With the development of hydrate technology,more and more applications have been appeared in many areas.However,hydrate additive is always one research hotspot,it has attracted more and more attention.The influence of ...With the development of hydrate technology,more and more applications have been appeared in many areas.However,hydrate additive is always one research hotspot,it has attracted more and more attention.The influence of two biosurfactants on CO_(2) hydrate formation process were investigated.Through the investigation of experiment research,rhamnolipid and sophorolipid had the promotion effect on CO_(2) hydrate formation kinetics.Hydrate gas storage reached the maximum value 32.01(volume ratio)and conversion ratio of water to hydrate was 19.42%when sophorolipid concentration was 0.05%(mass).Hydrate gas storage capacity reached the maximum value 31.22(volume ratio)and conversion ratio of water to hydrate was 18.94%when rhamnolipid concentration was 0.05%(mass).Through the comparison of gas storage capacity and hydrate formation rate,sophorolipid had stronger promotion effect on CO_(2) hydrate formation kinetics than rhamnolipid.It increased the depth of gas hydration reaction.CO_(2) hydrate formation gas was carried out under the condition of constant temperature and volume.Hydration number was considered in the hydrate calculation process.Combined with hydrate formation kinetic theory of Chen–Guo model,the hydrated gas volume was compared with remaining volume of reactor.This model could calculate the change of CO_(2) hydrate gas storage capacity over time.The calculated values of gas storage was in good agreement with experimental values.So this study has the better guiding function for relevant hydrate technology application.展开更多
The volatilization characteristics and kinetic mechanisms of arsenic were investigated in the temperature range of 623−773 K and pressure ranges of 10−10000 Pa.The experimental results reveal that the evaporation rate...The volatilization characteristics and kinetic mechanisms of arsenic were investigated in the temperature range of 623−773 K and pressure ranges of 10−10000 Pa.The experimental results reveal that the evaporation rate increases with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure.Surface reaction control dominates at low pressures(<100 Pa),whereas diffusion control dominates at high pressures(>5000 Pa).The evaporation behavior is successfully described by an Arrhenius-type model for temperature dependence and Logistic model for pressure dependence.Key kinetic parameters,including the critical pressure,maximum evaporation rate and evaporation coefficient,were calculated.The evaporation coefficient varies between 0.010 and 0.223,and the critical pressures vary between 281 and 478 Pa with temperature.展开更多
Desulfurization of CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles in molten steel was observed in situ using high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy.The effects of the aluminum and silicon contents of molten steel on desulfur...Desulfurization of CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles in molten steel was observed in situ using high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy.The effects of the aluminum and silicon contents of molten steel on desulfurization were analyzed.When the total aluminum content in the steel increased from 6 to 1100 ppm,the CaS content in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles increased from 2.1wt%to 84.84wt%after the reaction for 90 s.Furthermore,when the silicon content in the steel increased from 0.01wt%to 2.20wt%,the CaS content in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles increased from 1.53wt%to 79.01wt%after the reaction for 90 s.This indicates that the increase in the aluminum and silicon contents of the steel promoted the desulfurization of CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles.A kinetic model was established to predict the CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles composition,and the diffusion coefficient of sulfur in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles was 9.375×10^(−10)m^(2)·s^(−1) at 1600℃,which provided a new method for the calculation of diffusion coefficient.展开更多
Kinetic impact is the most practical planetary-defense technique,with momentum-transfer efficiency central to deflection design.We present a Monte Carlo photometric framework that couples ejecta sampling,dynamical evo...Kinetic impact is the most practical planetary-defense technique,with momentum-transfer efficiency central to deflection design.We present a Monte Carlo photometric framework that couples ejecta sampling,dynamical evolution,and image synthesis to compare directly with HST,LICIACube,ground-based and Lucy observations of the DART impact.Decomposing ejecta into(1)a highvelocity(~1600 m/s)plume exhibiting Na/K resonance,(2)a low-velocity(~1 m/s)conical component shaped by binary gravity and solar radiation pressure,and(3)meter-scale boulders,we quantify each component’s mass and momentum.Fitting photometric decay curves and morphological evolution yields size-velocity distributions and,via scaling laws,estimates of Dimorphos’bulk density,cratering parameters,and cohesive strength that agree with dynamical constraints.Photometric ejecta modeling therefore provides a robust route to constrain momentum enhancement and target properties,improving predictive capability for kinetic-deflection missions.展开更多
This research explores the influence of crystallinity on gas chromatographic(GC) separation using covalent organic frameworks(COFs) as stationary phases.Three COF materials(CTF-DCBs) with varying crystallinity were sy...This research explores the influence of crystallinity on gas chromatographic(GC) separation using covalent organic frameworks(COFs) as stationary phases.Three COF materials(CTF-DCBs) with varying crystallinity were synthesized and characterized.CTF-DCB-1,with superior crystallinity,demonstrated highselectivity GC separation of benzene isomers as well as styrene/phenylacetylene mixtures,while CTFDCB-2 and CTF-DCB-3 exhibited lower crystallinity and worse separation performance.Thermodynamic and kinetic tests showed that CTF-DCB-1 had the worst thermodynamic adsorption but low diffusion mass transfer resistance,which resulted in the best separation.Therefore,optimizing the crystallinity of COFs is necessary for balancing the kinetic diffusion and thermodynamic interactions towards the analytes,achieving high-performance GC stationary phases.展开更多
The increasing production and release of synthetic organic chemicals,including pharmaceuticals,into our envi-ronment has allowed these substances to accumulate in our surface water systems.Current purification technol...The increasing production and release of synthetic organic chemicals,including pharmaceuticals,into our envi-ronment has allowed these substances to accumulate in our surface water systems.Current purification technolo-gies have been unable to eliminate these pollutants,resulting in their ongoing release into aquatic ecosystems.This study focuses on cloperastine(CPS),a cough suppressant and antihistamine medication.The environmental impact of CPS usage has become a concern,mainly due to its increased detection during the COVID-19 pandemic.CPS has been found in wastewater treatment facilities,effluents from senior living residences,river waters,and sewage sludge.However,the photosensitivity of CPS and its photodegradation profile remain largely unknown.This study investigates the photodegradation process of CPS under simulated tertiary treatment conditions using UV photolysis,a method commonly applied in some wastewater treatment plants.Several transformation prod-ucts were identified,evaluating their kinetic profiles using chemometric approaches(i.e.,curve fitting and the hard-soft multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares(HS-MCR-ALS)algorithm)and calculating the reaction quantum yield.As a result,three different transformation products have been detected and correctly identified.In addition,a comprehensive description of the kinetic pathway involved in the photodegradation process of the CPS drug has been provided,including observed kinetic rate constants.展开更多
