太阳星云气体的耗散可以引起长期共振迁移（secular resonance sweeping，SRS），当长期共振的位置扫过经典Kuiper带小天体（Kuiper Belt objects，KBOs），就会激发其轨道倾角．详细研究了在太阳系紧致构形中（指四个大行星轨道彼此相...太阳星云气体的耗散可以引起长期共振迁移（secular resonance sweeping，SRS），当长期共振的位置扫过经典Kuiper带小天体（Kuiper Belt objects，KBOs），就会激发其轨道倾角．详细研究了在太阳系紧致构形中（指四个大行星轨道彼此相距较小的状态）SRS对经典KBOs轨道倾角的激发过程，发现KBOs轨道倾角受激发的程度敏感地依赖于星云气体中面与太阳系不变平面^1 的夹角δ：当星云气体中面与不变平面重合，即δ=0时，经典KBOs倾角受到的激发很小；而当星云气体中面与黄道面重合，即δ≈1．6^。时，在合理的初始条件下，经典KBOs的倾角最高可以被激发到30^。以上,另外，通过模拟木星具有较大轨道倾角的情形以及SRS和大行星轨道迁移同时发生的情形，发现对于经典KBOs倾角的受激发程度而言，它们两者的影响都远弱于6．展开更多
Cometary nuclei, the remnant icy bodies of planet formation, located at the outer edge of the solar system, are relatively poorly studied because of their small sizes and thus faintness. Thus far more than a hundred l...Cometary nuclei, the remnant icy bodies of planet formation, located at the outer edge of the solar system, are relatively poorly studied because of their small sizes and thus faintness. Thus far more than a hundred large members (size about 100 km) of this cometary population in the Kuiper belt have been identified. Smaller bodies (10 km) are much too faint to image directly and their number so far can only be extrapolated on theoretical grounds. The Taiwan-America Occultation Survey (TAOS) will conduct a census of the number of Kuiper belt objects down to a few km size by monitoring chance stellar occultations by these cometary nuclei. We will set up an array of small (50cm), wide-field (f/1 9) telescopes, each equipped with a 2K squared CCD camera, along a 7 km baseline in central Taiwan at an elevation above ～ 3000 m. The robot telescopes will operate in a coincidence mode, so the sequence and timing of any candidate occultation event can be recorded and distinguished against a false detection. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the National Central University, and the Academia Sinica, will each contribute one telescope system. Researchers from an international variety of institutes are also participating in the project. Our experiment provides the only means to study the cometary population in the small-sized end of the distrbution. A great number of scientific byproducts, notably variable stars, will also derive from the huge TAOS database, some 10, 000 giga-bytes worth of photometrical measuremements per year.展开更多
A first-order question in the studies of the Solar System is how its outer zone known as the Kuiper belt was created and evolved.Two end-member models, involving coagulation vs. streaming instability, make different p...A first-order question in the studies of the Solar System is how its outer zone known as the Kuiper belt was created and evolved.Two end-member models, involving coagulation vs. streaming instability, make different predictions-testable by the cratering history of Kuiper Belt Objects(KBOs)-about the cumulative size-frequency distribution(SFD) of the KBOs. Among all of the imaged KBOs, Pluto’s largest icy moon, Charon, appears to preserve the largest size range of seemingly undisturbed craters, their diameters(D) on Charon ranging from < 1 km to > 220 km. Current work shows that Charon’s craters with D < 10-20 km are fewer than those expected by the coagulation mechanism, but whether this is an artifact of post-cratering modification of smaller craters is unknown. We address this issue by conducting systematic photogeological mapping and performing detailed landform analysis using the highest resolution images obtained by the New Horizons spacecraft, which reveal a range of differentiable terrains on Charon. The most important findings of our work include(1) truncation and obliteration of large craters(diameters > 30-40 km) and their crater rim ridges along the eastern edges of several north-trending, eastward-convex, arcuate ranges in Oz Terra of the northern encountered hemisphere,(2) lobate ridges, lobate knob trains, and lobate aprons resembling glacial moraine landforms on Earth,(3) dendritic channel systems containing hanging valleys,and(4) locally striated surfaces defined by parallel ridges, knob trains, and grooves that are > 40-50 km in length. The above observations and the topographic dichotomy of Charon’s encountered hemisphere can be explained by a landscape-evolution model that involves(i)a giant impact that created the Vulcan Planitia basin and the extensional fault zone along its northern rim,(ii) a transient