We presented a quantity judgment task that involved comparing two sequentially presented sets of items to preschoolers and chimpanzees using nearly identical procedures that excluded verbal instructions to children. T...We presented a quantity judgment task that involved comparing two sequentially presented sets of items to preschoolers and chimpanzees using nearly identical procedures that excluded verbal instructions to children. Trial difficulty in this task reflected the ratio difference between sets of discrete items where larger ratios （e.g., 0.80 as from comparing 4 to 5） were more difficult than smaller ones （e.g., 0.50 as from comparing 4 to 8）. Children also completed verbal-based tasks probing the relationskip between counting proficiency and performance on the quantity judgment task of sequentially presented identical sized items. Both species＇ performance was best when ratios between comparison sets were small regardless of set size in all types of tasks. Generally, chimpanzees and older children performed better than younger children except at larger ratios. Children＇s counting proficiency was not related to success in choosing the larger of two quantities of identical-sized items. These results indicate that chimpanzees and children share an approximate number sense that is reflected through analog magnitude estimation when comparing quantities [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 419-428, 2011].展开更多
This paper proposes anoptimal fuzzy-based model for obtaining crisp priorities for Fuzzy-AHP comparison matrices.Crisp judgments cannot be given for real-life situations,as most of these include some level of fuzzines...This paper proposes anoptimal fuzzy-based model for obtaining crisp priorities for Fuzzy-AHP comparison matrices.Crisp judgments cannot be given for real-life situations,as most of these include some level of fuzziness and com-plexity.In these situations,judgments are represented by the set of fuzzy numbers.Most of the fuzzy optimization models derive crisp priorities for judgments repre-sented with Triangular Fuzzy Numbers(TFNs)only.They do not work for other types of Triangular Shaped Fuzzy Numbers(TSFNs)and Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers(TrFNs).To overcome this problem,a sum of squared error(SSE)based optimization model is proposed.Unlike some other methods,the proposed model derives crisp weights from all of the above-mentioned fuzzy judgments.A fuzzy number is simulated using the Monte Carlo method.A threshold-based constraint is also applied to minimize the deviation from the initial judgments.Genetic Algorithm(GA)is used to solve the optimization model.We have also conducted casestudiesto show the proposed approach’s advantages over the existingmethods.Results show that the proposed model outperforms other models to minimize SSE and deviation from initial judgments.Thus,the proposed model can be applied in various real time scenarios as it can reduce the SSE value upto 29%compared to the existing studies.展开更多
The ranking problem is studied when the pairwise comparisons values are unoertain in the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. The method of constructing the judgment matrix is presented when the pairwise comparisons va...The ranking problem is studied when the pairwise comparisons values are unoertain in the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. The method of constructing the judgment matrix is presented when the pairwise comparisons values are denoted by the unascertained three-valued reciprocal scales. By turning the reciprocal judgment matrix into attribute judgment matrix, the method to check the consistency of the pairwise comparisons judgment matrix and the calculation method of weighting coefficients are given. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
A new method in making judgment matrix is proposed based on a basic value of “importance” and a relative measure level of “importance”. Factors affecting petroleum exploration are analyzed and Experts’ judgment m...A new method in making judgment matrix is proposed based on a basic value of “importance” and a relative measure level of “importance”. Factors affecting petroleum exploration are analyzed and Experts’ judgment matrix on a geologic formation is given. Expected value of each factor is computed and the volume of recoverable oil is estimated.展开更多
Ⅰ.Enforcement of foreign judgments? Article 431 DCCP In the absence of a treaty in w hich the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters is regulated,the recognition and enforceme...Ⅰ.Enforcement of foreign judgments? Article 431 DCCP In the absence of a treaty in w hich the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters is regulated,the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment in the Netherlands is governed by general private international law.展开更多
As a newly developed theory, narrative ethics has its reasonability and advantages in that it can not only analyze either the contents or the forms of the texts, but also make an analysis of the combination of both co...As a newly developed theory, narrative ethics has its reasonability and advantages in that it can not only analyze either the contents or the forms of the texts, but also make an analysis of the combination of both contents and forms. This article, supported by James Phelan＇s rhetorical narrative theory as the theoretical base, attempts to explore and interpret narrative judgments and its implied ethics existing in The Child in Time by Ian McEwan so as to observe the hidden aesthetic orientation, the value judgments and the ethical intentions of the text and help to reveal the author＇s views of narrative ethics and aesthetics of the novel.展开更多
