Objective:To determine the prevalence of bullying among university students in Jordan.The study also aims to identify potential predictors of bullying within the context of university students in Jordan.Methods:A cros...Objective:To determine the prevalence of bullying among university students in Jordan.The study also aims to identify potential predictors of bullying within the context of university students in Jordan.Methods:A cross-sectional study using a convenience sampling method was conducted with 350 university students from 3 institutions(2 public and 1 private),who par ticipated in this study.Data were collected through a self-repor ted questionnaire.Data analysis employed descriptive statistics,and multivariate linear regression was executed through the SPSS program(version 26)(IBM Corporation,Armonk,New York,United States)at 5% level of significance.Results:The findings revealed that 30% of the surveyed students reported never experiencing bullying,41.1% indicated rare exposure,20% reported occasional bullying,4.3% noted frequent exposure,and 4.6% reported constant exposure.Statistical analysis identified university and academic year as significant predictors of bullying.The university exhibited significance(B=-0.403,P≤0.05),while the academic year was also a significant predictor(B=0.213,P≤0.05).Conclusions:Given the prevalence and predictors identified,this study recommends the implementation of policies in universities to safeguard students from bullying.These policies should specifically target the most affected individuals.展开更多
Background:The effective delivery of nursing care is crucial in hospital settings because it directly affects patient outcomes.However,nursing care can be missed because of various factors,including inadequate teamwor...Background:The effective delivery of nursing care is crucial in hospital settings because it directly affects patient outcomes.However,nursing care can be missed because of various factors,including inadequate teamwork among nursing staff.Understanding the interplay between missed nursing care and nursing teamwork is essential for enhancing care quality in inpatient settings.This study therefore explored the relationship between missed nursing care and nursing teamwork among registered nurses in hospital inpatient units.Methods:A descriptive,correlational,cross-sectional study was conducted,involving 375 registered nurses from four hospitals in three healthcare sectors in Jordan.Missed nursing care and nursing teamwork were measured using the Missed Nursing Care Survey and the Nursing Teamwork Survey.Data collection occurred between September and October 2024,with con-venience sampling used for participant recruitment.Descriptive and inferential statistics,including mean,standard deviation,percentage,frequency,and Pearson's r correlation coefficient,were used to analyze the data.Results:The overall average missed nursing care score was 2.35 out of 5,suggesting that nursing care is rarely missed.The most frequently missed care activities reported by registered nurses included attending interdisciplinary care conferences,providing mouth care,and ambulating patients three times daily or as ordered.Activities least often missed included medi-cation administration within 30 min of the scheduled time,assessing vital signs as ordered,and performing patient assessments each shift.The overall mean score for nursing teamwork was 3.5 out of 5(standard deviation=1.06).There was a moderate but significant negative correlation between missed nursing care and nursing teamwork(r=−0.310,p<0.001).Conclusions:The results underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to enhance resource allocation and teamwork,ultimately reducing missed nursing care and improving patient outcomes.Addressing these areas will foster a more effective healthcare system and enable nursing professionals to consistently deliver high-quality care.展开更多
Background:Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a chronic illness with potentially fatal and debilitating consequences.Problems with glycemic management are a major issue that adds an added strain to public health services.Objecti...Background:Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a chronic illness with potentially fatal and debilitating consequences.Problems with glycemic management are a major issue that adds an added strain to public health services.Objectives:The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of poor glycemic control and its related variables among type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients in southern Jordan.Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Prince Hashem bin Abdullah II Hospital in Jordan's southernmost province.For the period April–July 2024,516 individuals with T2D were enrolled.A structured questionnaire that had been pre-prepared was used to collect data.As an index of glycemic control,a glycated hemoglobin(Hb A1c)7%cut-off point was adopted.Results:Poor glycemic control was prevalent in 81.0%of T2DM individuals.Inadequate glycemic control was significantly worse in non-married patients and those with 10 or more years of diabetes duration,insulin treatment,dyslipidemia,neuropathy,cardiovascular illness,and glomerular filtration rate(GFR=60 m L/min;[P<0.05]).Moreover,dyslipidemia and insulin administration increased the likelihood of poor glycemic control(odds ratio[OR]:2 and 5,respectively)(P<0.05).Conclusions:Inadequate glycemic control was common among the current study par ticipants.To prevent disease consequences and enhance the health of patients with diabetes,health care professionals should pay special attention to related risk factors such as dyslipidemia,neuropathy,cardiovascular disease(CVD),extended illness duration,and insulin usage.展开更多
In this paper,we investigate the problem of describing the form of Jordan triple derivations on trivial extension algebras.We show that every Jordan triple derivation on a 2-torsion free *-type trivial extension algeb...In this paper,we investigate the problem of describing the form of Jordan triple derivations on trivial extension algebras.We show that every Jordan triple derivation on a 2-torsion free *-type trivial extension algebra is a sum of a derivation and an antiderivation.As its applications,Jordan triple derivations on triangular algebras are characterized.展开更多
This applied research seeks to explore feasible plant design for manufacturing insulation materials for construction projects using waste sheep fleece to address environmental issues related to wasted sheep wool and e...This applied research seeks to explore feasible plant design for manufacturing insulation materials for construction projects using waste sheep fleece to address environmental issues related to wasted sheep wool and enhance the gross national product. The process starts by collecting low-cost sheep fleece from farms and processed via a production line, including scouring, plucking, carding, thermal bonding, and packing. The design process involves determining an optimal location, infrastructure, staffing, machinery, environmental impact, and utilities. A final economic analysis is undertaken to estimate the product’s cost, selling price, and break-even point based on the anticipated capital and operational costs. The plant is intended to process 6778 tons of sheep wool annually. The study suggests that Mafraq Industrial City is a perfect location for the plant, and purchasing land and structures is the optimal option. The projected capital cost is 1,416,679 USD, while the anticipated operational costs amount to 3,206,275 USD. Insulation material production is estimated to be 114,756 m3 annually. The material may be manufactured into 1 m wide, 0.05 m thick sheets for 2.02 USD per square meter. Thus, for a 10-year plant, a 2.47 USD/m2 selling price breaks even in one year.展开更多
Let M and N be two factor von Neumann algebras that their dimensions are large than 1,η≠-1 a non zero complex number and Φa(not necessary linear)bijection between two factor von Neumann algebras satisfying Φ(I)=I....Let M and N be two factor von Neumann algebras that their dimensions are large than 1,η≠-1 a non zero complex number and Φa(not necessary linear)bijection between two factor von Neumann algebras satisfying Φ(I)=I.For all A,B∈M,define by A■B=AB+BA the Jordan product of A and B,A·_(η)B=AB+ηBA^(*)the Jordan η-*-product of A and B,respectively.Let Φ and Φ^(-1)preserve the mixed Jordan triple η-*-products.It is proved that Φ is a linear *-isomorphism if η is not real and Φ is the sum of a linear *-isomorphism and a conjugate linear *-isomorphism if η is real.展开更多
Let A be a unital^(*)-algebra containing a nontrivial projection,N be the set of non-negative integers.Under some mild condi-tions on A,it is shown that any nonlinear mixed Jordan triple^(*)-higher derivation D={dn}n...Let A be a unital^(*)-algebra containing a nontrivial projection,N be the set of non-negative integers.Under some mild condi-tions on A,it is shown that any nonlinear mixed Jordan triple^(*)-higher derivation D={dn}n∈N is an additive^(*)-higher derivation.In particu-lar,we apply the above result to prime^(*)-algebras and von Neumann algebras with no central summands of typeⅠ1.展开更多
