Soon after Roman mint masters began issuing the silver denarius （traditional date 187 B.C.）, they discovered that they could employ coinage as newspapers and PR by individualizing the imagery on each side of the coi...Soon after Roman mint masters began issuing the silver denarius （traditional date 187 B.C.）, they discovered that they could employ coinage as newspapers and PR by individualizing the imagery on each side of the coin with references to their ancestry, current events, and/or their religious offices to increase their name recognition in order to win votes. It should come as no surprise that the Divine Julius ordered his mint masters to issue coinage that advertised all of the above features to circulate his good reputation in what our modern political scientists would call propaganda. After Julius＇ enemies began to attack his reputation, some of his partisans boasted of their closeness to him on coinage by recycling specific coin images. What is surprising is how these partisans adopted the exact imagery Julius had used to advertise his own religious résumé on their coinage, even though these religious images could not and did not apply to them specifically. Apparently, Julius＇ religious résumé no longer demonstrated a religious portfolio, but had transformed into a badge of partisanship, however thinly it applied, so that the religious symbols themselves retained only the function of an association with Julius without their original and intrinsic meaning.展开更多
Objective:We aimed to assess the subject of"Purpose and Principles of Public Health"in the work titled"Public Health Coursebook"dated 1938,share the information we obtained and compare it with toda...Objective:We aimed to assess the subject of"Purpose and Principles of Public Health"in the work titled"Public Health Coursebook"dated 1938,share the information we obtained and compare it with today's information.Methods:Multiple document analysis method in qualitative research was used to design the study.First of all,original edition of the Public Health Coursebook was purchased from a website with rare books.The book was thoroughly examined and the"Purpose and Principles of Hygiene(Public Health)"part in the first volume was evaluated.The information in the book was compared with today's information according to the methodology of history of medicine.Secondly,the Republic Archive Catalog of the Turkish Presidency of the Republic of Turkiye State Archives was scanned.Results:After the University Reform movement in Turkiye in 1933,the Faculty of Medicine was established at Istanbul University.In the same period,Turkiye embraced many scientists who fled abroad due to Nazi regime.One of them,Julius Hirsch,was appointed as the head of Hygiene Institute,and Turkish physician Muhiddin Erel became his assistant.The Purpose and Principles of Public Health are discussed in the first volume of the Hygiene Textbook,which they both prepared together.The book,defines public health as"the science of protecting and maintaining health".Public health has been handled with a holistic approach.The aim of measures to be taken regarding public health is explained as the prevention of untimely death,prevention of diseases and protection of the ability to work even in advanced ages.It has been specifically stated that the common goal is to protect public health and ensure the continuity of health despite the practices that vary by time,place and cultures.The documents in the State Archives are about the admission of immigrant scientists to Turkiye,Hirsch's Turkish citizenship and appointments.Conclusion:Despite all this time,it has been observed that the issues mentioned in the study largely overlap with the public health aspect of medicine and today's perspective.We think that it is important to bring similar books to literature by evaluating them with field experts.展开更多
This article analyzes two literary works by the Czech writer, Julius Zeyer （1841-1901）, and Lu Xun （1881-1936） by elaborating upon two different myths concerning the Archer Hou Yi. These myths were presented by th...This article analyzes two literary works by the Czech writer, Julius Zeyer （1841-1901）, and Lu Xun （1881-1936） by elaborating upon two different myths concerning the Archer Hou Yi. These myths were presented by the missionary and Sinologist William Frederick Mayers in The Chinese Reader＇s Manual： A Handbook of Biographical, Historical, Mythological and General Literary References （1874）, and other Chinese sources. Zeyer highlighted the first myth, which was connected with the Emperor Yao and showed Hou Yi shooting arrows at the nine suns appearing together in the heavens, and Lu Xun preferred the second myth, where the Archer Yi rebelled against the Emperor Tai Kang, whom he drove from the Capital, and later was killed by Han Zhuo. The myth of Chang E who flew to the moon is described only by Lu Xun.展开更多