The widespread use of boilerplate disclosures in financial reporting has led regulators to express concerns about the decision-usefulness of annual reports.We conduct two experiments to detemmine the effects of risk m...The widespread use of boilerplate disclosures in financial reporting has led regulators to express concerns about the decision-usefulness of annual reports.We conduct two experiments to detemmine the effects of risk management disclosure presence and specificity on nonprofessional investors'judgments.In Experiment 1,we manipulate risk management disclosure at three levels(non-disclosure vs.generic or specific risk management disclosures).Relative to the non-disclosure condition,nonprofessional investors exhibit more favorable investment judgments when provided with a specific risk management disclosure.However,generic disclosure has a negligible influence on nonprofessional investors'judgments.We find no convincing evidence supporting potential alternative explanations.Experiment 2 confirms this mechanism and provides further evidence that the observed effects are not driven by the lengths of specific disclosures.展开更多
In the era of globalization,commercial transactions readily gain international dimensions and are increasingly delocalized.With a view to establishing effective dispute resolution mechanisms,it is desirable that judgm...In the era of globalization,commercial transactions readily gain international dimensions and are increasingly delocalized.With a view to establishing effective dispute resolution mechanisms,it is desirable that judgments rendered in one state be recognized and enforced in other states.This is especially important in East Asia,as cross-border business activities are rapidly expanding along with its economic growth.This paper aims to examine the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters in East Asia with a focus on Sino-Japanese relationships,where the establishment of a reciprocal relationship has posed a considerable challenge.It is worth considering how we can gradually pave the way towards the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments to achieve coordination among legal systems.展开更多
This article discusses the rules for recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Republic of Korea （hereinafter referred to as ＂South Korea＂ or ＂Korea＂）. Articles 217 and 217-2 of the Civil Procedure...This article discusses the rules for recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Republic of Korea （hereinafter referred to as ＂South Korea＂ or ＂Korea＂）. Articles 217 and 217-2 of the Civil Procedure Act of Korea and Articles 26 and 27 of the Civil Enforcement Act of Korea provide for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments respectively. Korea has not entered into any bilateral or multilateral treaties regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and is not a party to the Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. The article also considers the current undesirable status of recognition and enforcement of judgments in the region consisting of China, Japan and South Korea （hereinafter referred to as ＂Region＂） and suggests a course of action to be taken to improve the situation. The author believes that the experts of the Region should embark upon a project to improve the current situation and that the first step should be to exchange and gather information on the current legal regime of the countries in the Region on the recognition and enforcement of judgments. The author looks forward to future cooperation among the experts in the Region on this topic and is confident that the reciprocity requirement, which currently is a major obstacle to the mutual recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Region, will be overcome in the near future.展开更多
Developmental and reproductive toxicity(DART)endpoint entails a toxicological assessment of all developmental stages and reproductive cycles of an organism.In silico tools to predict DART will provide a method to asse...Developmental and reproductive toxicity(DART)endpoint entails a toxicological assessment of all developmental stages and reproductive cycles of an organism.In silico tools to predict DART will provide a method to assess this complex toxicity endpoint and will be valuable for screening emerging pollutants as well as for m anaging new chemicals in China.Currently,there are few published DART prediction models in China,but many related research and development projects are in progress.In 2013,WU et al.published an expert rule-based DART decision tree(DT).This DT relies on known chemical structures linked to DART to forecast DART potential of a given chemical.Within this procedure,an accurate DART data interpretation is the foundation of building and expanding the DT.This paper excerpted case studies demonstrating DART data curation and interpretation of four chemicals(including 8-hydroxyquinoline,3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol,thiacloprid,and imidacloprid)to expand the existing DART DT.Chemicals were first selected from the database of Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center,Ministry of Ecology and Environment(MEESCC)in China.The structures of these 4 chemicals were analyzed and preliminarily grouped by chemists based on core structural features,functional groups,receptor binding property,metabolism,and possible mode of actions.Then,the DART conclusion was derived by collecting chemical information,searching,integrating,and interpreting DART data by the toxicologists.Finally,these chemicals were classified into either an existing category or a new category via integrating their chemical features,DART conclusions,and biological properties.The results showed that 8-hydroxyquinoline impacted estrous cyclicity,s exual organ weights,and embryonal