The synthesis of propylene carbonate(PC)from CO_(2) and propylene oxide(PO)is a typical gas-liquid biphasic system,where gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency significantly influences CO_(2) cycloaddition reactions.Here...The synthesis of propylene carbonate(PC)from CO_(2) and propylene oxide(PO)is a typical gas-liquid biphasic system,where gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency significantly influences CO_(2) cycloaddition reactions.Here,we proposed a microchannel reaction system for the CO_(2) cycloaddition reaction catalyzed by ionic liquid within an aqueous environment.The effect of liquid flow rate,temperature and residence time on gas-liquid flow pattern,catalytic performance and mass transfer were systematically investigated.The results revealed that the PC generation rate reached 560.11 mmol·ml^(−1)·h^(−1)at a 50 cm of flow distance under reaction conditions of 105℃,2.5 MPa,QG=176 ml·min^(−1) and QL=0.3 ml·min^(−1).Variations in mass transfer rate and reaction rate at different flow distances were experimentally studied.The reaction efficiency gradually decreased with increasing flow distance,which were attributed to the reduction of mass transfer caused by decreasing bubble velocity.Optimizing bubble velocity at an appropriate position enhanced reaction efficiency by improving mass transfer,achieving a 97.7%PC yield within 2.85 min.Furthermore,a kinetic model coupling intrinsic kinetics with gas-liquid mass transfer was developed for CO_(2) cycloaddition reaction.The kinetic model was applied to predict PC reaction rates in microchannel reactors at various temperatures and liquid flow rates,achieving an average relative error of 9.6%.展开更多
In this study,copper extraction from low-grade oxide-sulfide ores was investigated using a leaching method combined with response surface methodology(RSM)to optimize operational conditions and assess leaching kinetics...In this study,copper extraction from low-grade oxide-sulfide ores was investigated using a leaching method combined with response surface methodology(RSM)to optimize operational conditions and assess leaching kinetics.Given copper's extensive industrial applications,sustainable recovery from low-grade ores is critical.Five key parameters-acid concentration,leaching time,particle size,temperature,and solids percentage-were identified as major influences on copper recovery.The results revealed that leaching time and solids percentage,along with interactions between temperature-time and temperature-solids percentage,had the most significant effects.Optimal conditions for 80% copper recovery while minimizing iron recovery below 3% included an acid concentration of 1.21 mol L^(-1),a leaching time of 108 min,a particle size of 438μm,a temperature of 45℃,and a solids percentage of 18.2%.Leaching kinetics were analyzed using shrinking core models,with the Dickinson model best describing the process,showing an activation energy of 32.63 kJ mol^(-1),indicative of mixed diffusion and chemical reaction control.The final kinetic model effectively predicted the influence of key parameters.These findings highlight the importance of optimizing process variables and selecting suitable kinetic models to enhance extraction efficiency,reduce costs,and improve sustainability in copper recovery.展开更多
The flow behavior of molten steel in the thin slab mold under high casting speed conditions was investigated,with a focus on the multi-mode continuous casting and rolling mold.A steel-slag two-phase flow model was est...The flow behavior of molten steel in the thin slab mold under high casting speed conditions was investigated,with a focus on the multi-mode continuous casting and rolling mold.A steel-slag two-phase flow model was established using large eddy simulation,the volume of fluid,and magnetohydrodynamics methods through numerical simulation.The maximum flow velocity and wave height at the steel-slag interface within the mold are critical evaluation criteria for analyzing asymmetric flow under varying casting speeds and electromagnetic braking.The results indicate that the asymmetric flows within the mold do not occur synchronously.The severity of the asymmetric flow correlates with the velocity difference across the steel-slag interface.A greater biased flow prolongs the time required to revert to a steady state.When the magnetic field intensity is set to 0.24 T and the magnetic pole position is at 390 mm from the steel-slag interface,this configuration can reduce the velocity of the steel-slag interface,thereby mitigating the asymmetric flow.Additionally,it can diminish the velocity,impact depth,and impact intensity on the narrow face of the jet,thus improving the distribution of velocity and turbulent kinetic energy within the mold.This configuration prolongs the time required for the steel-slag interface to transition from a stable state to its maximum velocity and shortens the time for the interface to return to stability from an unstable state.Moreover,it ensures the positional stability of the steel-slag interface,confining its position within−3 mm.展开更多
The sluggish Li^(+)migration kinetics and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface severely hinder the commercial application of high-performance lithium metal batteries(LMBs).Herein,an artificial protective layer is ...The sluggish Li^(+)migration kinetics and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface severely hinder the commercial application of high-performance lithium metal batteries(LMBs).Herein,an artificial protective layer is constructed using zwitterionic covalent organic framework(Z-COF)simultaneously containing sulfonate and ethidium groups,aiming to facilitate rapid,uniform Li^(+)transport and stabilize anode interface.The sulfonate groups with high lithiophilicity provide abundant hopping sites for fast Li^(+)diffusion.The ethidium cations immobilize TFSI-and solvent molecules by ion-dipole interactions,which accelerate the dissociation of LiTFSI and Li^(+)desolvation.Moreover,the monodispersed zwitterionic units coupling with ordered micropore structures in Z-COF create exclusive Li^(+)migration channels,modulate homogeneous space charge distribution,kinetically facilitating uniform Li^(+)deposition.Experiments and theoretical calculations indicate that C-F and S-N bonds of TFSI-exhibit enhanced cleavage susceptibility driven by electrostatic attraction,realizing a LiF/Li_(3)N-rich electrolyte/electrode interface.The designed Z-COF protection layer enables Li|Li symmetrical cells stable cycling over 6300 h at 2 mA cm^(-2)/2 mAh cm^(-2).The Z-COF@Li|LiFePO_(4)(LFP)full cells deliver high-capacity retention of 85.2%after 1000 cycles at 8 C.The assembled Z-COF@Li|LFP pouch cells demonstrate a lifespan of more than 240 cycles.This work provides fresh insights into the practical application of zwitterionic COF in next-generation LMBs.展开更多
