The Kashmir Basin,shaped by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates,features prominent faults,including the Balapur fault and other fault zones.This study focuses on the Gulmarg fault within the North...The Kashmir Basin,shaped by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates,features prominent faults,including the Balapur fault and other fault zones.This study focuses on the Gulmarg fault within the Northwestern Himalaya,using advanced geomagnetic techniques for delineation.Geomagnetic measurements reveal the characteristics of the newly identified Gulmarg fault.Ground magnetic surveys with Proton Precession Magnetometers along linear profiles and a magnetic grid highlight fault-related anomalies.The results indicate a fault running through the Gulmarg meadows,approximately 1.6 km from the Balapur fault,suggesting a potential coupling between the two.Three profiles across the fault exhibit distinctive magnetic variations,highlighting the intricate nature of the fault structure.Gridding methods also reveal anomalies associated with subsurface water and hydraulic activities,underscoring the importance of advanced geophysical techniques.This study emphasizes the significance of detailed investigations to unravel the complex geological processes shaping the Kashmir Basin.The study provides valuable insights into the tectonic activity in the Gulmarg region,underscoring the role of geophysical studies in enhancing our understanding of dynamic geological structures like the Gulmarg fault zone.展开更多
The GPS data sourced from the permanent GPS network in the Kashmir Himalaya were utilized to quantify both vertical and horizontal deformation rates in the Kashmir Valley of the northwestern Himalaya.While lateral def...The GPS data sourced from the permanent GPS network in the Kashmir Himalaya were utilized to quantify both vertical and horizontal deformation rates in the Kashmir Valley of the northwestern Himalaya.While lateral deformation in the Kashmir basin has been previously quantified,the vertical component has not been studied yet.To quantify the vertical and horizontal deformation rates in the Kashmir Valley,we use GAMIT/GLOBK software to process the GPS data.The lateral motion data indicate that the Indian plate continues to move towards the Eurasian plate at a rate of 36-42 mm/yr,while the vertical vectors infer a transition zone across the Kashmir valley.Using ArcGIS,Iso-base and Iso-ketabase maps were generated from the GPS vertical vectors to study the vertical deformation status of the Kashmir Valley.The analysis of vertical vectors reveals a significant transition zone in the Kashmir Valley.The vertical vector data show distinct patterns:GPS stations in the northeast,south,and southeast of the Kashmir Valley exhibit uplift,while stations in the north,northwest,and southwest show subsidence.The uplift velocity increases as we move from the Srinagar station to the Kulgam station via Tral and Ashmuqam,while the subsidence rate increases as we move from the Bandipora station to Mulgam and Uri.Specifically,the highest uplift rate(5.2±0.6 mm/yr)is observed at the Kulgam station and the highest subsidence rate(-6.5±1.26 mm/yr)at the Uri station.On average,vertical subsidence of-2.81 mm/yr is recorded along the north and northwest sides of the valley,and an average uplift of 3.04 mm/yr in the south and southeast.Integrating geomorphological observations with GPS measurements,we infer the presence of an active normal fault running northeast-southwest across the Kashmir Valley,transverse to the major thrust faults.Recent seismic events,including the M_(W)3.9 event near Nagbal and the M_(W)3.7 event near Mujgund in 2020,clustering of local seismic events,and two devastating historical seismic events(1828 AD and 1877/1878 AD)along this transition zone highlight the fault's activity and the region's vulnerability to future earthquakes.Delineation of such geological structures is crucial for seismic hazard assessment and micro-seismic zonation in the Kashmir Valley.Therefore,this study represents a significant step towards understanding the geodynamics and kinematics of the region and improving seismic risk mitigation strategies.展开更多
Being involved in the organization of IGCP 572 field workshops in Turkey （2009）, in Oman （2010）, as in the following IGCP 630 field workshops in Kashmir （India, 2014） and in Armenia （2017）, I co-wrote for each...Being involved in the organization of IGCP 572 field workshops in Turkey （2009）, in Oman （2010）, as in the following IGCP 630 field workshops in Kashmir （India, 2014） and in Armenia （2017）, I co-wrote for each of them detailed guidebooks and extended reports that can be found and downloaded from ResearchGate website. This paper summarizes the final results obtained by IGCP 572 and 630 members from these four important field workshop sites in the past I0 years, and also attempts to make recommendations for future studies based on these unique localities surrounding the Tethys Ocean. The first field workshop of IGCP 572 was organized in South Turkey in September, 2009, with the logistical support of Dr. Erdal Kosun from the Antalya University. Following the South Turkey field workshop, eight important papers have been published and concerned the well-preserved Permian-Triassic boundary （PTB） microbialites and their ecosystems （including ostraeodes, brachiopods, and many of other clades）. The 3rd IGCP 572 annual field workshop was held during February, 2010 in the Sultanate of Oman, with Dr. Michaela Bernecker and the deep support from the GuTech University in Muscat. More than 15 papers have derived from the P-Tr successions that IGCP 572 members have investigated during this workshop, including the first study on oceanic acidification based on Boron isotopes. New paleontological studies are still on progress, and concern the Smithian ammonoids, Lower Triassic shark teeth and dental remains as well as basal Triassic conodonts, crinoids and ammonoids. The 1st IGCP 630 annual field workshop was held during November, 2014 in Srinagar, Kashmir, and North India, with the helpful assistance of Prof. Ghulam Bhat from Jammu University. This meeting renewed studies on the classic Guryul Ravine and adjacent P-Tr boundary sections in that region, with new geochemical works on carbon isotopes and pyrite framboids as well as a detailed Induan conodont taxonomy and zonatiou. Other new paleontological works concern the palynology of the Guryul Ravine Section as some well-preserved organic eukariotic protist （thecamoebians） that cross without damage the PTB. Lilit Sahakyan, Aymon Baud, and Zhong-Qiang Chen organized the 5th IGCP 630 annual conference and field workshop in Armenia on October 8-14, 2017. Several PTB and Lower Triassic sections have been systematically sampled for biogeochemical and geobiological studies. These Armenian sections provide unique paleoenvironmental settings that have the long- est record, from Griesbachian to Dienerian, of microbial proliferation following the P-Tr mass extinction in the world. The basal Triassic giant sponge-microbial build-ups are encouraging more compre- hensive studies on metazoan-microbial reef developments after the greatest extinction event.展开更多