development,and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol caused central nervous system(CNS)malformations,which were added to an existing subcategory 8e(aromatic compounds with multi-halogen and nitro groups)of the DT.Thiacloprid caused dystocia and fetal skeletal malformation,and imidacloprid disrupted the endocrine system and male fertility.They both contain 2-chloro-5-methylpyridine substituted imidazolidine c yclic ring,which were expected to create a new category of neonicotinoids.The current work delineates a t ransparent process of curating toxicological data for the purpose of DART data interpretation.In the presence of sufficient related structures and DART data,the DT can be expanded by iteratively adding chemicals within the a pplicable domain of each category or subcategory.This DT can potentially serve as a tool for screening emerging pollutants and assessing new chemicals in China.展开更多
Criminal law interpretation in China faces two primary challenges in terms of value judgments. Normative interpretations often fall into circular and inadequate reasoning, while judges, the key figures in applying int...Criminal law interpretation in China faces two primary challenges in terms of value judgments. Normative interpretations often fall into circular and inadequate reasoning, while judges, the key figures in applying interpretive principles, frequently lack the necessary value judgment engagement and proficiency. Traditional criminal law interpretation is ensnared in a subjective-objective dichotomy, resulting in a misalignment with the aim of "legitimate and rational" interpretation practices in China. To rectify this, a philosophical shift is required to allow intersubjective value judgments while maintaining subjectivityobjectivity as the prerequisite. Criminal law interpretation ensures the completeness of value judgments through a combination of specialized knowledge and public discourse.This involves the creation of systematic criteria for value judgments and adherence to legal principles. The former necessitates defining the internal and external standards of value judgments, formulating rules for the resolution of conflicting standards, and underlining the practical importance of criminalization under law, or "no crime or punishment without law"(the principle that only the law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty) and "Where no law applies, it is permissible to redefine a crime as non-criminal or minor"(decriminalization).The latter involves three perspectives: logical reasoning and theoretical arguments;positive and negative judgments;and formal and substantive rationality. Moreover, it should be approached from four dimensions: normative orientation, individual case promotion, reverse exclusion, and constitutional guidance.展开更多
Perhaps the greatest compliment that an attending surgeon can bestow on a resident in training,is to comment,“He/she has good hands.”However,what defines good hands?What parameters are used to make that judgment?As ...Perhaps the greatest compliment that an attending surgeon can bestow on a resident in training,is to comment,“He/she has good hands.”However,what defines good hands?What parameters are used to make that judgment?As an academic urologist,I had the opportunity to observe urology and general surgery residents in the operating room over several decades.展开更多
In this study,terrestrial laser scanning(TLS)is used to collect building data after the M_(s) 7.0 magnitude earthquake in Lushan,Sichuan,China in 2013 for analysis and research.The analysis focuses on extracting the t...In this study,terrestrial laser scanning(TLS)is used to collect building data after the M_(s) 7.0 magnitude earthquake in Lushan,Sichuan,China in 2013 for analysis and research.The analysis focuses on extracting the tilt and deformation of masonry buildings that are difficult to identify through visual inspection in basically intact,slightly damaged and moderately damaged masonry buildings,to solve the problem of ambiguous identification of damage.A quantitative analysis of the determination indexes of the degree of earthquake damage was carried out,and the numerical characteristics parameters such as the curvature of the wall point cloud proximity,angle,contour of the fitted plane of the point cloud,verticality(flatness)of the wall,standard deviation of the profile and angle of the profile were established to determine the degree of earthquake damage to buildings based on LiDAR data.The development of quantitative determination indexes for the degree of earthquake damage of buildings in this study has important application value for LiDAR data in the identification and extraction of earthquake damage information and damage level determination.展开更多
Advancements in Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning techniques have significantly pro-pelled the automation of Legal Judgment Prediction,achieving remarkable progress in legal research.Most of the existing r...Advancements in Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning techniques have significantly pro-pelled the automation of Legal Judgment Prediction,achieving remarkable progress in legal research.Most of the existing research works on Legal Judgment Prediction(LJP)use traditional optimization algorithms in deep learning techniques falling into local optimization.This research article focuses on using the modified Pelican Optimization method which mimics the collective behavior of Pelicans in the exploration and exploitation phase during cooperative food searching.Typically,the selection of search agents within a boundary is done randomly,which increases the time required to achieve global optimization.To address this,the proposed Chaotic Opposition Learning-based Pelican Optimization(COLPO)method