In this paper,we establish some strong laws of large numbers,which are for nonindependent random variables under the framework of sublinear expectations.One of our main results is for blockwise m-dependent random vari...In this paper,we establish some strong laws of large numbers,which are for nonindependent random variables under the framework of sublinear expectations.One of our main results is for blockwise m-dependent random variables,and another is for sub-orthogonal random variables.Both extend the strong law of large numbers for independent random variables under sublinear expectations to the non-independent case.展开更多
As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the common...As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the commonalities between international law and international standardization,this paper explores the mechanism through which international law centered on treaties empowers international standardization.展开更多
In this work,firstly the general definition of law and types of law are presented.Then general definition of justice and types of justice are explained.Constructional and/or complementary theories are defined as gener...In this work,firstly the general definition of law and types of law are presented.Then general definition of justice and types of justice are explained.Constructional and/or complementary theories are defined as general/specific,and interaction theories,relationship theories,and hybrid theories are specifically mentioned.Accordingly,the interactions between the disciplines of law and justice are explained in more detail.Then,the general definition of engineering and philosophy of engineering are explained.The interactions between engineering and law are specifically evaluated,and interactions between engineering and 52 types of law are defined and case studies found in the literature are indicated for each.Then interactions between engineering and justice briefly mentioned.Relationships/interactions between engineering and 25 different types of justice discussed and evaluated with specific examples.Emphasis was placed on the historical development of the subject of philosophy in general,and philosophy of law was defined more specifically.Some of the philosophers of law and their areas of interest are presented in a table format and compared.The new perspective of philosophy was defined and the disciplines of R-Philosophy,R-Science,R-Justice,R-Law,R-Engineering,and R-Religion were expressed with the relevant basic concepts.New Era Philosophy,new and reconstructed Basic Philosophies,and Ideal Philosophical System explained generally.New perspective for the philosophy of justice is defined by considering the related new theories.Philosophy of defense,philosophy of equity,philosophy of equivalence,philosophy of judgment,philosophy of law,philosophy of protection,philosophy of punishment,and philosophy of rights are defined due to new perspective of philosophy.Also,philosophy of engineering law,philosophy of information technology law,philosophy of telecommunication law,and philosophy of security are defined by taking into account hybrid philosophies and general theories related to them.The interaction of engineering,law,justice,and basic philosophies has been generally expressed.展开更多
Law is all but not known for innovation.This is also true for studies in Roman private law,which have followed a system that is imagined to derive from the 2nd century AD jurist Gaius and late antique Justinianic codi...Law is all but not known for innovation.This is also true for studies in Roman private law,which have followed a system that is imagined to derive from the 2nd century AD jurist Gaius and late antique Justinianic codification.The shaping hands of the ancient codifiers and those of the medieval,early modern and 19th century jurists on Roman private law and the related legal discourses have been identified and studied at length.However,a real shift to discover the ways in which Roman private law became formed and was practiced has not been undertaken in comprehensive manner until the publication of the Handbook of Roman Private Law which is reviewed in the following from the perspective of an ancient historian.展开更多
There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this co...There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this concept has been incorporated in the vast majority of national legal systems,its precise scope and application may vary from one to another,depending on the commercial traditions and customs of each legal system^([2]).The fact that good faith has been treated differently in different national legal systems has also been reflected on the international level through its inclusion in international legal instruments,one of which is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(hereafter CISG).In this article,the legislative history of the CISG will be closely examined with the purpose of finding out how a compromise was reached between the common law countries,which expressly objected to the imposition of a duty of good faith,and the civil law countries,which explicitly endorse its incorporation.A logical result flowing from this historical examination,as will be submitted,is that the conceptual ambiguity of good faith is the underlying reasoning behind their fundamentally different attitudes towards the incorporation of this notion in the international commercial context.展开更多
Environmental rights are an important part of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on respecting and protecting human rights.Soft law has played a significant role in the integrated development of the ...Environmental rights are an important part of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on respecting and protecting human rights.Soft law has played a significant role in the integrated development of the theories of environmental rights and human rights.At the practical level,the soft law cooperation documents of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)have established general principles for the protection of environmental rights,policies for addressing climate change,standards for green investment and financing,and obligations for multinational corporations to protect the environment,making a contribution to the development and protection of environmental rights.In the future process of global environmental governance,it is necessary to start with the BRI’s soft law documents to further clarify the specific protection standards for environmental rights and promote the transformation of soft law into binding bilateral or multilateral agreements at the international level.In addition,it is essential to urge governments and enterprises to fulfill their due diligence obligations for environmental protection and strengthen information disclosure by emphasizing public interest responsibilities.Efforts should also be made to improve the environmental compliance systems of“going global”enterprises and enhance government supervision over corporate accountability for environmental rights.A corporate environmental protection accountability mechanism should be established,so as to actively promote global environmental governance in a more just and reasonable direction.展开更多