BACKGROUND Childhood nephrotic syndrome(NS)outcomes vary widely based on steroid responsiveness and complications.AIM To evaluate steroid response,outcomes,and the use of steroid-sparing medications in children with n...BACKGROUND Childhood nephrotic syndrome(NS)outcomes vary widely based on steroid responsiveness and complications.AIM To evaluate steroid response,outcomes,and the use of steroid-sparing medications in children with nephrotic syndrome in Jordan.METHODS This retrospective study evaluated the demographics and outcomes of 122 children aged 1-18 years with NS between 2011 and 2021 across three centers in Jordan.The outcomes assessed included steroid sensitivity rates,dependence,frequent relapses,complications[chronic kidney disease(CKD),end-stage kidney disease(ESKD)],infections,and need for steroid-sparing treatment.RESULTS Of 64%were boys;median age of disease onset was 4 years.Steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant NS(SRNS)were observed in 81.1%and 18.9%of patients,respectively;28.7%and 9%had steroid-dependent and frequently relapsing NS,respectively.Kidney biopsies were conducted in 46.7%,the most common finding was minimal change disease in 56.1%;82.6%of biopsied SRNS cases showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.The median time to first relapse was 9 months.41.8%of patients required steroidsparing medications,with cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil being the most frequently used.Despite these treatments,relapse occurred in 11.5%of cases.Infections,primarily urinary tract infections,affected 24.6%of patients,7.4%progressed to high-grade CKD,and 6.6%required dialysis.SRNS was significantly associated with hematuria,hypertension,and ESKD.CONCLUSION Most patients were steroid sensitive,with minimal change being the most common.Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was the predominant histopathology in the steroid-resistant cases.SRNS patients had worse outcomes,with more infections,CKD,and ESKD.展开更多
Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)has emerged as a critical public health threat and one of the most complicated global challenges due to its multi-faceted nature.In addition to health burden,AMR also drives up healthcare ...Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)has emerged as a critical public health threat and one of the most complicated global challenges due to its multi-faceted nature.In addition to health burden,AMR also drives up healthcare costs and imposes substantial indirect economic impacts.Despite the ongoing global efforts,the burden of drugresistant infections is still growing and alarming.Although AMR has been well addressed pertaining to human health,AMR linked to pathogens in other pillars of the food chain has been a hidden menace and a growing public health concern.AMR may arise in the food chain through various pathways,with foodborne drug-resistant pathogens being reported in the literature.Tackling and combatting AMR in the food chain requires a multifaceted comprehensive approach under the One Health umbrella.This approach is crucial not only to protect public health but also to ensure the sustainability and safety of all components of the food chain.展开更多
Extreme temperature events have intensified across Jordan over the past 40 a,increasing risks to agriculture,water availability,urban infrastructure,and public health.The purpose of this study is to assess the long-te...Extreme temperature events have intensified across Jordan over the past 40 a,increasing risks to agriculture,water availability,urban infrastructure,and public health.The purpose of this study is to assess the long-term spatial trends and regime shifts in extreme temperature indicators across Jordan's climate zones to explore climate adaptation strategies.This study presents a high-resolution and spatially explicit assessment of thermal extremes using daily data from 1982 to 2024 across 45 grid-based study points in Jordan.Thirteen temperature indices,including percentile-based thresholds,duration metrics,and absolute extremes,were computed using RClimDex and analyzed across four Köppen climate zones:hot desert(BWh),hot semi-arid(BSh),cold desert(BWk),and Mediterranean(Csa)climates.The analysis confirmed a statistically significant warming trend:annual mean maximum temperatures increased by 2.198°C,while annual mean minimum temperatures rose by 2.035°C.Cold extremes have sharply declined,with cold days(TX10p)decreasing by 70.0%–80.0%,and the cold spell duration indicator(CSDI)dropping from 12.6 to 4.0 d/a,particularly in the BWk zone.Heat indices intensified across all zones,with warm days(TX90p)increasing by over 300.0%in BWh,warm nights(TN90p)rising by 38.1%,and the warm spell duration indicator(WSDI)extending fourfold,indicating prolonged exposure to heatwaves.Mean value of maximum temperature(TXx)reached 45.600°C in most arid areas,while minimum temperature(TNx)exceeded 31.600°C,highlighting increased nocturnal heat stress.Change-point analysis indicated that 1998 was a pivotal year,marking a structural transition in both cold and warm temperature indices.Subsequent intensifications after 2010 in TN90p,TNx,and mean of daily maximum temperature(Tmaxmean)reflected an ongoing trend toward sustained thermal extremes.In addition to time-series trends,the study employed network-based correlation analysis to explore the coherence among climate indices.Strong positive correlations were observed among TXx,TX90p,and mean of daily minimum temperature(Tminmean)(r≥0.94),as