incorporates the concept of Opposition-Based Learning combined with a chaotic cubic function,enabling deterministic selection of random numbers and reducing the number of iterations needed to reach global optimization.Also,the LJP approach in this work uses improved semantic similarity and entropy features to train a hybrid classifier combining Bi-GRU and Deep Maxout.The output scores are fused using improved score level fusion to boost prediction accuracy.The proposed COLPO method experiments with real-time Madras High Court criminal cases(Dataset 1)and the Supreme Court of India database(Dataset 2),and its performance is compared with nature-inspired algorithms such as Sparrow Search Algorithm(SSA),COOT,Spider Monkey Optimization(SMO),Pelican Optimization Algorithm(POA),as well as baseline classifier models and transformer neural networks.The results show that the proposed hybrid classifier with COLPO outperforms other cutting-edge LJP algorithms achieving 93.4%and 94.24%accuracy,respectively.展开更多
研究发现,人们的道德判断会随季节而变化,而这一现象可能与人们的焦虑水平有关。1 As leaves fall,snow sweeps in or flowers come out,humans change in measurable ways,too.Research suggests a range of psychological phenomena,s...研究发现,人们的道德判断会随季节而变化,而这一现象可能与人们的焦虑水平有关。1 As leaves fall,snow sweeps in or flowers come out,humans change in measurable ways,too.Research suggests a range of psychological phenomena,such as our emotional state,diet and exercise habits,vary throughout the year.Now a new study demonstrates how moral values can also shift with the seasons.展开更多
This study examines how generative artificial intelligence(AI)reshapes creative identity in design education.Drawing on post-humanist and network-based theories,it frames AI as a cognitive collaborator in ideation and...This study examines how generative artificial intelligence(AI)reshapes creative identity in design education.Drawing on post-humanist and network-based theories,it frames AI as a cognitive collaborator in ideation and authorship.Mixed-methods data reveal student anxiety and stylistic confusion,contrasted with designers’adaptive strategies.The AI–Cognition–Identity framework supports curricula that promote reflective,ethical,and epistemically informed AI-integrated pedagogy.展开更多
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)are widely used in various fields because of their high strength,good toughness,and low density.However,owing to their unique forming process,some complex structures such as holes ...Carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)are widely used in various fields because of their high strength,good toughness,and low density.However,owing to their unique forming process,some complex structures such as holes and grooves cannot be formed directly.Therefore,traditional machining procedures are also required.The drilling process is one of the most common machining methods for CFRP holes,but owing to the complex structure and difficulty in processing CFRP,the quality of the drilling process is often challenging to guarantee.Moreover,the hole-forming defects also have complex forms and lack uniform evaluation indexes.This study summarizes the common orifice defects in the process of CFRP drilling,establishes a comprehensive evaluation method of orifice defects by introducing the relevant theory of the fuzzy complementary judgment matrix,and experimentally verifies the accuracy and reliability of this method.Then,based on the experimental results,a non-linear cutting parameter optimization model is established,which effectively suppresses the orifice defects to ensure the accuracy of the hole size,roundness,and hole wall roughness.The hole-forming quality is subsequently improved.The hole quality evaluation method proposed in this study reduced the dimension of the evaluation index to ensure relevance and effectiveness and improved the convenience of quality inspection and parameter optimization in actual production.展开更多
基金We wish to acknowledge the staff at the Berry College Child Development Center and Georgia State University Language Research Center for their support in data collection. Research with chimpanzees was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health （HD 38051 and HD 060563） and the National Science Foundation （BCS 0924811）. The authors thank Mary Beran and John Kelley for their assistance in conducting experimental sessions with chimpanzees, and the staff at the Berry College Child Development Center for data collection with preschoolers. We thank Carla Moldavan for helpful comments pertaining to early childhood mathematical curricula.
文摘We presented a quantity judgment task that involved comparing two sequentially presented sets of items to preschoolers and chimpanzees using nearly identical procedures that excluded verbal instructions to children. Trial difficulty in this task reflected the ratio difference between sets of discrete items where larger ratios （e.g., 0.80 as from comparing 4 to 5） were more difficult than smaller ones （e.g., 0.50 as from comparing 4 to 8）. Children also completed verbal-based tasks probing the relationskip between counting proficiency and performance on the quantity judgment task of sequentially presented identical sized items. Both species＇ performance was best when ratios between comparison sets were small regardless of set size in all types of tasks. Generally, chimpanzees and older children performed better than younger children except at larger ratios. Children＇s counting proficiency was not related to success in choosing the larger of two quantities of identical-sized items. These results indicate that chimpanzees and children share an approximate number sense that is reflected through analog magnitude estimation when comparing quantities [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 419-428, 2011].
