Background As living standards improve,consumers are placing greater emphasis on the enhancement of fish flesh quality,making its improvement increasingly critical.Plant-derived polysaccharides positively affect the i...Background As living standards improve,consumers are placing greater emphasis on the enhancement of fish flesh quality,making its improvement increasingly critical.Plant-derived polysaccharides positively affect the improvement of animal flesh quality.Panax ginseng leaf polysaccharides(PGLP)have a similar composition and lower cost compared with Panax ginseng root polysaccharides.However,its function and application effects in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)are unclear.Methods A total of 540 sub-adult grass carp(679±1.29 g),one of the important economic fish species,were used as experimental models and fed diets supplemented with 0,100,200,300,400,or 500 mg/kg PGLP for 60 d.After 60 d,grass carp were weighed,and their muscles were collected to explore the effects of PGLP on the growth and development of myofibers and energy metabolism-related parameters.Results Our study found that PGLP increased the growth performance and muscle nutritional composition as well as improved muscle hardness,springiness,cohesiveness,chewiness,and hyperplasia of myofibers of sub-adult grass carp.Besides,PGLP promoted muscle energy metabolism by increasing creatine,glycogen,pyruvate,and acetyl-CoA contents and creatine kinase(CK),pyruvate kinase(PK),phosphofructokinase(PFK),and hexokinase(HK)activities,while decreasing lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)activity and lactate content in fish muscle.Finally,our study found that PGLP enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing the protein expression of mitochondrial complexes I–V,biogenesis,and fusion and decreasing autophagy and fission in fish muscle.Conclusions PGLP improved growth performance and flesh quality of sub-adult grass carp,which may be related to enhancing hyperplasia of myofibers by promoting energy metabolism.We concluded that the recommended amount of PGLP in sub-adult grass carp feed to optimize growth performance is 100–200 mg/kg.This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of PGLP in fish feed and for the analysis of the mechanism of nutrition and feed regulating fish flesh quality,which is of great significance.展开更多
Leaf blight spot disease,caused by bacteria and fungi,poses a threat to plant health,leading to leaf discoloration and diminished agricultural yield.In response,we present a MobileNetV3 based classifier designed for t...Leaf blight spot disease,caused by bacteria and fungi,poses a threat to plant health,leading to leaf discoloration and diminished agricultural yield.In response,we present a MobileNetV3 based classifier designed for the Jasmine plant,leveraging lightweight Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)to accurately identify disease stages.The model integrates depth wise convolution layers and max pool layers for enhanced feature extraction,focusing on crucial low level features indicative of the disease.Through preprocessing techniques,including data augmentation with Conditional GAN and Particle Swarm Optimization for feature selection,the classifier achieves robust performance.Evaluation on curated datasets demonstrates an outstanding 97%training accuracy,highlighting its efficacy.Real world testing with diverse conditions,such as extreme camera angles and varied lighting,attests to the model's resilience,yielding test accuracies between 94%and 96%.The dataset's tailored design for CNN based classification ensures result reliability.Importantly,the model's lightweight classification,marked by fast computation time and reduced size,positions it as an efficient solution for real time applications.This comprehensive approach underscores the proposed classifier's significance in addressing leaf blight spot dis-ease challenges in commercial crops.展开更多
The leaf nitrogen(N)to phosphorus(P)ratio(N:P)is a critical indicator of nutrient dynamics and ecosystem function.Investigating temporal variations in leaf N:P can provide valuable insights into how plants adapt to en...The leaf nitrogen(N)to phosphorus(P)ratio(N:P)is a critical indicator of nutrient dynamics and ecosystem function.Investigating temporal variations in leaf N:P can provide valuable insights into how plants adapt to environmental changes and nutrient availability.However,limited research has been conducted on long-term temporal leaf N:P variation over a range of temperature zones.Using long-term monitoring data from the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network(CERN),we investigated temporal changes in leaf N and P stoichiometry for 50 dominant tree species from 10 typical forest sites across temperate and subtropical regions,and identified the underlying mechanisms driving these changes.For both regions combined,leaf P concentration of the 50 dominant tree species decreased(20.6%),whereas leaf N:P increased(52.0%)from 2005 to 2020.Leaf P decreased and leaf N:P increased in 67% and 69% of the tree species,respectively.The leaf N:P increase was primarily driven by the tree species in eastern subtropical forests,where global change factors and soil nutrients explained 68% of leaf N:P variation.The P limitation exhibited by tree species in eastern subtropical forest ecosystems intensified over time,and elevated temperature and CO_(2) levels,coupled with decreased soil available P concentrations,appear to be the main factors driving long-term leaf N:P increases in these forests.Investigating long-term variations in soil nutrients together with global change factors will improve our understanding of the nutrient status of forest ecosystems in the context of global change and will support effective forest ecosystem management.展开更多
Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction ...Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction harvests light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain,and as well as giving out O_(2);dark reaction fixes CO_(2) into six carbon sugars by utilizing NADPH and energy from ATP.Subsequently,plants convert optical energy into chemical energy for maintaining growth and development through absorbing light energy.Here,firstly,we highlighted the biological importance of photosynthesis,and hormones and metabolites,photosynthetic and regulating enzymes,and signaling components that collectively regulate photosynthesis in tomato.Next,we reviewed the advances in tomato photosynthesis,including two aspects of genetic basis and genetic improvement.Numerous genes regulating tomato photosynthesis are gradually uncovered,and the interaction network among those genes remains to be constructed.Finally,the photosynthesis occurring in fruit of tomato and the relationship between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit were discussed.Leaves and fruits are photosynthate sources and sinks of tomato respectively,and interaction between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit exists.Additionally,future perspectives that needs to be addressed on tomato photosynthesis were proposed.展开更多
