Ketoprofen(KET),as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug frequently detected in aqueous environments,is a threat to human health due to its accumulation and low biodegradability,which requires the transformation and ...Ketoprofen(KET),as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug frequently detected in aqueous environments,is a threat to human health due to its accumulation and low biodegradability,which requires the transformation and degradation of KET in aqueous environments.In this paper,the reaction process of ozone-initiated KET degradation in water was investigated using density functional theory(DFT)method at the M06-2X/6-311++g(3df,2p)//M06-2X/6-31+g(d,p)level.The detailed reaction path of KET ozonation is proposed.The thermodynamic results show that ozone-initiated KET degradation is feasible.Under ultraviolet irradiation,the reaction of ozone with water can also produce OH radicals(HO·)that can react with KET.The degradation reaction of KET caused by HO·was further studied.The kinetic calculation illustrates that the reaction rate(1.99×10-1(mol/L)^(-1)sec^(-1))of KET ozonation is relatively slow,but the reaction rate of HO·reaction is relatively high,which can further improve the degradation efficiency.On this basis,the effects of pollutant concentration,ozone concentration,natural organic matter,and pH value on degradation efficiency under UV/O3 process were analyzed.The ozonolysis reaction of KET is not sensitive to pH and is basically unaffected.Finally,the toxicity prediction of oxidation compounds produced by degradation reaction indicates that most of the degradation products are harmless,and a few products containing benzene rings are still toxic and have to be concerned.This study serves as a theoretical basis for analyzing the migration and transformation process of anti-inflammatory compounds in the water environment.展开更多
To obtain expected rapid-release and sustained-release of ketoprofen gel beads, this paper adopted biopolymer alginate to prepare alginate beads and chitosan-alginate gel beads. Formulation factors were investigated a...To obtain expected rapid-release and sustained-release of ketoprofen gel beads, this paper adopted biopolymer alginate to prepare alginate beads and chitosan-alginate gel beads. Formulation factors were investigated and optimized by the single factor test. The release of ketoprofen from calcium alginate gel beads in pH 1.0 hydrochloric acid solution was less than 10% during 2 h, then in pH6.8 was about 95% during 45 min, which met the requirements of rapid-release preparations. However, the drug release of chitosan-alginate gel beads in pH1.0 was less than 5% during 2 h, then in pH6.8 was about 50% during 6 h and reached more than 95% during 12 h, which had a good sustained-release behavior. In addition, the release kinetics of keteprofen from the calcium alginate gel beads fitted well with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model and followed a case-II transport mechanism. However, the release of keteprofen from the chitosan-alginate gel beads exhibited a non-Fickian mechanism and based on the mixed mechanisms of diffusion and polymer relaxation from chitosanalginate beads. In a word, alginate gel beads of ketoprofen were instant analgesic, while chitosan-alginate gel beads could control the release of ketoprofen during gastrointestinal tract and prolong the drug's action time.展开更多
Distribution behavior of ketoprofen enantiomers was examined in methanol aqueous and organic solvent mixture containing tartaric esters. The influence of length of alkyl chain of tartaric esters, concentration of L-ta...Distribution behavior of ketoprofen enantiomers was examined in methanol aqueous and organic solvent mixture containing tartaric esters. The influence of length of alkyl chain of tartaric esters, concentration of L-tartaric esters and methanol aqueous, kind of organic solvent on partition ratio and separation factors was investigated. The results show that L-tartaric and D-tartaric esters have different chiral recognition abilities. S-ketoprofen is easily extracted by L-tartaric esters, and R-ketoprofen is easily extracted by D-tartaric esters. L-tartaric esters form more stable diastereomeric complexes with S-enantiomer than that with R-enantiomer. This distribution behavior is consistent with chiral recognition mechanism. With the increase of the concentration of tartaric ester from 0 to 0.3 mol/L, partition coefficient K and separation factor a increase. Also, the kind of organic solvent and the concentration of the methanol aqueous have significant influence on K and a.展开更多