文摘This paper proposes anoptimal fuzzy-based model for obtaining crisp priorities for Fuzzy-AHP comparison matrices.Crisp judgments cannot be given for real-life situations,as most of these include some level of fuzziness and com-plexity.In these situations,judgments are represented by the set of fuzzy numbers.Most of the fuzzy optimization models derive crisp priorities for judgments repre-sented with Triangular Fuzzy Numbers(TFNs)only.They do not work for other types of Triangular Shaped Fuzzy Numbers(TSFNs)and Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers(TrFNs).To overcome this problem,a sum of squared error(SSE)based optimization model is proposed.Unlike some other methods,the proposed model derives crisp weights from all of the above-mentioned fuzzy judgments.A fuzzy number is simulated using the Monte Carlo method.A threshold-based constraint is also applied to minimize the deviation from the initial judgments.Genetic Algorithm(GA)is used to solve the optimization model.We have also conducted casestudiesto show the proposed approach’s advantages over the existingmethods.Results show that the proposed model outperforms other models to minimize SSE and deviation from initial judgments.Thus,the proposed model can be applied in various real time scenarios as it can reduce the SSE value upto 29%compared to the existing studies.
文摘The ranking problem is studied when the pairwise comparisons values are unoertain in the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. The method of constructing the judgment matrix is presented when the pairwise comparisons values are denoted by the unascertained three-valued reciprocal scales. By turning the reciprocal judgment matrix into attribute judgment matrix, the method to check the consistency of the pairwise comparisons judgment matrix and the calculation method of weighting coefficients are given. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘A new method in making judgment matrix is proposed based on a basic value of “importance” and a relative measure level of “importance”. Factors affecting petroleum exploration are analyzed and Experts’ judgment matrix on a geologic formation is given. Expected value of each factor is computed and the volume of recoverable oil is estimated.
文摘Ⅰ.Enforcement of foreign judgments? Article 431 DCCP In the absence of a treaty in w hich the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters is regulated,the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment in the Netherlands is governed by general private international law.
文摘As a newly developed theory, narrative ethics has its reasonability and advantages in that it can not only analyze either the contents or the forms of the texts, but also make an analysis of the combination of both contents and forms. This article, supported by James Phelan＇s rhetorical narrative theory as the theoretical base, attempts to explore and interpret narrative judgments and its implied ethics existing in The Child in Time by Ian McEwan so as to observe the hidden aesthetic orientation, the value judgments and the ethical intentions of the text and help to reveal the author＇s views of narrative ethics and aesthetics of the novel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71972120 and 72172083)National Social Science Fund of China(Grant No.21BGL083)the Major Project of the Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Science of Ministry of Education of China(Grant Nos.15JJD630008 and 22JJD790094).
文摘The widespread use of boilerplate disclosures in financial reporting has led regulators to express concerns about the decision-usefulness of annual reports.We conduct two experiments to detemmine the effects of risk management disclosure presence and specificity on nonprofessional investors'judgments.In Experiment 1,we manipulate risk management disclosure at three levels(non-disclosure vs.generic or specific risk management disclosures).Relative to the non-disclosure condition,nonprofessional investors exhibit more favorable investment judgments when provided with a specific risk management disclosure.However,generic disclosure has a negligible influence on nonprofessional investors'judgments.We find no convincing evidence supporting potential alternative explanations.Experiment 2 confirms this mechanism and provides further evidence that the observed effects are not driven by the lengths of specific disclosures.
文摘In the era of globalization,commercial transactions readily gain international dimensions and are increasingly delocalized.With a view to establishing effective dispute resolution mechanisms,it is desirable that judgments rendered in one state be recognized and enforced in other states.This is especially important in East Asia,as cross-border business activities are rapidly expanding along with its economic growth.This paper aims to examine the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters in East Asia with a focus on Sino-Japanese relationships,where the establishment of a reciprocal relationship has posed a considerable challenge.It is worth considering how we can gradually pave the way towards the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments to achieve coordination among legal systems.