The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking.To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification,the effect of iron ore on the micro...The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking.To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification,the effect of iron ore on the microstructure of iron coke was investigated.Furthermore,a comparative study of the gasification reactions between iron coke and coke was conducted through non-isothermal thermogravimetric method.The findings indicate that compared to coke,iron coke exhibits an augmentation in micropores and specific surface area,and the micropores further extend and interconnect.This provides more adsorption sites for CO_(2) molecules during the gasification process,resulting in a reduction in the initial gasification temperature of iron coke.Accelerating the heating rate in non-isothermal gasification can enhance the reactivity of iron coke.The metallic iron reduced from iron ore is embedded in the carbon matrix,reducing the orderliness of the carbon structure,which is primarily responsible for the heightened reactivity of the carbon atoms.The kinetic study indicates that the random pore model can effectively represent the gasification process of iron coke due to its rich pore structure.Moreover,as the proportion of iron ore increases,the activation energy for the carbon gasification gradually decreases,from 246.2 kJ/mol for coke to 192.5 kJ/mol for iron coke 15wt%.展开更多
The reaction rate constant is a crucial kinetic parameter that governs the charge and discharge performance of batteries,particularly in high-rate and thick-electrode applications.However,conventional estimation or fi...The reaction rate constant is a crucial kinetic parameter that governs the charge and discharge performance of batteries,particularly in high-rate and thick-electrode applications.However,conventional estimation or fitting methods often overestimate the charge transfer overpotential,leading to substantial errors in reaction rate constant measurements.These inaccuracies hinder the accurate prediction of voltage profiles and overall cell performance.In this study,we propose the characteristic time-decomposed overpotential(CTDO)method,which employs a single-layer particle electrode(SLPE)structure to eliminate interference overpotentials.By leveraging the distribution of relaxation times(DRT),our method effectively isolates the characteristic time of the charge transfer process,enabling a more precise determination of the reaction rate constant.Simulation results indicate that our approach reduces measurement errors to below 2%,closely aligning with theoretical values.Furthermore,experimental validation demonstrates an 80% reduction in error compared to the conventional galvanostatic intermittent titration technique(GITT)method.Overall,this study provides a novel voltage-based approach for determining the reaction rate constant,enhancing the applicability of theoretical analysis in electrode structural design and facilitating rapid battery optimization.展开更多
The characteristics of summertime raindrop size distribution(DSD) and associated relations in the semi-arid region over the Inner Mongolian Plateau(IMP) were investigated,utilizing five-year continuous observations by...The characteristics of summertime raindrop size distribution(DSD) and associated relations in the semi-arid region over the Inner Mongolian Plateau(IMP) were investigated,utilizing five-year continuous observations by a PARSIVEL2disdrometer in East Ujimqin County(EUC),China.It is found that only 7.94% of the 15 664 one-min precipitation samples meet classification criteria as convective rain(CR),but its contribution to the total rainfall amount is 63.87%.Notably,40.72% of the rainfall comes from large-sized raindrops(D> 3 mm),despite the fact that large-sized raindrops account for only 1.73% of the CR total number concentration.Further results show that the mean value of mass-weighted mean diameters(Dm) is larger(2.43 mm) and generalized intercepts(lgN_(W)) is lower(3.19) in CR,aligning with a "continentallike" cluster,which is mainly influenced by the joint impact of in-cloud ice-based processes and the below-cloud environmental background.Also,the empirical relationships of shape-slope(μ-Λ),radar reflectivity-rain rate(Z-R),and rainfall kinetic energy(KE_(time)-Rand KE_(time)-Z) are localized.To quantitatively analyze the impact of DSD parameters on kinetic energy estimation,power-law KE_(time)-R and KE_(time)-Z relationships are derived based on the normalized gamma distribution.N_(W)takes precedence over μ in affecting variabilities of multiplicative coefficients,especially for KE_(time)-R relationship where the multiplicative coefficient is proportional to N_(W)^(-0.287).It should be noted that although the proportion of CR occurring throughout the summer is small,raindrops with lower N_(W) and larger Dmwill generate higher KE_(time),which will bring a higher potential risk of soil erosion in semi-arid regions over IMP.展开更多
The cavity characteristics in liquid-filled containers caused by high-velocity impacts represent an important area of research in hydrodynamic ram phenomena.The dynamic expansion of the cavity induces liquid pressure ...The cavity characteristics in liquid-filled containers caused by high-velocity impacts represent an important area of research in hydrodynamic ram phenomena.The dynamic expansion of the cavity induces liquid pressure variations,potentially causing catastrophic damage to the container.Current studies mainly focus on non-deforming projectiles,such as fragments,with limited exploration of shaped charge jets.In this paper,a uniquely experimental system was designed to record cavity profiles in behind-armor liquid-filled containers subjected to shaped charge jet impacts.The impact process was then numerically reproduced using the explicit simulation program ANSYS LS-DYNA with the Structured Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(S-ALE)solver.The formation mechanism,along with the dimensional and shape evolution of the cavity was investigated.Additionally,the influence of the impact kinetic energy of the jet on the cavity characteristics was analyzed.The findings reveal that the cavity profile exhibits a conical shape,primarily driven by direct jet impact and inertial effects.The expansion rates of both cavity length and maximum radius increase with jet impact kinetic energy.When the impact kinetic energy is reduced to 28.2 kJ or below,the length-to-diameter ratio of the cavity ultimately stabilizes at approximately 7.展开更多
The accumulation and release of deformation energy within the rock mass of a roadway are primary contributors to the occurrence of rock bursts.This study introduces a calculation model for the kinetic energy generated...The accumulation and release of deformation energy within the rock mass of a roadway are primary contributors to the occurrence of rock bursts.This study introduces a calculation model for the kinetic energy generated during roadway excavation,which is based on the fracture and energy states of the rock mass.The relationships among the mining depth,width of the plastic zone,rebound range of the roof and floor,stress concentration factor,and the induced kinetic energy are systematically explored.Furthermore,a rock burst risk evaluation method is proposed.The findings indicate that the energy evolution of the rock mass can be categorized into four stages:energy accumulation due to in-situ stress,energy accumulation resulting from coal compression,energy dissipation through coal plastic deformation,and energy consumption due to coal failure.The energy release from the rock mass is influenced by several factors,including mining depth,stress concentration factor,the width of the plastic zone,and the rebound range of the roof and floor.Within the plastic zone of coal,the energy released per unit volume of coal and the induced kinetic energy exhibit a nonlinear increase with mining depth and stress concentration factor,while they decrease linearly as the width of the plastic zone increases.Similarly,the driving energy per unit volume of the roof and floor shows a nonlinear increase with mining depth and stress concentration factor,a linear increase with the rebound range of the roof and floor,and a linear decrease with the width of the plastic zone.A rock burst risk evaluation method is developed based on the kinetic energy model.Field observations demonstrate that this method aligns with the drilling cuttings rock burst risk assessment method,thereby confirming its validity.展开更多