The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflict...The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflicts,clarifying the applicability of international human rights law(IHRL)and international humanitarian law(IHL)in such contexts has become an urgent issue.A comparative study on the application of IHRL and IHL needs to address three key questions step by step:First,whether IHRL is applicable during armed conflicts;second,if applicable,how IHRL complements and interacts with IHL;and third,what methods should be adopted to resolve conflicts when IHRL and IHL are applied concurrently.In this context,an analysis of the historical development of IHRL and IHL reveals that the two share a common philosophical foundation,and thus they can be applied concurrently during armed conflicts.From an empirical perspective,IHRL engages with IHL through two approaches:interpreting IHL provisions and directly applying IHRL to armed conflicts,thereby fostering interactive development between the two.In cases where normative conflicts arise between IHRL and IHL,such as in the rules on the use of force and internment procedures,the principles of systemic integration and lex specialis can reconcile these conflicts during the application process.展开更多
A drought is when reduced rainfall leads to a water crisis,impacting daily life.Over recent decades,droughts have affected various regions,including South Sulawesi,Indonesia.This study aims to map the probability of m...A drought is when reduced rainfall leads to a water crisis,impacting daily life.Over recent decades,droughts have affected various regions,including South Sulawesi,Indonesia.This study aims to map the probability of meteo-rological drought months using the 1-month Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI)in South Sulawesi.Based on SPI,meteorological drought characteristics are inversely proportional to drought event intensity,which can be modeled using a Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process,specifically the Power Law Process.The estimation method employs Maximum Likelihood Estimation(MLE),where drought event intensities are treated as random variables over a set time interval.Future drought months are estimated using the cumulative Power Law Process function,with theβandγparameters more significant than 0.The probability of drought months is determined using the Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process,which models event occurrence over time,considering varying intensities.The results indicate that,of the 24 districts/cities in South Sulawesi,14 experienced meteorological drought based on the SPI and Power Law Process model.The estimated number of months of drought occurrence in the next 12 months is one month of drought with an occurrence probability value of 0.37 occurring in November in the Selayar,Bulukumba,Bantaeng,Jeneponto,Takalar and Gowa areas,in October in the Sinjai,Barru,Bone,Soppeng,Pinrang and Pare-pare areas,as well as in December in the Maros and Makassar areas.展开更多
Practical jurisprudence is a completely new proposition in legal education and research.The introduction of the concept of“practical jurisprudence”in the teaching of the Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic...Practical jurisprudence is a completely new proposition in legal education and research.The introduction of the concept of“practical jurisprudence”in the teaching of the Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China(the“Civil Procedure Law”)is a major innovation in terms of values and methodology.Practical jurisprudence focuses more on practical issues,Chinese characteristics,and major needs,while strengthening the practical nature of the Civil Procedure Law.China’s traditional education system for juris masters(for non-law graduates)(“non-law JMs”)emphasizes the development of foundational legal theoretical knowledge.However,it has not fully achieved its goal of cultivating interdisciplinary and practical legal professionals.Therefore,the traditional education system for the Civil Procedure Law needs reconstruction and supplementation through the practical jurisprudence teaching system in the following areas:(a)System composition:The focus should be on the eight tertiary subsystems under the two secondary subsystems—“the knowledge teaching system and the practical teaching system”of practical jurisprudence in the Civil Procedure Law,as well as the management of their interrelationships.(b)Credit structure:The proportion of credits for“practical teaching and training”should be increased.(c)Practical ability requirements:Legal professionals should be cultivated according to the standards for juris masters(for law graduates)as stipulated by the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Academic Degrees.(d)Practice evaluation:“Formalization of the evaluations,”“homogeneity of the evaluators,”and“reliance on written formats”should be avoided.展开更多
By using function S-rough sets（function singular rough sets）, this paper gives rough law generation and the theorem of rough law generation.Based on these results above, the paper proposes rough law separation, the ...By using function S-rough sets（function singular rough sets）, this paper gives rough law generation and the theorem of rough law generation.Based on these results above, the paper proposes rough law separation, the theorem of rough law separation, the compound generation theorem of rough law bands, and the principle of rough law bands.In the end, an application of rough law separation in recognizing the risk law of profit is presented.展开更多
By employing the knowledge（R-element equivalence class） in one direction S-rough sets and dual of one direction S-rough sets, the concept of knowledge law is given; the generation theorem of knowledge law, the excur...By employing the knowledge（R-element equivalence class） in one direction S-rough sets and dual of one direction S-rough sets, the concept of knowledge law is given; the generation theorem of knowledge law, the excursion theorem of knowledge law, and the attribute disturbance discernible theorem of knowledge law are proposed. Knowledge law is a new characteristic of S-rough sets.展开更多