atmosphere capable of driving N2-ice glacial erosion of the water-ice bedrock and transporting water-ice debris to sedimentary basins,(iii) regional glacial erosion and transport of earlier emplaced impact ejecta deposits from the highlands of Oz Terra into the lowland basin of Vulcan Planitia,(iv) syn-glaciation north-trending thrusting, interpreted to have been induced by Charon’s despinning, and(v) the development of a water-ice debris cover layer over subsurface N2 ice below Vulcan Planitia during global deglaciation. The infilling of the Vulcan Planitia could have been accompanied by cryovolcanism. The extensive modification of impact craters means that the size-frequency distributions of Charon’s craters should serve only as a lower bound when used to test formation mechanisms proposed for Kuiper belt objects.展开更多
The orbital migration of Jovian planets is believed to have played an important role in shaping the Kuiper Belt. We investigate the effects of the long time-scale （2 ×107 yr） migration of Jovian planets on the ...The orbital migration of Jovian planets is believed to have played an important role in shaping the Kuiper Belt. We investigate the effects of the long time-scale （2 ×107 yr） migration of Jovian planets on the orbital evolution of massless test particles that are initially located beyond 28 AU. Because of the slowness of the migration, Neptune＇s mean motion resonances capture test particles very efficiently. Taking into account the stochastic behavior during the planetary migration and for proper parameter values, the resulting concentration of objects in the 3：2 resonance is prominent, while very few objects enter the 2：1 resonance, thus matching the observed Kuiper Belt objects very well. We also find that such a long time-scale migration is favorable for exciting the inclinations of the test particles, because it makes the secular resonance possible to operate during the migration. Our analyses show that the us secular resonance excites the eccentricities of some test particles, so decreasing their perihelion distances, leading to close encounters with Neptune, which can then pump the inclinations up to 20°.展开更多
Despite Pluto’s demotion to dwarf planet status,people are still attached to it.Scientists combined observations of Pluto from NASA’s New Horizons probe with observations of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko from the Euro...Despite Pluto’s demotion to dwarf planet status,people are still attached to it.Scientists combined observations of Pluto from NASA’s New Horizons probe with observations of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko from the European Space Agency’s Rosetta probe and found that Pluto’s nitrogen abundance matched the pattern of about a billion comets,which led to the theory that Pluto is made of about a billion comets.Yet they don’t know exactly when or where these comets originated.By studying the origin and orbit of comets,the author of this paper found that the material that condensed Pluto was mainly comets and dust ejected by Neptune,and the Kuiper Belt objects were condensed by material ejected by Neptune toward the outer side of its orbit.展开更多
In this paper, a criterion on the C^0-sufficiency for a function germ with non-isolated singularity is obtained analogously to that of Kuiper-Kuo for the case of isolated singularities. Moreover, the Kuiper Kuo condit...In this paper, a criterion on the C^0-sufficiency for a function germ with non-isolated singularity is obtained analogously to that of Kuiper-Kuo for the case of isolated singularities. Moreover, the Kuiper Kuo condition and the Thom condition for an analytic function germ with non-isolated singularity are proved to be equivalent.展开更多