Two well-developed mesoscopic folds, D_2 and D_3, which postdate the middle amphibolite metamorphism, were recognized in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. NW–SE trending D_2 folds developed during NE–SW horiz...Two well-developed mesoscopic folds, D_2 and D_3, which postdate the middle amphibolite metamorphism, were recognized in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. NW–SE trending D_2 folds developed during NE–SW horizontal bulk shortening followed by NE–SW trending D_3 folds, which developed during SE–NW shortening. Micro- to mesoscopically the NW–SE trending S2 crenulation cleavage, boudins and mineral stretching lineations are overprinted by D_3. The newly established NW–SE trending micro- to mesoscopic structures in Munda termed D_2, which postdated F_1/F_2, is synchronously developed with F3 structures in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. We interpret that D2 and D3 folds are counterclockwise rotated in the tectonic event that has evolved the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis after the main phase Indian plate and Kohistan Island Arc collision. Chlorite replacement by biotite in the main matrix crenulation cleavages indicates prograde metamorphism related with D2. The inclusion of muscovite and biotite in garnet porphyroblasts and the presence of staurolite in these rocks indicate that the Barrovian metamorphic conditions predate D2 and D3. We interpret that garnet, staurolite and calcite porphyroblasts grew before D2 because the well developed S2 crenulation cleavage wraps around these porphyroblasts.展开更多
Objective:To report the indigenous people's uses of plants from a multidimensional perspective in a remote area where strong ethnobotanical cultural practices prevail. Methods:An ethnobotanical survey was conducte...Objective:To report the indigenous people's uses of plants from a multidimensional perspective in a remote area where strong ethnobotanical cultural practices prevail. Methods:An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the field during 2014-2016. Ethnobotanical data were gathered from 182 informants through oral interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. The distribution of plants was explored using both descriptive and graphical methods. Further,a Multinomial Logit Specification was applied to find out the probability of the occurrence of diverse utilization of plants in multipurpose domains. Results:The study identified 202 plant species distributed among 71 families and 156 genera. Ethnobotanical data indicate that there are more medicinal(36.96%) uses of plants as compared to all other use categories. The output from the Multinomial Logit Specifications(MLS) model reveals that perennial and non-woody plants are exploited more for medicinal and food uses than annual and woody plants. In the context of ethnomedicinal uses,aerial plant parts particularly leaves are more extensively used for the preparation of herbal recipes as compared to underground parts. Conclusions:The results of the study emphasize the need to create awareness among the local communities about the conservation status of plant species in order to maintain a sustainable resource of plant-derived materials into the future. The novel econometric approach employed in this study adds a new insightful methodology to the existing body of literature in the field of ethnobotany. We strongly recommend conservation measures,alongside phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the useful plant species identified in this study in order to ensure their sustainable and effective utilization.展开更多
The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates caused a massive surface uplift and formed the Himalayas.Throughout the 2500-km long Himalaya mountain range,significant earthquake hazards have occurred either on the i...The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates caused a massive surface uplift and formed the Himalayas.Throughout the 2500-km long Himalaya mountain range,significant earthquake hazards have occurred either on the interface between the plates,above the interface at the Himalayan wedge.展开更多
Marshall (1916) referred 26 species to genus Leptomias Fst.and .put generic names Heteromias Fst., Parisomias Fst. and Piazomias Lacd. (part) as its synonyms. Gunther and Zumpt (1933) added Cneorrhinus Redtenb.also in...Marshall (1916) referred 26 species to genus Leptomias Fst.and .put generic names Heteromias Fst., Parisomias Fst. and Piazomias Lacd. (part) as its synonyms. Gunther and Zumpt (1933) added Cneorrhinus Redtenb.also in the list of synonyms of Leptomias st.Later on, Aslam (1961) revalidated Parisomias Fst.reshuffled the position of a few species and described a number of new species under the restricted Leptomias Fst.Accordingiy, as many as 32 species were referred to the genus Leptomias Fst.展开更多
Zircon inclusions in two selected Kashmir sapphire reference samples and one faceted gemstone were studied by HR SIMS and LA-ICP-MS for U-Pb age determination.The two independent analytical methods result in the same ...Zircon inclusions in two selected Kashmir sapphire reference samples and one faceted gemstone were studied by HR SIMS and LA-ICP-MS for U-Pb age determination.The two independent analytical methods result in the same conclusion that the zircons have crystallization ages of 26-25 Ma.The provided result is a good reference for U-Pb age of Kashmir sapphire that can be used for origin determination in gemmological laboratories with LA-ICP-MS routine method.Additionally,cathodoluminescence imaging showed that the zircon inclusions in Kashmir sapphires have regular oscillatory zoning.High U concentrations of up to 20000 ppm have been detected in the zircon inclusions.展开更多
Objective: To enumerate the diversity of important medicinal plants used traditionally by the local populace in biodiversity rich and temperate Himalayan ranges of Bandipora district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Methods...Objective: To enumerate the diversity of important medicinal plants used traditionally by the local populace in biodiversity rich and temperate Himalayan ranges of Bandipora district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Methods: Methods used to explore the plants with medicinal value and to record associated ethnomedicinal knowledge included semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and walk-in-the-woods with local knowledgeable persons, traditional practitioners called "Bhoeris" and tribals(Gujjars and Bakkerwals). Results: During plant exploration in this floristically rich Himalayan region, a very interesting and less-known species of the genus Prenanthes L.,(Asteraceae) was recorded. On examination, the species was identified as Prenanthes violaefolia Decne., which represents a first report from Kashmir Himalaya, India. Conclusions: Prenanthes violaefolia could serve as an important source of new potent compounds provided that it is subjected to thorough phytochemical and pharmacological investigations.展开更多