Solid dispersion is one of the most promising strategies to improve oral bioavailability of poorly soluble API.However,there are inconsistent dissolution performances of solid dispersion reported which entails further...Solid dispersion is one of the most promising strategies to improve oral bioavailability of poorly soluble API.However,there are inconsistent dissolution performances of solid dispersion reported which entails further investigation.In this study,solid dispersions of ketoprofen in three hydrophilic carriers,i.e.PVP K30,PVPVA 6:4 and PVA were prepared and characterized.Physical characterization of the physical mixture of ketoprofen and carriers shows certain extent of amorphization of the API.This result is coinciding to evaluation of drug-polymer interaction using ATR-FTIR whereby higher amorphization was seen in samples with higher drug-polymer interaction.XRPD scanning confirms that fully amorphous solid dispersion was obtained for SD KTP PVP K30 and PVPVA system whereas partially crystalline system was obtained for SD KTP PVA.Interestingly,dissolution profiles of the solid dispersion had shown that degree of amorphization of KTP was not directly proportional to the dissolution rate enhancement of the solid dispersion system.Thus,it is concluded that complete amorphization does not guarantee dissolution enhancement of an amorphous solid dispersion system.展开更多
The process of resolution of racemic ketoprofen using n-octyl-d-glucamine as an optical resolution agent was investigated. The process consists of preparation of the diastereomer salt of ketoprofen with n-octyl-d-gluc...The process of resolution of racemic ketoprofen using n-octyl-d-glucamine as an optical resolution agent was investigated. The process consists of preparation of the diastereomer salt of ketoprofen with n-octyl-d-glucamine, liberation of S-(+)-ketoprofen from its diastereomer salt and recovery of the remaining ketoprofen and n-octyl-d- glucamine. The suitable conditions for preparation of the diastereomer salt were methanol and ethyl acetate (1.1 by volume) as the solvent, the ratio of solvent volume to ketoprofen mass at 8ml:1g, and the molar ratio of ketoprofen to n-octyl-d-glucamine at 1:1. The preferred approach to liberate S-(+)-ketoprofen from its diastereomer salt was alkali dissolution, acid adjustment and ethyl acetate extraction. Racemization of the recovered ketoprofen could be achieved by reacting the recovered ketoprofen with 10% NaOH at 507 kPa for 6h. The recovered n-octyl-d- glucamine could be refined by acid dissolution and alkali adjustment. S-(+)-ketoprofen can be obtained with high optical purity and yield, showing that the present process is a practical and efficient one which can be used in industrial scale for preparation of S-(+)-ketoprofen.展开更多
Six hours after smoke inhalation injury in rabbits, the permeability of pulmonary vesselsand the aggregation of circulating platelets increased markedly accompanied with apparent patholog-ical changes in the trachea a...Six hours after smoke inhalation injury in rabbits, the permeability of pulmonary vesselsand the aggregation of circulating platelets increased markedly accompanied with apparent patholog-ical changes in the trachea and lungs. Fifteen minutes after smoke inhalation injury in rabbits, an intravenous dose of ginsenosides or ketoprofenwas given to the animals respectively. 6 hours after medication, it was found that both the drugscould significantly alleviate the platelet aggregation, but only ginsenosides could alleviate theaugmentation of pulmonary vascular permeability and the pathological lesions in the trachea andlungs. In those rats injured by smoke inhalation, l hour after an intravenous dose of ginsenosides, theplasma PGI<sub>2</sub> level was elevated and TXA<sub>2</sub>/PGI<sub>2</sub> ratio decreased significantly.展开更多
The permeation enhancing activity of Azone for ketoprofen through excised cavia skins was investigated using Franz diffusion cell. The possible hydrogen-bonded complexes formed between ketoprofen and the model molecul...The permeation enhancing activity of Azone for ketoprofen through excised cavia skins was investigated using Franz diffusion cell. The possible hydrogen-bonded complexes formed between ketoprofen and the model molecule of Azone as azacyclopentane-2-one were fully optimized at the B3LYP/6-311＋＋G＊＊ level. The intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions were calculated using the B3LYP/6-311＋＋G＊＊, B3LYP/6-311＋＋G（2df, 2p）, MP2（full）/6-311＋＋G＊＊ and MP2（full）/6-311＋＋G（2df, 2p） methods, respectively. The results show that the steady-state permeation rate of ketoprofen through excised cavia skins enhances over 9 times in the solvent with 2% Azone as compared with the solvent without Azone. The stable O–H…O=C and N–H…O=C hydrogen-bonded complexes could exist between azacyclopentane and ketoprofen. The hydrogen-bonding interaction energy follows the order of（a） 〉（b） 〉（c） 〉（d） 〉（g）〉（e） 〉（h） 〉（f）. The formation of the complexes leads to the change of the conformation and molecular polarity of ketoprofen, and thus causes a better percutaneous permeation for the drug. The analyses of AIM（atom in molecule） and shift of electron density were used to further reveal the nature of the enhancing permeation activity of Azone for ketoprofen. The investigations of the temperature and solvent effects confirm that ketoprofen might enter into the skin by means of the Azone complex.展开更多
