C.L. Chang’s introduction of fuzzy topology in 1981 opened up new avenues for parallel theories in topology. However, Chang’s work appears to focus more on the topology of fuzzy sets rather than fuzzy topology itsel...C.L. Chang’s introduction of fuzzy topology in 1981 opened up new avenues for parallel theories in topology. However, Chang’s work appears to focus more on the topology of fuzzy sets rather than fuzzy topology itself. In 1975, Michálek presented a functional definition of ordinary topology and later developed fuzzy topology as a distinct extension of this idea, setting it apart from Chang’s approach. While there has been significant research on Chang’s fuzzy topology, Michálek’s version has not received as much attention. This paper introduces the concept of fuzzy regularly closed filters, or FRCM filters, within Michálek’s fuzzy topological space and explores some properties of FRCM ultrafilters.展开更多
The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magma...The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magmatism, and contains >50 Mt @ 45% to 50% of Fe ore. Ore minerals occur mainly as magnetite and hematite in the skarn alteration zone between a granitic pluton and metamorphosed Middle–Upper Devonian carbonates. The granitic pluton comprises granodiorite and granite, with zircon U-Pb dating indicating synchronous emplacement at 288.2±1.3 and 284.9±1.2 Ma, respectively. Zircons from these granitoids have ε_(Hf)(t) values of 2.9–11.2 and relatively young TDM2 ages(<1.0 Ga), indicating an origin by partial melting of depleted mafic crust or magma mixing. Previous studies have shown that these granitoids have high Y, Yb, and K_2O contents, and low Sr and Na_2O contents, which are interpreted as the melting of mafic continental crust. Pyrite of the main mineralization stage yields an ^(187)Re/^(188)Os-^(187)Os/^(188)Os isochron age of 287±17 Ma, indicating that mineralization is associated with Pha Lek granitic magmatism. A Late Carboniferous–Early Permian subduction-related skarn-type Fe mineralization model is proposed for the Pha Lek deposit. More evidence is needed to verify a hypothesis of volcanic overprinting during Late Triassic post-collisional extension.展开更多
Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depe...Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depending on the player＇s bargaining power. The context in which these negotiations occur--the market--is critical, since players can adjust their behaviors in response to outside offers. Animals similarly are faced with sequential decisions regarding courtship： who to court, how to approach a potential mate, at what level to display, when to give up, etc. Thus economic models of negotiation in a market provide a framework in which we can view not just the outcome of courtship （assortative mating）, but also the process, where each sex can use tactics to improve their negotiating outcome, using the assets that they have available. Here we propose to use negotiation as a conceptual framework to explore the factors promoting tactical adjustments during sequential stages of courtship in lekking species. Our goal is to discuss the utility of negotiation as a heuristic tool, as well as the promise and peril of co-opting game theoretic models from economics to understand animal interactions. We will provide a brief overview of a few areas where we see promise for using negotiation as a framework to understand animal courtship dynamics： choice of a display territory, tactical partner choice for negotiation, approaching a potential partner and courtship haggling .展开更多
Attendance patterns are a key factor affecting sexual selection and mating systems in lekbreeding species.However,there are few systematic studies on attendance patterns in lek-breeding anurans.In this study,we monito...Attendance patterns are a key factor affecting sexual selection and mating systems in lekbreeding species.However,there are few systematic studies on attendance patterns in lek-breeding anurans.In this study,we monitored a population of Omei treefrogs(Rhacophorus omeimontis) for four consecutive years to reveal in detail the effects of attendance patterns on mating systems.We found that(1) female nightly attendance was affected by male nightly attendance,and operational sex ratios(determined by male and female nightly attendance) ultimately determined the extent of female polyandry;(2) males surviving more than one breeding season maintained high chorus attendance and mating success,suggesting that male chorus attendance is a good predictor of male genetic quality;(3) the distributions of male mating success were not significantly different from a Poisson distribution,indicating a random mating pattern;and male mating success was not related to body size(size-assortative mating was not evident) but was significantly correlated with chorus attendance.Since the chorus attendance is a predictor of male genetic quality,females performing random mating were more likely to mate with more frequently present males and could therefore gain indirect benefits from mating with higher-than-average quality males,thereby producing good offspring without incurring the significant costs involved in prolonged searching for,and assessing males.Our systematic survey on the relationship between attendance patterns and the lek mating system in R.omeimontis could help us better understand in-depth anuran lek mating systems.展开更多