well as among TN90p,Tminmean,and TNx(r≥0.87),indicating a tightly clustered heat subsystem.Duration metrics like the WSDI showed a close alignment with percentile extremes(between WSDI and TX90p;r=0.88),suggesting integrated heatwave behavior.In contrast,cold indices(TX10p,TN90p,frost days,and CSDI)exhibited weak or negative correlations and displayed peripheral positioning in the climate network,indicating their limited role under a warming regime.Absolute extremes showed weak internal linkages,suggesting episodic rather than systemic response characteristics.This structural realignment indicated a shift from a previously balanced thermal profile to a heat-dominated climate system.Regional variations revealed that BWh and BSh were experiencing the steepest warming,while Csa was transitioning more slowly but was showing signs of reduced winter cooling and increased irrigation demands.The findings establish a robust climate baseline for Jordan and offer actionable insights for climate adaptation planning.Recommended measures include precision irrigation,the development of heat-resilient crops,improvements to urban cooling infrastructure,and early warning systems for thermal extremes.By integrating spatial climate zoning,regime shift analysis,and inter-index correlation structures,this study provides a replicable framework for monitoring climatic transformations and informing resilience strategies in arid and semi-arid areas.展开更多
文摘Objective:To determine the prevalence of bullying among university students in Jordan.The study also aims to identify potential predictors of bullying within the context of university students in Jordan.Methods:A cross-sectional study using a convenience sampling method was conducted with 350 university students from 3 institutions(2 public and 1 private),who par ticipated in this study.Data were collected through a self-repor ted questionnaire.Data analysis employed descriptive statistics,and multivariate linear regression was executed through the SPSS program(version 26)(IBM Corporation,Armonk,New York,United States)at 5% level of significance.Results:The findings revealed that 30% of the surveyed students reported never experiencing bullying,41.1% indicated rare exposure,20% reported occasional bullying,4.3% noted frequent exposure,and 4.6% reported constant exposure.Statistical analysis identified university and academic year as significant predictors of bullying.The university exhibited significance(B=-0.403,P≤0.05),while the academic year was also a significant predictor(B=0.213,P≤0.05).Conclusions:Given the prevalence and predictors identified,this study recommends the implementation of policies in universities to safeguard students from bullying.These policies should specifically target the most affected individuals.
文摘Background:The effective delivery of nursing care is crucial in hospital settings because it directly affects patient outcomes.However,nursing care can be missed because of various factors,including inadequate teamwork among nursing staff.Understanding the interplay between missed nursing care and nursing teamwork is essential for enhancing care quality in inpatient settings.This study therefore explored the relationship between missed nursing care and nursing teamwork among registered nurses in hospital inpatient units.Methods:A descriptive,correlational,cross-sectional study was conducted,involving 375 registered nurses from four hospitals in three healthcare sectors in Jordan.Missed nursing care and nursing teamwork were measured using the Missed Nursing Care Survey and the Nursing Teamwork Survey.Data collection occurred between September and October 2024,with con-venience sampling used for participant recruitment.Descriptive and inferential statistics,including mean,standard deviation,percentage,frequency,and Pearson's r correlation coefficient,were used to analyze the data.Results:The overall average missed nursing care score was 2.35 out of 5,suggesting that nursing care is rarely missed.The most frequently missed care activities reported by registered nurses included attending interdisciplinary care conferences,providing mouth care,and ambulating patients three times daily or as ordered.Activities least often missed included medi-cation administration within 30 min of the scheduled time,assessing vital signs as ordered,and performing patient assessments each shift.The overall mean score for nursing teamwork was 3.5 out of 5(standard deviation=1.06).There was a moderate but significant negative correlation between missed nursing care and nursing teamwork(r=−0.310,p<0.001).Conclusions:The results underscore the urgent need for targeted interventions to enhance resource allocation and teamwork,ultimately reducing missed nursing care and improving patient outcomes.Addressing these areas will foster a more effective healthcare system and enable nursing professionals to consistently deliver high-quality care.
