C.L. Chang’s introduction of fuzzy topology in 1981 opened up new avenues for parallel theories in topology. However, Chang’s work appears to focus more on the topology of fuzzy sets rather than fuzzy topology itsel...C.L. Chang’s introduction of fuzzy topology in 1981 opened up new avenues for parallel theories in topology. However, Chang’s work appears to focus more on the topology of fuzzy sets rather than fuzzy topology itself. In 1975, Michálek presented a functional definition of ordinary topology and later developed fuzzy topology as a distinct extension of this idea, setting it apart from Chang’s approach. While there has been significant research on Chang’s fuzzy topology, Michálek’s version has not received as much attention. This paper introduces the concept of fuzzy regularly closed filters, or FRCM filters, within Michálek’s fuzzy topological space and explores some properties of FRCM ultrafilters.展开更多
Background: The mating system of the korhaans and bustards in southern Africa is either based on polygyny or monogamy. The Red-crested Korhaan(Lophotis ruficrista) has been described as polygynous but otherwise very l...Background: The mating system of the korhaans and bustards in southern Africa is either based on polygyny or monogamy. The Red-crested Korhaan(Lophotis ruficrista) has been described as polygynous but otherwise very little is known about its breeding biology. The aims were to describe the population structure and male behavior during breeding.Methods: The data collected for this paper was mainly based on field transect surveys carried out in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The population structure of the Red-crested Korhaan in the temperate Borakalalo Game Reserve(BGR)was compared with that in the arid Molopo Nature Reserve(MNR)(both situated in the North West province of South Africa). The study was mainly conducted in the BGR but additional work was conducted in the MNR for comparison.Results: The difference in mean group sizes between MNR(1.03) and BGR(1.07) was statistically not significant.Group sizes were not affected by climate despite the fact that the BGR received about 650 mm precipitation per annum and the MNR about 200 mm. In both reserves the apparent sex ratios were skewed in favor of males(1:0.29 in the BGR and 1:0.1 in the MNR). The population was dispersed in a clumped manner which is ascribed to the formation of leks. Leks were positioned in open habitat while females invariably concealed themselves under cover.Conclusions: The leks formed the pivot of the mating system of the Red-crested Korhaan and are identifiable social structures that field ecologists can use to monitor population stability.展开更多
合成了一种新型环氧树脂固化剂1,4-二(4-氨基苯-1-氧)正丁烷(DDBE),并采用FTIR、1 H NMR手段对其结构进行表征和确认。采用非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了N,N,N′,N′-四缩水甘油基-4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(TGDDM)/DDBE体系的固化反应...合成了一种新型环氧树脂固化剂1,4-二(4-氨基苯-1-氧)正丁烷(DDBE),并采用FTIR、1 H NMR手段对其结构进行表征和确认。采用非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了N,N,N′,N′-四缩水甘油基-4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(TGDDM)/DDBE体系的固化反应动力学,根据Kissinger方程计算体系的活化能为58.5kJ·mol-1;采用Málek法进行模型拟合动力学分析,结果表明:其中的esták-Berggren模型的拟合曲线与实验的DSC曲线吻合,确定了体系的固化反应动力学参数和方程。DSC测试TGDDM/DDBE固化物玻璃化转变温度为195℃。展开更多
The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magma...The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magmatism, and contains >50 Mt @ 45% to 50% of Fe ore. Ore minerals occur mainly as magnetite and hematite in the skarn alteration zone between a granitic pluton and metamorphosed Middle–Upper Devonian carbonates. The granitic pluton comprises granodiorite and granite, with zircon U-Pb dating indicating synchronous emplacement at 288.2±1.3 and 284.9±1.2 Ma, respectively. Zircons from these granitoids have ε_(Hf)(t) values of 2.9–11.2 and relatively young TDM2 ages(<1.0 Ga), indicating an origin by partial melting of depleted mafic crust or magma mixing. Previous studies have shown that these granitoids have high Y, Yb, and K_2O contents, and low Sr and Na_2O contents, which are interpreted as the melting of mafic continental crust. Pyrite of the main mineralization stage yields an ^(187)Re/^(188)Os-^(187)Os/^(188)Os isochron age of 287±17 Ma, indicating that mineralization is associated with Pha Lek granitic magmatism. A Late Carboniferous–Early Permian subduction-related skarn-type Fe mineralization model is proposed for the Pha Lek deposit. More evidence is needed to verify a hypothesis of volcanic overprinting during Late Triassic post-collisional extension.展开更多
Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depe...Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depending on the player＇s bargaining power. The context in which these negotiations occur--the market--is critical, since players can adjust their behaviors in response to outside offers. Animals similarly are faced with sequential decisions regarding courtship： who to court, how to approach a potential mate, at what level to display, when to give up, etc. Thus economic models of negotiation in a market provide a framework in which we can view not just the outcome of courtship （assortative mating）, but also the process, where each sex can use tactics to improve their negotiating outcome, using the assets that they have available. Here we propose to use negotiation as a conceptual framework to explore the factors promoting tactical adjustments during sequential stages of courtship in lekking species. Our goal is to discuss the utility of negotiation as a heuristic tool, as well as the promise and peril of co-opting game theoretic models from economics to understand animal interactions. We will provide a brief overview of a few areas where we see promise for using negotiation as a framework to understand animal courtship dynamics： choice of a display territory, tactical partner choice for negotiation, approaching a potential partner and courtship haggling .展开更多
The non-isothermal oxidation experiments of ilmenite concentrate were carried out at various heating rates under air atmosphere by thermogravimetry.The oxidation kinetic model function and kinetic parameters of appare...The non-isothermal oxidation experiments of ilmenite concentrate were carried out at various heating rates under air atmosphere by thermogravimetry.The oxidation kinetic model function and kinetic parameters of apparent activation energy（Ea）were evaluated by Málek and Starink methods.The results show that under air atmosphere,the oxidation process of ilmenite concentrate is composed of three stages,and the chemical reaction（G（α）=1-（1-α）~2,whereαis the conversion degree）plays an important role in the whole oxidation process.At the first stage（α=0.05-0.30）,the oxidation process is controlled gradually by secondary chemical reaction with increasing conversion degree.At the second stage（α=0.30-0.50）,the oxidation process is completely controlled by the secondary chemical reaction（G（α）=1-（1-α）~2）.At the third stage（α=0.50-0.95）,the secondary chemical reaction weakens gradually with increasing conversion degree,and the oxidation process is controlled gradually by a variety of functions;the kinetic equations are G（α）=（1-α）^（-1）（β=10K·min^（-1）,whereβis heating rate）,G（α）=（1-α）^（-1/2）（β=15-20K·min^（-1））,and G（α）=（1-α）^（-2）（β=25K·min^（-1））,respectively.For the whole oxidation process,the activation energies follow a parabolic law with increasing conversion degree,and the average activation energy is 160.56kJ·mol^（-1）.展开更多
Background:Forest management affects the habitat conditions for many forest-dwelling species.Among them,the capercaillie(Tetrao urogallus)is a rare forest grouse inhabiting old,mature forests.We compared the structure...Background:Forest management affects the habitat conditions for many forest-dwelling species.Among them,the capercaillie(Tetrao urogallus)is a rare forest grouse inhabiting old,mature forests.We compared the structure of forest habitat among 9 active and 9 abandoned leks in the Augustow Forest(North-Eastern Poland),within a radius of 1 km of the leks,defined as the Key Areas for the capercaillie in lowland temperate forest.Habitat measurements were conducted on 1779 circular plots.Assessments made on all plots related to 13 habitat variables measured or noted in the field,including stand structure,canopy closure,stand developmental stage,percentage of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris),soil fertility and soil moisture,the share of undergrowth,the cover of shrubs,the cover of bilberry(Vaccinium sp.),and the presence of certain habitat elements important to the capercaillie.Results:To compare the still-occupied and the abandoned KAs for the capercaillie,a logistic regression model was developed.The variables best explaining differences between these two categories were:the occurrence of undergrowth layers,canopy closure in the second canopy layer,and stand age.According to the model,with the increase of the shrub-layer cover as well as the density of trees,the probability of the presence of the capercaillie decreased.The capercaillie in the area of the Augustow Forest occupy mainly dry and poor,middle-aged,pinedominated forests,with a moderate extent of stand canopy closure and only weakly-developed layers of undergrowth.Conclusions:The filling-in of mature stands with sub-canopy trees and shrubs(the process which is stimulated by climate change and site eutrophication)causes structural changes,which are unfavourable to the capercaillie.This might explain why in the course of the recent decades the capercaillie has abandoned the oldest stands,distinguished by the presence of bigger shares of undergrowth.The capercaillie has shifted to younger stands,which reveal a lesser extent of canopy closure and a more limited development of understorey vegetation.展开更多
文摘C.L. Chang’s introduction of fuzzy topology in 1981 opened up new avenues for parallel theories in topology. However, Chang’s work appears to focus more on the topology of fuzzy sets rather than fuzzy topology itself. In 1975, Michálek presented a functional definition of ordinary topology and later developed fuzzy topology as a distinct extension of this idea, setting it apart from Chang’s approach. While there has been significant research on Chang’s fuzzy topology, Michálek’s version has not received as much attention. This paper introduces the concept of fuzzy regularly closed filters, or FRCM filters, within Michálek’s fuzzy topological space and explores some properties of FRCM ultrafilters.
