We presented a quantity judgment task that involved comparing two sequentially presented sets of items to preschoolers and chimpanzees using nearly identical procedures that excluded verbal instructions to children. T...We presented a quantity judgment task that involved comparing two sequentially presented sets of items to preschoolers and chimpanzees using nearly identical procedures that excluded verbal instructions to children. Trial difficulty in this task reflected the ratio difference between sets of discrete items where larger ratios （e.g., 0.80 as from comparing 4 to 5） were more difficult than smaller ones （e.g., 0.50 as from comparing 4 to 8）. Children also completed verbal-based tasks probing the relationskip between counting proficiency and performance on the quantity judgment task of sequentially presented identical sized items. Both species＇ performance was best when ratios between comparison sets were small regardless of set size in all types of tasks. Generally, chimpanzees and older children performed better than younger children except at larger ratios. Children＇s counting proficiency was not related to success in choosing the larger of two quantities of identical-sized items. These results indicate that chimpanzees and children share an approximate number sense that is reflected through analog magnitude estimation when comparing quantities [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 419-428, 2011].展开更多
This paper proposes anoptimal fuzzy-based model for obtaining crisp priorities for Fuzzy-AHP comparison matrices.Crisp judgments cannot be given for real-life situations,as most of these include some level of fuzzines...This paper proposes anoptimal fuzzy-based model for obtaining crisp priorities for Fuzzy-AHP comparison matrices.Crisp judgments cannot be given for real-life situations,as most of these include some level of fuzziness and com-plexity.In these situations,judgments are represented by the set of fuzzy numbers.Most of the fuzzy optimization models derive crisp priorities for judgments repre-sented with Triangular Fuzzy Numbers(TFNs)only.They do not work for other types of Triangular Shaped Fuzzy Numbers(TSFNs)and Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers(TrFNs).To overcome this problem,a sum of squared error(SSE)based optimization model is proposed.Unlike some other methods,the proposed model derives crisp weights from all of the above-mentioned fuzzy judgments.A fuzzy number is simulated using the Monte Carlo method.A threshold-based constraint is also applied to minimize the deviation from the initial judgments.Genetic Algorithm(GA)is used to solve the optimization model.We have also conducted casestudiesto show the proposed approach’s advantages over the existingmethods.Results show that the proposed model outperforms other models to minimize SSE and deviation from initial judgments.Thus,the proposed model can be applied in various real time scenarios as it can reduce the SSE value upto 29%compared to the existing studies.展开更多
The ranking problem is studied when the pairwise comparisons values are unoertain in the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. The method of constructing the judgment matrix is presented when the pairwise comparisons va...The ranking problem is studied when the pairwise comparisons values are unoertain in the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. The method of constructing the judgment matrix is presented when the pairwise comparisons values are denoted by the unascertained three-valued reciprocal scales. By turning the reciprocal judgment matrix into attribute judgment matrix, the method to check the consistency of the pairwise comparisons judgment matrix and the calculation method of weighting coefficients are given. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.展开更多
A new method in making judgment matrix is proposed based on a basic value of “importance” and a relative measure level of “importance”. Factors affecting petroleum exploration are analyzed and Experts’ judgment m...A new method in making judgment matrix is proposed based on a basic value of “importance” and a relative measure level of “importance”. Factors affecting petroleum exploration are analyzed and Experts’ judgment matrix on a geologic formation is given. Expected value of each factor is computed and the volume of recoverable oil is estimated.展开更多
Ⅰ.Enforcement of foreign judgments? Article 431 DCCP In the absence of a treaty in w hich the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters is regulated,the recognition and enforceme...Ⅰ.Enforcement of foreign judgments? Article 431 DCCP In the absence of a treaty in w hich the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters is regulated,the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment in the Netherlands is governed by general private international law.展开更多
As a newly developed theory, narrative ethics has its reasonability and advantages in that it can not only analyze either the contents or the forms of the texts, but also make an analysis of the combination of both co...As a newly developed theory, narrative ethics has its reasonability and advantages in that it can not only analyze either the contents or the forms of the texts, but also make an analysis of the combination of both contents and forms. This article, supported by James Phelan＇s rhetorical narrative theory as the theoretical base, attempts to explore and interpret narrative judgments and its implied ethics existing in The Child in Time by Ian McEwan so as to observe the hidden aesthetic orientation, the value judgments and the ethical intentions of the text and help to reveal the author＇s views of narrative ethics and aesthetics of the novel.展开更多