It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted princip...It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted principle of least action enables time asymmetry and time flow as a generation of action and redefines useful energy as an information system which implements a form of acting information. This is demonstrated using a basic formula, originally applied for time symmetry/energy conservation considerations, relating time asymmetry (which is conventionally denied but here expressly allowed), to energy behaviour. The results derived then explained that a dynamic energy is driving time asymmetry. It is doing it by decreasing the information content of useful energy, thus generating action and entropy increase, explaining action-time as an information phenomenon. Thermodynamic laws follow directly. The formalism derived readily explains what energy is, why it is conserved (1st law of thermodynamics), why entropy increases (2nd law) and that maximum entropy production within the restraints of the system controls self-organized processes of non-linear irreversible thermodynamics. The general significance of the principle of least action arises from its role of controlling the action generating oriented time of nature. These results contrast with present understanding of time neutrality and clock-time, which are here considered a source of paradoxes, intellectual contradictions and dead-end roads in models explaining nature and the universe.展开更多
This work focuses on a Keller-Segel chemotaxis model, with an emphasis on its conservation laws. Through a new approach combined with the multiplier method, called the mixed method, we obtain conservation vectors that...This work focuses on a Keller-Segel chemotaxis model, with an emphasis on its conservation laws. Through a new approach combined with the multiplier method, called the mixed method, we obtain conservation vectors that are related and unrelated to symmetric information. In addition, some exact solutions with particular forms are obtained according to the method of conservation laws. These particular solutions are different from the group-invariant solutions.展开更多
The Newcomb-Benford law, which describes the uneven distribution of the frequencies of digits in data sets, is by its nature probabilistic. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to derive formulas for the permissi...The Newcomb-Benford law, which describes the uneven distribution of the frequencies of digits in data sets, is by its nature probabilistic. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to derive formulas for the permissible deviations of the above frequencies (confidence intervals). For this, a previously developed method was used, which represents an alternative to the traditional approach. The alternative formula expressing the Newcomb-Benford law is re-derived. As shown in general form, it is numerically equivalent to the original Benford formula. The obtained formulas for confidence intervals for Benford’s law are shown to be useful for checking arrays of numerical data. Consequences for numeral systems with different bases are analyzed. The alternative expression for the frequencies of digits at the second decimal place is deduced together with the corresponding deviation intervals. In general, in this approach, all the presented results are a consequence of the positionality property of digital systems such as decimal, binary, etc.展开更多
The purpose of this study lies in exploring the role of materiality in environmental information disclosures under the securities laws of the United States and China,discussing the differences in the regulatory mechan...The purpose of this study lies in exploring the role of materiality in environmental information disclosures under the securities laws of the United States and China,discussing the differences in the regulatory mechanism,limits of enforcement,and challenges of seeking global harmonization.The paper does a comparative legal analysis of statutory provisions,judicial interpretations,and regulatory frameworks of the U.S.Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)and the China Securities Regulatory Commission(CSRC).Furthermore,it provides frameworks of global sustainability reporting such as the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures(TCFD)and the Global Reporting Initiative(GRI).The findings show that U.S.securities law uses a financial materiality standard with respect to what companies must disclose to investors.On the other hand,China’s regulatory approach has a double materiality in considering not only financial impacts but also wider environmental and social factors.Although there are these distinctions,both of these jurisdictions face issues of common obstruction such as ambiguities in materiality determination,inconsistent enforcement,and fear of greenwashing.This paper asserts that the U.S.and China regulatory frameworks need to converge more to promote greater corporate transparency and ESG disclosures.Regulators can even align disclosure practices with internationally recognized standards of work to add confidence for investors,fight off misleading sustainability claims and ensure accountable reporting in pertinent environments.The study concludes that the green challenges of global markets can only be tackled by regulating cooperative actions and using standardized reporting guidelines.展开更多
A shortage of courtrooms has long been a challenge in Malawi,especially since more judges were hired to help to streamline the country’s judicial process.Yet,while the current judiciary is headquartered in the countr...A shortage of courtrooms has long been a challenge in Malawi,especially since more judges were hired to help to streamline the country’s judicial process.Yet,while the current judiciary is headquartered in the country’s second-largest city of Blantyre,due to a lack of work space;some sections of the judiciary are located elsewhere,such as the juvenile,commercial and industrial courts.展开更多
文摘In this paper,we establish some strong laws of large numbers,which are for nonindependent random variables under the framework of sublinear expectations.One of our main results is for blockwise m-dependent random variables,and another is for sub-orthogonal random variables.Both extend the strong law of large numbers for independent random variables under sublinear expectations to the non-independent case.