The Kashmir earthquake 2005 （magnitude MW 7.6） triggered thousands of mass move-ments in northern Pakistan. These mass movements were mainly rock falls, debris falls, rockslides and rock avalanches. The mass movemen...The Kashmir earthquake 2005 （magnitude MW 7.6） triggered thousands of mass move-ments in northern Pakistan. These mass movements were mainly rock falls, debris falls, rockslides and rock avalanches. The mass movements vary in size from a few hundred cubic meters up to about 100 million cubic meters estimated for the Hattian Bala rock avalanche, the biggest one associated with this earthquake. This mass movement, which moved in southeastern direction, created two natural dams on the valley bottom and blocked the water ways of the Karli and Tung tributaries of the Jhelum River. Topographic, lithologic and structural information were used to investigate the Hattian Bala rock ava-lanche. Geotechnical and structural maps were prepared to understand relationship between geology and structure of Hattian Bala rock avalanche. The geometry and failure mode of this rock avalanche are controlled by southeast plunging synclinal structures, lithology, a bedding parallel slip surface and a pre-existing old rockslide. The structural map shows that the mass movement failure was due to Danna and Dandbeh synclinal structures plunging southeast on the hanging wall block of the reacti-vated Muzaffarabad fault. The slip surface of the mass movement followed the bedding planes along mudstone, claystone and sandstone surfaces. The mass movement perfectly followed the pre-existing synclinal morphology of the Danna and Dandbeh synclines.展开更多
Quantitative glacial chronologies of past glaciations are sparse in the Himalaya, and mostly absent in the Kashmir Himalaya. We used cosmogenicBe exposure dating, and geomorphological mapping to reconstruct glacial ad...Quantitative glacial chronologies of past glaciations are sparse in the Himalaya, and mostly absent in the Kashmir Himalaya. We used cosmogenicBe exposure dating, and geomorphological mapping to reconstruct glacial advances of the Thajwas Glacier(TG) in the Great Himalayan Range of the Kashmir Himalaya. FromBe exposure dating of ten moraine boulders, four glacial stages with ages ~20.77 ±2.28 ka, ~11.46 ± 1.69 ka, ~9.12 ± 1.39 ka and ~4.19 ± 0.78 ka, were identified. The reconstructed cosmogenic radionuclide ages confirmed the global Last Glacial Maximum(g LGM), Younger Dryas, Early Holocene, and Neoglaciation episodes. As per area and volume change analyses, the TG has lost 51.1 km~2 of its area and a volume of 2.64 km~3 during the last 20.77 ± 2.28 ka. Overall, the results suggested that the TG has lost 64% of area and 73% of volume from the Last glacial maximum to Neoglaciation and about 85.74% and 87.67% of area and volume, respectively, from Neoglaciation to the present day. The equilibrium line altitude of the TG fluctuated from 4238 m a.s.l present to3365 m a.s.l during the g LGM(20.77 ± 2.28 ka). The significant cooling induced by a drop in mean ambient temperature resulted in a positive mass balance of the TG during the g LGM. Subsequently the melting accelerated due to the continuing rise of the global ambient temperature. Paleo-glacial history reconstruction of the Kashmir Himalaya, with its specific geomorphic and climatic setting, would help close the information gap about the chronology of past regional glacial episodes.展开更多
Objective: Migraine, a common chronic neurological disorder involves a pathophysiology having both multiple genetic and environmental factors. 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) involved in folate metab...Objective: Migraine, a common chronic neurological disorder involves a pathophysiology having both multiple genetic and environmental factors. 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) involved in folate metabolism has an important role in a cell for folate availability which is critical for DNA integrity. Methods: This case-control study conducted in Srinagar, Kashmir (North India) between 2013 and 2015 was designed to evaluate risk induced due to MTH-FR 677C>T gene polymorphisms to contribute in susceptibility for migraine in Kashmir population (North India). Using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, we tested the genotype distribution of 100 migraine patients in comparison with 120 healthy migraine-free controls from the same geographical region. Results: The genotypic frequencies of the patients and controls were not significantly associated (p > 0.05). Higher distribution of TT mutant genotype was found in controls as against the cases (5% versus 1%) but association was not significant (p > 0.05). Per copy frequency of T allele (Val) was found to be 0.14 in cases versus 0.19 in controls (p 0.05). Similar scenario was observed when migraine without aura was compared with controls where variant genotype (16% cases versus 39.0% controls: p > 0.05) as well as allele frequency was found to be less in cases (cases 0.15 versus 0.19 controls: p > 0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism has no role in predisposition to the migraine in our population and cannot serve as a predictive factor for the risk of migraine.展开更多
This study presents the intercomparison of the outdoor environmental gamma dose rates measured using a Nal （TI） based survey meter along with thermoluminescent dosimeters （TLDs） and estimation of excess lifetime c...This study presents the intercomparison of the outdoor environmental gamma dose rates measured using a Nal （TI） based survey meter along with thermoluminescent dosimeters （TLDs） and estimation of excess lifetime cancer risk （ELCR）, for the inhabitants of Poonch division of the Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. CaF2： Dy （TLD-200） card dosimeters were installed at height of 1 m from ground at fifteen different locations covering the entire Poonch division comprising of three districts.展开更多
The Gilgit-Baltistan Province and Azad Kashmir regions are rich in mineral and natural resources. The gemstones, marbles and many other economic mineralizations are significant but these regions are relatively far fro...The Gilgit-Baltistan Province and Azad Kashmir regions are rich in mineral and natural resources. The gemstones, marbles and many other economic mineralizations are significant but these regions are relatively far from central and southern commercial areas of Pakistan. The gemstones of Gilgit-Baltistan Province are famous worldwide especially from Hunza and Skardu regions. The Azad Kashmir region also has a share of gemstone especially from the upper approaches of Neelam valley and marble, construction materials, coal, clays and other minerals found from different areas of Azad Kashmir. There is no common previous availability of comprehensive papers providing mineral data of Gilgit-Baltistan Province and Azad Kashmir regions. This report provides a quick view of mineral resources occurred in the Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir regions.展开更多