文摘Background: The mating system of the korhaans and bustards in southern Africa is either based on polygyny or monogamy. The Red-crested Korhaan(Lophotis ruficrista) has been described as polygynous but otherwise very little is known about its breeding biology. The aims were to describe the population structure and male behavior during breeding.Methods: The data collected for this paper was mainly based on field transect surveys carried out in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The population structure of the Red-crested Korhaan in the temperate Borakalalo Game Reserve(BGR)was compared with that in the arid Molopo Nature Reserve(MNR)(both situated in the North West province of South Africa). The study was mainly conducted in the BGR but additional work was conducted in the MNR for comparison.Results: The difference in mean group sizes between MNR(1.03) and BGR(1.07) was statistically not significant.Group sizes were not affected by climate despite the fact that the BGR received about 650 mm precipitation per annum and the MNR about 200 mm. In both reserves the apparent sex ratios were skewed in favor of males(1:0.29 in the BGR and 1:0.1 in the MNR). The population was dispersed in a clumped manner which is ascribed to the formation of leks. Leks were positioned in open habitat while females invariably concealed themselves under cover.Conclusions: The leks formed the pivot of the mating system of the Red-crested Korhaan and are identifiable social structures that field ecologists can use to monitor population stability.
文摘合成了一种新型环氧树脂固化剂1,4-二(4-氨基苯-1-氧)正丁烷(DDBE),并采用FTIR、1 H NMR手段对其结构进行表征和确认。采用非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了N,N,N′,N′-四缩水甘油基-4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(TGDDM)/DDBE体系的固化反应动力学,根据Kissinger方程计算体系的活化能为58.5kJ·mol-1;采用Málek法进行模型拟合动力学分析,结果表明:其中的esták-Berggren模型的拟合曲线与实验的DSC曲线吻合,确定了体系的固化反应动力学参数和方程。DSC测试TGDDM/DDBE固化物玻璃化转变温度为195℃。
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41402074 and 41502074)Applied Fundamental Research Funding of Sichuan Province, China (No. 2015JY0055)the National Geological Survey Foundation of China (No. 121201010000150013)
文摘The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magmatism, and contains >50 Mt @ 45% to 50% of Fe ore. Ore minerals occur mainly as magnetite and hematite in the skarn alteration zone between a granitic pluton and metamorphosed Middle–Upper Devonian carbonates. The granitic pluton comprises granodiorite and granite, with zircon U-Pb dating indicating synchronous emplacement at 288.2±1.3 and 284.9±1.2 Ma, respectively. Zircons from these granitoids have ε_(Hf)(t) values of 2.9–11.2 and relatively young TDM2 ages(<1.0 Ga), indicating an origin by partial melting of depleted mafic crust or magma mixing. Previous studies have shown that these granitoids have high Y, Yb, and K_2O contents, and low Sr and Na_2O contents, which are interpreted as the melting of mafic continental crust. Pyrite of the main mineralization stage yields an ^(187)Re/^(188)Os-^(187)Os/^(188)Os isochron age of 287±17 Ma, indicating that mineralization is associated with Pha Lek granitic magmatism. A Late Carboniferous–Early Permian subduction-related skarn-type Fe mineralization model is proposed for the Pha Lek deposit. More evidence is needed to verify a hypothesis of volcanic overprinting during Late Triassic post-collisional extension.