文摘As a crucial aspect of international governance,international standardization requires legitimacy grounded in the principles and frameworks established by international law.Building upon an understanding of the commonalities between international law and international standardization,this paper explores the mechanism through which international law centered on treaties empowers international standardization.
文摘In this work,firstly the general definition of law and types of law are presented.Then general definition of justice and types of justice are explained.Constructional and/or complementary theories are defined as general/specific,and interaction theories,relationship theories,and hybrid theories are specifically mentioned.Accordingly,the interactions between the disciplines of law and justice are explained in more detail.Then,the general definition of engineering and philosophy of engineering are explained.The interactions between engineering and law are specifically evaluated,and interactions between engineering and 52 types of law are defined and case studies found in the literature are indicated for each.Then interactions between engineering and justice briefly mentioned.Relationships/interactions between engineering and 25 different types of justice discussed and evaluated with specific examples.Emphasis was placed on the historical development of the subject of philosophy in general,and philosophy of law was defined more specifically.Some of the philosophers of law and their areas of interest are presented in a table format and compared.The new perspective of philosophy was defined and the disciplines of R-Philosophy,R-Science,R-Justice,R-Law,R-Engineering,and R-Religion were expressed with the relevant basic concepts.New Era Philosophy,new and reconstructed Basic Philosophies,and Ideal Philosophical System explained generally.New perspective for the philosophy of justice is defined by considering the related new theories.Philosophy of defense,philosophy of equity,philosophy of equivalence,philosophy of judgment,philosophy of law,philosophy of protection,philosophy of punishment,and philosophy of rights are defined due to new perspective of philosophy.Also,philosophy of engineering law,philosophy of information technology law,philosophy of telecommunication law,and philosophy of security are defined by taking into account hybrid philosophies and general theories related to them.The interaction of engineering,law,justice,and basic philosophies has been generally expressed.
文摘Law is all but not known for innovation.This is also true for studies in Roman private law,which have followed a system that is imagined to derive from the 2nd century AD jurist Gaius and late antique Justinianic codification.The shaping hands of the ancient codifiers and those of the medieval,early modern and 19th century jurists on Roman private law and the related legal discourses have been identified and studied at length.However,a real shift to discover the ways in which Roman private law became formed and was practiced has not been undertaken in comprehensive manner until the publication of the Handbook of Roman Private Law which is reviewed in the following from the perspective of an ancient historian.
文摘There is a wide recognition that encompassing an obligation of good faith in every commercial contract is one of the most important advances in contract law in the twentieth century^([1]).Despite the fact that this concept has been incorporated in the vast majority of national legal systems,its precise scope and application may vary from one to another,depending on the commercial traditions and customs of each legal system^([2]).The fact that good faith has been treated differently in different national legal systems has also been reflected on the international level through its inclusion in international legal instruments,one of which is the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(hereafter CISG).In this article,the legislative history of the CISG will be closely examined with the purpose of finding out how a compromise was reached between the common law countries,which expressly objected to the imposition of a duty of good faith,and the civil law countries,which explicitly endorse its incorporation.A logical result flowing from this historical examination,as will be submitted,is that the conceptual ambiguity of good faith is the underlying reasoning behind their fundamentally different attitudes towards the incorporation of this notion in the international commercial context.