Detailed micro-meso to macroscopic structural analyses reveal two deformation phases in the western limb of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis（HKS）. Bulk top to NW shearing transformed initially symmetrical NNE-SSW trendin...Detailed micro-meso to macroscopic structural analyses reveal two deformation phases in the western limb of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis（HKS）. Bulk top to NW shearing transformed initially symmetrical NNE-SSW trending meso to macroscopic folds from asymmetric to overturned ones without changing their trend. Sigmoidal en-echelon tension gashes developed during this deformation,that were oblique to bedding parallel worm burrows and bedding planes themselves. Strain analyses of deformed elliptical ooids using the Rf/Ф method constrain the internal strain patterns of the NNE-SSW structures. The principal stretching axis（S3） defined by deformed elliptical ooids is oriented N27°E at right angles to WNW-ESE shortening. The deformed elliptical ooids in sub-vertical bedding vertical planes contain ooids that plunge -70° SE due to NW-directed tectonic transport. Finite strain ratios are1.45（Rxy） parallel to bedding plane and 1.46（Ryz） for the vertical plane. From these 2D strain values, we derive an oblate strain ellipsoidal in 3D using the Flinn and Hsu/Nadai techniques. Strains calculated from deformed elliptical ooids average-18.10% parallel to bedding and-18.47% in the vertical plane.However, a balanced cross-section through the study area indicates a minimum of--28% shortening.Consequently, regional shortening was only partially accommodated by internal deformation.展开更多
Following the catastrophic earthquake of October 2005 in Kashmir, Pakistan, 215 surveys were administered to earthquake survivors in villages within 50 miles (80</span><span style="font-family:"&quo...Following the catastrophic earthquake of October 2005 in Kashmir, Pakistan, 215 surveys were administered to earthquake survivors in villages within 50 miles (80</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">km) of the epicenter near the town of Muzaffarabad. The survey questionnaires were designed to address perceptions of seismic knowledge, event-related behavior, and opinions of local, regional, and national seismic preparedness and mitigation</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">representing a rare opportunity in seismic risk assessment. Some of the findings were similar to previous research results, while some were counter-intuitive, surprising, and valuable. Overwhelmingly, respondents stated that they ran away after the quake (vs. praying, taking cover, screaming, or doing nothing). Their trust in local and national governments regarding future earthquake preparedness and mitigation was high (~50%), contrary to most prior studies</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Less than five percent of respondents believed that </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">“</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">no quake would occur again</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, while nearly 75% responded that another quake would occur within 5</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10 years</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> another opinion contrary to previous research. This research revealed new aspects of risk perception in the predominant Muslim communities of Northern Pakistan regarding recurrence, post-event action, and regional preparedness.展开更多
The Reshian-Lamnian area within the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis in Pakistan is composed mainly of the rocks of the Salkhala,Panjal and Murree formations.Base metal sulfide mineralization in the form of sphalerite and gale...The Reshian-Lamnian area within the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis in Pakistan is composed mainly of the rocks of the Salkhala,Panjal and Murree formations.Base metal sulfide mineralization in the form of sphalerite and galena with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite is present within the Salkhala Formation of the study area.Chemically all these ore phases are homogeneous in composition.The Pb isotopic composition of galena from the area suggests that there is very little or negligible variation in the ratios of 206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb.Modal ages ranging from 509 to 562 Ma and the μ values of 10.71 to 10.93 have been calculated for the studied Pb-Zn mineralization.On the basis of field features,mineralogy and Pb-isotope signatures,it is concluded that the Pb-Zn sulfide mineralization in the Reshian-Lamnia area is pre-Himalayan in age and can be correlated with the Cambro-Ordovician(Pan-African) orogenic event.展开更多
Aims In view of the growing interest in modelling the potential spread of invasive species,prediction of plant invasiveness on the basis of native range size holds considerable promise.Our objective was to use a simpl...Aims In view of the growing interest in modelling the potential spread of invasive species,prediction of plant invasiveness on the basis of native range size holds considerable promise.Our objective was to use a simple model to evaluate whether a wider native range predisposes plant species to become invasive in non-native regions and to easily identify potential invaders on this basis.The Kashmir Himalayan alien flora,of which a large proportion is native to Europe,was used to test this model.Methods The Kashmir Himalayan alien flora comprises 436 species of vascular plants at different stages of invasion.We focussed on plant species at two critical invasion stages(sensu Colautti and MacIsaac 2004),i.e.Stage II(species that are just at the earliest phase of introduction)and Stage V(species that are widespread and dominant in the invaded region and are thus considered invasive).We used the territorial distribution in Europe(number of countries)as a surrogate for the native range size of plants of European origin.Important Findings Using a subset of 88 species,for which information on the native European range was available,we showed that a large proportion(68%)of Stage II species growing in the Kashmir Valley had a relatively restricted European range(present in<20 countries);on the other hand,77%of Stage V species had an extensive native range(present in>20 countries).We consequently hypothesized that 14 Kashmir Himalayan Stage II species of European origin that are distributed in>20 European countries are at risk of becoming future invaders in Kashmir.On the other hand,those Kashmir Himalayan Stage II species of European origin distributed in<20 European countries are less likely to become invasive.Although this analysis is quite simple,the data suggest that a wider native range is a good predictor of plant invasiveness and could be used as a simple and low-cost early warning tool in predicting potential invasive species.展开更多
Background:Temperate forests are major carbon sinks because of their high storage potential and low decomposi-tion processes.We quantified tree carbon(TC)storage from 143 plots distributed across three major forest ty...Background:Temperate forests are major carbon sinks because of their high storage potential and low decomposi-tion processes.We quantified tree carbon(TC)storage from 143 plots distributed across three major forest types of Kashmir Himalaya,relative to differences in ecological factors.Combined regression and Random Forest(RF)analysis were used to examine the distribution of TC stock along ecological gradients and recognize the role of driving factors on TC stocks.Results:Among the three forest types,sub-alpine(SA)forest was the primary TC sink,accounting for 228.73 t ha^(−1)of carbon,followed by mixed conifer(MC;181.29 t C ha^(−1))and blue pine(BP;133.04 t C ha^(−1))forests.The distribution of TC stocks among the three forest types differed significantly(χ^(2)=18.87;P=0.000).Relative carbon stock analysis demonstrated that Abies pindrow and Pinus wallichiana accounted 91%of TC stocks across the landscape.Basal area,mean diameter at breast height(DBH),elevation,disturbance and precipitation had significant effects on TC stocks in bivariate regression models.The RF model explained 86%of the variation;basal area interpreted 30.15%,followed by mean DBH(17.96%),disturbance complex(10.64%),precipitation(8.00%)and elevation(7.34%).Conclusions:Kashmir Himalayan forests are significant carbon sinks as they store a substantial quantum of carbon in trees.Forest carbon,an essential climatic indicator,is determined by a complex interaction of other ecological vari-ables,particularly stand structural features.The study provides insights into the role of these natural forests in climate change mitigation and in REDD+/national commitments to offset the carbon.展开更多