DNA methylation plays important roles in regulating gene expression during development.However,little is known about the influence of DNA methylation on secondary metabolism during leaf development in the tea plant(Ca...DNA methylation plays important roles in regulating gene expression during development.However,little is known about the influence of DNA methylation on secondary metabolism during leaf development in the tea plant(Camellia sinensis).In this study,we combined the methylome,transcriptome,and metabolome to investigate the dynamic changes in DNA methylation and its potential regulatory roles in secondary metabolite biosynthesis.In this study,the level of genomic DNA methylation increased as leaf development progressed from tender to old leaf.It additionally exhibited a similar distribution across the genomic background at the two distinct developmental stages studied.Notably,integrated analysis of transcriptomic and methylomic data showed that DNA hypermethylation primarily occurred in genes of the phenylpropanoid,flavonoid,and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways.The effect of methylation on transcription of these secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes was dependent on the location of methylation(i.e.,in the promoter,gene or intergenic regions)and the sequence context(i.e.,CpG,CHG,or CHH).Changes in the content of catechins and terpenoids were consistent with the changes in gene transcription and the methylation state of structural genes,such as serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases 1A(SCPL1A),leucoanthocyanidin reductase(LAR),and nerolidol synthase(NES).Our study provides valuable information for dissecting the effects of DNA methylation on regulation of genes involved in secondary metabolism during tea leaf development.展开更多
Leaf turgor loss point has been recognized as an important plant physiological trait explaining a species’drought tolerance( π_(tlp)).Less is known about the variation of π_(tlp) in time and how seasonal or interan...Leaf turgor loss point has been recognized as an important plant physiological trait explaining a species’drought tolerance( π_(tlp)).Less is known about the variation of π_(tlp) in time and how seasonal or interannual differences in water availability are affecting π_(tlp) as a static trait.I monitored the seasonal variation of π_(tlp) during a drought year starting in early spring with juvenile leaves and assessed the interannual variation in π_(tlp) of fully matured leaves among years with diverting water availability for three temperate broad-leaved tree species.The largest seasonal changes in π_(tlp) occurred during leaf unfolding until leaves were fully developed and matured.After leaves matured,no significant changes occurred for the rest of the vegetation period.Interannual variation that could be related to water availability was only present in one of the three tree species.The results suggest that the investigated species have a rapid period of osmotic adjustment early in the growing season followed by a period of relative stability,when π_(tlp) can be considered as a static trait.展开更多
Fertilization or atmospheric deposition of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)to terrestrial ecosystems can alter soil N(P)availability and the nature of nutrient limitation for plant growth.Changing the allocation of leaf P...Fertilization or atmospheric deposition of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)to terrestrial ecosystems can alter soil N(P)availability and the nature of nutrient limitation for plant growth.Changing the allocation of leaf P fractions is potentially an adaptive strategy for plants to cope with soil N(P)availability and nutrient-limiting conditions.However,the impact of the interactions between imbalanced anthropogenic N and P inputs on the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions in forest woody plants remains elusive.We conducted a metaanalysis of data about the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions,specifically associated with individual and combined additions of N and P in evergreen forests,the dominant vegetation type in southern China where the primary productivity is usually considered limited by P.This assessment allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the effects of N and P additions alone and interactively on leaf P allocation and use strategies.Nitrogen addition(exacerbating P limitation)reduced the concentrations of leaf total P and different leaf P fractions.Nitrogen addition reduced the allocation to leaf metabolic P but increased the allocation to other fractions,while P addition showed opposite trends.The simultaneous additions of N and P showed an antagonistic(mutual suppression)effect on the concentrations of leaf P fractions,but an additive(summary)effect on the allocation proportions of leaf P fractions.These results highlight the importance of strategies of leaf P fraction allocation in forest plants under changes in environmental nutrient availability.Importantly,our study identified critical interactions associated with combined N and P inputs that affect leaf P fractions,thus aiding in predicting plant acclimation strategies in the context of intensifying and imbalanced anthropogenic nutrient inputs.展开更多
Improving salt tolerance and mitigating senescence in the presence of high salinity are crucial for sustaining agricultural productivity.Previous research has demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),specifical...Improving salt tolerance and mitigating senescence in the presence of high salinity are crucial for sustaining agricultural productivity.Previous research has demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),specifically H_(2)O_(2)derived from roots and mediated by the respiratory burst oxidase homolog(NADPH),plays a significant role in regulating ion and plant hormone homeostasis in glycophytic plants,such as Arabidopsis.However,the extent to which root-derived H_(2)O_(2)fulfils similar functions in halophytic plants remains uncertain.Therefore,our study aimed to explore the potential contribution of root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in delaying leaf senescence induced by high salinity,utilizing seashore paspalum as a model halophytic plant.The application of the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor DPI,coupled with a series of leaf senescence analyses,we revealed that root-derived H_(2)O_(2)significantly retards salt-induced leaf senescence.Furthermore,through the application of hormone analysis,lipidomics,ionomics,Non-invasive Micro-test Technology(NMT),and transcriptomics,we established that NADPH-dependent H_(2)O_(2)induced by salt stress in the roots was indispensable for maintaining the balance of the aging hormone,jasmonic acid(JA),and sodium ion homeostasis within this halophytic plant.Finally,by utilizing AtrbohD Arabidopsis mutants and virus-induced gene silencing(VIGs)in Paspalum vaginatum,we demonstrated the pivotal role played by root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in upholding JA homeostasis and regulating JA-triggered leaf senescence in P.vaginatum.This study offers novel insights into the mechanisms that govern plant leaf senescence and its response to salinity-induced stress.展开更多
The anti-hair loss mechanism of Aquilaria sinensis leaf extract(ASE)has been studied by using metabolomics and network pharmacology.Metabolomics was utilized to comprehensively identify the active constituents of ASE,...The anti-hair loss mechanism of Aquilaria sinensis leaf extract(ASE)has been studied by using metabolomics and network pharmacology.Metabolomics was utilized to comprehensively identify the active constituents of ASE,and the network pharmacology was used to elucidate their anti-hair loss mechanism,which was verified by molecular docking technology.572 active compounds were identified from the ASE by metabolomics methods,where there are 1447 corresponding targets and 492 targets related to hair loss,totaling 88 targets.20 core active substances were identified by constructing a network between common targets and active substances,which include vanillic acid,chorionic acid,caffeic acid and apigenin.The five key targets of TNF,TP53,IL6,PPARG,and EGFR were screened out by the PPI network analysis on 88 common targets.The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the inflammation,hormone balance,cell growth,proliferation,apoptosis,and oxidative stress are involved.Molecular docking studies have confirmed the high binding affinity between core active compounds and key targets.The drug similarity assessment on these core compounds suggested that they have the potential to be used as potential hair loss treatment drugs.This study elucidates the complex molecular mechanism of ASE in treating hair loss,and provides a reference for the future applications in hair care products.展开更多