The perihelion of long-period comets places them near the Sun so they may exhibit activity.Before 2013 LU28 reached its perihelion,we performed a continuous observation to detect possible activity.Using the Lijiang 2....The perihelion of long-period comets places them near the Sun so they may exhibit activity.Before 2013 LU28 reached its perihelion,we performed a continuous observation to detect possible activity.Using the Lijiang 2.4 m telescope with a Johnson R filter,we measured the brightness of 2013 LU28 from 2024 January 3 to April 13.The instrumental magnitudes were subsequently transformed into the Pan-STARRS r system.Due to the noticeable descending trend in the absolute magnitude,we verified the cometary activity and constrained some photometric properties of 2013 LU28.Consequently,the increased cross-sectional area had a rate of 42.8 km^(2)day^(−1),and the corresponding mass-loss rate was 2.64 kg s^(−1)with the assumption of a dust-particle size a=10 mm and the densityρ=400 kg m^(−3).We estimated the nucleus radius as 0.11■r_(n)■0.21 km for CO sublimation and 0.20■r_(n)■0.71 km for CO_(2)sublimation and the grain size of 2013 LU28 was ac;117.95μm for CO and ac■7.57μm for CO_(2).The long-term observations provided in this paper will offer significant value for investigating the mechanisms driving the activity of 2013 LU28.展开更多
文摘Cometary nuclei, the remnant icy bodies of planet formation, located at the outer edge of the solar system, are relatively poorly studied because of their small sizes and thus faintness. Thus far more than a hundred large members (size about 100 km) of this cometary population in the Kuiper belt have been identified. Smaller bodies (10 km) are much too faint to image directly and their number so far can only be extrapolated on theoretical grounds. The Taiwan-America Occultation Survey (TAOS) will conduct a census of the number of Kuiper belt objects down to a few km size by monitoring chance stellar occultations by these cometary nuclei. We will set up an array of small (50cm), wide-field (f/1 9) telescopes, each equipped with a 2K squared CCD camera, along a 7 km baseline in central Taiwan at an elevation above ～ 3000 m. The robot telescopes will operate in a coincidence mode, so the sequence and timing of any candidate occultation event can be recorded and distinguished against a false detection. The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the National Central University, and the Academia Sinica, will each contribute one telescope system. Researchers from an international variety of institutes are also participating in the project. Our experiment provides the only means to study the cometary population in the small-sized end of the distrbution. A great number of scientific byproducts, notably variable stars, will also derive from the huge TAOS database, some 10, 000 giga-bytes worth of photometrical measuremements per year.
文摘A first-order question in the studies of the Solar System is how its outer zone known as the Kuiper belt was created and evolved.Two end-member models, involving coagulation vs. streaming instability, make different predictions-testable by the cratering history of Kuiper Belt Objects(KBOs)-about the cumulative size-frequency distribution(SFD) of the KBOs. Among all of the imaged KBOs, Pluto’s largest icy moon, Charon, appears to preserve the largest size range of seemingly undisturbed craters, their diameters(D) on Charon ranging from < 1 km to > 220 km. Current work shows that Charon’s craters with D < 10-20 km are fewer than those expected by the coagulation mechanism, but whether this is an artifact of post-cratering modification of smaller craters is unknown. We address this issue by conducting systematic photogeological mapping and performing detailed landform analysis using the highest resolution images obtained by the New Horizons spacecraft, which reveal a range of differentiable terrains on Charon. The most important findings of our work include(1) truncation and obliteration of large craters(diameters > 30-40 km) and their crater rim ridges along the eastern edges of several north-trending, eastward-convex, arcuate ranges in Oz Terra of the northern encountered hemisphere,(2) lobate ridges, lobate knob trains, and lobate aprons resembling glacial moraine landforms on Earth,(3) dendritic channel systems containing hanging valleys,and(4) locally striated surfaces defined by parallel ridges, knob trains, and grooves that are > 40-50 km in length. The above observations and the topographic dichotomy of Charon’s encountered hemisphere can be explained by a landscape-evolution model that involves(i)a giant impact that created the Vulcan Planitia basin and the extensional fault zone along its northern rim,(ii) a transient atmosphere capable of driving N2-ice glacial erosion of the water-ice bedrock and transporting water-ice debris to sedimentary basins,(iii) regional glacial erosion and transport of earlier emplaced impact ejecta deposits from the highlands of Oz Terra into the lowland basin of Vulcan Planitia,(iv) syn-glaciation north-trending thrusting, interpreted to have been induced by Charon’s despinning, and(v) the development of a water-ice debris cover layer over subsurface N2 ice below Vulcan Planitia during global deglaciation. The infilling of the Vulcan Planitia could have been accompanied by cryovolcanism. The extensive modification of impact craters means that the size-frequency distributions of Charon’s craters should serve only as a lower bound when used to test formation mechanisms proposed for Kuiper belt objects.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