Opioid-induced hyperalgesia negatively affects physiological pain management and presents a complex causal mechanism, involving, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors of interactions with receptors, opioid-indep...Opioid-induced hyperalgesia negatively affects physiological pain management and presents a complex causal mechanism, involving, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors of interactions with receptors, opioid-independent ascending systems and with pro-nociceptive systems. After approval by the CEUA, 42 male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups: In group 1 (GCSSL) the animals received 1 ml of 0.9% saline solution intraperitoneally (IP);in group 2 (GFTSL), they received fentanyl at a dose of 100 ug·kg<sup>-1</sup> IP;in the remaining groups (3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) the animals received IP, fentanyl at a dose of 100 ug·kg<sup>-1</sup> followed also by IP route of: group 3 (GFTKP) ketoprofen at a dose of 5 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>;group 4 GFTKT), ketamine up to a dose of 10.0 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>;group 5 (GFTLI), incisional lidocaine up to a dose of 10 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>;group 6 (GFTLP), intraperitoneal lidocaine up to a dose of 10 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> and group 7 (GFTPP), propofol up to a dose of 60 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>. Under general anesthesia, all animals with a plantar surgical incision. Hyperalgesia was evaluated by applying Von Frey filaments on the 2nd, 1st, 3rd and 5th days after treatment. In the 2nd hour and on the 5th day after the procedure, there was no hyperalgesia associated with the use of fentanyl, however, on the 1st and 3rd postoperative days there was hyperalgesia that was attenuated by ketoprofen, ketamine, lidocaine infiltrated in the incision and intraperitoneally, an effect not observed with the use of propofol. The results suggest fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia and the efficacy of ketoprofen, ketamine, incisional lidocaine and intraperitoneal lidocaine in reducing this effect.展开更多
For in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, it is pre-requisite to quantify drug concentrations in plasma. In the present study a RP-HPLC procedure was developed and validated for the assessment of ketoprofen in human plasma...For in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, it is pre-requisite to quantify drug concentrations in plasma. In the present study a RP-HPLC procedure was developed and validated for the assessment of ketoprofen in human plasma. For this purpose mobile phase consisting of methaol:water (70:30) adjusted to pH 3.3 with phosphoric acid was used, and chromatography was carried out on Discovery HS C18 column, 5 μm (25 cm × 4.6 mm). The flow rate was 1 mL·min-1 and quantitative assessment was performed at 260 nm. The retention time was found to be was found to be accurate and illustrated linearity from 0.2441 to 125 μg·mL-1 with the determination coefficient (r2) of 0.9999, also accuracy and precision were found to be <2 (%RSD). The intraday accuracy for concentrations 62.5 μg·mL-1, 15.625 μg·mL-1, 7.812 μg·mL-1 and 1.953 μg·mL-1 were found to be 99.747%, 99.475%, 98.457% and 99.824% respectively where as for interday accuracy consecutive values for days 1, 2 and 3 were 99.104%, 99.091%, 98.96% and 99.385% in plasma. All validation parameters were assessed and were found to be within the limits. The proposed method was accurate, specific, quick (retention time < 10 min), selective (showed no interference with excipients), cost effective and a good resolution which gave this method an advantage over the different other reported methods for the estimation of ketoprofen in human plasma.展开更多
The partitioning of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), flurbiprofen and ketoprofen, into cationic cetyltrimethylammonium micelles was investigated using semi-equilibrium dialysis at 37℃ in phosphate ...The partitioning of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), flurbiprofen and ketoprofen, into cationic cetyltrimethylammonium micelles was investigated using semi-equilibrium dialysis at 37℃ in phosphate buffered saline. The micellar-water solubilization equilibrium constants for both NSAIDs, in their deprotonated forms, were observed to decrease linearly with increasing mole fraction of drug in micelles. For flurbiprofen, the solubilization constant in the limit as mole fraction of drug in micelles approaches zero was found to be 11,200 (co = 1 M), while for ketoprofen the value was 1950 (co = 1 M). Using 1H-NMR and UV spectroscopic techniques, the locus of solubilization for ketoprofen was found to be towards the charged exterior of the micelles, in the Stern layer, whereas flurbiprofen was found to solubilize more in the micellar interior.展开更多
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.21777087 and 22276109)the Natural Science Basic Research Fund of Shaanxi Province(No.2023-JC-QN-0099)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,CHD(No.300102352101)the Innovative Research Team for Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province(No.2022TD-04).