Lekking males aggregate to attract females and contribute solely to egg fer- tilization, without any further parental care. Evolutionary theory therefore predicts them to be nonchoosy toward their mates, because any l...Lekking males aggregate to attract females and contribute solely to egg fer- tilization, without any further parental care. Evolutionary theory therefore predicts them to be nonchoosy toward their mates, because any lost mating opportunities would out- weigh the benefits associated with such preferences. Nevertheless, due to time costs, the production of energetically costly sexual displays, and potential sperm limitation, the mat- ing effort of lekking males is often considerable. These factors, combined with the fact that many females of varying quality are likely to visit leks, could favor the evolution of male mate preferences. Here, we show that males of the lekking lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella, were indeed more likely to mate with heavier females in choice experiments, even at their virgin mating （i.e., when their reproductive resources have not yet been depleted by previous matings）. This differential female mating success could not be attributed to female behavior as heavy and light females showed similar motivation to mate （i.e., la- tency to approach the males） and time to copulate. Males seem to benefit from mating with heavier females, as fecundity positively correlated with female mass. This new em- pirical evidence shows that male mate choice may have been tmderestimated in lekking species展开更多
合成了一种新型环氧树脂固化剂1,4-二(4-氨基苯-1-氧)正丁烷(DDBE),并采用FTIR、1 H NMR手段对其结构进行表征和确认。采用非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了N,N,N′,N′-四缩水甘油基-4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(TGDDM)/DDBE体系的固化反应...合成了一种新型环氧树脂固化剂1,4-二(4-氨基苯-1-氧)正丁烷(DDBE),并采用FTIR、1 H NMR手段对其结构进行表征和确认。采用非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了N,N,N′,N′-四缩水甘油基-4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(TGDDM)/DDBE体系的固化反应动力学,根据Kissinger方程计算体系的活化能为58.5kJ·mol-1;采用Málek法进行模型拟合动力学分析,结果表明:其中的esták-Berggren模型的拟合曲线与实验的DSC曲线吻合,确定了体系的固化反应动力学参数和方程。DSC测试TGDDM/DDBE固化物玻璃化转变温度为195℃。展开更多
文摘C.L. Chang’s introduction of fuzzy topology in 1981 opened up new avenues for parallel theories in topology. However, Chang’s work appears to focus more on the topology of fuzzy sets rather than fuzzy topology itself. In 1975, Michálek presented a functional definition of ordinary topology and later developed fuzzy topology as a distinct extension of this idea, setting it apart from Chang’s approach. While there has been significant research on Chang’s fuzzy topology, Michálek’s version has not received as much attention. This paper introduces the concept of fuzzy regularly closed filters, or FRCM filters, within Michálek’s fuzzy topological space and explores some properties of FRCM ultrafilters.
基金supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41402074 and 41502074)Applied Fundamental Research Funding of Sichuan Province, China (No. 2015JY0055)the National Geological Survey Foundation of China (No. 121201010000150013)
文摘The Truong Son metallogenic belt in central Laos and Vietnam is an important Fe-Cu-Sn-Au polymetallic ore district. The Pha Lek Fe deposit is closely related to Late Carboniferous– Early Permian I-type granitic magmatism, and contains >50 Mt @ 45% to 50% of Fe ore. Ore minerals occur mainly as magnetite and hematite in the skarn alteration zone between a granitic pluton and metamorphosed Middle–Upper Devonian carbonates. The granitic pluton comprises granodiorite and granite, with zircon U-Pb dating indicating synchronous emplacement at 288.2±1.3 and 284.9±1.2 Ma, respectively. Zircons from these granitoids have ε_(Hf)(t) values of 2.9–11.2 and relatively young TDM2 ages(<1.0 Ga), indicating an origin by partial melting of depleted mafic crust or magma mixing. Previous studies have shown that these granitoids have high Y, Yb, and K_2O contents, and low Sr and Na_2O contents, which are interpreted as the melting of mafic continental crust. Pyrite of the main mineralization stage yields an ^(187)Re/^(188)Os-^(187)Os/^(188)Os isochron age of 287±17 Ma, indicating that mineralization is associated with Pha Lek granitic magmatism. A Late Carboniferous–Early Permian subduction-related skarn-type Fe mineralization model is proposed for the Pha Lek deposit. More evidence is needed to verify a hypothesis of volcanic overprinting during Late Triassic post-collisional extension.