文摘This article discusses the rules for recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Republic of Korea （hereinafter referred to as ＂South Korea＂ or ＂Korea＂）. Articles 217 and 217-2 of the Civil Procedure Act of Korea and Articles 26 and 27 of the Civil Enforcement Act of Korea provide for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments respectively. Korea has not entered into any bilateral or multilateral treaties regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and is not a party to the Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. The article also considers the current undesirable status of recognition and enforcement of judgments in the region consisting of China, Japan and South Korea （hereinafter referred to as ＂Region＂） and suggests a course of action to be taken to improve the situation. The author believes that the experts of the Region should embark upon a project to improve the current situation and that the first step should be to exchange and gather information on the current legal regime of the countries in the Region on the recognition and enforcement of judgments. The author looks forward to future cooperation among the experts in the Region on this topic and is confident that the reciprocity requirement, which currently is a major obstacle to the mutual recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Region, will be overcome in the near future.
文摘Developmental and reproductive toxicity(DART)endpoint entails a toxicological assessment of all developmental stages and reproductive cycles of an organism.In silico tools to predict DART will provide a method to assess this complex toxicity endpoint and will be valuable for screening emerging pollutants as well as for m anaging new chemicals in China.Currently,there are few published DART prediction models in China,but many related research and development projects are in progress.In 2013,WU et al.published an expert rule-based DART decision tree(DT).This DT relies on known chemical structures linked to DART to forecast DART potential of a given chemical.Within this procedure,an accurate DART data interpretation is the foundation of building and expanding the DT.This paper excerpted case studies demonstrating DART data curation and interpretation of four chemicals(including 8-hydroxyquinoline,3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol,thiacloprid,and imidacloprid)to expand the existing DART DT.Chemicals were first selected from the database of Solid Waste and Chemicals Management Center,Ministry of Ecology and Environment(MEESCC)in China.The structures of these 4 chemicals were analyzed and preliminarily grouped by chemists based on core structural features,functional groups,receptor binding property,metabolism,and possible mode of actions.Then,the DART conclusion was derived by collecting chemical information,searching,integrating,and interpreting DART data by the toxicologists.Finally,these chemicals were classified into either an existing category or a new category via integrating their chemical features,DART conclusions,and biological properties.The results showed that 8-hydroxyquinoline impacted estrous cyclicity,s exual organ weights,and embryonal development,and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol caused central nervous system(CNS)malformations,which were added to an existing subcategory 8e(aromatic compounds with multi-halogen and nitro groups)of the DT.Thiacloprid caused dystocia and fetal skeletal malformation,and imidacloprid disrupted the endocrine system and male fertility.They both contain 2-chloro-5-methylpyridine substituted imidazolidine c yclic ring,which were expected to create a new category of neonicotinoids.The current work delineates a t ransparent process of curating toxicological data for the purpose of DART data interpretation.In the presence of sufficient related structures and DART data,the DT can be expanded by iteratively adding chemicals within the a pplicable domain of each category or subcategory.This DT can potentially serve as a tool for screening emerging pollutants and assessing new chemicals in China.
文摘Criminal law interpretation in China faces two primary challenges in terms of value judgments. Normative interpretations often fall into circular and inadequate reasoning, while judges, the key figures in applying interpretive principles, frequently lack the necessary value judgment engagement and proficiency. Traditional criminal law interpretation is ensnared in a subjective-objective dichotomy, resulting in a misalignment with the aim of "legitimate and rational" interpretation practices in China. To rectify this, a philosophical shift is required to allow intersubjective value judgments while maintaining subjectivityobjectivity as the prerequisite. Criminal law interpretation ensures the completeness of value judgments through a combination of specialized knowledge and public discourse.This involves the creation of systematic criteria for value judgments and adherence to legal principles. The former necessitates defining the internal and external standards of value judgments, formulating rules for the resolution of conflicting standards, and underlining the practical importance of criminalization under law, or "no crime or punishment without law"(the principle that only the law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty) and "Where no law applies, it is permissible to redefine a crime as non-criminal or minor"(decriminalization).The latter involves three perspectives: logical reasoning and theoretical arguments;positive and negative judgments;and formal and substantive rationality. Moreover, it should be approached from four dimensions: normative orientation, individual case promotion, reverse exclusion, and constitutional guidance.
文摘Perhaps the greatest compliment that an attending surgeon can bestow on a resident in training,is to comment,“He/she has good hands.”However,what defines good hands?What parameters are used to make that judgment?As an academic urologist,I had the opportunity to observe urology and general surgery residents in the operating room over several decades.