The widespread use of boilerplate disclosures in financial reporting has led regulators to express concerns about the decision-usefulness of annual reports.We conduct two experiments to detemmine the effects of risk m...The widespread use of boilerplate disclosures in financial reporting has led regulators to express concerns about the decision-usefulness of annual reports.We conduct two experiments to detemmine the effects of risk management disclosure presence and specificity on nonprofessional investors'judgments.In Experiment 1,we manipulate risk management disclosure at three levels(non-disclosure vs.generic or specific risk management disclosures).Relative to the non-disclosure condition,nonprofessional investors exhibit more favorable investment judgments when provided with a specific risk management disclosure.However,generic disclosure has a negligible influence on nonprofessional investors'judgments.We find no convincing evidence supporting potential alternative explanations.Experiment 2 confirms this mechanism and provides further evidence that the observed effects are not driven by the lengths of specific disclosures.展开更多
In the era of globalization,commercial transactions readily gain international dimensions and are increasingly delocalized.With a view to establishing effective dispute resolution mechanisms,it is desirable that judgm...In the era of globalization,commercial transactions readily gain international dimensions and are increasingly delocalized.With a view to establishing effective dispute resolution mechanisms,it is desirable that judgments rendered in one state be recognized and enforced in other states.This is especially important in East Asia,as cross-border business activities are rapidly expanding along with its economic growth.This paper aims to examine the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters in East Asia with a focus on Sino-Japanese relationships,where the establishment of a reciprocal relationship has posed a considerable challenge.It is worth considering how we can gradually pave the way towards the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments to achieve coordination among legal systems.展开更多
This article discusses the rules for recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Republic of Korea （hereinafter referred to as ＂South Korea＂ or ＂Korea＂）. Articles 217 and 217-2 of the Civil Procedure...This article discusses the rules for recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Republic of Korea （hereinafter referred to as ＂South Korea＂ or ＂Korea＂）. Articles 217 and 217-2 of the Civil Procedure Act of Korea and Articles 26 and 27 of the Civil Enforcement Act of Korea provide for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments respectively. Korea has not entered into any bilateral or multilateral treaties regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and is not a party to the Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. The article also considers the current undesirable status of recognition and enforcement of judgments in the region consisting of China, Japan and South Korea （hereinafter referred to as ＂Region＂） and suggests a course of action to be taken to improve the situation. The author believes that the experts of the Region should embark upon a project to improve the current situation and that the first step should be to exchange and gather information on the current legal regime of the countries in the Region on the recognition and enforcement of judgments. The author looks forward to future cooperation among the experts in the Region on this topic and is confident that the reciprocity requirement, which currently is a major obstacle to the mutual recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Region, will be overcome in the near future.展开更多
Criminal law interpretation in China faces two primary challenges in terms of value judgments. Normative interpretations often fall into circular and inadequate reasoning, while judges, the key figures in applying int...Criminal law interpretation in China faces two primary challenges in terms of value judgments. Normative interpretations often fall into circular and inadequate reasoning, while judges, the key figures in applying interpretive principles, frequently lack the necessary value judgment engagement and proficiency. Traditional criminal law interpretation is ensnared in a subjective-objective dichotomy, resulting in a misalignment with the aim of "legitimate and rational" interpretation practices in China. To rectify this, a philosophical shift is required to allow intersubjective value judgments while maintaining subjectivityobjectivity as the prerequisite. Criminal law interpretation ensures the completeness of value judgments through a combination of specialized knowledge and public discourse.This involves the creation of systematic criteria for value judgments and adherence to legal principles. The former necessitates defining the internal and external standards of value judgments, formulating rules for the resolution of conflicting standards, and underlining the practical importance of criminalization under law, or "no crime or punishment without law"(the principle that only the law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty) and "Where no law applies, it is permissible to redefine a crime as non-criminal or minor"(decriminalization).The latter involves three perspectives: logical reasoning and theoretical arguments;positive and negative judgments;and formal and substantive rationality. Moreover, it should be approached from four dimensions: normative orientation, individual case promotion, reverse exclusion, and constitutional guidance.展开更多