文摘The Kashmir Basin,shaped by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates,features prominent faults,including the Balapur fault and other fault zones.This study focuses on the Gulmarg fault within the Northwestern Himalaya,using advanced geomagnetic techniques for delineation.Geomagnetic measurements reveal the characteristics of the newly identified Gulmarg fault.Ground magnetic surveys with Proton Precession Magnetometers along linear profiles and a magnetic grid highlight fault-related anomalies.The results indicate a fault running through the Gulmarg meadows,approximately 1.6 km from the Balapur fault,suggesting a potential coupling between the two.Three profiles across the fault exhibit distinctive magnetic variations,highlighting the intricate nature of the fault structure.Gridding methods also reveal anomalies associated with subsurface water and hydraulic activities,underscoring the importance of advanced geophysical techniques.This study emphasizes the significance of detailed investigations to unravel the complex geological processes shaping the Kashmir Basin.The study provides valuable insights into the tectonic activity in the Gulmarg region,underscoring the role of geophysical studies in enhancing our understanding of dynamic geological structures like the Gulmarg fault zone.
文摘The GPS data sourced from the permanent GPS network in the Kashmir Himalaya were utilized to quantify both vertical and horizontal deformation rates in the Kashmir Valley of the northwestern Himalaya.While lateral deformation in the Kashmir basin has been previously quantified,the vertical component has not been studied yet.To quantify the vertical and horizontal deformation rates in the Kashmir Valley,we use GAMIT/GLOBK software to process the GPS data.The lateral motion data indicate that the Indian plate continues to move towards the Eurasian plate at a rate of 36-42 mm/yr,while the vertical vectors infer a transition zone across the Kashmir valley.Using ArcGIS,Iso-base and Iso-ketabase maps were generated from the GPS vertical vectors to study the vertical deformation status of the Kashmir Valley.The analysis of vertical vectors reveals a significant transition zone in the Kashmir Valley.The vertical vector data show distinct patterns:GPS stations in the northeast,south,and southeast of the Kashmir Valley exhibit uplift,while stations in the north,northwest,and southwest show subsidence.The uplift velocity increases as we move from the Srinagar station to the Kulgam station via Tral and Ashmuqam,while the subsidence rate increases as we move from the Bandipora station to Mulgam and Uri.Specifically,the highest uplift rate(5.2±0.6 mm/yr)is observed at the Kulgam station and the highest subsidence rate(-6.5±1.26 mm/yr)at the Uri station.On average,vertical subsidence of-2.81 mm/yr is recorded along the north and northwest sides of the valley,and an average uplift of 3.04 mm/yr in the south and southeast.Integrating geomorphological observations with GPS measurements,we infer the presence of an active normal fault running northeast-southwest across the Kashmir Valley,transverse to the major thrust faults.Recent seismic events,including the M_(W)3.9 event near Nagbal and the M_(W)3.7 event near Mujgund in 2020,clustering of local seismic events,and two devastating historical seismic events(1828 AD and 1877/1878 AD)along this transition zone highlight the fault's activity and the region's vulnerability to future earthquakes.Delineation of such geological structures is crucial for seismic hazard assessment and micro-seismic zonation in the Kashmir Valley.Therefore,this study represents a significant step towards understanding the geodynamics and kinematics of the region and improving seismic risk mitigation strategies.
文摘Being involved in the organization of IGCP 572 field workshops in Turkey （2009）, in Oman （2010）, as in the following IGCP 630 field workshops in Kashmir （India, 2014） and in Armenia （2017）, I co-wrote for each of them detailed guidebooks and extended reports that can be found and downloaded from ResearchGate website. This paper summarizes the final results obtained by IGCP 572 and 630 members from these four important field workshop sites in the past I0 years, and also attempts to make recommendations for future studies based on these unique localities surrounding the Tethys Ocean. The first field workshop of IGCP 572 was organized in South Turkey in September, 2009, with the logistical support of Dr. Erdal Kosun from the Antalya University. Following the South Turkey field workshop, eight important papers have been published and concerned the well-preserved Permian-Triassic boundary （PTB） microbialites and their ecosystems （including ostraeodes, brachiopods, and many of other clades）. The 3rd IGCP 572 annual field workshop was held during February, 2010 in the Sultanate of Oman, with Dr. Michaela Bernecker and the deep support from the GuTech University in Muscat. More than 15 papers have derived from the P-Tr successions that IGCP 572 members have investigated during this workshop, including the first study on oceanic acidification based on Boron isotopes. New paleontological studies are still on progress, and concern the Smithian ammonoids, Lower Triassic shark teeth and dental remains as well as basal Triassic conodonts, crinoids and ammonoids. The 1st IGCP 630 annual field workshop was held during November, 2014 in Srinagar, Kashmir, and North India, with the helpful assistance of Prof. Ghulam Bhat from Jammu University. This meeting renewed studies on the classic Guryul Ravine and adjacent P-Tr boundary sections in that region, with new geochemical works on carbon isotopes and pyrite framboids as well as a detailed Induan conodont taxonomy and zonatiou. Other new paleontological works concern the palynology of the Guryul Ravine Section as some well-preserved organic eukariotic protist （thecamoebians） that cross without damage the PTB. Lilit Sahakyan, Aymon Baud, and Zhong-Qiang Chen organized the 5th IGCP 630 annual conference and field workshop in Armenia on October 8-14, 2017. Several PTB and Lower Triassic sections have been systematically sampled for biogeochemical and geobiological studies. These Armenian sections provide unique paleoenvironmental settings that have the long- est record, from Griesbachian to Dienerian, of microbial proliferation following the P-Tr mass extinction in the world. The basal Triassic giant sponge-microbial build-ups are encouraging more compre- hensive studies on metazoan-microbial reef developments after the greatest extinction event.