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar is remarkable for its rational mode as manifested in the use of language, style, action as well as its characterization. In this essay, I argue that the play is also striking with its n...Shakespeare's Julius Caesar is remarkable for its rational mode as manifested in the use of language, style, action as well as its characterization. In this essay, I argue that the play is also striking with its numerous(ir)rational ambiguities. The same Latin word, ratio, is at the root of two words that are often used to explain human behaviors: reason and rationality. The fi rst related ambiguity is organized around the confl ict between reason and passion. The other is related to rational choice, which is opposed to the diverse forms of irrationality. This paper argues that Julius Caesar challenges the idea that a rational actor is one who acts only for sufficient reasons, and the play also subverts the conventional understanding of reason and rationality.展开更多
Ulysses, the towering mythological figure and the hero of the world＇s most famous epic The Odyssey, put on the pretence of madness to shirk the Trojan War. This is not mentioned in Homer, but in Fabulae by Gaius Juli...Ulysses, the towering mythological figure and the hero of the world＇s most famous epic The Odyssey, put on the pretence of madness to shirk the Trojan War. This is not mentioned in Homer, but in Fabulae by Gaius Julius Hyginus. Similarly, Hamlet put on an ＂antic disposition＂ after the ghost exhorted him to kill King Claudius. In these two cases taken from mythology and literature, and pertaining to the Classical period and the Elizabethan age respectively, intelligent characters put on the pretence of madness, in their battle with society though they are in control of their senses. It is the aim of this paper to examine the dynamics of reason and non-reason when combined and brought so close to one another, that they could be easily confounded, in light of Derrida＇s reading of Descartes＇ formulations about reason. Since the two examined works pertain to the Classical and Elizabethan ages respectively, the paper will shed light on the historical background of madness in these periods to give a broader perspective of reason and madness in these works.展开更多
This article takes its cue from the English critic, novelist and painter John Berger. He argues that what we know determines what we see. Hotels and railway stations, though they differ in size, design and appearance,...This article takes its cue from the English critic, novelist and painter John Berger. He argues that what we know determines what we see. Hotels and railway stations, though they differ in size, design and appearance, are places of temporary national and international congress that are recognized by everyone. They become visible or even iconic once their history or their role is turned into at least part of a wider narrative in literature, film or in other arts. This provides a representative focus by which we may read a city＇s or a nation＇s past. In exemplifying such connections I focus first on the long-term history of Friedrichstraβe station and some of the surrounding hotels in the context of the history of Berlin, situating them within the national and, by implication, also the international context. Secondly, I will consider the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 as an event in which the role of railway stations generated both personal and collective memories across cultures and over several decades.展开更多
文摘Soon after Roman mint masters began issuing the silver denarius （traditional date 187 B.C.）, they discovered that they could employ coinage as newspapers and PR by individualizing the imagery on each side of the coin with references to their ancestry, current events, and/or their religious offices to increase their name recognition in order to win votes. It should come as no surprise that the Divine Julius ordered his mint masters to issue coinage that advertised all of the above features to circulate his good reputation in what our modern political scientists would call propaganda. After Julius＇ enemies began to attack his reputation, some of his partisans boasted of their closeness to him on coinage by recycling specific coin images. What is surprising is how these partisans adopted the exact imagery Julius had used to advertise his own religious résumé on their coinage, even though these religious images could not and did not apply to them specifically. Apparently, Julius＇ religious résumé no longer demonstrated a religious portfolio, but had transformed into a badge of partisanship, however thinly it applied, so that the religious symbols themselves retained only the function of an association with Julius without their original and intrinsic meaning.