Brassica napus(oilseed rape)is sensitive to boron(B)deficiency and exhibits young leaf curling in response to low-B stress at the seedling stage,which leads to reduced photosynthesis and plant growth.So far,no gene ha...Brassica napus(oilseed rape)is sensitive to boron(B)deficiency and exhibits young leaf curling in response to low-B stress at the seedling stage,which leads to reduced photosynthesis and plant growth.So far,no gene has been identified to be involved in B deficiency induced leaf curling.Our previous results showed the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 might be involved in B-deficiency tolerance.However,altered BnaA1.WRKY53 expression does not influence B concentration in shoot,root and leaf cell walls,which suggests Bna A1.WRKY53 might be involved in other biological processes.Indeed,phenotypic and anatomical analyses revealed that BnaA1.WRKY53 negatively regulated the leaf curling induced by leaf epinasty by suppressing the overexpansion of palisade cells under B deficiency.Further transcriptome enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between wild-type and BnaA1.WRKY53overexpression line showed auxin response pathway was enriched.In addition,Arabidopsis DR5::GFP auxin reporter line showed B deficiency caused predominant auxin signal accumulation in the adaxial side and concomitant adaxial cell expansion,which indicated that B deficiency may induce leaf curling by altering auxin distribution.Phytohormone quantification and gene expression analysis demonstrated that BnaA1.WRKY53 prevent auxin overaccumulation in leaves by suppressing auxin biosynthetic genes under B deficiency.Furthermore,exogenous 1-naphthlcetic acid(NAA)treatment experiments revealed that high auxin could induce leaf curling and BnaA1.WRKY53 expression.Overall,these findings demonstrate that auxin and the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 synergistically regulate leaf curling to maintain an optimal leaf area under B deficiency,and provide novel insights into the resistance mechanisms against B-deficiency-induced leaf curling in oilseed rape.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)deficiency is a critical factor limiting natural regeneration in coastal shelterbelt forests,but the influence of different N forms on seedling establishment under varying light conditions remains poorly un...Nitrogen(N)deficiency is a critical factor limiting natural regeneration in coastal shelterbelt forests,but the influence of different N forms on seedling establishment under varying light conditions remains poorly understood.This study investigated the effects of N forms and N concentrations on Ligustrum compactum seedlings under simulated canopy gap conditions using a three-factor design:N form(NO_(3)^(-)-N,NH_(4)^(+)-N,mixed N),N concentration(30 and 60 kg ha^(-1)a^(-1)),and light intensity(30%,60%,and 90%full sunlight).Results showed that N addition significantly promoted seedling growth,net photosynthesis rate,and water use efficiency;however,the effects varied among N forms and concentrations.Overall,NO_(3)^(-)-N or mixed N were more favored by L.compactum seedlings;however,the N preference was altered by light intensity and N concentration.For instance,L.compactum showed greater NO_(3)^(-)-N or mixed N preference under low and medium light intensities,while displaying more NH_(4)^(+)-N preference under high light intensity.N concentration also affected the growth and N preference of L.compactum seedlings,but the variance explained by N concentration was lower than that of light intensity.Leaf C,N,P stoichiometry exhibited stronger correlations with seedling's morphological trait plasticity than those of leaf gas exchange,and further analysis demonstrated that leaf C:P and N:P were the top two critical factors affecting seedling growth,indicating that the coordination and balance among C,N,P elements were more important in explaining the seedling growth under N addition.Therefore,our results clarified that the N preference of L.compactum seedlings could be altered by light intensity and revealed that leaf C,N,P ratios were stronger predictors than leaf gas exchange parameters for explaining the N effects on seedling performance.These findings demonstrated the mechanisms of light-N interactions affecting seedling performance,providing practical guidance for optimizing N fertilization and improving natural regeneration in canopy gaps of degraded coastal shelterbelt forests.展开更多
In recent years,fungal diseases affecting grape crops have attracted significant attention.Currently,the assessment of black rot severitymainly depends on the ratio of lesion area to leaf surface area.However,effectiv...In recent years,fungal diseases affecting grape crops have attracted significant attention.Currently,the assessment of black rot severitymainly depends on the ratio of lesion area to leaf surface area.However,effectively and accurately segmenting leaf lesions presents considerable challenges.Existing grape leaf lesion segmentationmodels have several limitations,such as a large number of parameters,long training durations,and limited precision in extracting small lesions and boundary details.To address these issues,we propose an enhanced DeepLabv3+model incorporating Strip Pooling,Content-Guided Fusion,and Convolutional Block Attention Module(SFC_DeepLabv3+),an enhanced lesion segmentation method based on DeepLabv3+.This approach uses the lightweight MobileNetv2 backbone to replace the original Xception,incorporates a lightweight convolutional block attention module,and introduces a content-guided feature fusion module to improve the detection accuracy of small lesions and blurred boundaries.Experimental results showthat the enhancedmodel achieves a mean Intersection overUnion(mIoU)of 90.98%,amean Pixel Accuracy(mPA)of 94.33%,and a precision of 95.84%.This represents relative gains of 2.22%,1.78%,and 0.89%respectively compared to the original model.Additionally,its complexity is significantly reduced without sacrificing performance,the parameter count is reduced to 6.27 M,a decrease of 88.5%compared to the original model,floating point of operations(GFLOPs)drops from 83.62 to 29.00 G,a reduction of 65.1%.Additionally,Frames Per Second(FPS)increases from 63.7 to 74.3 FPS,marking an improvement of 16.7%.Compared to other models,the improved architecture shows faster convergence and superior segmentation accuracy,making it highly suitable for applications in resource-constrained environments.展开更多
Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is one of the most devastating diseases in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)and can lead to heavy yield loss(Chai et al.2020).Leaf rust can result in 50%yield loss dur...Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is one of the most devastating diseases in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)and can lead to heavy yield loss(Chai et al.2020).Leaf rust can result in 50%yield loss during epidemic years(Huerta-Espino et al.2011;Gebrewahid et al.2020;Kolomiets et al.2021).Breeding varieties resistant to leaf rust have been recognized as the most effective and economical method to mitigate wheat losses caused by Pt.The narrow genetic basis of wheat constrains the number of cultivars resistant to leaf rust(Jin et al.2021).展开更多