基金We acknowledge financial support from the Department of Geology,University of Peshawar,and some logistical support and garnetiferous NZ samples from BAK Consulting Engineers
文摘Two well-developed mesoscopic folds, D_2 and D_3, which postdate the middle amphibolite metamorphism, were recognized in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. NW–SE trending D_2 folds developed during NE–SW horizontal bulk shortening followed by NE–SW trending D_3 folds, which developed during SE–NW shortening. Micro- to mesoscopically the NW–SE trending S2 crenulation cleavage, boudins and mineral stretching lineations are overprinted by D_3. The newly established NW–SE trending micro- to mesoscopic structures in Munda termed D_2, which postdated F_1/F_2, is synchronously developed with F3 structures in the western hinterland zone of Pakistan. We interpret that D2 and D3 folds are counterclockwise rotated in the tectonic event that has evolved the Hazara Kashmir Syntaxis after the main phase Indian plate and Kohistan Island Arc collision. Chlorite replacement by biotite in the main matrix crenulation cleavages indicates prograde metamorphism related with D2. The inclusion of muscovite and biotite in garnet porphyroblasts and the presence of staurolite in these rocks indicate that the Barrovian metamorphic conditions predate D2 and D3. We interpret that garnet, staurolite and calcite porphyroblasts grew before D2 because the well developed S2 crenulation cleavage wraps around these porphyroblasts.
文摘Objective:To report the indigenous people's uses of plants from a multidimensional perspective in a remote area where strong ethnobotanical cultural practices prevail. Methods:An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the field during 2014-2016. Ethnobotanical data were gathered from 182 informants through oral interviews and semi-structured questionnaires. The distribution of plants was explored using both descriptive and graphical methods. Further,a Multinomial Logit Specification was applied to find out the probability of the occurrence of diverse utilization of plants in multipurpose domains. Results:The study identified 202 plant species distributed among 71 families and 156 genera. Ethnobotanical data indicate that there are more medicinal(36.96%) uses of plants as compared to all other use categories. The output from the Multinomial Logit Specifications(MLS) model reveals that perennial and non-woody plants are exploited more for medicinal and food uses than annual and woody plants. In the context of ethnomedicinal uses,aerial plant parts particularly leaves are more extensively used for the preparation of herbal recipes as compared to underground parts. Conclusions:The results of the study emphasize the need to create awareness among the local communities about the conservation status of plant species in order to maintain a sustainable resource of plant-derived materials into the future. The novel econometric approach employed in this study adds a new insightful methodology to the existing body of literature in the field of ethnobotany. We strongly recommend conservation measures,alongside phytochemical and pharmacological studies on the useful plant species identified in this study in order to ensure their sustainable and effective utilization.
基金supported by the grants of the Wong K.C.Education Foundation(No.GJTD-201904)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(No.2019QZKK07)the National Nature Science Foundation of China(No.419881010104)
文摘The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates caused a massive surface uplift and formed the Himalayas.Throughout the 2500-km long Himalaya mountain range,significant earthquake hazards have occurred either on the interface between the plates,above the interface at the Himalayan wedge.
文摘Marshall (1916) referred 26 species to genus Leptomias Fst.and .put generic names Heteromias Fst., Parisomias Fst. and Piazomias Lacd. (part) as its synonyms. Gunther and Zumpt (1933) added Cneorrhinus Redtenb.also in the list of synonyms of Leptomias st.Later on, Aslam (1961) revalidated Parisomias Fst.reshuffled the position of a few species and described a number of new species under the restricted Leptomias Fst.Accordingiy, as many as 32 species were referred to the genus Leptomias Fst.
文摘Zircon inclusions in two selected Kashmir sapphire reference samples and one faceted gemstone were studied by HR SIMS and LA-ICP-MS for U-Pb age determination.The two independent analytical methods result in the same conclusion that the zircons have crystallization ages of 26-25 Ma.The provided result is a good reference for U-Pb age of Kashmir sapphire that can be used for origin determination in gemmological laboratories with LA-ICP-MS routine method.Additionally,cathodoluminescence imaging showed that the zircon inclusions in Kashmir sapphires have regular oscillatory zoning.High U concentrations of up to 20000 ppm have been detected in the zircon inclusions.
基金Supported by Department of Science and Technology(DST),New Delhi,Government of India
文摘Objective: To enumerate the diversity of important medicinal plants used traditionally by the local populace in biodiversity rich and temperate Himalayan ranges of Bandipora district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Methods: Methods used to explore the plants with medicinal value and to record associated ethnomedicinal knowledge included semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and walk-in-the-woods with local knowledgeable persons, traditional practitioners called "Bhoeris" and tribals(Gujjars and Bakkerwals). Results: During plant exploration in this floristically rich Himalayan region, a very interesting and less-known species of the genus Prenanthes L.,(Asteraceae) was recorded. On examination, the species was identified as Prenanthes violaefolia Decne., which represents a first report from Kashmir Himalaya, India. Conclusions: Prenanthes violaefolia could serve as an important source of new potent compounds provided that it is subjected to thorough phytochemical and pharmacological investigations.