This article utilizes Katherine Mansfield’s short story The Garden Party as the research object to explore the narrative generation conditions of ethical experience in the text. Through a close analysis of the novel...This article utilizes Katherine Mansfield’s short story The Garden Party as the research object to explore the narrative generation conditions of ethical experience in the text. Through a close analysis of the novel’s narrative structure and key scenes, the article argues that ethical discomfort does not evolve into enduring moral judgments within the text;rather, it is continually managed and deferred through the interplay of aesthetic order, familial discourse, and the distribution of social roles. The novel eschews a linear trajectory of ethical awakening, instead crafting a narrative mechanism that keeps ethical experience palpable yet inarticulable. The female subject is given the role of sensing ethical incongruity, but lacks the narrative position from which to articulate it as judgment. Consequently, ethics remains confined to the level of personalization and unimplementability. Far from a narrative of moral growth or awakening, The Garden Party exposes why ethical judgment has become structurally unrealizable in modern narratives.展开更多
Empirical evidence shows that the often-made positive correlation between human physical and moral beauty is tenuous.In this study,we aimed to learn whether facial and moral beauty can be psychophysically separated.Pa...Empirical evidence shows that the often-made positive correlation between human physical and moral beauty is tenuous.In this study,we aimed to learn whether facial and moral beauty can be psychophysically separated.Participants(n=95)provided beauty and goodness(i.e.,trustworthiness)ratings for pictures of faces,after which they were presented with a fictitious peer rating for the same face and asked to re-rate the face.We used the difference between the initial and final ratings to quantify the degree of resistance to external influence.We found that judgments of facial beauty were more resistant to external influence than judgments of facial“goodness”;in addition,there was significantly higher agreement within beauty ratings than within goodness ratings.These findings are discussed in light of our Bayesian-Laplacian classification of priors,from which we conclude that moral beauty relies more upon acquired“artifactual”priors and facial beauty more on inherited biological priors.展开更多
We here address the question of the extent to which judgments of mathematical beauty(which we categorize as biological beauty)are resistant to revision through external opinion.A total of 100 mathematicians of differe...We here address the question of the extent to which judgments of mathematical beauty(which we categorize as biological beauty)are resistant to revision through external opinion.A total of 100 mathematicians of different national and ethnic origins were asked to rate 60 mathematical equations for their beauty;after being presented a fictitious“expert rating,”they were asked to re-rate the same equations.Results showed that the judgments of mathematical beauty had a high level of resistance to external opinion.This is in line with the resistance to revision of a judgments for other categories of biological beauty.展开更多
The font-size effect on judgments of learning(JOLs)refers to large-font words being rated as more memorable than small ones when required to predict memory performance during the study phase.This study examines percep...The font-size effect on judgments of learning(JOLs)refers to large-font words being rated as more memorable than small ones when required to predict memory performance during the study phase.This study examines perceptual contrast as the prerequisite for this font-size effect on JOLs and explores how perceptual contrast leads to this effect.In Experiment 1,perceptual contrast was achieved by inserting words with one font(e.g.,18 pt)into a series of words with another font(e.g.,70 pt)at a particular proportion(1:4).In Experiment 2,perceptual contrast was manipulated by presenting two different font words up and down in a pair.The results of both experiments showed that:(1)participants rated higher JOLs for large than small fonts under the contrast conditions,but the JOL difference between the two fonts was not significant under the no-contrast conditions;(2)the JOLs of small-font words under the contrast conditions was reduced compared with the no-contrast conditions,but the JOLs of large-font words under the contrast conditions was increased compared with the no-contrast conditions.These results indicated that perceptual contrast was the prerequisite for the font-size effect on JOLs.The reason for this effect is that,compared to no-contrast conditions,perceptual contrast reduces the JOLs of small-font words while increasing the JOLs of large-font words.This study may deepen researchers’understanding of the mechanism of the font-size effect on JOLs and help educators effectively guide students to learn.展开更多
Divorce: The husband pleads to save the marriage, but his wife insists upon divorce, Judge Li granted them a divorce according to an investigation undertaken before the court’s opening session.