Potassium(K)is a highly mobile nutrient element that continuously adjusts its demand strategy among and within cotton leaves through redistribution,indirectly leading to variations in the leaf potassium content(LKC,%)...Potassium(K)is a highly mobile nutrient element that continuously adjusts its demand strategy among and within cotton leaves through redistribution,indirectly leading to variations in the leaf potassium content(LKC,%)at different leaf positions.However,due to the interaction between light and leaf age,leaf sensitivity to this change varies at different positions,including the reflection and absorption of the spectrum.Selecting the optimal leaf position for monitoring is a crucial factor in the rapid and accurate evaluation of cotton LKC using spectral remote sensing technology.Therefore,this study proposes a comprehensive multi-leaf position estimation model based on the vertical distribution characteristics of LKC from top to bottom,aiming to achieve an accurate estimation of cotton LKC and optimize the strategy for selecting the monitored leaf position.Between 2020 and 2021,we collected hyperspectral imaging data of the main stem leaves at different positions from top to bottom(Li,i=1,2,3,...,n)during the cotton budding,flowering,and boll-setting stages.Vertical distribution characteristics,sensitivity differences,and spectral correlations of LKC at different leaf positions were investigated.Additionally,the optimal range of the dominant leaf position for monitoring was determined.Partial least squares regression(PLSR),random forest regression(RFR),support vector machine regression(SVR),and the entropy weight method(EWM)were employed to develop LKC estimation models for single-and multi-leaf positions.The results showed a vertical heterogeneous distribution of cotton LKC,with LKC initially increasing and then gradually decreasing from top to bottom;the average LKC of cotton reached its maximum value at the flowering stage.The upper leaf position demonstrated greater sensitivity to K and exhibited a stronger correlation with the spectrum.The selected dominant leaf positions for the three growth stages were L1-L5,L1-L4,and L1-L2,respectively.Based on the dominant leaf position monitoring range,the optimal single leaf position models for estimating LKC during the three growth stages were PLSR-L4,PLSR-L1,and SVR-L2,with the coefficient of determination of the validation set(R2val)being 0.786,0.580,and 0.768,and the root-mean-square error of the validation set(RMSEval)being 0.168,0.197,and 0.191,respectively.The multi-leaf position LKC estimation model was constructed by EWM with R2val being 0.887,0.728,and 0.703,and RMSEval being 0.134,0.172,and 0.209,respectively.In contrast,the newly developed multi-leaf position comprehensive estimation model yielded superior results,improving the model’s stability based on high accuracy,especially during the budding and flowering stages.These findings hold significant importance for investigating cotton LKC spectral models and selecting suitable leaf positions for field monitoring.展开更多
Aerosol particle pollution has become an increasing serious environmental problem,and urban vegetation plays a long-lasting and positive role in mitigating it.This study compared the particle capture abilities of tree...Aerosol particle pollution has become an increasing serious environmental problem,and urban vegetation plays a long-lasting and positive role in mitigating it.This study compared the particle capture abilities of trees,shrubs,and herbs,and examined the compositions and influence of aerosol particles accumulated on leaf functional traits.Retained particles primarily contained Ca^(2+),K^(+),SO_(4)^(2-),NO_(3)^(-)and NH_(4)^(+),indicating their anthropogenic origins.The leathery-leaved tree Osmanthus fragrans and the papery-leaved herb Alternanthera sessilis demonstrated the higher competence in particle accumulation than other plants,and leaf morphologic structures(e.g.,leaf grooves,trichomes,waxy layers,and stomata characteristics)were closely associated with particle capture by plant species.Particle retention negatively impacted stomata,impeding photosynthesis,and reducing transpiration.In response to particle accumulation,plants tended to decrease specific leaf area and adjust stomatal conductance.Both growth form and leaf texture significantly influenced the particle capture abilities of different plant species.The substantial contribution of plants,particularly herbs in the lower vegetation strata,to particle removal should not be overlooked.Vegetation with a tree-shrub-herb configuration excels at particle capture,offering potential advantages in mitigating particle pollution and enhancing ecological benefits.展开更多
The width of rice leaves determines the size of the photosynthetic area.Optimizing rice leaf width can improve the photosynthetic rate,thereby increasing rice yield.In this study,a genome-wide association study(GWAS)w...The width of rice leaves determines the size of the photosynthetic area.Optimizing rice leaf width can improve the photosynthetic rate,thereby increasing rice yield.In this study,a genome-wide association study(GWAS)was conducted by 225 rice germplasm resources to explore the genetic basis of rice flag leaf width(FLW).We identified nine QTLs associated with FLW(qFLWs),with phenotypic contribution rates ranging from 3.17%to 14.37%.Near-isogenic lines(NILs)were developed for fine-mapping of qFLW11,and the function of FLW11 was further verified.We narrowed down q FLW11 to an 87-kb interval,which contains five genes.展开更多
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20250)the earmarked fund for CARS(CARS-45)+2 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFD2400600)Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Talent Project(2023JDRC0043)Sichuan Innovation Team of National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System(SCCXTD-2024-15)。
文摘Background As living standards improve,consumers are placing greater emphasis on the enhancement of fish flesh quality,making its improvement increasingly critical.Plant-derived polysaccharides positively affect the improvement of animal flesh quality.Panax ginseng leaf polysaccharides(PGLP)have a similar composition and lower cost compared with Panax ginseng root polysaccharides.However,its function and application effects in grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella)are unclear.Methods A total of 540 sub-adult grass carp(679±1.29 g),one of the important economic fish species,were used as experimental models and fed diets supplemented with 0,100,200,300,400,or 500 mg/kg PGLP for 60 d.After 60 d,grass carp were weighed,and their muscles were collected to explore the effects of PGLP on the growth and development of myofibers and energy metabolism-related parameters.Results Our study found that PGLP increased the growth performance and muscle nutritional composition as well as improved muscle hardness,springiness,cohesiveness,chewiness,and hyperplasia of myofibers of sub-adult grass carp.Besides,PGLP promoted muscle energy metabolism by increasing creatine,glycogen,pyruvate,and acetyl-CoA contents and creatine kinase(CK),pyruvate kinase(PK),phosphofructokinase(PFK),and hexokinase(HK)activities,while decreasing lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)activity and lactate content in fish muscle.Finally,our study found that PGLP enhanced mitochondrial function by increasing the protein expression of mitochondrial complexes I–V,biogenesis,and fusion and decreasing autophagy and fission in fish muscle.Conclusions PGLP improved growth performance and flesh quality of sub-adult grass carp,which may be related to enhancing hyperplasia of myofibers by promoting energy metabolism.We concluded that the recommended amount of PGLP in sub-adult grass carp feed to optimize growth performance is 100–200 mg/kg.This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of PGLP in fish feed and for the analysis of the mechanism of nutrition and feed regulating fish flesh quality,which is of great significance.