文摘Ketoprofen(KET),as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug frequently detected in aqueous environments,is a threat to human health due to its accumulation and low biodegradability,which requires the transformation and degradation of KET in aqueous environments.In this paper,the reaction process of ozone-initiated KET degradation in water was investigated using density functional theory(DFT)method at the M06-2X/6-311++g(3df,2p)//M06-2X/6-31+g(d,p)level.The detailed reaction path of KET ozonation is proposed.The thermodynamic results show that ozone-initiated KET degradation is feasible.Under ultraviolet irradiation,the reaction of ozone with water can also produce OH radicals(HO·)that can react with KET.The degradation reaction of KET caused by HO·was further studied.The kinetic calculation illustrates that the reaction rate(1.99×10-1(mol/L)^(-1)sec^(-1))of KET ozonation is relatively slow,but the reaction rate of HO·reaction is relatively high,which can further improve the degradation efficiency.On this basis,the effects of pollutant concentration,ozone concentration,natural organic matter,and pH value on degradation efficiency under UV/O3 process were analyzed.The ozonolysis reaction of KET is not sensitive to pH and is basically unaffected.Finally,the toxicity prediction of oxidation compounds produced by degradation reaction indicates that most of the degradation products are harmless,and a few products containing benzene rings are still toxic and have to be concerned.This study serves as a theoretical basis for analyzing the migration and transformation process of anti-inflammatory compounds in the water environment.
基金supported by the program of supporting career development of young and middle-aged teachers from Shenyang Pharmaceutical University (ZQN2015011)the Open fund of Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for TCM Viscera-State Theory and Applications, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(zyzx1608)
文摘To obtain expected rapid-release and sustained-release of ketoprofen gel beads, this paper adopted biopolymer alginate to prepare alginate beads and chitosan-alginate gel beads. Formulation factors were investigated and optimized by the single factor test. The release of ketoprofen from calcium alginate gel beads in pH 1.0 hydrochloric acid solution was less than 10% during 2 h, then in pH6.8 was about 95% during 45 min, which met the requirements of rapid-release preparations. However, the drug release of chitosan-alginate gel beads in pH1.0 was less than 5% during 2 h, then in pH6.8 was about 50% during 6 h and reached more than 95% during 12 h, which had a good sustained-release behavior. In addition, the release kinetics of keteprofen from the calcium alginate gel beads fitted well with the Korsmeyer–Peppas model and followed a case-II transport mechanism. However, the release of keteprofen from the chitosan-alginate gel beads exhibited a non-Fickian mechanism and based on the mixed mechanisms of diffusion and polymer relaxation from chitosanalginate beads. In a word, alginate gel beads of ketoprofen were instant analgesic, while chitosan-alginate gel beads could control the release of ketoprofen during gastrointestinal tract and prolong the drug's action time.
基金Project(20376085) supportecd by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Distribution behavior of ketoprofen enantiomers was examined in methanol aqueous and organic solvent mixture containing tartaric esters. The influence of length of alkyl chain of tartaric esters, concentration of L-tartaric esters and methanol aqueous, kind of organic solvent on partition ratio and separation factors was investigated. The results show that L-tartaric and D-tartaric esters have different chiral recognition abilities. S-ketoprofen is easily extracted by L-tartaric esters, and R-ketoprofen is easily extracted by D-tartaric esters. L-tartaric esters form more stable diastereomeric complexes with S-enantiomer than that with R-enantiomer. This distribution behavior is consistent with chiral recognition mechanism. With the increase of the concentration of tartaric ester from 0 to 0.3 mol/L, partition coefficient K and separation factor a increase. Also, the kind of organic solvent and the concentration of the methanol aqueous have significant influence on K and a.