JUDGE Li Yanyan completed 226 civil cases last year, more than any of the 100 other civil law judges at Chaoyang District Court in Beijing. Young and lean, Judge Li appears anything but tough. But her colleagues can a...JUDGE Li Yanyan completed 226 civil cases last year, more than any of the 100 other civil law judges at Chaoyang District Court in Beijing. Young and lean, Judge Li appears anything but tough. But her colleagues can attest for the strength which enables her to handle a case load of almost one each work day. Zhang Baoling, Li’s clerk of court, said, "She looks weak,展开更多
This paper is about predicting the outcome of tennis matches of the Association of Tennis Professionals(ATP)and the Women's Tennis Association(WTA)using both data and judgments.There are many factors that influenc...This paper is about predicting the outcome of tennis matches of the Association of Tennis Professionals(ATP)and the Women's Tennis Association(WTA)using both data and judgments.There are many factors that influence that outcome.An important question is which factors have significant influence on the outcome.We have identified numerous factors and systematically prioritized them subjectively and objectively,so as to improve the accuracy of the prediction.We then used them to predict the win-lose outcome of the 2015 US OPEN tennis matches(63 men and 31 women's games)before they took place.The tennis match prediction in sports literature thus far reported an accuracy rate of 70%.The accuracy of our proposed model which combines data and judgment reaches 85.1%.展开更多
This article deals with reciprocity requirement for recognition of foreign judgments in Japan. Following German law, Japanese law requires reciprocity to the rendering state in addition to the jurisdiction of the stat...This article deals with reciprocity requirement for recognition of foreign judgments in Japan. Following German law, Japanese law requires reciprocity to the rendering state in addition to the jurisdiction of the state, the service of process, and the compatibility with Japanese public policy. Although Japanese courts have rarely refused the recognition of foreign judgments for lack of reciprocity for a long time, some Chinese judgments recently have not been recognized for this reason. The author clarifies first with historical review what was the purpose of the Japanese legislator, when the original law of 1890 required the reciprocity by international treaties, and when later the reform law of 1926 required the simple reciprocity that is similarly provided in the current law. The author surveys then the Japanese case law concerning the reciprocity requirement after the reform of 1926. The author focuses further on the reciprocity between Japan and China and compares the Japanese practice with the German one that led to a different result. Last, it is concluded that the reciprocity requirement is contrary to the protection of human rights under Japanese constitution.展开更多
基金We wish to acknowledge the staff at the Berry College Child Development Center and Georgia State University Language Research Center for their support in data collection. Research with chimpanzees was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health （HD 38051 and HD 060563） and the National Science Foundation （BCS 0924811）. The authors thank Mary Beran and John Kelley for their assistance in conducting experimental sessions with chimpanzees, and the staff at the Berry College Child Development Center for data collection with preschoolers. We thank Carla Moldavan for helpful comments pertaining to early childhood mathematical curricula.
文摘We presented a quantity judgment task that involved comparing two sequentially presented sets of items to preschoolers and chimpanzees using nearly identical procedures that excluded verbal instructions to children. Trial difficulty in this task reflected the ratio difference between sets of discrete items where larger ratios （e.g., 0.80 as from comparing 4 to 5） were more difficult than smaller ones （e.g., 0.50 as from comparing 4 to 8）. Children also completed verbal-based tasks probing the relationskip between counting proficiency and performance on the quantity judgment task of sequentially presented identical sized items. Both species＇ performance was best when ratios between comparison sets were small regardless of set size in all types of tasks. Generally, chimpanzees and older children performed better than younger children except at larger ratios. Children＇s counting proficiency was not related to success in choosing the larger of two quantities of identical-sized items. These results indicate that chimpanzees and children share an approximate number sense that is reflected through analog magnitude estimation when comparing quantities [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 419-428, 2011].
