expected menstruation in LNG group and Mife group was 77. 7% and 78. 5% respectively. Conclusion: Use of levonorgestrel or low dose mifepristone for emergency contraception is effective and safe.
文摘The in vivo release rate of levonorgestrel-containing silicon capsule (in vitro releasing rate: 6 μg/d) placed in rabbits was determined.The results showed that the average release per year was 8. 32 μg with r being 0.96000.The release pattern of the levonorgestrel-containing silicon capsule system was proved to be zero-order release. Our study provided some experimental data for clinical use of the system for birth control.
文摘Effect of domestically-made levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (LNG, release rate: 6 μg/day) on the endocrine system and menstruation in mondeys was investigated. The results showed that the Estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) levels were significantly decreased 2 ovulatory cycles after iusertion of the devices as compared with those before insertion in 3 monkeys (P>0. 001) ,suggesting an evident ovulation-suppressing effect. In 1 monkey, the E2 and P levels were the same before and after insertion,and expulsion of device was found in the monkey later. The plasma LNG concentration in 3 animals was 493. 69-454. 60 pg/ml and plasma LNG was not detected in 1 monkey. The hormone level returned to normal level after removal of the devices.
文摘We report a case of arrhythmic storm in a patient with recent vaginal insertion of a device with release of levonorgestrel (synthetic progestin). A woman of 60 years was hospitalized for runs of monomorphic sustained ventricular tachycardia. She received a vaginal device levonorgestrel-releasing 2 days before admission. No history of associated cardiovascular or thyroid disease or risk factors was reported. Laboratory parameters as well as ECG and echocardiogram were normal. After 48 hours from removal of the vaginal device, the patient was asymptomatic and showed only single ectopic beats, sometimes in pairs. The subsequent coronary angiography, electrophysiological study and cardiac magnetic resonance resulted negative.
文摘Objective: To assess levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system LNG-IUS (Mirena?) application at caesarean section (CS). Design: Randomized, comparative study. Setting: Department of obstetrics and gynecology in a primary reference hospital at Puebla City, Mexico. Sample: 396 women requiring CS signed informed consent and were randomly allocated to the post-placental application of LNG-IUS (198) or Copper T 380 A (198). Methods: Follow up visits at 6 weeks, and 6 and 12 months were performed. Main Outcomes Measures: IUDs expulsion, maternal and babies’ health conditions, breastfeeding and menstrual patterns, adverse effects and pregnancies. Differences between groups were analyzed by Fisher and X2 tests, Odds ratios, relative risk and 95% confidence limits, as appropriate. Results: After one year of follow up, no pregnancies were reported. The IUD expulsion rate was 4.5% in each group. LNG-IUS users had a higher incidence of amenorrhea (OR 2.5 95% CI 2.2 - 3) and menstrual patterns significantly brief and lighter than Copper T 380 A (p < 0.001) with lower incidence of dysmenorrhea (OR 0.1 95% CI 0.04 - 0.2). No detrimental effects of LNG-IUS on breastfeeding was observed and interestingly babies weights of LNG-IUS users was slightly above the average for age compared with Copper T 380 A users. This was probably related with a major proportion of women with normal ferritin serum levels (94% vs 68%) leading to better mother’s general condition. Conclusions: LNG-IUS inserted during CS provides high efficacy contraception with additional benefits, mainly reducing menstrual bleeding and doing so, faster recovery of ferrous homeostasis after CS.
基金The research was supported by the specific re-search fund of The Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province(YSPTZX202112)The State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents(Grant No.IPM2103)the 2022 PhD Launch Fund to Jing Liu(RC2200002593).
文摘Pest rodents pose a serious threat to island biodiversity.Fertility control could be an alternative approach to control the impact of rodents on these islands.In this study,we examined the antifertility effects of EP-1 baits containing quinestrol(E)and levonorgestrel(P)using a dose of 50 ppm E and P at three different ratios(E:P ratio=1:2,1:1,and 2:1)on Pacific rats(Rattus exulans)in the Xisha Islands,Hainan,China.Compared to the control group,all animals in EP-1 treatment groups showed significantly decreased food intake and body weight.In treated males,there were obvious abnormalities in testis structure and a significant decrease of relative seminal vesicle weight,but no significant effect on relative uterine and ovarian weights(g kg-1 body weight),or ovarian structure in females.Adding 8%sucrose to the original 50-ppm baits(E:P ratio=1:1)significantly increased bait palatability for males and females.This dose induced uterine edema and abnormalities of ovarian structure in females but had no significant negative effect on the relative testis,epididymis,and seminal vesicle weights(g kg-1 body weight)or sperm density in males.In summary,50-ppm EP-1(1:1)baits have the potential to disrupt the fertility of females,and 8%sucrose addition to the EP-1 baits(E:P ratio=1:1)could improve bait palatability.This dose disrupted the testis structure in males.Future studies are needed to improve bait acceptance and assess the antifertility effects of EP-1(1:1)on Pacific rats in captive breeding trials and underfield conditions.