基金the financial support received from the short term grant 304/PFARMASI/6313055,Universiti Sains Malaysia in carrying out this work.
文摘Solid dispersion is one of the most promising strategies to improve oral bioavailability of poorly soluble API.However,there are inconsistent dissolution performances of solid dispersion reported which entails further investigation.In this study,solid dispersions of ketoprofen in three hydrophilic carriers,i.e.PVP K30,PVPVA 6:4 and PVA were prepared and characterized.Physical characterization of the physical mixture of ketoprofen and carriers shows certain extent of amorphization of the API.This result is coinciding to evaluation of drug-polymer interaction using ATR-FTIR whereby higher amorphization was seen in samples with higher drug-polymer interaction.XRPD scanning confirms that fully amorphous solid dispersion was obtained for SD KTP PVP K30 and PVPVA system whereas partially crystalline system was obtained for SD KTP PVA.Interestingly,dissolution profiles of the solid dispersion had shown that degree of amorphization of KTP was not directly proportional to the dissolution rate enhancement of the solid dispersion system.Thus,it is concluded that complete amorphization does not guarantee dissolution enhancement of an amorphous solid dispersion system.
文摘The process of resolution of racemic ketoprofen using n-octyl-d-glucamine as an optical resolution agent was investigated. The process consists of preparation of the diastereomer salt of ketoprofen with n-octyl-d-glucamine, liberation of S-(+)-ketoprofen from its diastereomer salt and recovery of the remaining ketoprofen and n-octyl-d- glucamine. The suitable conditions for preparation of the diastereomer salt were methanol and ethyl acetate (1.1 by volume) as the solvent, the ratio of solvent volume to ketoprofen mass at 8ml:1g, and the molar ratio of ketoprofen to n-octyl-d-glucamine at 1:1. The preferred approach to liberate S-(+)-ketoprofen from its diastereomer salt was alkali dissolution, acid adjustment and ethyl acetate extraction. Racemization of the recovered ketoprofen could be achieved by reacting the recovered ketoprofen with 10% NaOH at 507 kPa for 6h. The recovered n-octyl-d- glucamine could be refined by acid dissolution and alkali adjustment. S-(+)-ketoprofen can be obtained with high optical purity and yield, showing that the present process is a practical and efficient one which can be used in industrial scale for preparation of S-(+)-ketoprofen.
文摘Six hours after smoke inhalation injury in rabbits, the permeability of pulmonary vesselsand the aggregation of circulating platelets increased markedly accompanied with apparent patholog-ical changes in the trachea and lungs. Fifteen minutes after smoke inhalation injury in rabbits, an intravenous dose of ginsenosides or ketoprofenwas given to the animals respectively. 6 hours after medication, it was found that both the drugscould significantly alleviate the platelet aggregation, but only ginsenosides could alleviate theaugmentation of pulmonary vascular permeability and the pathological lesions in the trachea andlungs. In those rats injured by smoke inhalation, l hour after an intravenous dose of ginsenosides, theplasma PGI<sub>2</sub> level was elevated and TXA<sub>2</sub>/PGI<sub>2</sub> ratio decreased significantly.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(No.2012011007-5)the application and innovation project in police(No.2011YYCXSXST016)
文摘The permeation enhancing activity of Azone for ketoprofen through excised cavia skins was investigated using Franz diffusion cell. The possible hydrogen-bonded complexes formed between ketoprofen and the model molecule of Azone as azacyclopentane-2-one were fully optimized at the B3LYP/6-311＋＋G＊＊ level. The intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions were calculated using the B3LYP/6-311＋＋G＊＊, B3LYP/6-311＋＋G（2df, 2p）, MP2（full）/6-311＋＋G＊＊ and MP2（full）/6-311＋＋G（2df, 2p） methods, respectively. The results show that the steady-state permeation rate of ketoprofen through excised cavia skins enhances over 9 times in the solvent with 2% Azone as compared with the solvent without Azone. The stable O–H…O=C and N–H…O=C hydrogen-bonded complexes could exist between azacyclopentane and ketoprofen. The hydrogen-bonding interaction energy follows the order of（a） 〉（b） 〉（c） 〉（d） 〉（g）〉（e） 〉（h） 〉（f）. The formation of the complexes leads to the change of the conformation and molecular polarity of ketoprofen, and thus causes a better percutaneous permeation for the drug. The analyses of AIM（atom in molecule） and shift of electron density were used to further reveal the nature of the enhancing permeation activity of Azone for ketoprofen. The investigations of the temperature and solvent effects confirm that ketoprofen might enter into the skin by means of the Azone complex.