文摘This paper proposes anoptimal fuzzy-based model for obtaining crisp priorities for Fuzzy-AHP comparison matrices.Crisp judgments cannot be given for real-life situations,as most of these include some level of fuzziness and com-plexity.In these situations,judgments are represented by the set of fuzzy numbers.Most of the fuzzy optimization models derive crisp priorities for judgments repre-sented with Triangular Fuzzy Numbers(TFNs)only.They do not work for other types of Triangular Shaped Fuzzy Numbers(TSFNs)and Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers(TrFNs).To overcome this problem,a sum of squared error(SSE)based optimization model is proposed.Unlike some other methods,the proposed model derives crisp weights from all of the above-mentioned fuzzy judgments.A fuzzy number is simulated using the Monte Carlo method.A threshold-based constraint is also applied to minimize the deviation from the initial judgments.Genetic Algorithm(GA)is used to solve the optimization model.We have also conducted casestudiesto show the proposed approach’s advantages over the existingmethods.Results show that the proposed model outperforms other models to minimize SSE and deviation from initial judgments.Thus,the proposed model can be applied in various real time scenarios as it can reduce the SSE value upto 29%compared to the existing studies.
文摘The ranking problem is studied when the pairwise comparisons values are unoertain in the analytic hierarchy process （AHP）. The method of constructing the judgment matrix is presented when the pairwise comparisons values are denoted by the unascertained three-valued reciprocal scales. By turning the reciprocal judgment matrix into attribute judgment matrix, the method to check the consistency of the pairwise comparisons judgment matrix and the calculation method of weighting coefficients are given. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
文摘A new method in making judgment matrix is proposed based on a basic value of “importance” and a relative measure level of “importance”. Factors affecting petroleum exploration are analyzed and Experts’ judgment matrix on a geologic formation is given. Expected value of each factor is computed and the volume of recoverable oil is estimated.
文摘Ⅰ.Enforcement of foreign judgments? Article 431 DCCP In the absence of a treaty in w hich the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters is regulated,the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment in the Netherlands is governed by general private international law.
文摘As a newly developed theory, narrative ethics has its reasonability and advantages in that it can not only analyze either the contents or the forms of the texts, but also make an analysis of the combination of both contents and forms. This article, supported by James Phelan＇s rhetorical narrative theory as the theoretical base, attempts to explore and interpret narrative judgments and its implied ethics existing in The Child in Time by Ian McEwan so as to observe the hidden aesthetic orientation, the value judgments and the ethical intentions of the text and help to reveal the author＇s views of narrative ethics and aesthetics of the novel.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71972120 and 72172083)National Social Science Fund of China(Grant No.21BGL083)the Major Project of the Key Research Base for Humanities and Social Science of Ministry of Education of China(Grant Nos.15JJD630008 and 22JJD790094).
文摘The widespread use of boilerplate disclosures in financial reporting has led regulators to express concerns about the decision-usefulness of annual reports.We conduct two experiments to detemmine the effects of risk management disclosure presence and specificity on nonprofessional investors'judgments.In Experiment 1,we manipulate risk management disclosure at three levels(non-disclosure vs.generic or specific risk management disclosures).Relative to the non-disclosure condition,nonprofessional investors exhibit more favorable investment judgments when provided with a specific risk management disclosure.However,generic disclosure has a negligible influence on nonprofessional investors'judgments.We find no convincing evidence supporting potential alternative explanations.Experiment 2 confirms this mechanism and provides further evidence that the observed effects are not driven by the lengths of specific disclosures.
