Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 exists in vivo as quasispecies, and one of the genome's characteristics is its diversity. During the antiretroviral therapy, drug resistance is the main obstacle to effective vi...Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 exists in vivo as quasispecies, and one of the genome's characteristics is its diversity. During the antiretroviral therapy, drug resistance is the main obstacle to effective viral prevention. Understanding the molecular evolution process is fundamental to analyze the mechanism of drug resistance and develop a strategy to minimize resistance. Objective: The molecular evolution of drug resistance of one patient who had received reverse transcriptase inhibitors for a long time and had treatment which replaced Nevirapine with Indinavir was analyzed, with the aim of observing the drug resistance evolution pathway. Methods: The patient, XLF, was followed-up for six successive times. The viral populations were amplified and sequenced by single-genome amplification. All the sequences were submitted to the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database for the analysis of genotypic drug resistance. Results: 149 entire protease and 171 entire reverse transcriptase sequences were obtained from these samples, and all sequences were identified as subtype B. Before the patient received Indinavir, the viral population only had some polymorphisms in the protease sequences. After the patient began Indinavir treatment, the variants carrying polymorphisms declined while variants carrying the secondary mutation G73S gained the advantage. As therapy was prolonged, G73S was combined with M46I/L90M to form a resistance pattern M46I/G73S/L90M, which then became the dominant population. 97.9% of variants had the M46I/G73S/L90M pattern at XLF6. During the emergence of protease inhibitors resistance, reverse transcriptase inhibitors resistance maintained high levels. Conclusion: Indinavirresistance evolution was observed by single-genome amplification. During the course of changing the regimen to incorporate Indinavir, the G73S mutation occurred and was combined with M46I/L90M.展开更多
We construct a triangular algebra whose diagonals form a noncommutative algebra and its lattice of invariant projections contains only two nontrivial projections. Moreover we prove that our triangular algebra is maximal.
Let 0 → I → A → A/I → 0 be a short exact sequence of C*-algebras with A unital. Suppose that the extension 0 → I → A → A/I → 0 is quasidiagonal, then it is shown that any positive element (projection, partial ...Let 0 → I → A → A/I → 0 be a short exact sequence of C*-algebras with A unital. Suppose that the extension 0 → I → A → A/I → 0 is quasidiagonal, then it is shown that any positive element (projection, partial isometry, unitary element, respectively) in A/I has a lifting with the same form which commutes with some quasicentral approximate unit of I consisting of projections. Furthermore, it is shown that for any given positive number ε, two positive elements (projections, partial isometries, unitary elements, respectively) $ \bar a,\bar b $ in A/I, and a positive element (projection, partial isometry, unitary element, respectively) a which is a lifting of $ \bar a $ , there is a positive element (projection, partial isometry, unitary element, respectively) b in A which is a lifting of $ \bar b $ such that ∥a?b∥ < $ \left\| {\bar a - \bar b} \right\| + \varepsilon $ . As an application, it is shown that for any positive numbers ε and $ \bar u $ in U(A/I) 0 , there exists u in U(A)0 which is a lifting of $ \bar u $ such that cel(u) < cel $ (\bar u) + \varepsilon $ .展开更多
In this paper,we compute the adiabatic limit of the scalar curvature and prove several vanishing theorems by taking adiabatic limits.As an application,we give a Kastler-Kalau-Walze type theorem for foliations.
In the present paper, it is proved that the K0-group of a Toeplitz algebra on any connected domain is always isomorphic to the K0-group of the relative continuous function algebra. In addition, the cohomotopy groups o...In the present paper, it is proved that the K0-group of a Toeplitz algebra on any connected domain is always isomorphic to the K0-group of the relative continuous function algebra. In addition, the cohomotopy groups of essential boundaries of some connected domains are computed, and the K0-groups of the continuous function algebras on these domains are also computed.展开更多
We show that every local 3-cocycle of a von Neumann algebra $\mathcal{R}$ into an arbitrary unital dual $\mathcal{R}$ -bimodule $\mathcal{S}$ is a 3-cocycle.