基金Acknowledgements We wish to thank Jack Bradbury for the suggestion to explore the negotiation literature to understand lekking sage-grouse, and Heather McKibben and Kyle Joyce for the help in interpreting the literature. Additional thanks to two anonymous reviewers and editor, Eileen Hebets. This work was funded in part by a National Science Foundation grant to GLP and AHK （IOS-0925038）.
文摘Economists study negotiation as a series of events--partner choice, information gathering, bargaining, etc.--with each step of the process affecting the outcome of the next, and the optimal decision at each stage depending on the player＇s bargaining power. The context in which these negotiations occur--the market--is critical, since players can adjust their behaviors in response to outside offers. Animals similarly are faced with sequential decisions regarding courtship： who to court, how to approach a potential mate, at what level to display, when to give up, etc. Thus economic models of negotiation in a market provide a framework in which we can view not just the outcome of courtship （assortative mating）, but also the process, where each sex can use tactics to improve their negotiating outcome, using the assets that they have available. Here we propose to use negotiation as a conceptual framework to explore the factors promoting tactical adjustments during sequential stages of courtship in lekking species. Our goal is to discuss the utility of negotiation as a heuristic tool, as well as the promise and peril of co-opting game theoretic models from economics to understand animal interactions. We will provide a brief overview of a few areas where we see promise for using negotiation as a framework to understand animal courtship dynamics： choice of a display territory, tactical partner choice for negotiation, approaching a potential partner and courtship haggling .
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31470442)。
文摘Attendance patterns are a key factor affecting sexual selection and mating systems in lekbreeding species.However,there are few systematic studies on attendance patterns in lek-breeding anurans.In this study,we monitored a population of Omei treefrogs(Rhacophorus omeimontis) for four consecutive years to reveal in detail the effects of attendance patterns on mating systems.We found that(1) female nightly attendance was affected by male nightly attendance,and operational sex ratios(determined by male and female nightly attendance) ultimately determined the extent of female polyandry;(2) males surviving more than one breeding season maintained high chorus attendance and mating success,suggesting that male chorus attendance is a good predictor of male genetic quality;(3) the distributions of male mating success were not significantly different from a Poisson distribution,indicating a random mating pattern;and male mating success was not related to body size(size-assortative mating was not evident) but was significantly correlated with chorus attendance.Since the chorus attendance is a predictor of male genetic quality,females performing random mating were more likely to mate with more frequently present males and could therefore gain indirect benefits from mating with higher-than-average quality males,thereby producing good offspring without incurring the significant costs involved in prolonged searching for,and assessing males.Our systematic survey on the relationship between attendance patterns and the lek mating system in R.omeimontis could help us better understand in-depth anuran lek mating systems.
文摘Lekking males aggregate to attract females and contribute solely to egg fer- tilization, without any further parental care. Evolutionary theory therefore predicts them to be nonchoosy toward their mates, because any lost mating opportunities would out- weigh the benefits associated with such preferences. Nevertheless, due to time costs, the production of energetically costly sexual displays, and potential sperm limitation, the mat- ing effort of lekking males is often considerable. These factors, combined with the fact that many females of varying quality are likely to visit leks, could favor the evolution of male mate preferences. Here, we show that males of the lekking lesser wax moth, Achroia grisella, were indeed more likely to mate with heavier females in choice experiments, even at their virgin mating （i.e., when their reproductive resources have not yet been depleted by previous matings）. This differential female mating success could not be attributed to female behavior as heavy and light females showed similar motivation to mate （i.e., la- tency to approach the males） and time to copulate. Males seem to benefit from mating with heavier females, as fecundity positively correlated with female mass. This new em- pirical evidence shows that male mate choice may have been tmderestimated in lekking species
文摘合成了一种新型环氧树脂固化剂1,4-二(4-氨基苯-1-氧)正丁烷(DDBE),并采用FTIR、1 H NMR手段对其结构进行表征和确认。采用非等温差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了N,N,N′,N′-四缩水甘油基-4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(TGDDM)/DDBE体系的固化反应动力学,根据Kissinger方程计算体系的活化能为58.5kJ·mol-1;采用Málek法进行模型拟合动力学分析,结果表明:其中的esták-Berggren模型的拟合曲线与实验的DSC曲线吻合,确定了体系的固化反应动力学参数和方程。DSC测试TGDDM/DDBE固化物玻璃化转变温度为195℃。
