The volatile constituents of the essential oil of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. growing wild in Kurdistan-Iran were investigated using the GC and GC/MS techniques. Fifteen compounds, representing twenty (97.03%) of ...The volatile constituents of the essential oil of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. growing wild in Kurdistan-Iran were investigated using the GC and GC/MS techniques. Fifteen compounds, representing twenty (97.03%) of the total oil were identified. The main components were: α- Pinene (22.47%), β-Caryophyllene (18.05%), β- Eudesmol (14.92%), α-Copaene (9.84%), γ-Elemene (6.79%), δ-Cadine-ne (6.13%), (–)Bornyl acetate (5.61%), α-Amorphene (3.84%), α-Fen- chyl acetate (2.35%) and β-Pinene (2.07%). Some of the physicochemical properties like the logarithm of calculated Octanol-Water partitioning coefficients (log Kow), total biodegradation and (TBd in mol/h and gr./h), water solubility (Sw, mg.L-1 at 25oC) and median lethal concentration 50 (LC50) were calculated for the 15 com- ponents of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth.展开更多
Background:A germicide like Izal is chemical agent used for reducing and preventing microbial loads in systems for treating water as well as other industries like agriculture and aquaculture.The environmental impact o...Background:A germicide like Izal is chemical agent used for reducing and preventing microbial loads in systems for treating water as well as other industries like agriculture and aquaculture.The environmental impact of germicide is often more than the target intended by those who use them.The purpose of the current study was to ascertain the toxicity levels and behavioral alterations of Juvenile African catfish,Clarias gariepinus,subjected to Izal exposure.Methods:The stock solution was created from the 100 mL by mixing 1 mL of the Izal with 99 mL of water.After that,different nominal concentrations of Izal were prepared using the stock solution by diluting the toxin with tap water in determined amounts(10 L).The fish were exposed to acute concentrations of 1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 and 3.0 mg/L of Izal had a control that served as a reference point.Results:The lethal concentration of Izal(24 h LC50)was found to be 2.4136 mg/L(95%confidence interval=2.1707–2.6838)for test fish under a semi-static system showing that Izal is moderately poisonous to the species in a dose-dependent manner and time(duration).The highest mortality was recorded in the highest concentration(3.0 mg/L)of Izal while the least mortality was observed in the 1.5 mg/L group.Izal-exposed fish had aberrant behavior,including hyperactivity,gasping of air,respiratory distress,attempts to jump out of the water,erratic swimming,refusal to feed,lethargic movement,and slow response to feed,loss of balance and depigmentation.The severity of the abnormal behavior decreased after 24 h,but remained mildly to moderately high at 2.0 and 2.5 mg/L of Izal.It was found that the death rate increased with Izal concentration and duration.Conclusion:The present study revealed that Izal was moderately toxic to Claris gariepinus juveniles and should be used prudently in the environment to guard against toxicological effect on non-target organisms such as fish.For this reason,the use of the germicides should be with caution especially near water bodies.展开更多
文摘The volatile constituents of the essential oil of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth. growing wild in Kurdistan-Iran were investigated using the GC and GC/MS techniques. Fifteen compounds, representing twenty (97.03%) of the total oil were identified. The main components were: α- Pinene (22.47%), β-Caryophyllene (18.05%), β- Eudesmol (14.92%), α-Copaene (9.84%), γ-Elemene (6.79%), δ-Cadine-ne (6.13%), (–)Bornyl acetate (5.61%), α-Amorphene (3.84%), α-Fen- chyl acetate (2.35%) and β-Pinene (2.07%). Some of the physicochemical properties like the logarithm of calculated Octanol-Water partitioning coefficients (log Kow), total biodegradation and (TBd in mol/h and gr./h), water solubility (Sw, mg.L-1 at 25oC) and median lethal concentration 50 (LC50) were calculated for the 15 com- ponents of Hymenocrater longiflorus Benth.
文摘Background:A germicide like Izal is chemical agent used for reducing and preventing microbial loads in systems for treating water as well as other industries like agriculture and aquaculture.The environmental impact of germicide is often more than the target intended by those who use them.The purpose of the current study was to ascertain the toxicity levels and behavioral alterations of Juvenile African catfish,Clarias gariepinus,subjected to Izal exposure.Methods:The stock solution was created from the 100 mL by mixing 1 mL of the Izal with 99 mL of water.After that,different nominal concentrations of Izal were prepared using the stock solution by diluting the toxin with tap water in determined amounts(10 L).The fish were exposed to acute concentrations of 1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5 and 3.0 mg/L of Izal had a control that served as a reference point.Results:The lethal concentration of Izal(24 h LC50)was found to be 2.4136 mg/L(95%confidence interval=2.1707–2.6838)for test fish under a semi-static system showing that Izal is moderately poisonous to the species in a dose-dependent manner and time(duration).The highest mortality was recorded in the highest concentration(3.0 mg/L)of Izal while the least mortality was observed in the 1.5 mg/L group.Izal-exposed fish had aberrant behavior,including hyperactivity,gasping of air,respiratory distress,attempts to jump out of the water,erratic swimming,refusal to feed,lethargic movement,and slow response to feed,loss of balance and depigmentation.The severity of the abnormal behavior decreased after 24 h,but remained mildly to moderately high at 2.0 and 2.5 mg/L of Izal.It was found that the death rate increased with Izal concentration and duration.Conclusion:The present study revealed that Izal was moderately toxic to Claris gariepinus juveniles and should be used prudently in the environment to guard against toxicological effect on non-target organisms such as fish.For this reason,the use of the germicides should be with caution especially near water bodies.