Burial dissolution is a critical diagenetic process influencing ultra-deep carbonate reservoir development and preservation.Artificial carbonate samples with different internal structures were prepared,and high-temper...Burial dissolution is a critical diagenetic process influencing ultra-deep carbonate reservoir development and preservation.Artificial carbonate samples with different internal structures were prepared,and high-temperature and highpressure dissolution kinetic simulations were conducted.The results demonstrate that the intensity of burial dissolution is controlled by temperature and pressure,while tectonic-fluid activity influences the development pattern of burial dissolution,ultimately determining the direction of its differential modification.Extensive burial dissolution is likely to occur primarily at relatively shallow depths,significantly influencing reservoir formation,preservation,modification,and adjustment.The development of faults facilitates the maintenance of the intensity of burial dissolution.The maximum intensity of burial dissolution occurs at the tips and overlap zones of faults and intersections of multiple faults.The larger the scale of the faults,the more conducive it is to the development of burial dissolution.Burial dissolution fosters the formation of fault networks characterized by enhanced reservoir capacity and permeability.Burial dissolution controlled by episodic tectonic-fluid activity is a plausible explanation for forming the Tarim Basin's ultra-deep fault-controlled“stringbead-like”reservoirs.展开更多
Electrical energy can be harvested from the rotational kinetic energy of moving bodies,consisting of both mechanical and kinetic energy as a potential power source through electromagnetic induction,similar to wind ene...Electrical energy can be harvested from the rotational kinetic energy of moving bodies,consisting of both mechanical and kinetic energy as a potential power source through electromagnetic induction,similar to wind energy applications.In industries,rotational bodies are commonly present in operations,yet this kinetic energy remains untapped.This research explores the energy generation characteristics of two rotational body types,disk-shaped and cylinder-shaped under specific experimental setups.The hardware setup included a direct current(DC)motor driver,power supply,DC generator,mechanical support,and load resistance,while the software setup involved automation testing tools and data logging.Electromagnetic induction was used to harvest energy,and experiments were conducted at room temperature(25℃)with controlled variables like speed and friction.Results showed the disk-shaped body exhibited higher energy efficiency than the cylinder-shaped body,largely due to lower mechanical losses.The disk required only two bearings,while the cylinder required four,resulting in lower bearing losses for the disk.Additionally,the disk experienced only air friction,whereas the cylinder encountered friction from a soft,uneven rubber material,increasing surface contact losses.Under a 40 W resistive load,the disk demonstrated a 17.1%energy loss due to mechanical friction,achieving up to 15.55 J of recycled energy.Conversely,the cylinder body experienced a 48.05%energy loss,delivering only 51.95%of energy to the load.These insights suggest significant potential for designing efficient energy recycling systems in industrial settings,particularly in manufacturing and processing industries where rotational machinery is prevalent.Despite its lower energy density,this system could be beneficially integrated with energy storage solutions,enhancing sustainability in industrial practices.展开更多
Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,th...Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,the sluggish diffusion kinetics of bivalent Mg^(2+)in the host material,related to the strong Coulomb effect between Mg^(2+)and host anion lattices,hinders their further development toward practical applications.Defect engineering,regarded as an effective strategy to break through the slow migration puzzle,has been validated in various cathode materials for RMBs.In this review,we first thoroughly understand the intrinsic mechanism of Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials,from which the key factors affecting ion diffusion are further presented.Then,the positive effects of purposely introduced defects,including vacancy and doping,and the corresponding strategies for introducing various defects are discussed.The applications of defect engineering in cathode materials for RMBs with advanced electrochemical properties are also summarized.Finally,the existing challenges and future perspectives of defect engineering in cathode materials for the overall high-performance RMBs are described.展开更多
Peng et al.in[Phys.Rev.Research,2020,2(3):033089,11 pp.]formulated one-way fluxes for a general chemical reaction far from equilibrium,with arbitrary complex mechanisms,multiple intermediates,and internal kinetic cycl...Peng et al.in[Phys.Rev.Research,2020,2(3):033089,11 pp.]formulated one-way fluxes for a general chemical reaction far from equilibrium,with arbitrary complex mechanisms,multiple intermediates,and internal kinetic cycles.They defined the limit of the ratio of mesoscopic one-way fluxes and the volume of the tank reactor when the volume tends to infinity as macroscopic one-way fluxes,but a rigorous proof of existence of the limit is still awaiting.In this article,we fill this gap under a mild hypothesis:the Markov chain associated with the chemical master equation has finite states and any two columns in the stoichiometric matrices are not identical.In fact,an explicit expression of the limit is obtained.展开更多
Composite materials are attracting considerable interest in water treatment due to their specific properties.Given these properties and the need to remove dyes from water,this work aims to develop an innovative compos...Composite materials are attracting considerable interest in water treatment due to their specific properties.Given these properties and the need to remove dyes from water,this work aims to develop an innovative composite material based on local clay(abundant and inexpensive),TiO_(2) and CuO for wastewater treatment application.Although much work has been devoted to the design of clay-based composites,to our knowledge,no study has explored the use of Boula-Ibib clay decorated with TiO_(2) and CuO to adsorb tartrazine(TTRZ)in aqueous solution.The CuO—TiO_(2)—clay composite was synthesized by incorporating TiO_(2) and CuO on the clay surface using the sol—gel method.The crystalline properties,morphology and specific surface area of the composite were examined by X-ray diffraction,X-ray fluorescence,scanning electron microscopy and the Brunauer—Emmett—Teller method respectively.As results,the specific surface area of 85.23 m^(2)·g^(-1)was obtained for the CuO—TiO_(2)—clay which is higher than that of the raw clay(53.84 m^(2)·g^(-1)).The results of adsorption studies showed a TTRZ uptake capacity of 16.08 mg·g^(-1)after 30 min,with a concentration of 50 mg·L^(-1),at pH 6.4 with the optimal composite mass of 0.01 g.Kinetic and isothermal studies showed that adsorption obeyed the pseudosecond-order model and the Radke—Prausnitz isotherm.Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of TTRZ by the composite is an exothermic,non-spontaneous process that leads to a reduction of disorder in the system.It was established that CuO—TiO_(2)—clay could be effectively reused over four cycles without damage of its structure which represent an economic advantage.展开更多
基金supported by the Science Foundation of Zhejiang Pharmaceutical University Science Foundation of XIAO2024006General project of Education Department of Zhejiang Province(2024116/Y202456535)Fenghua District Science and Technology Association Natural Science Foundation Project 05,which were greatly acknowledged.