文摘In the era of globalization,commercial transactions readily gain international dimensions and are increasingly delocalized.With a view to establishing effective dispute resolution mechanisms,it is desirable that judgments rendered in one state be recognized and enforced in other states.This is especially important in East Asia,as cross-border business activities are rapidly expanding along with its economic growth.This paper aims to examine the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters in East Asia with a focus on Sino-Japanese relationships,where the establishment of a reciprocal relationship has posed a considerable challenge.It is worth considering how we can gradually pave the way towards the mutual recognition and enforcement of judgments to achieve coordination among legal systems.
文摘This article discusses the rules for recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Republic of Korea （hereinafter referred to as ＂South Korea＂ or ＂Korea＂）. Articles 217 and 217-2 of the Civil Procedure Act of Korea and Articles 26 and 27 of the Civil Enforcement Act of Korea provide for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments respectively. Korea has not entered into any bilateral or multilateral treaties regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments and is not a party to the Convention on Choice of Court Agreements. The article also considers the current undesirable status of recognition and enforcement of judgments in the region consisting of China, Japan and South Korea （hereinafter referred to as ＂Region＂） and suggests a course of action to be taken to improve the situation. The author believes that the experts of the Region should embark upon a project to improve the current situation and that the first step should be to exchange and gather information on the current legal regime of the countries in the Region on the recognition and enforcement of judgments. The author looks forward to future cooperation among the experts in the Region on this topic and is confident that the reciprocity requirement, which currently is a major obstacle to the mutual recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in the Region, will be overcome in the near future.
文摘Criminal law interpretation in China faces two primary challenges in terms of value judgments. Normative interpretations often fall into circular and inadequate reasoning, while judges, the key figures in applying interpretive principles, frequently lack the necessary value judgment engagement and proficiency. Traditional criminal law interpretation is ensnared in a subjective-objective dichotomy, resulting in a misalignment with the aim of "legitimate and rational" interpretation practices in China. To rectify this, a philosophical shift is required to allow intersubjective value judgments while maintaining subjectivityobjectivity as the prerequisite. Criminal law interpretation ensures the completeness of value judgments through a combination of specialized knowledge and public discourse.This involves the creation of systematic criteria for value judgments and adherence to legal principles. The former necessitates defining the internal and external standards of value judgments, formulating rules for the resolution of conflicting standards, and underlining the practical importance of criminalization under law, or "no crime or punishment without law"(the principle that only the law can define a crime and prescribe a penalty) and "Where no law applies, it is permissible to redefine a crime as non-criminal or minor"(decriminalization).The latter involves three perspectives: logical reasoning and theoretical arguments;positive and negative judgments;and formal and substantive rationality. Moreover, it should be approached from four dimensions: normative orientation, individual case promotion, reverse exclusion, and constitutional guidance.
文摘This article utilizes Katherine Mansfield’s short story The Garden Party as the research object to explore the narrative generation conditions of ethical experience in the text. Through a close analysis of the novel’s narrative structure and key scenes, the article argues that ethical discomfort does not evolve into enduring moral judgments within the text;rather, it is continually managed and deferred through the interplay of aesthetic order, familial discourse, and the distribution of social roles. The novel eschews a linear trajectory of ethical awakening, instead crafting a narrative mechanism that keeps ethical experience palpable yet inarticulable. The female subject is given the role of sensing ethical incongruity, but lacks the narrative position from which to articulate it as judgment. Consequently, ethics remains confined to the level of personalization and unimplementability. Far from a narrative of moral growth or awakening, The Garden Party exposes why ethical judgment has become structurally unrealizable in modern narratives.
文摘Empirical evidence shows that the often-made positive correlation between human physical and moral beauty is tenuous.In this study,we aimed to learn whether facial and moral beauty can be psychophysically separated.Participants(n=95)provided beauty and goodness(i.e.,trustworthiness)ratings for pictures of faces,after which they were presented with a fictitious peer rating for the same face and asked to re-rate the face.We used the difference between the initial and final ratings to quantify the degree of resistance to external influence.We found that judgments of facial beauty were more resistant to external influence than judgments of facial“goodness”;in addition,there was significantly higher agreement within beauty ratings than within goodness ratings.These findings are discussed in light of our Bayesian-Laplacian classification of priors,from which we conclude that moral beauty relies more upon acquired“artifactual”priors and facial beauty more on inherited biological priors.