基金Earthquake Science and Technology Program of Hebei Province under Grant Nos.DZ2021120300001,DZ2024083000001,DZ2024112400016 and DZ2025092800001。
文摘In this study,terrestrial laser scanning(TLS)is used to collect building data after the M_(s) 7.0 magnitude earthquake in Lushan,Sichuan,China in 2013 for analysis and research.The analysis focuses on extracting the tilt and deformation of masonry buildings that are difficult to identify through visual inspection in basically intact,slightly damaged and moderately damaged masonry buildings,to solve the problem of ambiguous identification of damage.A quantitative analysis of the determination indexes of the degree of earthquake damage was carried out,and the numerical characteristics parameters such as the curvature of the wall point cloud proximity,angle,contour of the fitted plane of the point cloud,verticality(flatness)of the wall,standard deviation of the profile and angle of the profile were established to determine the degree of earthquake damage to buildings based on LiDAR data.The development of quantitative determination indexes for the degree of earthquake damage of buildings in this study has important application value for LiDAR data in the identification and extraction of earthquake damage information and damage level determination.
文摘Advancements in Natural Language Processing and Deep Learning techniques have significantly pro-pelled the automation of Legal Judgment Prediction,achieving remarkable progress in legal research.Most of the existing research works on Legal Judgment Prediction(LJP)use traditional optimization algorithms in deep learning techniques falling into local optimization.This research article focuses on using the modified Pelican Optimization method which mimics the collective behavior of Pelicans in the exploration and exploitation phase during cooperative food searching.Typically,the selection of search agents within a boundary is done randomly,which increases the time required to achieve global optimization.To address this,the proposed Chaotic Opposition Learning-based Pelican Optimization(COLPO)method incorporates the concept of Opposition-Based Learning combined with a chaotic cubic function,enabling deterministic selection of random numbers and reducing the number of iterations needed to reach global optimization.Also,the LJP approach in this work uses improved semantic similarity and entropy features to train a hybrid classifier combining Bi-GRU and Deep Maxout.The output scores are fused using improved score level fusion to boost prediction accuracy.The proposed COLPO method experiments with real-time Madras High Court criminal cases(Dataset 1)and the Supreme Court of India database(Dataset 2),and its performance is compared with nature-inspired algorithms such as Sparrow Search Algorithm(SSA),COOT,Spider Monkey Optimization(SMO),Pelican Optimization Algorithm(POA),as well as baseline classifier models and transformer neural networks.The results show that the proposed hybrid classifier with COLPO outperforms other cutting-edge LJP algorithms achieving 93.4%and 94.24%accuracy,respectively.
文摘研究发现,人们的道德判断会随季节而变化,而这一现象可能与人们的焦虑水平有关。1 As leaves fall,snow sweeps in or flowers come out,humans change in measurable ways,too.Research suggests a range of psychological phenomena,such as our emotional state,diet and exercise habits,vary throughout the year.Now a new study demonstrates how moral values can also shift with the seasons.
文摘This study examines how generative artificial intelligence(AI)reshapes creative identity in design education.Drawing on post-humanist and network-based theories,it frames AI as a cognitive collaborator in ideation and authorship.Mixed-methods data reveal student anxiety and stylistic confusion,contrasted with designers’adaptive strategies.The AI–Cognition–Identity framework supports curricula that promote reflective,ethical,and epistemically informed AI-integrated pedagogy.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51875412)Top Discipline Plan of Shanghai Universities-ClassⅠ。
文摘Carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)are widely used in various fields because of their high strength,good toughness,and low density.However,owing to their unique forming process,some complex structures such as holes and grooves cannot be formed directly.Therefore,traditional machining procedures are also required.The drilling process is one of the most common machining methods for CFRP holes,but owing to the complex structure and difficulty in processing CFRP,the quality of the drilling process is often challenging to guarantee.Moreover,the hole-forming defects also have complex forms and lack uniform evaluation indexes.This study summarizes the common orifice defects in the process of CFRP drilling,establishes a comprehensive evaluation method of orifice defects by introducing the relevant theory of the fuzzy complementary judgment matrix,and experimentally verifies the accuracy and reliability of this method.Then,based on the experimental results,a non-linear cutting parameter optimization model is established,which effectively suppresses the orifice defects to ensure the accuracy of the hole size,roundness,and hole wall roughness.The hole-forming quality is subsequently improved.The hole quality evaluation method proposed in this study reduced the dimension of the evaluation index to ensure relevance and effectiveness and improved the convenience of quality inspection and parameter optimization in actual production.