基金supported by any research grants from private or public funding agencies.Open-access publication funding will be provided by the Manipal Academy of Higher Education,Manipal.
文摘Leaf blight spot disease,caused by bacteria and fungi,poses a threat to plant health,leading to leaf discoloration and diminished agricultural yield.In response,we present a MobileNetV3 based classifier designed for the Jasmine plant,leveraging lightweight Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)to accurately identify disease stages.The model integrates depth wise convolution layers and max pool layers for enhanced feature extraction,focusing on crucial low level features indicative of the disease.Through preprocessing techniques,including data augmentation with Conditional GAN and Particle Swarm Optimization for feature selection,the classifier achieves robust performance.Evaluation on curated datasets demonstrates an outstanding 97%training accuracy,highlighting its efficacy.Real world testing with diverse conditions,such as extreme camera angles and varied lighting,attests to the model's resilience,yielding test accuracies between 94%and 96%.The dataset's tailored design for CNN based classification ensures result reliability.Importantly,the model's lightweight classification,marked by fast computation time and reduced size,positions it as an efficient solution for real time applications.This comprehensive approach underscores the proposed classifier's significance in addressing leaf blight spot dis-ease challenges in commercial crops.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42030509)the Special Project on National Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation of China(No.2021FY100705).
文摘The leaf nitrogen(N)to phosphorus(P)ratio(N:P)is a critical indicator of nutrient dynamics and ecosystem function.Investigating temporal variations in leaf N:P can provide valuable insights into how plants adapt to environmental changes and nutrient availability.However,limited research has been conducted on long-term temporal leaf N:P variation over a range of temperature zones.Using long-term monitoring data from the Chinese Ecosystem Research Network(CERN),we investigated temporal changes in leaf N and P stoichiometry for 50 dominant tree species from 10 typical forest sites across temperate and subtropical regions,and identified the underlying mechanisms driving these changes.For both regions combined,leaf P concentration of the 50 dominant tree species decreased(20.6%),whereas leaf N:P increased(52.0%)from 2005 to 2020.Leaf P decreased and leaf N:P increased in 67% and 69% of the tree species,respectively.The leaf N:P increase was primarily driven by the tree species in eastern subtropical forests,where global change factors and soil nutrients explained 68% of leaf N:P variation.The P limitation exhibited by tree species in eastern subtropical forest ecosystems intensified over time,and elevated temperature and CO_(2) levels,coupled with decreased soil available P concentrations,appear to be the main factors driving long-term leaf N:P increases in these forests.Investigating long-term variations in soil nutrients together with global change factors will improve our understanding of the nutrient status of forest ecosystems in the context of global change and will support effective forest ecosystem management.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research&Development Plan(Grants Nos.2022YFF10030022022YFD1200502)+7 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.3237269631991182)Wuhan Biological Breeding Major Project(Grant No.2022021302024852)Key Project of Hubei Hongshan Laboratory(2021hszd007)HZAU-AGIS Cooperation Fund(Grant No.SZYJY2023022)Funds for High Quality Development of Hubei Seed Industry(HBZY2023B004)Hubei Agriculture Research System(2023HBSTX4-06)Hubei Key Research&Development Plan(Grants Nos.2022BBA0066,2022BBA0062)。
文摘Photosynthesis is one the most important chemical reaction in plants,and it is the ultimate energy source of any living organisms.The light and dark reactions are two essential phases of photosynthesis.Light reaction harvests light energy to synthesize ATP and NADPH through an electron transport chain,and as well as giving out O_(2);dark reaction fixes CO_(2) into six carbon sugars by utilizing NADPH and energy from ATP.Subsequently,plants convert optical energy into chemical energy for maintaining growth and development through absorbing light energy.Here,firstly,we highlighted the biological importance of photosynthesis,and hormones and metabolites,photosynthetic and regulating enzymes,and signaling components that collectively regulate photosynthesis in tomato.Next,we reviewed the advances in tomato photosynthesis,including two aspects of genetic basis and genetic improvement.Numerous genes regulating tomato photosynthesis are gradually uncovered,and the interaction network among those genes remains to be constructed.Finally,the photosynthesis occurring in fruit of tomato and the relationship between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit were discussed.Leaves and fruits are photosynthate sources and sinks of tomato respectively,and interaction between photosynthesis in leaf and fruit exists.Additionally,future perspectives that needs to be addressed on tomato photosynthesis were proposed.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant Nos.2022A1515111141 and 2023A1515010786)。
文摘DNA methylation plays important roles in regulating gene expression during development.However,little is known about the influence of DNA methylation on secondary metabolism during leaf development in the tea plant(Camellia sinensis).In this study,we combined the methylome,transcriptome,and metabolome to investigate the dynamic changes in DNA methylation and its potential regulatory roles in secondary metabolite biosynthesis.In this study,the level of genomic DNA methylation increased as leaf development progressed from tender to old leaf.It additionally exhibited a similar distribution across the genomic background at the two distinct developmental stages studied.Notably,integrated analysis of transcriptomic and methylomic data showed that DNA hypermethylation primarily occurred in genes of the phenylpropanoid,flavonoid,and terpenoid biosynthesis pathways.The effect of methylation on transcription of these secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes was dependent on the location of methylation(i.e.,in the promoter,gene or intergenic regions)and the sequence context(i.e.,CpG,CHG,or CHH).Changes in the content of catechins and terpenoids were consistent with the changes in gene transcription and the methylation state of structural genes,such as serine carboxypeptidase-like acyltransferases 1A(SCPL1A),leucoanthocyanidin reductase(LAR),and nerolidol synthase(NES).Our study provides valuable information for dissecting the effects of DNA methylation on regulation of genes involved in secondary metabolism during tea leaf development.