文摘With the development of hydrate technology,more and more applications have been appeared in many areas.However,hydrate additive is always one research hotspot,it has attracted more and more attention.The influence of two biosurfactants on CO_(2) hydrate formation process were investigated.Through the investigation of experiment research,rhamnolipid and sophorolipid had the promotion effect on CO_(2) hydrate formation kinetics.Hydrate gas storage reached the maximum value 32.01(volume ratio)and conversion ratio of water to hydrate was 19.42%when sophorolipid concentration was 0.05%(mass).Hydrate gas storage capacity reached the maximum value 31.22(volume ratio)and conversion ratio of water to hydrate was 18.94%when rhamnolipid concentration was 0.05%(mass).Through the comparison of gas storage capacity and hydrate formation rate,sophorolipid had stronger promotion effect on CO_(2) hydrate formation kinetics than rhamnolipid.It increased the depth of gas hydration reaction.CO_(2) hydrate formation gas was carried out under the condition of constant temperature and volume.Hydration number was considered in the hydrate calculation process.Combined with hydrate formation kinetic theory of Chen–Guo model,the hydrated gas volume was compared with remaining volume of reactor.This model could calculate the change of CO_(2) hydrate gas storage capacity over time.The calculated values of gas storage was in good agreement with experimental values.So this study has the better guiding function for relevant hydrate technology application.
基金Yunnan Fundamental Research Project,China(No.202201BE070001-056)。
文摘The volatilization characteristics and kinetic mechanisms of arsenic were investigated in the temperature range of 623−773 K and pressure ranges of 10−10000 Pa.The experimental results reveal that the evaporation rate increases with increasing temperature and decreasing pressure.Surface reaction control dominates at low pressures(<100 Pa),whereas diffusion control dominates at high pressures(>5000 Pa).The evaporation behavior is successfully described by an Arrhenius-type model for temperature dependence and Logistic model for pressure dependence.Key kinetic parameters,including the critical pressure,maximum evaporation rate and evaporation coefficient,were calculated.The evaporation coefficient varies between 0.010 and 0.223,and the critical pressures vary between 281 and 478 Pa with temperature.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFB3709900)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.U22A20171)+1 种基金the China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(No.BWLCF202315)the High Steel Center(HSC)at North China University of Technology and University of Science and Technology Beijing,China.
文摘Desulfurization of CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles in molten steel was observed in situ using high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy.The effects of the aluminum and silicon contents of molten steel on desulfurization were analyzed.When the total aluminum content in the steel increased from 6 to 1100 ppm,the CaS content in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles increased from 2.1wt%to 84.84wt%after the reaction for 90 s.Furthermore,when the silicon content in the steel increased from 0.01wt%to 2.20wt%,the CaS content in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles increased from 1.53wt%to 79.01wt%after the reaction for 90 s.This indicates that the increase in the aluminum and silicon contents of the steel promoted the desulfurization of CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles.A kinetic model was established to predict the CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles composition,and the diffusion coefficient of sulfur in CaO–Al_(2)O_(3) particles was 9.375×10^(−10)m^(2)·s^(−1) at 1600℃,which provided a new method for the calculation of diffusion coefficient.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12272018)the National Key Basic Research Project(2022JCJQZD20600).
文摘Kinetic impact is the most practical planetary-defense technique,with momentum-transfer efficiency central to deflection design.We present a Monte Carlo photometric framework that couples ejecta sampling,dynamical evolution,and image synthesis to compare directly with HST,LICIACube,ground-based and Lucy observations of the DART impact.Decomposing ejecta into(1)a highvelocity(~1600 m/s)plume exhibiting Na/K resonance,(2)a low-velocity(~1 m/s)conical component shaped by binary gravity and solar radiation pressure,and(3)meter-scale boulders,we quantify each component’s mass and momentum.Fitting photometric decay curves and morphological evolution yields size-velocity distributions and,via scaling laws,estimates of Dimorphos’bulk density,cratering parameters,and cohesive strength that agree with dynamical constraints.Photometric ejecta modeling therefore provides a robust route to constrain momentum enhancement and target properties,improving predictive capability for kinetic-deflection missions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.22174067,22204078,and 22374077)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (No.BK20220370)+3 种基金Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education (No.22KJB150009)State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science (No.SKLACLS2218)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,Jiangsu Association for Science and Technology (No.TJ-2023-076)Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Beamline BL17B1 (No.2021-NFPSPT-006657)。
文摘This research explores the influence of crystallinity on gas chromatographic(GC) separation using covalent organic frameworks(COFs) as stationary phases.Three COF materials(CTF-DCBs) with varying crystallinity were synthesized and characterized.CTF-DCB-1,with superior crystallinity,demonstrated highselectivity GC separation of benzene isomers as well as styrene/phenylacetylene mixtures,while CTFDCB-2 and CTF-DCB-3 exhibited lower crystallinity and worse separation performance.Thermodynamic and kinetic tests showed that CTF-DCB-1 had the worst thermodynamic adsorption but low diffusion mass transfer resistance,which resulted in the best separation.Therefore,optimizing the crystallinity of COFs is necessary for balancing the kinetic diffusion and thermodynamic interactions towards the analytes,achieving high-performance GC stationary phases.
基金supported by the grants PID2020-113371RA-C22 and TED2021-130845A-C32,funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.M.Marín-García,R.González-OlmosC.Gómez-Canela are members of the GESPA group(Grup d’Enginyeria i Simulacióde Processos Ambientals)at IQS-URL,which has been acknowledged as a Consolidated Research Group by the Government of Catalonia(No.2021-SGR-00321)+1 种基金In addition,M.Marín-García has been awarded a public grant for the Investigo Programme,aimed at hiring young job seekers to undertake research and innovation projects under the Recovery,Transformation,and Resilience Plan(PRTR),European Union Next Generation,for the year 2022,through the Government of Catalonia and the Spanish Ministry for Work and Social Economy(No.100045ID16)Ana Belén Cuenca for her support and expertise,which helped to confirm the proposed reaction mechanism involved in the UV photolysis of cloperastine.