基金supported by a grant(RPG-2017-341)to S.Zeki from The Leverhulme Trust,London,UK.
文摘We here address the question of the extent to which judgments of mathematical beauty(which we categorize as biological beauty)are resistant to revision through external opinion.A total of 100 mathematicians of different national and ethnic origins were asked to rate 60 mathematical equations for their beauty;after being presented a fictitious“expert rating,”they were asked to re-rate the same equations.Results showed that the judgments of mathematical beauty had a high level of resistance to external opinion.This is in line with the resistance to revision of a judgments for other categories of biological beauty.
基金National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences,Grant/Award Number:16CSH047。
文摘The font-size effect on judgments of learning(JOLs)refers to large-font words being rated as more memorable than small ones when required to predict memory performance during the study phase.This study examines perceptual contrast as the prerequisite for this font-size effect on JOLs and explores how perceptual contrast leads to this effect.In Experiment 1,perceptual contrast was achieved by inserting words with one font(e.g.,18 pt)into a series of words with another font(e.g.,70 pt)at a particular proportion(1:4).In Experiment 2,perceptual contrast was manipulated by presenting two different font words up and down in a pair.The results of both experiments showed that:(1)participants rated higher JOLs for large than small fonts under the contrast conditions,but the JOL difference between the two fonts was not significant under the no-contrast conditions;(2)the JOLs of small-font words under the contrast conditions was reduced compared with the no-contrast conditions,but the JOLs of large-font words under the contrast conditions was increased compared with the no-contrast conditions.These results indicated that perceptual contrast was the prerequisite for the font-size effect on JOLs.The reason for this effect is that,compared to no-contrast conditions,perceptual contrast reduces the JOLs of small-font words while increasing the JOLs of large-font words.This study may deepen researchers’understanding of the mechanism of the font-size effect on JOLs and help educators effectively guide students to learn.
文摘Divorce: The husband pleads to save the marriage, but his wife insists upon divorce, Judge Li granted them a divorce according to an investigation undertaken before the court’s opening session.
文摘JUDGE Li Yanyan completed 226 civil cases last year, more than any of the 100 other civil law judges at Chaoyang District Court in Beijing. Young and lean, Judge Li appears anything but tough. But her colleagues can attest for the strength which enables her to handle a case load of almost one each work day. Zhang Baoling, Li’s clerk of court, said, "She looks weak,
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Number 71702009,71531013,71729001)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(FRF-BR-16-005A).
文摘This paper is about predicting the outcome of tennis matches of the Association of Tennis Professionals(ATP)and the Women's Tennis Association(WTA)using both data and judgments.There are many factors that influence that outcome.An important question is which factors have significant influence on the outcome.We have identified numerous factors and systematically prioritized them subjectively and objectively,so as to improve the accuracy of the prediction.We then used them to predict the win-lose outcome of the 2015 US OPEN tennis matches(63 men and 31 women's games)before they took place.The tennis match prediction in sports literature thus far reported an accuracy rate of 70%.The accuracy of our proposed model which combines data and judgment reaches 85.1%.
文摘This article deals with reciprocity requirement for recognition of foreign judgments in Japan. Following German law, Japanese law requires reciprocity to the rendering state in addition to the jurisdiction of the state, the service of process, and the compatibility with Japanese public policy. Although Japanese courts have rarely refused the recognition of foreign judgments for lack of reciprocity for a long time, some Chinese judgments recently have not been recognized for this reason. The author clarifies first with historical review what was the purpose of the Japanese legislator, when the original law of 1890 required the reciprocity by international treaties, and when later the reform law of 1926 required the simple reciprocity that is similarly provided in the current law. The author surveys then the Japanese case law concerning the reciprocity requirement after the reform of 1926. The author focuses further on the reciprocity between Japan and China and compares the Japanese practice with the German one that led to a different result. Last, it is concluded that the reciprocity requirement is contrary to the protection of human rights under Japanese constitution.