基金supported by the European Union as a mobility grant
文摘Leaf turgor loss point has been recognized as an important plant physiological trait explaining a species’drought tolerance( π_(tlp)).Less is known about the variation of π_(tlp) in time and how seasonal or interannual differences in water availability are affecting π_(tlp) as a static trait.I monitored the seasonal variation of π_(tlp) during a drought year starting in early spring with juvenile leaves and assessed the interannual variation in π_(tlp) of fully matured leaves among years with diverting water availability for three temperate broad-leaved tree species.The largest seasonal changes in π_(tlp) occurred during leaf unfolding until leaves were fully developed and matured.After leaves matured,no significant changes occurred for the rest of the vegetation period.Interannual variation that could be related to water availability was only present in one of the three tree species.The results suggest that the investigated species have a rapid period of osmotic adjustment early in the growing season followed by a period of relative stability,when π_(tlp) can be considered as a static trait.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41473068)supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2022M722667)。
文摘Fertilization or atmospheric deposition of nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P)to terrestrial ecosystems can alter soil N(P)availability and the nature of nutrient limitation for plant growth.Changing the allocation of leaf P fractions is potentially an adaptive strategy for plants to cope with soil N(P)availability and nutrient-limiting conditions.However,the impact of the interactions between imbalanced anthropogenic N and P inputs on the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions in forest woody plants remains elusive.We conducted a metaanalysis of data about the concentrations and allocation proportions of leaf P fractions,specifically associated with individual and combined additions of N and P in evergreen forests,the dominant vegetation type in southern China where the primary productivity is usually considered limited by P.This assessment allowed us to quantitatively evaluate the effects of N and P additions alone and interactively on leaf P allocation and use strategies.Nitrogen addition(exacerbating P limitation)reduced the concentrations of leaf total P and different leaf P fractions.Nitrogen addition reduced the allocation to leaf metabolic P but increased the allocation to other fractions,while P addition showed opposite trends.The simultaneous additions of N and P showed an antagonistic(mutual suppression)effect on the concentrations of leaf P fractions,but an additive(summary)effect on the allocation proportions of leaf P fractions.These results highlight the importance of strategies of leaf P fraction allocation in forest plants under changes in environmental nutrient availability.Importantly,our study identified critical interactions associated with combined N and P inputs that affect leaf P fractions,thus aiding in predicting plant acclimation strategies in the context of intensifying and imbalanced anthropogenic nutrient inputs.
基金supported by the Project funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(Grant No.322QN248)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32401488,32060409,32371782 and 32460358)+3 种基金the Innovational Fund for Scientific and Technological Personnel of Hainan Province(Grant No.KJRC 2023C21)the Hainan High-level Talents Project(Grant No.321RC475)Collaborative Innovation Center Project of Nanfan and High-Efficiency Tropical Agriculture in Hainan University(XTCX2022NYB08)Collaborative Innovation Center Project of Ecological Civilization in Hainan University(XTCX2022STC10).
文摘Improving salt tolerance and mitigating senescence in the presence of high salinity are crucial for sustaining agricultural productivity.Previous research has demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),specifically H_(2)O_(2)derived from roots and mediated by the respiratory burst oxidase homolog(NADPH),plays a significant role in regulating ion and plant hormone homeostasis in glycophytic plants,such as Arabidopsis.However,the extent to which root-derived H_(2)O_(2)fulfils similar functions in halophytic plants remains uncertain.Therefore,our study aimed to explore the potential contribution of root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in delaying leaf senescence induced by high salinity,utilizing seashore paspalum as a model halophytic plant.The application of the NADPH-oxidase inhibitor DPI,coupled with a series of leaf senescence analyses,we revealed that root-derived H_(2)O_(2)significantly retards salt-induced leaf senescence.Furthermore,through the application of hormone analysis,lipidomics,ionomics,Non-invasive Micro-test Technology(NMT),and transcriptomics,we established that NADPH-dependent H_(2)O_(2)induced by salt stress in the roots was indispensable for maintaining the balance of the aging hormone,jasmonic acid(JA),and sodium ion homeostasis within this halophytic plant.Finally,by utilizing AtrbohD Arabidopsis mutants and virus-induced gene silencing(VIGs)in Paspalum vaginatum,we demonstrated the pivotal role played by root-sourced H_(2)O_(2)in upholding JA homeostasis and regulating JA-triggered leaf senescence in P.vaginatum.This study offers novel insights into the mechanisms that govern plant leaf senescence and its response to salinity-induced stress.