基金supported by the University of Azad Jammuand Kashmir Muzaffarabad, Pakistan
文摘The Kashmir earthquake 2005 （magnitude MW 7.6） triggered thousands of mass move-ments in northern Pakistan. These mass movements were mainly rock falls, debris falls, rockslides and rock avalanches. The mass movements vary in size from a few hundred cubic meters up to about 100 million cubic meters estimated for the Hattian Bala rock avalanche, the biggest one associated with this earthquake. This mass movement, which moved in southeastern direction, created two natural dams on the valley bottom and blocked the water ways of the Karli and Tung tributaries of the Jhelum River. Topographic, lithologic and structural information were used to investigate the Hattian Bala rock ava-lanche. Geotechnical and structural maps were prepared to understand relationship between geology and structure of Hattian Bala rock avalanche. The geometry and failure mode of this rock avalanche are controlled by southeast plunging synclinal structures, lithology, a bedding parallel slip surface and a pre-existing old rockslide. The structural map shows that the mass movement failure was due to Danna and Dandbeh synclinal structures plunging southeast on the hanging wall block of the reacti-vated Muzaffarabad fault. The slip surface of the mass movement followed the bedding planes along mudstone, claystone and sandstone surfaces. The mass movement perfectly followed the pre-existing synclinal morphology of the Danna and Dandbeh synclines.
基金conducted with the help of grants from the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India under the sponsored research project titled “Centre of Excellence for Glacial Studies in Western Himalaya”granting fellowship to Omar Jaan Paul under the project No. UFR-59313。
文摘Quantitative glacial chronologies of past glaciations are sparse in the Himalaya, and mostly absent in the Kashmir Himalaya. We used cosmogenicBe exposure dating, and geomorphological mapping to reconstruct glacial advances of the Thajwas Glacier(TG) in the Great Himalayan Range of the Kashmir Himalaya. FromBe exposure dating of ten moraine boulders, four glacial stages with ages ~20.77 ±2.28 ka, ~11.46 ± 1.69 ka, ~9.12 ± 1.39 ka and ~4.19 ± 0.78 ka, were identified. The reconstructed cosmogenic radionuclide ages confirmed the global Last Glacial Maximum(g LGM), Younger Dryas, Early Holocene, and Neoglaciation episodes. As per area and volume change analyses, the TG has lost 51.1 km~2 of its area and a volume of 2.64 km~3 during the last 20.77 ± 2.28 ka. Overall, the results suggested that the TG has lost 64% of area and 73% of volume from the Last glacial maximum to Neoglaciation and about 85.74% and 87.67% of area and volume, respectively, from Neoglaciation to the present day. The equilibrium line altitude of the TG fluctuated from 4238 m a.s.l present to3365 m a.s.l during the g LGM(20.77 ± 2.28 ka). The significant cooling induced by a drop in mean ambient temperature resulted in a positive mass balance of the TG during the g LGM. Subsequently the melting accelerated due to the continuing rise of the global ambient temperature. Paleo-glacial history reconstruction of the Kashmir Himalaya, with its specific geomorphic and climatic setting, would help close the information gap about the chronology of past regional glacial episodes.
文摘Objective: Migraine, a common chronic neurological disorder involves a pathophysiology having both multiple genetic and environmental factors. 5, 10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) involved in folate metabolism has an important role in a cell for folate availability which is critical for DNA integrity. Methods: This case-control study conducted in Srinagar, Kashmir (North India) between 2013 and 2015 was designed to evaluate risk induced due to MTH-FR 677C>T gene polymorphisms to contribute in susceptibility for migraine in Kashmir population (North India). Using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method, we tested the genotype distribution of 100 migraine patients in comparison with 120 healthy migraine-free controls from the same geographical region. Results: The genotypic frequencies of the patients and controls were not significantly associated (p > 0.05). Higher distribution of TT mutant genotype was found in controls as against the cases (5% versus 1%) but association was not significant (p > 0.05). Per copy frequency of T allele (Val) was found to be 0.14 in cases versus 0.19 in controls (p 0.05). Similar scenario was observed when migraine without aura was compared with controls where variant genotype (16% cases versus 39.0% controls: p > 0.05) as well as allele frequency was found to be less in cases (cases 0.15 versus 0.19 controls: p > 0.05). Conclusions: We conclude that MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism has no role in predisposition to the migraine in our population and cannot serve as a predictive factor for the risk of migraine.
文摘This study presents the intercomparison of the outdoor environmental gamma dose rates measured using a Nal （TI） based survey meter along with thermoluminescent dosimeters （TLDs） and estimation of excess lifetime cancer risk （ELCR）, for the inhabitants of Poonch division of the Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. CaF2： Dy （TLD-200） card dosimeters were installed at height of 1 m from ground at fifteen different locations covering the entire Poonch division comprising of three districts.
文摘The Gilgit-Baltistan Province and Azad Kashmir regions are rich in mineral and natural resources. The gemstones, marbles and many other economic mineralizations are significant but these regions are relatively far from central and southern commercial areas of Pakistan. The gemstones of Gilgit-Baltistan Province are famous worldwide especially from Hunza and Skardu regions. The Azad Kashmir region also has a share of gemstone especially from the upper approaches of Neelam valley and marble, construction materials, coal, clays and other minerals found from different areas of Azad Kashmir. There is no common previous availability of comprehensive papers providing mineral data of Gilgit-Baltistan Province and Azad Kashmir regions. This report provides a quick view of mineral resources occurred in the Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir regions.