文摘Environmental rights are an important part of General Secretary Xi Jinping’s important discourses on respecting and protecting human rights.Soft law has played a significant role in the integrated development of the theories of environmental rights and human rights.At the practical level,the soft law cooperation documents of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)have established general principles for the protection of environmental rights,policies for addressing climate change,standards for green investment and financing,and obligations for multinational corporations to protect the environment,making a contribution to the development and protection of environmental rights.In the future process of global environmental governance,it is necessary to start with the BRI’s soft law documents to further clarify the specific protection standards for environmental rights and promote the transformation of soft law into binding bilateral or multilateral agreements at the international level.In addition,it is essential to urge governments and enterprises to fulfill their due diligence obligations for environmental protection and strengthen information disclosure by emphasizing public interest responsibilities.Efforts should also be made to improve the environmental compliance systems of“going global”enterprises and enhance government supervision over corporate accountability for environmental rights.A corporate environmental protection accountability mechanism should be established,so as to actively promote global environmental governance in a more just and reasonable direction.
文摘The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains unresolved,while the armed conflict between Israel and Palestine continues to escalate,causing significant civilian casualties.To better protect the victims of war in armed conflicts,clarifying the applicability of international human rights law(IHRL)and international humanitarian law(IHL)in such contexts has become an urgent issue.A comparative study on the application of IHRL and IHL needs to address three key questions step by step:First,whether IHRL is applicable during armed conflicts;second,if applicable,how IHRL complements and interacts with IHL;and third,what methods should be adopted to resolve conflicts when IHRL and IHL are applied concurrently.In this context,an analysis of the historical development of IHRL and IHL reveals that the two share a common philosophical foundation,and thus they can be applied concurrently during armed conflicts.From an empirical perspective,IHRL engages with IHL through two approaches:interpreting IHL provisions and directly applying IHRL to armed conflicts,thereby fostering interactive development between the two.In cases where normative conflicts arise between IHRL and IHL,such as in the rules on the use of force and internment procedures,the principles of systemic integration and lex specialis can reconcile these conflicts during the application process.
基金funded by Hasanuddin University,grant number 00309/UN4.22/PT.01.03/2024.
文摘A drought is when reduced rainfall leads to a water crisis,impacting daily life.Over recent decades,droughts have affected various regions,including South Sulawesi,Indonesia.This study aims to map the probability of meteo-rological drought months using the 1-month Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI)in South Sulawesi.Based on SPI,meteorological drought characteristics are inversely proportional to drought event intensity,which can be modeled using a Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process,specifically the Power Law Process.The estimation method employs Maximum Likelihood Estimation(MLE),where drought event intensities are treated as random variables over a set time interval.Future drought months are estimated using the cumulative Power Law Process function,with theβandγparameters more significant than 0.The probability of drought months is determined using the Non-Homogeneous Poisson Process,which models event occurrence over time,considering varying intensities.The results indicate that,of the 24 districts/cities in South Sulawesi,14 experienced meteorological drought based on the SPI and Power Law Process model.The estimated number of months of drought occurrence in the next 12 months is one month of drought with an occurrence probability value of 0.37 occurring in November in the Selayar,Bulukumba,Bantaeng,Jeneponto,Takalar and Gowa areas,in October in the Sinjai,Barru,Bone,Soppeng,Pinrang and Pare-pare areas,as well as in December in the Maros and Makassar areas.
文摘Practical jurisprudence is a completely new proposition in legal education and research.The introduction of the concept of“practical jurisprudence”in the teaching of the Civil Procedure Law of the People’s Republic of China(the“Civil Procedure Law”)is a major innovation in terms of values and methodology.Practical jurisprudence focuses more on practical issues,Chinese characteristics,and major needs,while strengthening the practical nature of the Civil Procedure Law.China’s traditional education system for juris masters(for non-law graduates)(“non-law JMs”)emphasizes the development of foundational legal theoretical knowledge.However,it has not fully achieved its goal of cultivating interdisciplinary and practical legal professionals.Therefore,the traditional education system for the Civil Procedure Law needs reconstruction and supplementation through the practical jurisprudence teaching system in the following areas:(a)System composition:The focus should be on the eight tertiary subsystems under the two secondary subsystems—“the knowledge teaching system and the practical teaching system”of practical jurisprudence in the Civil Procedure Law,as well as the management of their interrelationships.(b)Credit structure:The proportion of credits for“practical teaching and training”should be increased.(c)Practical ability requirements:Legal professionals should be cultivated according to the standards for juris masters(for law graduates)as stipulated by the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Academic Degrees.(d)Practice evaluation:“Formalization of the evaluations,”“homogeneity of the evaluators,”and“reliance on written formats”should be avoided.
基金supported partly by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China (Y2007Ho2)the Elementary and Advanced Technology Foundation of Henan Province of China (082300410040)
文摘By using function S-rough sets（function singular rough sets）, this paper gives rough law generation and the theorem of rough law generation.Based on these results above, the paper proposes rough law separation, the theorem of rough law separation, the compound generation theorem of rough law bands, and the principle of rough law bands.In the end, an application of rough law separation in recognizing the risk law of profit is presented.