文摘The anti-hair loss mechanism of Aquilaria sinensis leaf extract(ASE)has been studied by using metabolomics and network pharmacology.Metabolomics was utilized to comprehensively identify the active constituents of ASE,and the network pharmacology was used to elucidate their anti-hair loss mechanism,which was verified by molecular docking technology.572 active compounds were identified from the ASE by metabolomics methods,where there are 1447 corresponding targets and 492 targets related to hair loss,totaling 88 targets.20 core active substances were identified by constructing a network between common targets and active substances,which include vanillic acid,chorionic acid,caffeic acid and apigenin.The five key targets of TNF,TP53,IL6,PPARG,and EGFR were screened out by the PPI network analysis on 88 common targets.The GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the inflammation,hormone balance,cell growth,proliferation,apoptosis,and oxidative stress are involved.Molecular docking studies have confirmed the high binding affinity between core active compounds and key targets.The drug similarity assessment on these core compounds suggested that they have the potential to be used as potential hair loss treatment drugs.This study elucidates the complex molecular mechanism of ASE in treating hair loss,and provides a reference for the future applications in hair care products.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32002122,32372805)。
文摘Brassica napus(oilseed rape)is sensitive to boron(B)deficiency and exhibits young leaf curling in response to low-B stress at the seedling stage,which leads to reduced photosynthesis and plant growth.So far,no gene has been identified to be involved in B deficiency induced leaf curling.Our previous results showed the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 might be involved in B-deficiency tolerance.However,altered BnaA1.WRKY53 expression does not influence B concentration in shoot,root and leaf cell walls,which suggests Bna A1.WRKY53 might be involved in other biological processes.Indeed,phenotypic and anatomical analyses revealed that BnaA1.WRKY53 negatively regulated the leaf curling induced by leaf epinasty by suppressing the overexpansion of palisade cells under B deficiency.Further transcriptome enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between wild-type and BnaA1.WRKY53overexpression line showed auxin response pathway was enriched.In addition,Arabidopsis DR5::GFP auxin reporter line showed B deficiency caused predominant auxin signal accumulation in the adaxial side and concomitant adaxial cell expansion,which indicated that B deficiency may induce leaf curling by altering auxin distribution.Phytohormone quantification and gene expression analysis demonstrated that BnaA1.WRKY53 prevent auxin overaccumulation in leaves by suppressing auxin biosynthetic genes under B deficiency.Furthermore,exogenous 1-naphthlcetic acid(NAA)treatment experiments revealed that high auxin could induce leaf curling and BnaA1.WRKY53 expression.Overall,these findings demonstrate that auxin and the transcription factor BnaA1.WRKY53 synergistically regulate leaf curling to maintain an optimal leaf area under B deficiency,and provide novel insights into the resistance mechanisms against B-deficiency-induced leaf curling in oilseed rape.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32101506)the Shenyang Top Youth Program(U35)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS(2023205)。
文摘Nitrogen(N)deficiency is a critical factor limiting natural regeneration in coastal shelterbelt forests,but the influence of different N forms on seedling establishment under varying light conditions remains poorly understood.This study investigated the effects of N forms and N concentrations on Ligustrum compactum seedlings under simulated canopy gap conditions using a three-factor design:N form(NO_(3)^(-)-N,NH_(4)^(+)-N,mixed N),N concentration(30 and 60 kg ha^(-1)a^(-1)),and light intensity(30%,60%,and 90%full sunlight).Results showed that N addition significantly promoted seedling growth,net photosynthesis rate,and water use efficiency;however,the effects varied among N forms and concentrations.Overall,NO_(3)^(-)-N or mixed N were more favored by L.compactum seedlings;however,the N preference was altered by light intensity and N concentration.For instance,L.compactum showed greater NO_(3)^(-)-N or mixed N preference under low and medium light intensities,while displaying more NH_(4)^(+)-N preference under high light intensity.N concentration also affected the growth and N preference of L.compactum seedlings,but the variance explained by N concentration was lower than that of light intensity.Leaf C,N,P stoichiometry exhibited stronger correlations with seedling's morphological trait plasticity than those of leaf gas exchange,and further analysis demonstrated that leaf C:P and N:P were the top two critical factors affecting seedling growth,indicating that the coordination and balance among C,N,P elements were more important in explaining the seedling growth under N addition.Therefore,our results clarified that the N preference of L.compactum seedlings could be altered by light intensity and revealed that leaf C,N,P ratios were stronger predictors than leaf gas exchange parameters for explaining the N effects on seedling performance.These findings demonstrated the mechanisms of light-N interactions affecting seedling performance,providing practical guidance for optimizing N fertilization and improving natural regeneration in canopy gaps of degraded coastal shelterbelt forests.
基金supported by the following grants:Zhejiang A&F University Research Development Fund(Talent Initiation Project No.2021LFR048)and 2023 University-Enterprise Joint Research Program(Grant No.LHYFZ2302)from the Modern Agricultural and Forestry Artificial Intelligence Industry Academy.