文摘The orbital migration of Jovian planets is believed to have played an important role in shaping the Kuiper Belt. We investigate the effects of the long time-scale （2 ×107 yr） migration of Jovian planets on the orbital evolution of massless test particles that are initially located beyond 28 AU. Because of the slowness of the migration, Neptune＇s mean motion resonances capture test particles very efficiently. Taking into account the stochastic behavior during the planetary migration and for proper parameter values, the resulting concentration of objects in the 3：2 resonance is prominent, while very few objects enter the 2：1 resonance, thus matching the observed Kuiper Belt objects very well. We also find that such a long time-scale migration is favorable for exciting the inclinations of the test particles, because it makes the secular resonance possible to operate during the migration. Our analyses show that the us secular resonance excites the eccentricities of some test particles, so decreasing their perihelion distances, leading to close encounters with Neptune, which can then pump the inclinations up to 20°.
文摘Despite Pluto’s demotion to dwarf planet status,people are still attached to it.Scientists combined observations of Pluto from NASA’s New Horizons probe with observations of comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko from the European Space Agency’s Rosetta probe and found that Pluto’s nitrogen abundance matched the pattern of about a billion comets,which led to the theory that Pluto is made of about a billion comets.Yet they don’t know exactly when or where these comets originated.By studying the origin and orbit of comets,the author of this paper found that the material that condensed Pluto was mainly comets and dust ejected by Neptune,and the Kuiper Belt objects were condensed by material ejected by Neptune toward the outer side of its orbit.
文摘In this paper, a criterion on the C^0-sufficiency for a function germ with non-isolated singularity is obtained analogously to that of Kuiper-Kuo for the case of isolated singularities. Moreover, the Kuiper Kuo condition and the Thom condition for an analytic function germ with non-isolated singularity are proved to be equivalent.
基金Funding for the telescope has been provided by CAS and the People’s Government of Yunnan Provincefunded by the Civil Aerospace pre-research project D020302+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (U12150009,12150009)the CAS Light of West China Programthe science research grants from the China Manned Space Project with NO.CMS-CSST-2021-B10
文摘The perihelion of long-period comets places them near the Sun so they may exhibit activity.Before 2013 LU28 reached its perihelion,we performed a continuous observation to detect possible activity.Using the Lijiang 2.4 m telescope with a Johnson R filter,we measured the brightness of 2013 LU28 from 2024 January 3 to April 13.The instrumental magnitudes were subsequently transformed into the Pan-STARRS r system.Due to the noticeable descending trend in the absolute magnitude,we verified the cometary activity and constrained some photometric properties of 2013 LU28.Consequently,the increased cross-sectional area had a rate of 42.8 km^(2)day^(−1),and the corresponding mass-loss rate was 2.64 kg s^(−1)with the assumption of a dust-particle size a=10 mm and the densityρ=400 kg m^(−3).We estimated the nucleus radius as 0.11■r_(n)■0.21 km for CO sublimation and 0.20■r_(n)■0.71 km for CO_(2)sublimation and the grain size of 2013 LU28 was ac;117.95μm for CO and ac■7.57μm for CO_(2).The long-term observations provided in this paper will offer significant value for investigating the mechanisms driving the activity of 2013 LU28.