基金Foundation item： Supported by the Nature Science Foundation of Shandong Province（Y2007H02）
文摘By employing the knowledge（R-element equivalence class） in one direction S-rough sets and dual of one direction S-rough sets, the concept of knowledge law is given; the generation theorem of knowledge law, the excursion theorem of knowledge law, and the attribute disturbance discernible theorem of knowledge law are proposed. Knowledge law is a new characteristic of S-rough sets.
文摘It is shown that time asymmetry is essential for deriving thermodynamic law and arises from the turnover of energy while reducing its information content and driving entropy increase. A dynamically interpreted principle of least action enables time asymmetry and time flow as a generation of action and redefines useful energy as an information system which implements a form of acting information. This is demonstrated using a basic formula, originally applied for time symmetry/energy conservation considerations, relating time asymmetry (which is conventionally denied but here expressly allowed), to energy behaviour. The results derived then explained that a dynamic energy is driving time asymmetry. It is doing it by decreasing the information content of useful energy, thus generating action and entropy increase, explaining action-time as an information phenomenon. Thermodynamic laws follow directly. The formalism derived readily explains what energy is, why it is conserved (1st law of thermodynamics), why entropy increases (2nd law) and that maximum entropy production within the restraints of the system controls self-organized processes of non-linear irreversible thermodynamics. The general significance of the principle of least action arises from its role of controlling the action generating oriented time of nature. These results contrast with present understanding of time neutrality and clock-time, which are here considered a source of paradoxes, intellectual contradictions and dead-end roads in models explaining nature and the universe.
文摘This work focuses on a Keller-Segel chemotaxis model, with an emphasis on its conservation laws. Through a new approach combined with the multiplier method, called the mixed method, we obtain conservation vectors that are related and unrelated to symmetric information. In addition, some exact solutions with particular forms are obtained according to the method of conservation laws. These particular solutions are different from the group-invariant solutions.
文摘The Newcomb-Benford law, which describes the uneven distribution of the frequencies of digits in data sets, is by its nature probabilistic. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to derive formulas for the permissible deviations of the above frequencies (confidence intervals). For this, a previously developed method was used, which represents an alternative to the traditional approach. The alternative formula expressing the Newcomb-Benford law is re-derived. As shown in general form, it is numerically equivalent to the original Benford formula. The obtained formulas for confidence intervals for Benford’s law are shown to be useful for checking arrays of numerical data. Consequences for numeral systems with different bases are analyzed. The alternative expression for the frequencies of digits at the second decimal place is deduced together with the corresponding deviation intervals. In general, in this approach, all the presented results are a consequence of the positionality property of digital systems such as decimal, binary, etc.
文摘The purpose of this study lies in exploring the role of materiality in environmental information disclosures under the securities laws of the United States and China,discussing the differences in the regulatory mechanism,limits of enforcement,and challenges of seeking global harmonization.The paper does a comparative legal analysis of statutory provisions,judicial interpretations,and regulatory frameworks of the U.S.Securities and Exchange Commission(SEC)and the China Securities Regulatory Commission(CSRC).Furthermore,it provides frameworks of global sustainability reporting such as the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures(TCFD)and the Global Reporting Initiative(GRI).The findings show that U.S.securities law uses a financial materiality standard with respect to what companies must disclose to investors.On the other hand,China’s regulatory approach has a double materiality in considering not only financial impacts but also wider environmental and social factors.Although there are these distinctions,both of these jurisdictions face issues of common obstruction such as ambiguities in materiality determination,inconsistent enforcement,and fear of greenwashing.This paper asserts that the U.S.and China regulatory frameworks need to converge more to promote greater corporate transparency and ESG disclosures.Regulators can even align disclosure practices with internationally recognized standards of work to add confidence for investors,fight off misleading sustainability claims and ensure accountable reporting in pertinent environments.The study concludes that the green challenges of global markets can only be tackled by regulating cooperative actions and using standardized reporting guidelines.
文摘A shortage of courtrooms has long been a challenge in Malawi,especially since more judges were hired to help to streamline the country’s judicial process.Yet,while the current judiciary is headquartered in the country’s second-largest city of Blantyre,due to a lack of work space;some sections of the judiciary are located elsewhere,such as the juvenile,commercial and industrial courts.