文摘In recent years,fungal diseases affecting grape crops have attracted significant attention.Currently,the assessment of black rot severitymainly depends on the ratio of lesion area to leaf surface area.However,effectively and accurately segmenting leaf lesions presents considerable challenges.Existing grape leaf lesion segmentationmodels have several limitations,such as a large number of parameters,long training durations,and limited precision in extracting small lesions and boundary details.To address these issues,we propose an enhanced DeepLabv3+model incorporating Strip Pooling,Content-Guided Fusion,and Convolutional Block Attention Module(SFC_DeepLabv3+),an enhanced lesion segmentation method based on DeepLabv3+.This approach uses the lightweight MobileNetv2 backbone to replace the original Xception,incorporates a lightweight convolutional block attention module,and introduces a content-guided feature fusion module to improve the detection accuracy of small lesions and blurred boundaries.Experimental results showthat the enhancedmodel achieves a mean Intersection overUnion(mIoU)of 90.98%,amean Pixel Accuracy(mPA)of 94.33%,and a precision of 95.84%.This represents relative gains of 2.22%,1.78%,and 0.89%respectively compared to the original model.Additionally,its complexity is significantly reduced without sacrificing performance,the parameter count is reduced to 6.27 M,a decrease of 88.5%compared to the original model,floating point of operations(GFLOPs)drops from 83.62 to 29.00 G,a reduction of 65.1%.Additionally,Frames Per Second(FPS)increases from 63.7 to 74.3 FPS,marking an improvement of 16.7%.Compared to other models,the improved architecture shows faster convergence and superior segmentation accuracy,making it highly suitable for applications in resource-constrained environments.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272083)。
文摘Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is one of the most devastating diseases in common wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)and can lead to heavy yield loss(Chai et al.2020).Leaf rust can result in 50%yield loss during epidemic years(Huerta-Espino et al.2011;Gebrewahid et al.2020;Kolomiets et al.2021).Breeding varieties resistant to leaf rust have been recognized as the most effective and economical method to mitigate wheat losses caused by Pt.The narrow genetic basis of wheat constrains the number of cultivars resistant to leaf rust(Jin et al.2021).
基金supported by the Corps Leading Talents Program,China(2023YZ01)the Tianshan Talent Training Program,China(2023TS05)the Crop Smart Production Innovation Team,China(2023TD01).
文摘Potassium(K)is a highly mobile nutrient element that continuously adjusts its demand strategy among and within cotton leaves through redistribution,indirectly leading to variations in the leaf potassium content(LKC,%)at different leaf positions.However,due to the interaction between light and leaf age,leaf sensitivity to this change varies at different positions,including the reflection and absorption of the spectrum.Selecting the optimal leaf position for monitoring is a crucial factor in the rapid and accurate evaluation of cotton LKC using spectral remote sensing technology.Therefore,this study proposes a comprehensive multi-leaf position estimation model based on the vertical distribution characteristics of LKC from top to bottom,aiming to achieve an accurate estimation of cotton LKC and optimize the strategy for selecting the monitored leaf position.Between 2020 and 2021,we collected hyperspectral imaging data of the main stem leaves at different positions from top to bottom(Li,i=1,2,3,...,n)during the cotton budding,flowering,and boll-setting stages.Vertical distribution characteristics,sensitivity differences,and spectral correlations of LKC at different leaf positions were investigated.Additionally,the optimal range of the dominant leaf position for monitoring was determined.Partial least squares regression(PLSR),random forest regression(RFR),support vector machine regression(SVR),and the entropy weight method(EWM)were employed to develop LKC estimation models for single-and multi-leaf positions.The results showed a vertical heterogeneous distribution of cotton LKC,with LKC initially increasing and then gradually decreasing from top to bottom;the average LKC of cotton reached its maximum value at the flowering stage.The upper leaf position demonstrated greater sensitivity to K and exhibited a stronger correlation with the spectrum.The selected dominant leaf positions for the three growth stages were L1-L5,L1-L4,and L1-L2,respectively.Based on the dominant leaf position monitoring range,the optimal single leaf position models for estimating LKC during the three growth stages were PLSR-L4,PLSR-L1,and SVR-L2,with the coefficient of determination of the validation set(R2val)being 0.786,0.580,and 0.768,and the root-mean-square error of the validation set(RMSEval)being 0.168,0.197,and 0.191,respectively.The multi-leaf position LKC estimation model was constructed by EWM with R2val being 0.887,0.728,and 0.703,and RMSEval being 0.134,0.172,and 0.209,respectively.In contrast,the newly developed multi-leaf position comprehensive estimation model yielded superior results,improving the model’s stability based on high accuracy,especially during the budding and flowering stages.These findings hold significant importance for investigating cotton LKC spectral models and selecting suitable leaf positions for field monitoring.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31700475).
文摘Aerosol particle pollution has become an increasing serious environmental problem,and urban vegetation plays a long-lasting and positive role in mitigating it.This study compared the particle capture abilities of trees,shrubs,and herbs,and examined the compositions and influence of aerosol particles accumulated on leaf functional traits.Retained particles primarily contained Ca^(2+),K^(+),SO_(4)^(2-),NO_(3)^(-)and NH_(4)^(+),indicating their anthropogenic origins.The leathery-leaved tree Osmanthus fragrans and the papery-leaved herb Alternanthera sessilis demonstrated the higher competence in particle accumulation than other plants,and leaf morphologic structures(e.g.,leaf grooves,trichomes,waxy layers,and stomata characteristics)were closely associated with particle capture by plant species.Particle retention negatively impacted stomata,impeding photosynthesis,and reducing transpiration.In response to particle accumulation,plants tended to decrease specific leaf area and adjust stomatal conductance.Both growth form and leaf texture significantly influenced the particle capture abilities of different plant species.The substantial contribution of plants,particularly herbs in the lower vegetation strata,to particle removal should not be overlooked.Vegetation with a tree-shrub-herb configuration excels at particle capture,offering potential advantages in mitigating particle pollution and enhancing ecological benefits.
基金supported by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant No.LD24C130001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.W2412006 and 32372125)+3 种基金the Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(Grant Nos.GHYF2025029 and YBXM2422)the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province,China(Grant No.YSPTZX202502)the National Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Project,China(Grant No.CARS-01-18)the Special Support Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant Nos.NKYCLJ-C-2021-015 and CAAS-ZDRW202401)。
文摘The width of rice leaves determines the size of the photosynthetic area.Optimizing rice leaf width can improve the photosynthetic rate,thereby increasing rice yield.In this study,a genome-wide association study(GWAS)was conducted by 225 rice germplasm resources to explore the genetic basis of rice flag leaf width(FLW).We identified nine QTLs associated with FLW(qFLWs),with phenotypic contribution rates ranging from 3.17%to 14.37%.Near-isogenic lines(NILs)were developed for fine-mapping of qFLW11,and the function of FLW11 was further verified.We narrowed down q FLW11 to an 87-kb interval,which contains five genes.