文摘The increasing production and release of synthetic organic chemicals,including pharmaceuticals,into our envi-ronment has allowed these substances to accumulate in our surface water systems.Current purification technolo-gies have been unable to eliminate these pollutants,resulting in their ongoing release into aquatic ecosystems.This study focuses on cloperastine(CPS),a cough suppressant and antihistamine medication.The environmental impact of CPS usage has become a concern,mainly due to its increased detection during the COVID-19 pandemic.CPS has been found in wastewater treatment facilities,effluents from senior living residences,river waters,and sewage sludge.However,the photosensitivity of CPS and its photodegradation profile remain largely unknown.This study investigates the photodegradation process of CPS under simulated tertiary treatment conditions using UV photolysis,a method commonly applied in some wastewater treatment plants.Several transformation prod-ucts were identified,evaluating their kinetic profiles using chemometric approaches(i.e.,curve fitting and the hard-soft multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares(HS-MCR-ALS)algorithm)and calculating the reaction quantum yield.As a result,three different transformation products have been detected and correctly identified.In addition,a comprehensive description of the kinetic pathway involved in the photodegradation process of the CPS drug has been provided,including observed kinetic rate constants.
基金supported by the National Key Projects for Fundamental Research and development of China(2020YFA0710202)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M761567)Shandong Postdoctoral Science Foundation(SDCX-ZG-202400271).
文摘The synthesis of propylene carbonate(PC)from CO_(2) and propylene oxide(PO)is a typical gas-liquid biphasic system,where gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency significantly influences CO_(2) cycloaddition reactions.Here,we proposed a microchannel reaction system for the CO_(2) cycloaddition reaction catalyzed by ionic liquid within an aqueous environment.The effect of liquid flow rate,temperature and residence time on gas-liquid flow pattern,catalytic performance and mass transfer were systematically investigated.The results revealed that the PC generation rate reached 560.11 mmol·ml^(−1)·h^(−1)at a 50 cm of flow distance under reaction conditions of 105℃,2.5 MPa,QG=176 ml·min^(−1) and QL=0.3 ml·min^(−1).Variations in mass transfer rate and reaction rate at different flow distances were experimentally studied.The reaction efficiency gradually decreased with increasing flow distance,which were attributed to the reduction of mass transfer caused by decreasing bubble velocity.Optimizing bubble velocity at an appropriate position enhanced reaction efficiency by improving mass transfer,achieving a 97.7%PC yield within 2.85 min.Furthermore,a kinetic model coupling intrinsic kinetics with gas-liquid mass transfer was developed for CO_(2) cycloaddition reaction.The kinetic model was applied to predict PC reaction rates in microchannel reactors at various temperatures and liquid flow rates,achieving an average relative error of 9.6%.
基金Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
文摘In this study,copper extraction from low-grade oxide-sulfide ores was investigated using a leaching method combined with response surface methodology(RSM)to optimize operational conditions and assess leaching kinetics.Given copper's extensive industrial applications,sustainable recovery from low-grade ores is critical.Five key parameters-acid concentration,leaching time,particle size,temperature,and solids percentage-were identified as major influences on copper recovery.The results revealed that leaching time and solids percentage,along with interactions between temperature-time and temperature-solids percentage,had the most significant effects.Optimal conditions for 80% copper recovery while minimizing iron recovery below 3% included an acid concentration of 1.21 mol L^(-1),a leaching time of 108 min,a particle size of 438μm,a temperature of 45℃,and a solids percentage of 18.2%.Leaching kinetics were analyzed using shrinking core models,with the Dickinson model best describing the process,showing an activation energy of 32.63 kJ mol^(-1),indicative of mixed diffusion and chemical reaction control.The final kinetic model effectively predicted the influence of key parameters.These findings highlight the importance of optimizing process variables and selecting suitable kinetic models to enhance extraction efficiency,reduce costs,and improve sustainability in copper recovery.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52174313 and 52304350)thank all members of the Hebei High Quality Steel Continuous Casting Engineering Technology Research Center at North China University of Science and Technology,Tangshan,China.
文摘The flow behavior of molten steel in the thin slab mold under high casting speed conditions was investigated,with a focus on the multi-mode continuous casting and rolling mold.A steel-slag two-phase flow model was established using large eddy simulation,the volume of fluid,and magnetohydrodynamics methods through numerical simulation.The maximum flow velocity and wave height at the steel-slag interface within the mold are critical evaluation criteria for analyzing asymmetric flow under varying casting speeds and electromagnetic braking.The results indicate that the asymmetric flows within the mold do not occur synchronously.The severity of the asymmetric flow correlates with the velocity difference across the steel-slag interface.A greater biased flow prolongs the time required to revert to a steady state.When the magnetic field intensity is set to 0.24 T and the magnetic pole position is at 390 mm from the steel-slag interface,this configuration can reduce the velocity of the steel-slag interface,thereby mitigating the asymmetric flow.Additionally,it can diminish the velocity,impact depth,and impact intensity on the narrow face of the jet,thus improving the distribution of velocity and turbulent kinetic energy within the mold.This configuration prolongs the time required for the steel-slag interface to transition from a stable state to its maximum velocity and shortens the time for the interface to return to stability from an unstable state.Moreover,it ensures the positional stability of the steel-slag interface,confining its position within−3 mm.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52472093,52176185)the Department of Science and Technology of Hubei Province of China(2022CFA069,2022BAA086).
文摘The sluggish Li^(+)migration kinetics and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface severely hinder the commercial application of high-performance lithium metal batteries(LMBs).Herein,an artificial protective layer is constructed using zwitterionic covalent organic framework(Z-COF)simultaneously containing sulfonate and ethidium groups,aiming to facilitate rapid,uniform Li^(+)transport and stabilize anode interface.The sulfonate groups with high lithiophilicity provide abundant hopping sites for fast Li^(+)diffusion.The ethidium cations immobilize TFSI-and solvent molecules by ion-dipole interactions,which accelerate the dissociation of LiTFSI and Li^(+)desolvation.Moreover,the monodispersed zwitterionic units coupling with ordered micropore structures in Z-COF create exclusive Li^(+)migration channels,modulate homogeneous space charge distribution,kinetically facilitating uniform Li^(+)deposition.Experiments and theoretical calculations indicate that C-F and S-N bonds of TFSI-exhibit enhanced cleavage susceptibility driven by electrostatic attraction,realizing a LiF/Li_(3)N-rich electrolyte/electrode interface.The designed Z-COF protection layer enables Li|Li symmetrical cells stable cycling over 6300 h at 2 mA cm^(-2)/2 mAh cm^(-2).The Z-COF@Li|LiFePO_(4)(LFP)full cells deliver high-capacity retention of 85.2%after 1000 cycles at 8 C.The assembled Z-COF@Li|LFP pouch cells demonstrate a lifespan of more than 240 cycles.This work provides fresh insights into the practical application of zwitterionic COF in next-generation LMBs.