Let $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?) × α ? be the crossed product von Neumann algebra of the free group factor $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?), associated with the left regular representation λ of the free group F ? with the set {u...Let $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?) × α ? be the crossed product von Neumann algebra of the free group factor $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?), associated with the left regular representation λ of the free group F ? with the set {u r : r ∈ ?} of generators, by an automorphism α defined by α(λ(u r )) = exp(2πri)λ(u r ), where ? is the rational number set. We show that $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?) × α ? is a wΓ factor, and for each r ∈ ?, the von Neumann subalgebra $ \mathcal{A}_r $ generated in $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?) × α ? by λ(u r ) and υ is maximal injective, where υ is the unitary implementing the automorphism α. In particular, $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?) × α ? is a wΓ factor with a maximal abelian selfadjoint subalgebra $ \mathcal{A}_0 $ which cannot be contained in any hyperfinite type II1 subfactor of $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?) × α ?. This gives a counterexample of Kadison’s problem in the case of wΓ factor.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (30830088 and 30800938)The National Key and Special Projects on Major Infectious Disease Grant (2008 ZX10001-004)
文摘Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 exists in vivo as quasispecies, and one of the genome's characteristics is its diversity. During the antiretroviral therapy, drug resistance is the main obstacle to effective viral prevention. Understanding the molecular evolution process is fundamental to analyze the mechanism of drug resistance and develop a strategy to minimize resistance. Objective: The molecular evolution of drug resistance of one patient who had received reverse transcriptase inhibitors for a long time and had treatment which replaced Nevirapine with Indinavir was analyzed, with the aim of observing the drug resistance evolution pathway. Methods: The patient, XLF, was followed-up for six successive times. The viral populations were amplified and sequenced by single-genome amplification. All the sequences were submitted to the Stanford HIV Drug Resistance Database for the analysis of genotypic drug resistance. Results: 149 entire protease and 171 entire reverse transcriptase sequences were obtained from these samples, and all sequences were identified as subtype B. Before the patient received Indinavir, the viral population only had some polymorphisms in the protease sequences. After the patient began Indinavir treatment, the variants carrying polymorphisms declined while variants carrying the secondary mutation G73S gained the advantage. As therapy was prolonged, G73S was combined with M46I/L90M to form a resistance pattern M46I/G73S/L90M, which then became the dominant population. 97.9% of variants had the M46I/G73S/L90M pattern at XLF6. During the emergence of protease inhibitors resistance, reverse transcriptase inhibitors resistance maintained high levels. Conclusion: Indinavirresistance evolution was observed by single-genome amplification. During the course of changing the regimen to incorporate Indinavir, the G73S mutation occurred and was combined with M46I/L90M.
基金Shaanxi Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 2006A17)
文摘We construct a triangular algebra whose diagonals form a noncommutative algebra and its lattice of invariant projections contains only two nontrivial projections. Moreover we prove that our triangular algebra is maximal.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10771161)
文摘Let 0 → I → A → A/I → 0 be a short exact sequence of C*-algebras with A unital. Suppose that the extension 0 → I → A → A/I → 0 is quasidiagonal, then it is shown that any positive element (projection, partial isometry, unitary element, respectively) in A/I has a lifting with the same form which commutes with some quasicentral approximate unit of I consisting of projections. Furthermore, it is shown that for any given positive number ε, two positive elements (projections, partial isometries, unitary elements, respectively) $ \bar a,\bar b $ in A/I, and a positive element (projection, partial isometry, unitary element, respectively) a which is a lifting of $ \bar a $ , there is a positive element (projection, partial isometry, unitary element, respectively) b in A which is a lifting of $ \bar b $ such that ∥a?b∥ < $ \left\| {\bar a - \bar b} \right\| + \varepsilon $ . As an application, it is shown that for any positive numbers ε and $ \bar u $ in U(A/I) 0 , there exists u in U(A)0 which is a lifting of $ \bar u $ such that cel(u) < cel $ (\bar u) + \varepsilon $ .
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of USA(Grant No.DMS0705284)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.10801027)
文摘In this paper,we compute the adiabatic limit of the scalar curvature and prove several vanishing theorems by taking adiabatic limits.As an application,we give a Kastler-Kalau-Walze type theorem for foliations.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10371082)
文摘In the present paper, it is proved that the K0-group of a Toeplitz algebra on any connected domain is always isomorphic to the K0-group of the relative continuous function algebra. In addition, the cohomotopy groups of essential boundaries of some connected domains are computed, and the K0-groups of the continuous function algebras on these domains are also computed.
基金This work was partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.10201007 and A0324614)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No.Y2006A03)
文摘We show that every local 3-cocycle of a von Neumann algebra $\mathcal{R}$ into an arbitrary unital dual $\mathcal{R}$ -bimodule $\mathcal{S}$ is a 3-cocycle.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10201007, A0324614)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (Grant No. Y2006A03)
文摘Let $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?) × α ? be the crossed product von Neumann algebra of the free group factor $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?), associated with the left regular representation λ of the free group F ? with the set {u r : r ∈ ?} of generators, by an automorphism α defined by α(λ(u r )) = exp(2πri)λ(u r ), where ? is the rational number set. We show that $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?) × α ? is a wΓ factor, and for each r ∈ ?, the von Neumann subalgebra $ \mathcal{A}_r $ generated in $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?) × α ? by λ(u r ) and υ is maximal injective, where υ is the unitary implementing the automorphism α. In particular, $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?) × α ? is a wΓ factor with a maximal abelian selfadjoint subalgebra $ \mathcal{A}_0 $ which cannot be contained in any hyperfinite type II1 subfactor of $ \mathcal{L} $ (F ?) × α ?. This gives a counterexample of Kadison’s problem in the case of wΓ factor.