文摘Objective:We aimed to assess the subject of"Purpose and Principles of Public Health"in the work titled"Public Health Coursebook"dated 1938,share the information we obtained and compare it with today's information.Methods:Multiple document analysis method in qualitative research was used to design the study.First of all,original edition of the Public Health Coursebook was purchased from a website with rare books.The book was thoroughly examined and the"Purpose and Principles of Hygiene(Public Health)"part in the first volume was evaluated.The information in the book was compared with today's information according to the methodology of history of medicine.Secondly,the Republic Archive Catalog of the Turkish Presidency of the Republic of Turkiye State Archives was scanned.Results:After the University Reform movement in Turkiye in 1933,the Faculty of Medicine was established at Istanbul University.In the same period,Turkiye embraced many scientists who fled abroad due to Nazi regime.One of them,Julius Hirsch,was appointed as the head of Hygiene Institute,and Turkish physician Muhiddin Erel became his assistant.The Purpose and Principles of Public Health are discussed in the first volume of the Hygiene Textbook,which they both prepared together.The book,defines public health as"the science of protecting and maintaining health".Public health has been handled with a holistic approach.The aim of measures to be taken regarding public health is explained as the prevention of untimely death,prevention of diseases and protection of the ability to work even in advanced ages.It has been specifically stated that the common goal is to protect public health and ensure the continuity of health despite the practices that vary by time,place and cultures.The documents in the State Archives are about the admission of immigrant scientists to Turkiye,Hirsch's Turkish citizenship and appointments.Conclusion:Despite all this time,it has been observed that the issues mentioned in the study largely overlap with the public health aspect of medicine and today's perspective.We think that it is important to bring similar books to literature by evaluating them with field experts.
文摘This article analyzes two literary works by the Czech writer, Julius Zeyer （1841-1901）, and Lu Xun （1881-1936） by elaborating upon two different myths concerning the Archer Hou Yi. These myths were presented by the missionary and Sinologist William Frederick Mayers in The Chinese Reader＇s Manual： A Handbook of Biographical, Historical, Mythological and General Literary References （1874）, and other Chinese sources. Zeyer highlighted the first myth, which was connected with the Emperor Yao and showed Hou Yi shooting arrows at the nine suns appearing together in the heavens, and Lu Xun preferred the second myth, where the Archer Yi rebelled against the Emperor Tai Kang, whom he drove from the Capital, and later was killed by Han Zhuo. The myth of Chang E who flew to the moon is described only by Lu Xun.
文摘Shakespeare's Julius Caesar is remarkable for its rational mode as manifested in the use of language, style, action as well as its characterization. In this essay, I argue that the play is also striking with its numerous(ir)rational ambiguities. The same Latin word, ratio, is at the root of two words that are often used to explain human behaviors: reason and rationality. The fi rst related ambiguity is organized around the confl ict between reason and passion. The other is related to rational choice, which is opposed to the diverse forms of irrationality. This paper argues that Julius Caesar challenges the idea that a rational actor is one who acts only for sufficient reasons, and the play also subverts the conventional understanding of reason and rationality.
文摘Ulysses, the towering mythological figure and the hero of the world＇s most famous epic The Odyssey, put on the pretence of madness to shirk the Trojan War. This is not mentioned in Homer, but in Fabulae by Gaius Julius Hyginus. Similarly, Hamlet put on an ＂antic disposition＂ after the ghost exhorted him to kill King Claudius. In these two cases taken from mythology and literature, and pertaining to the Classical period and the Elizabethan age respectively, intelligent characters put on the pretence of madness, in their battle with society though they are in control of their senses. It is the aim of this paper to examine the dynamics of reason and non-reason when combined and brought so close to one another, that they could be easily confounded, in light of Derrida＇s reading of Descartes＇ formulations about reason. Since the two examined works pertain to the Classical and Elizabethan ages respectively, the paper will shed light on the historical background of madness in these periods to give a broader perspective of reason and madness in these works.
文摘This article takes its cue from the English critic, novelist and painter John Berger. He argues that what we know determines what we see. Hotels and railway stations, though they differ in size, design and appearance, are places of temporary national and international congress that are recognized by everyone. They become visible or even iconic once their history or their role is turned into at least part of a wider narrative in literature, film or in other arts. This provides a representative focus by which we may read a city＇s or a nation＇s past. In exemplifying such connections I focus first on the long-term history of Friedrichstraβe station and some of the surrounding hotels in the context of the history of Berlin, situating them within the national and, by implication, also the international context. Secondly, I will consider the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 as an event in which the role of railway stations generated both personal and collective memories across cultures and over several decades.