基金financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China(Nos.51974212 and 52274316)the China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(No.BWLCF202116)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Major Project of Wuhan(No.2023020302020572)the Foundation of Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education(No.FMRUlab23-04)。
文摘The utilization of iron coke provides a green pathway for low-carbon ironmaking.To uncover the influence mechanism of iron ore on the behavior and kinetics of iron coke gasification,the effect of iron ore on the microstructure of iron coke was investigated.Furthermore,a comparative study of the gasification reactions between iron coke and coke was conducted through non-isothermal thermogravimetric method.The findings indicate that compared to coke,iron coke exhibits an augmentation in micropores and specific surface area,and the micropores further extend and interconnect.This provides more adsorption sites for CO_(2) molecules during the gasification process,resulting in a reduction in the initial gasification temperature of iron coke.Accelerating the heating rate in non-isothermal gasification can enhance the reactivity of iron coke.The metallic iron reduced from iron ore is embedded in the carbon matrix,reducing the orderliness of the carbon structure,which is primarily responsible for the heightened reactivity of the carbon atoms.The kinetic study indicates that the random pore model can effectively represent the gasification process of iron coke due to its rich pore structure.Moreover,as the proportion of iron ore increases,the activation energy for the carbon gasification gradually decreases,from 246.2 kJ/mol for coke to 192.5 kJ/mol for iron coke 15wt%.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China 2022YFB2404300the National Natural Science Foundation of China U22B2069the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation 2024M761006。
文摘The reaction rate constant is a crucial kinetic parameter that governs the charge and discharge performance of batteries,particularly in high-rate and thick-electrode applications.However,conventional estimation or fitting methods often overestimate the charge transfer overpotential,leading to substantial errors in reaction rate constant measurements.These inaccuracies hinder the accurate prediction of voltage profiles and overall cell performance.In this study,we propose the characteristic time-decomposed overpotential(CTDO)method,which employs a single-layer particle electrode(SLPE)structure to eliminate interference overpotentials.By leveraging the distribution of relaxation times(DRT),our method effectively isolates the characteristic time of the charge transfer process,enabling a more precise determination of the reaction rate constant.Simulation results indicate that our approach reduces measurement errors to below 2%,closely aligning with theoretical values.Furthermore,experimental validation demonstrates an 80% reduction in error compared to the conventional galvanostatic intermittent titration technique(GITT)method.Overall,this study provides a novel voltage-based approach for determining the reaction rate constant,enhancing the applicability of theoretical analysis in electrode structural design and facilitating rapid battery optimization.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42325503,42075063,42075066,and 42021004)the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation and the Meteorological Innovation and Development Project of China(Grant No.2023AFD096)the Beijige Foundation of NJIAS(Grant No.BJG202304).
文摘The characteristics of summertime raindrop size distribution(DSD) and associated relations in the semi-arid region over the Inner Mongolian Plateau(IMP) were investigated,utilizing five-year continuous observations by a PARSIVEL2disdrometer in East Ujimqin County(EUC),China.It is found that only 7.94% of the 15 664 one-min precipitation samples meet classification criteria as convective rain(CR),but its contribution to the total rainfall amount is 63.87%.Notably,40.72% of the rainfall comes from large-sized raindrops(D> 3 mm),despite the fact that large-sized raindrops account for only 1.73% of the CR total number concentration.Further results show that the mean value of mass-weighted mean diameters(Dm) is larger(2.43 mm) and generalized intercepts(lgN_(W)) is lower(3.19) in CR,aligning with a "continentallike" cluster,which is mainly influenced by the joint impact of in-cloud ice-based processes and the below-cloud environmental background.Also,the empirical relationships of shape-slope(μ-Λ),radar reflectivity-rain rate(Z-R),and rainfall kinetic energy(KE_(time)-Rand KE_(time)-Z) are localized.To quantitatively analyze the impact of DSD parameters on kinetic energy estimation,power-law KE_(time)-R and KE_(time)-Z relationships are derived based on the normalized gamma distribution.N_(W)takes precedence over μ in affecting variabilities of multiplicative coefficients,especially for KE_(time)-R relationship where the multiplicative coefficient is proportional to N_(W)^(-0.287).It should be noted that although the proportion of CR occurring throughout the summer is small,raindrops with lower N_(W) and larger Dmwill generate higher KE_(time),which will bring a higher potential risk of soil erosion in semi-arid regions over IMP.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11572159).
文摘The cavity characteristics in liquid-filled containers caused by high-velocity impacts represent an important area of research in hydrodynamic ram phenomena.The dynamic expansion of the cavity induces liquid pressure variations,potentially causing catastrophic damage to the container.Current studies mainly focus on non-deforming projectiles,such as fragments,with limited exploration of shaped charge jets.In this paper,a uniquely experimental system was designed to record cavity profiles in behind-armor liquid-filled containers subjected to shaped charge jet impacts.The impact process was then numerically reproduced using the explicit simulation program ANSYS LS-DYNA with the Structured Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian(S-ALE)solver.The formation mechanism,along with the dimensional and shape evolution of the cavity was investigated.Additionally,the influence of the impact kinetic energy of the jet on the cavity characteristics was analyzed.The findings reveal that the cavity profile exhibits a conical shape,primarily driven by direct jet impact and inertial effects.The expansion rates of both cavity length and maximum radius increase with jet impact kinetic energy.When the impact kinetic energy is reduced to 28.2 kJ or below,the length-to-diameter ratio of the cavity ultimately stabilizes at approximately 7.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52374094 and 52274086)the Climbling Project of Taishan Scholar in Shandong Province(No.tspd20210313)the Shandong Provincial Youth Innovation and Technology Support Program(No.2024KJH069)。
文摘The accumulation and release of deformation energy within the rock mass of a roadway are primary contributors to the occurrence of rock bursts.This study introduces a calculation model for the kinetic energy generated during roadway excavation,which is based on the fracture and energy states of the rock mass.The relationships among the mining depth,width of the plastic zone,rebound range of the roof and floor,stress concentration factor,and the induced kinetic energy are systematically explored.Furthermore,a rock burst risk evaluation method is proposed.The findings indicate that the energy evolution of the rock mass can be categorized into four stages:energy accumulation due to in-situ stress,energy accumulation resulting from coal compression,energy dissipation through coal plastic deformation,and energy consumption due to coal failure.The energy release from the rock mass is influenced by several factors,including mining depth,stress concentration factor,the width of the plastic zone,and the rebound range of the roof and floor.Within the plastic zone of coal,the energy released per unit volume of coal and the induced kinetic energy exhibit a nonlinear increase with mining depth and stress concentration factor,while they decrease linearly as the width of the plastic zone increases.Similarly,the driving energy per unit volume of the roof and floor shows a nonlinear increase with mining depth and stress concentration factor,a linear increase with the rebound range of the roof and floor,and a linear decrease with the width of the plastic zone.A rock burst risk evaluation method is developed based on the kinetic energy model.Field observations demonstrate that this method aligns with the drilling cuttings rock burst risk assessment method,thereby confirming its validity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21B2062)supported by the Key Laboratory for Carbonate Reservoirs of China National Petroleum Corporation。
文摘Burial dissolution is a critical diagenetic process influencing ultra-deep carbonate reservoir development and preservation.Artificial carbonate samples with different internal structures were prepared,and high-temperature and highpressure dissolution kinetic simulations were conducted.The results demonstrate that the intensity of burial dissolution is controlled by temperature and pressure,while tectonic-fluid activity influences the development pattern of burial dissolution,ultimately determining the direction of its differential modification.Extensive burial dissolution is likely to occur primarily at relatively shallow depths,significantly influencing reservoir formation,preservation,modification,and adjustment.The development of faults facilitates the maintenance of the intensity of burial dissolution.The maximum intensity of burial dissolution occurs at the tips and overlap zones of faults and intersections of multiple faults.The larger the scale of the faults,the more conducive it is to the development of burial dissolution.Burial dissolution fosters the formation of fault networks characterized by enhanced reservoir capacity and permeability.Burial dissolution controlled by episodic tectonic-fluid activity is a plausible explanation for forming the Tarim Basin's ultra-deep fault-controlled“stringbead-like”reservoirs.