基金Financial support by the Department of Geology, University of Peshawar
文摘Detailed micro-meso to macroscopic structural analyses reveal two deformation phases in the western limb of the Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis（HKS）. Bulk top to NW shearing transformed initially symmetrical NNE-SSW trending meso to macroscopic folds from asymmetric to overturned ones without changing their trend. Sigmoidal en-echelon tension gashes developed during this deformation,that were oblique to bedding parallel worm burrows and bedding planes themselves. Strain analyses of deformed elliptical ooids using the Rf/Ф method constrain the internal strain patterns of the NNE-SSW structures. The principal stretching axis（S3） defined by deformed elliptical ooids is oriented N27°E at right angles to WNW-ESE shortening. The deformed elliptical ooids in sub-vertical bedding vertical planes contain ooids that plunge -70° SE due to NW-directed tectonic transport. Finite strain ratios are1.45（Rxy） parallel to bedding plane and 1.46（Ryz） for the vertical plane. From these 2D strain values, we derive an oblate strain ellipsoidal in 3D using the Flinn and Hsu/Nadai techniques. Strains calculated from deformed elliptical ooids average-18.10% parallel to bedding and-18.47% in the vertical plane.However, a balanced cross-section through the study area indicates a minimum of--28% shortening.Consequently, regional shortening was only partially accommodated by internal deformation.
文摘Following the catastrophic earthquake of October 2005 in Kashmir, Pakistan, 215 surveys were administered to earthquake survivors in villages within 50 miles (80</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">km) of the epicenter near the town of Muzaffarabad. The survey questionnaires were designed to address perceptions of seismic knowledge, event-related behavior, and opinions of local, regional, and national seismic preparedness and mitigation</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">representing a rare opportunity in seismic risk assessment. Some of the findings were similar to previous research results, while some were counter-intuitive, surprising, and valuable. Overwhelmingly, respondents stated that they ran away after the quake (vs. praying, taking cover, screaming, or doing nothing). Their trust in local and national governments regarding future earthquake preparedness and mitigation was high (~50%), contrary to most prior studies</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Less than five percent of respondents believed that </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">“</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">no quake would occur again</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">, while nearly 75% responded that another quake would occur within 5</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">10 years</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> another opinion contrary to previous research. This research revealed new aspects of risk perception in the predominant Muslim communities of Northern Pakistan regarding recurrence, post-event action, and regional preparedness.
文摘The Reshian-Lamnian area within the Hazara-Kashmir syntaxis in Pakistan is composed mainly of the rocks of the Salkhala,Panjal and Murree formations.Base metal sulfide mineralization in the form of sphalerite and galena with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite is present within the Salkhala Formation of the study area.Chemically all these ore phases are homogeneous in composition.The Pb isotopic composition of galena from the area suggests that there is very little or negligible variation in the ratios of 206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb.Modal ages ranging from 509 to 562 Ma and the μ values of 10.71 to 10.93 have been calculated for the studied Pb-Zn mineralization.On the basis of field features,mineralogy and Pb-isotope signatures,it is concluded that the Pb-Zn sulfide mineralization in the Reshian-Lamnia area is pre-Himalayan in age and can be correlated with the Cambro-Ordovician(Pan-African) orogenic event.
文摘Aims In view of the growing interest in modelling the potential spread of invasive species,prediction of plant invasiveness on the basis of native range size holds considerable promise.Our objective was to use a simple model to evaluate whether a wider native range predisposes plant species to become invasive in non-native regions and to easily identify potential invaders on this basis.The Kashmir Himalayan alien flora,of which a large proportion is native to Europe,was used to test this model.Methods The Kashmir Himalayan alien flora comprises 436 species of vascular plants at different stages of invasion.We focussed on plant species at two critical invasion stages(sensu Colautti and MacIsaac 2004),i.e.Stage II(species that are just at the earliest phase of introduction)and Stage V(species that are widespread and dominant in the invaded region and are thus considered invasive).We used the territorial distribution in Europe(number of countries)as a surrogate for the native range size of plants of European origin.Important Findings Using a subset of 88 species,for which information on the native European range was available,we showed that a large proportion(68%)of Stage II species growing in the Kashmir Valley had a relatively restricted European range(present in<20 countries);on the other hand,77%of Stage V species had an extensive native range(present in>20 countries).We consequently hypothesized that 14 Kashmir Himalayan Stage II species of European origin that are distributed in>20 European countries are at risk of becoming future invaders in Kashmir.On the other hand,those Kashmir Himalayan Stage II species of European origin distributed in<20 European countries are less likely to become invasive.Although this analysis is quite simple,the data suggest that a wider native range is a good predictor of plant invasiveness and could be used as a simple and low-cost early warning tool in predicting potential invasive species.
基金in partial fulfilment of the Doctoral requirements of AAD who thanks University Grant Commission(UGC)for monetary support through a Junior Research Fellowship(UGC-JRF)UGC-Ref.No.3796/(NET-JULY 2018)。
文摘Background:Temperate forests are major carbon sinks because of their high storage potential and low decomposi-tion processes.We quantified tree carbon(TC)storage from 143 plots distributed across three major forest types of Kashmir Himalaya,relative to differences in ecological factors.Combined regression and Random Forest(RF)analysis were used to examine the distribution of TC stock along ecological gradients and recognize the role of driving factors on TC stocks.Results:Among the three forest types,sub-alpine(SA)forest was the primary TC sink,accounting for 228.73 t ha^(−1)of carbon,followed by mixed conifer(MC;181.29 t C ha^(−1))and blue pine(BP;133.04 t C ha^(−1))forests.The distribution of TC stocks among the three forest types differed significantly(χ^(2)=18.87;P=0.000).Relative carbon stock analysis demonstrated that Abies pindrow and Pinus wallichiana accounted 91%of TC stocks across the landscape.Basal area,mean diameter at breast height(DBH),elevation,disturbance and precipitation had significant effects on TC stocks in bivariate regression models.The RF model explained 86%of the variation;basal area interpreted 30.15%,followed by mean DBH(17.96%),disturbance complex(10.64%),precipitation(8.00%)and elevation(7.34%).Conclusions:Kashmir Himalayan forests are significant carbon sinks as they store a substantial quantum of carbon in trees.Forest carbon,an essential climatic indicator,is determined by a complex interaction of other ecological vari-ables,particularly stand structural features.The study provides insights into the role of these natural forests in climate change mitigation and in REDD+/national commitments to offset the carbon.