文摘Opioid-induced hyperalgesia negatively affects physiological pain management and presents a complex causal mechanism, involving, pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic factors of interactions with receptors, opioid-independent ascending systems and with pro-nociceptive systems. After approval by the CEUA, 42 male Wistar rats were divided into 7 groups: In group 1 (GCSSL) the animals received 1 ml of 0.9% saline solution intraperitoneally (IP);in group 2 (GFTSL), they received fentanyl at a dose of 100 ug·kg<sup>-1</sup> IP;in the remaining groups (3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) the animals received IP, fentanyl at a dose of 100 ug·kg<sup>-1</sup> followed also by IP route of: group 3 (GFTKP) ketoprofen at a dose of 5 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>;group 4 GFTKT), ketamine up to a dose of 10.0 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>;group 5 (GFTLI), incisional lidocaine up to a dose of 10 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>;group 6 (GFTLP), intraperitoneal lidocaine up to a dose of 10 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> and group 7 (GFTPP), propofol up to a dose of 60 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>. Under general anesthesia, all animals with a plantar surgical incision. Hyperalgesia was evaluated by applying Von Frey filaments on the 2nd, 1st, 3rd and 5th days after treatment. In the 2nd hour and on the 5th day after the procedure, there was no hyperalgesia associated with the use of fentanyl, however, on the 1st and 3rd postoperative days there was hyperalgesia that was attenuated by ketoprofen, ketamine, lidocaine infiltrated in the incision and intraperitoneally, an effect not observed with the use of propofol. The results suggest fentanyl-induced hyperalgesia and the efficacy of ketoprofen, ketamine, incisional lidocaine and intraperitoneal lidocaine in reducing this effect.
文摘For in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, it is pre-requisite to quantify drug concentrations in plasma. In the present study a RP-HPLC procedure was developed and validated for the assessment of ketoprofen in human plasma. For this purpose mobile phase consisting of methaol:water (70:30) adjusted to pH 3.3 with phosphoric acid was used, and chromatography was carried out on Discovery HS C18 column, 5 μm (25 cm × 4.6 mm). The flow rate was 1 mL·min-1 and quantitative assessment was performed at 260 nm. The retention time was found to be was found to be accurate and illustrated linearity from 0.2441 to 125 μg·mL-1 with the determination coefficient (r2) of 0.9999, also accuracy and precision were found to be <2 (%RSD). The intraday accuracy for concentrations 62.5 μg·mL-1, 15.625 μg·mL-1, 7.812 μg·mL-1 and 1.953 μg·mL-1 were found to be 99.747%, 99.475%, 98.457% and 99.824% respectively where as for interday accuracy consecutive values for days 1, 2 and 3 were 99.104%, 99.091%, 98.96% and 99.385% in plasma. All validation parameters were assessed and were found to be within the limits. The proposed method was accurate, specific, quick (retention time < 10 min), selective (showed no interference with excipients), cost effective and a good resolution which gave this method an advantage over the different other reported methods for the estimation of ketoprofen in human plasma.
文摘The partitioning of two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), flurbiprofen and ketoprofen, into cationic cetyltrimethylammonium micelles was investigated using semi-equilibrium dialysis at 37℃ in phosphate buffered saline. The micellar-water solubilization equilibrium constants for both NSAIDs, in their deprotonated forms, were observed to decrease linearly with increasing mole fraction of drug in micelles. For flurbiprofen, the solubilization constant in the limit as mole fraction of drug in micelles approaches zero was found to be 11,200 (co = 1 M), while for ketoprofen the value was 1950 (co = 1 M). Using 1H-NMR and UV spectroscopic techniques, the locus of solubilization for ketoprofen was found to be towards the charged exterior of the micelles, in the Stern layer, whereas flurbiprofen was found to solubilize more in the micellar interior.