基金The APC was funded by Research Management Center, Multimedia University, Malaysia.
文摘Electrical energy can be harvested from the rotational kinetic energy of moving bodies,consisting of both mechanical and kinetic energy as a potential power source through electromagnetic induction,similar to wind energy applications.In industries,rotational bodies are commonly present in operations,yet this kinetic energy remains untapped.This research explores the energy generation characteristics of two rotational body types,disk-shaped and cylinder-shaped under specific experimental setups.The hardware setup included a direct current(DC)motor driver,power supply,DC generator,mechanical support,and load resistance,while the software setup involved automation testing tools and data logging.Electromagnetic induction was used to harvest energy,and experiments were conducted at room temperature(25℃)with controlled variables like speed and friction.Results showed the disk-shaped body exhibited higher energy efficiency than the cylinder-shaped body,largely due to lower mechanical losses.The disk required only two bearings,while the cylinder required four,resulting in lower bearing losses for the disk.Additionally,the disk experienced only air friction,whereas the cylinder encountered friction from a soft,uneven rubber material,increasing surface contact losses.Under a 40 W resistive load,the disk demonstrated a 17.1%energy loss due to mechanical friction,achieving up to 15.55 J of recycled energy.Conversely,the cylinder body experienced a 48.05%energy loss,delivering only 51.95%of energy to the load.These insights suggest significant potential for designing efficient energy recycling systems in industrial settings,particularly in manufacturing and processing industries where rotational machinery is prevalent.Despite its lower energy density,this system could be beneficially integrated with energy storage solutions,enhancing sustainability in industrial practices.
基金support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22225801,22178217 and 22308216)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,conducted at Tongji University.
文摘Rechargeable magnesium batteries(RMBs)have been considered a promising“post lithium-ion battery”system to meet the rapidly increasing demand of the emerging electric vehicle and grid energy storage market.However,the sluggish diffusion kinetics of bivalent Mg^(2+)in the host material,related to the strong Coulomb effect between Mg^(2+)and host anion lattices,hinders their further development toward practical applications.Defect engineering,regarded as an effective strategy to break through the slow migration puzzle,has been validated in various cathode materials for RMBs.In this review,we first thoroughly understand the intrinsic mechanism of Mg^(2+)diffusion in cathode materials,from which the key factors affecting ion diffusion are further presented.Then,the positive effects of purposely introduced defects,including vacancy and doping,and the corresponding strategies for introducing various defects are discussed.The applications of defect engineering in cathode materials for RMBs with advanced electrochemical properties are also summarized.Finally,the existing challenges and future perspectives of defect engineering in cathode materials for the overall high-performance RMBs are described.
基金partially supported by NSFC(Nos.11701265,11961033).
文摘Peng et al.in[Phys.Rev.Research,2020,2(3):033089,11 pp.]formulated one-way fluxes for a general chemical reaction far from equilibrium,with arbitrary complex mechanisms,multiple intermediates,and internal kinetic cycles.They defined the limit of the ratio of mesoscopic one-way fluxes and the volume of the tank reactor when the volume tends to infinity as macroscopic one-way fluxes,but a rigorous proof of existence of the limit is still awaiting.In this article,we fill this gap under a mild hypothesis:the Markov chain associated with the chemical master equation has finite states and any two columns in the stoichiometric matrices are not identical.In fact,an explicit expression of the limit is obtained.
基金the Erasmus+International Credit Mobility for the Grant(2019-1-FR01-KA107-060920)between Uni La Salle Polytechnic Institute and University of Maroua。
文摘Composite materials are attracting considerable interest in water treatment due to their specific properties.Given these properties and the need to remove dyes from water,this work aims to develop an innovative composite material based on local clay(abundant and inexpensive),TiO_(2) and CuO for wastewater treatment application.Although much work has been devoted to the design of clay-based composites,to our knowledge,no study has explored the use of Boula-Ibib clay decorated with TiO_(2) and CuO to adsorb tartrazine(TTRZ)in aqueous solution.The CuO—TiO_(2)—clay composite was synthesized by incorporating TiO_(2) and CuO on the clay surface using the sol—gel method.The crystalline properties,morphology and specific surface area of the composite were examined by X-ray diffraction,X-ray fluorescence,scanning electron microscopy and the Brunauer—Emmett—Teller method respectively.As results,the specific surface area of 85.23 m^(2)·g^(-1)was obtained for the CuO—TiO_(2)—clay which is higher than that of the raw clay(53.84 m^(2)·g^(-1)).The results of adsorption studies showed a TTRZ uptake capacity of 16.08 mg·g^(-1)after 30 min,with a concentration of 50 mg·L^(-1),at pH 6.4 with the optimal composite mass of 0.01 g.Kinetic and isothermal studies showed that adsorption obeyed the pseudosecond-order model and the Radke—Prausnitz isotherm.Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of TTRZ by the composite is an exothermic,non-spontaneous process that leads to a reduction of disorder in the system.It was established that CuO—TiO_(2)—clay could be effectively reused over four cycles without damage of its structure which represent an economic advantage.