基金Acknowledgements We wish to thank Jack Bradbury for the suggestion to explore the negotiation literature to understand lekking sage-grouse, and Heather McKibben and Kyle Joyce for the help in interpreting the literature. Additional thanks to two anonymous reviewers and editor, Eileen Hebets. This work was funded in part by a National Science Foundation grant to GLP and AHK （IOS-0925038）.
文摘Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depending on the player＇s bargaining power. The context in which these negotiations occur--the market--is critical, since players can adjust their behaviors in response to outside offers. Animals similarly are faced with sequential decisions regarding courtship： who to court, how to approach a potential mate, at what level to display, when to give up, etc. Thus economic models of negotiation in a market provide a framework in which we can view not just the outcome of courtship （assortative mating）, but also the process, where each sex can use tactics to improve their negotiating outcome, using the assets that they have available. Here we propose to use negotiation as a conceptual framework to explore the factors promoting tactical adjustments during sequential stages of courtship in lekking species. Our goal is to discuss the utility of negotiation as a heuristic tool, as well as the promise and peril of co-opting game theoretic models from economics to understand animal interactions. We will provide a brief overview of a few areas where we see promise for using negotiation as a framework to understand animal courtship dynamics： choice of a display territory, tactical partner choice for negotiation, approaching a potential partner and courtship haggling .
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51234010)Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research in Colleges and Universities of the Central Business (No.0903005203413)
文摘The non-isothermal oxidation experiments of ilmenite concentrate were carried out at various heating rates under air atmosphere by thermogravimetry.The oxidation kinetic model function and kinetic parameters of apparent activation energy（Ea）were evaluated by Málek and Starink methods.The results show that under air atmosphere,the oxidation process of ilmenite concentrate is composed of three stages,and the chemical reaction（G（α）=1-（1-α）~2,whereαis the conversion degree）plays an important role in the whole oxidation process.At the first stage（α=0.05-0.30）,the oxidation process is controlled gradually by secondary chemical reaction with increasing conversion degree.At the second stage（α=0.30-0.50）,the oxidation process is completely controlled by the secondary chemical reaction（G（α）=1-（1-α）~2）.At the third stage（α=0.50-0.95）,the secondary chemical reaction weakens gradually with increasing conversion degree,and the oxidation process is controlled gradually by a variety of functions;the kinetic equations are G（α）=（1-α）^（-1）（β=10K·min^（-1）,whereβis heating rate）,G（α）=（1-α）^（-1/2）（β=15-20K·min^（-1））,and G（α）=（1-α）^（-2）（β=25K·min^（-1））,respectively.For the whole oxidation process,the activation energies follow a parabolic law with increasing conversion degree,and the average activation energy is 160.56kJ·mol^（-1）.
文摘Background:Forest management affects the habitat conditions for many forest-dwelling species.Among them,the capercaillie(Tetrao urogallus)is a rare forest grouse inhabiting old,mature forests.We compared the structure of forest habitat among 9 active and 9 abandoned leks in the Augustow Forest(North-Eastern Poland),within a radius of 1 km of the leks,defined as the Key Areas for the capercaillie in lowland temperate forest.Habitat measurements were conducted on 1779 circular plots.Assessments made on all plots related to 13 habitat variables measured or noted in the field,including stand structure,canopy closure,stand developmental stage,percentage of Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris),soil fertility and soil moisture,the share of undergrowth,the cover of shrubs,the cover of bilberry(Vaccinium sp.),and the presence of certain habitat elements important to the capercaillie.Results:To compare the still-occupied and the abandoned KAs for the capercaillie,a logistic regression model was developed.The variables best explaining differences between these two categories were:the occurrence of undergrowth layers,canopy closure in the second canopy layer,and stand age.According to the model,with the increase of the shrub-layer cover as well as the density of trees,the probability of the presence of the capercaillie decreased.The capercaillie in the area of the Augustow Forest occupy mainly dry and poor,middle-aged,pinedominated forests,with a moderate extent of stand canopy closure and only weakly-developed layers of undergrowth.Conclusions:The filling-in of mature stands with sub-canopy trees and shrubs(the process which is stimulated by climate change and site eutrophication)causes structural changes,which are unfavourable to the capercaillie.This might explain why in the course of the recent decades the capercaillie has abandoned the oldest stands,distinguished by the presence of bigger shares of undergrowth.The capercaillie has shifted to younger stands,which reveal a lesser extent of canopy closure and a more limited development of understorey vegetation.
