AIM:To estimate the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)in college and university students of North China and certain related factors for IBS.METHODS:A total of 2500 students from Shandong University in North C...AIM:To estimate the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)in college and university students of North China and certain related factors for IBS.METHODS:A total of 2500 students from Shandong University in North China were asked in February-March 2009 to complete questionnaires,including the Rome Ⅲquestionnaire,hospital anxiety and depression scale,and IBS-quality of life questionnaire(IBS-QOL).RESULTS:Among the 2126 students with complete data,the prevalence of IBS was 7.85%according to the RomeⅢcriteria,with a female/male ratio of 1.78:1.Most students had the IBS-constipation subtype (36.5%),followed by IBS-diarrhea subtype(31.1%)and IBS-mixed subtype(23.9%).The students with IBS had a higher anxiety and depression score than those without IBS.Low exercise level and anxiety indicated a high risk for IBS.The mean score of IBS patients was 74.2± 4.242 on the IBS-QOL.CONCLUSION:The prevalence of IBS is 7.85%in Chinese college and university students according to the RomeⅢcriteria.Low exercise level and anxiety may be the risk factors for IBS.展开更多
As a product of scientism and rationalism,the principle of nullum crimen sine lege has been subject to changing times and theoretical assumptions.In practice,therefore,it has not been fully able to play its role in pr...As a product of scientism and rationalism,the principle of nullum crimen sine lege has been subject to changing times and theoretical assumptions.In practice,therefore,it has not been fully able to play its role in protecting freedom and has constantly wavered over the determination of criminal punishments.Even though it has been constantly challenged,the principle of nullum crimen sine lege should be adhered to and renewed as an important principle of the modem rule of law.First,the principle of de lege lata is being questioned by theories of substantive law,and sources not in the form of law have become the de facto basis of criminal punishment.For this reason,it is necessary to reaffirm the nature of de lege lata as an exclusive source of law.Second,although the possible boundary of the meaning of criminal law texts cannot be clearly delineated empirically,one should not therefore reject the possible boundary of this meaning.The practice of delineating an objective boundary based on empirical facts should be abandoned and normative boundaries should be delineated and justified.Finally,the responsibility for judicial clarity should be recognized and accepted as a supplement to legislative clarity,and a two-tier system of legislative and judicial clarity should be developed.Here,the definite nature of criminal legislation should develop standards in terms of behavioral guidance and judicial restrictions,and clarity in criminal justice should start from the legislative text and establish general secondary rules to make the text more specific,bringing it ever closer to specific and particular case facts,and eventually establishing a relationship of subsumption between the legislative text and the facts of the case.展开更多
基金Supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30770990Medical Science and Technique Foundation of Shandong Province,No.2009GG10002009
文摘AIM:To estimate the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)in college and university students of North China and certain related factors for IBS.METHODS:A total of 2500 students from Shandong University in North China were asked in February-March 2009 to complete questionnaires,including the Rome Ⅲquestionnaire,hospital anxiety and depression scale,and IBS-quality of life questionnaire(IBS-QOL).RESULTS:Among the 2126 students with complete data,the prevalence of IBS was 7.85%according to the RomeⅢcriteria,with a female/male ratio of 1.78:1.Most students had the IBS-constipation subtype (36.5%),followed by IBS-diarrhea subtype(31.1%)and IBS-mixed subtype(23.9%).The students with IBS had a higher anxiety and depression score than those without IBS.Low exercise level and anxiety indicated a high risk for IBS.The mean score of IBS patients was 74.2± 4.242 on the IBS-QOL.CONCLUSION:The prevalence of IBS is 7.85%in Chinese college and university students according to the RomeⅢcriteria.Low exercise level and anxiety may be the risk factors for IBS.
文摘As a product of scientism and rationalism,the principle of nullum crimen sine lege has been subject to changing times and theoretical assumptions.In practice,therefore,it has not been fully able to play its role in protecting freedom and has constantly wavered over the determination of criminal punishments.Even though it has been constantly challenged,the principle of nullum crimen sine lege should be adhered to and renewed as an important principle of the modem rule of law.First,the principle of de lege lata is being questioned by theories of substantive law,and sources not in the form of law have become the de facto basis of criminal punishment.For this reason,it is necessary to reaffirm the nature of de lege lata as an exclusive source of law.Second,although the possible boundary of the meaning of criminal law texts cannot be clearly delineated empirically,one should not therefore reject the possible boundary of this meaning.The practice of delineating an objective boundary based on empirical facts should be abandoned and normative boundaries should be delineated and justified.Finally,the responsibility for judicial clarity should be recognized and accepted as a supplement to legislative clarity,and a two-tier system of legislative and judicial clarity should be developed.Here,the definite nature of criminal legislation should develop standards in terms of behavioral guidance and judicial restrictions,and clarity in criminal justice should start from the legislative text and establish general secondary rules to make the text more specific,bringing it ever closer to specific and particular case facts,and eventually establishing a relationship of subsumption between the legislative text and the facts of the case.