文摘Background:Diabetes mellitus(DM)is a chronic illness with potentially fatal and debilitating consequences.Problems with glycemic management are a major issue that adds an added strain to public health services.Objectives:The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of poor glycemic control and its related variables among type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)patients in southern Jordan.Methods:A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Prince Hashem bin Abdullah II Hospital in Jordan's southernmost province.For the period April–July 2024,516 individuals with T2D were enrolled.A structured questionnaire that had been pre-prepared was used to collect data.As an index of glycemic control,a glycated hemoglobin(Hb A1c)7%cut-off point was adopted.Results:Poor glycemic control was prevalent in 81.0%of T2DM individuals.Inadequate glycemic control was significantly worse in non-married patients and those with 10 or more years of diabetes duration,insulin treatment,dyslipidemia,neuropathy,cardiovascular illness,and glomerular filtration rate(GFR=60 m L/min;[P<0.05]).Moreover,dyslipidemia and insulin administration increased the likelihood of poor glycemic control(odds ratio[OR]:2 and 5,respectively)(P<0.05).Conclusions:Inadequate glycemic control was common among the current study par ticipants.To prevent disease consequences and enhance the health of patients with diabetes,health care professionals should pay special attention to related risk factors such as dyslipidemia,neuropathy,cardiovascular disease(CVD),extended illness duration,and insulin usage.
基金Supported by Basic Research Foundation of Yunnan Education Department(Nos.2020J0748,2021J0635)Talent Project Foundation of Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department(No.202105AC160089)NSF of Yunnan Province(No.202101BA070001198).
文摘In this paper,we investigate the problem of describing the form of Jordan triple derivations on trivial extension algebras.We show that every Jordan triple derivation on a 2-torsion free *-type trivial extension algebra is a sum of a derivation and an antiderivation.As its applications,Jordan triple derivations on triangular algebras are characterized.
文摘This applied research seeks to explore feasible plant design for manufacturing insulation materials for construction projects using waste sheep fleece to address environmental issues related to wasted sheep wool and enhance the gross national product. The process starts by collecting low-cost sheep fleece from farms and processed via a production line, including scouring, plucking, carding, thermal bonding, and packing. The design process involves determining an optimal location, infrastructure, staffing, machinery, environmental impact, and utilities. A final economic analysis is undertaken to estimate the product’s cost, selling price, and break-even point based on the anticipated capital and operational costs. The plant is intended to process 6778 tons of sheep wool annually. The study suggests that Mafraq Industrial City is a perfect location for the plant, and purchasing land and structures is the optimal option. The projected capital cost is 1,416,679 USD, while the anticipated operational costs amount to 3,206,275 USD. Insulation material production is estimated to be 114,756 m3 annually. The material may be manufactured into 1 m wide, 0.05 m thick sheets for 2.02 USD per square meter. Thus, for a 10-year plant, a 2.47 USD/m2 selling price breaks even in one year.
文摘Let M and N be two factor von Neumann algebras that their dimensions are large than 1,η≠-1 a non zero complex number and Φa(not necessary linear)bijection between two factor von Neumann algebras satisfying Φ(I)=I.For all A,B∈M,define by A■B=AB+BA the Jordan product of A and B,A·_(η)B=AB+ηBA^(*)the Jordan η-*-product of A and B,respectively.Let Φ and Φ^(-1)preserve the mixed Jordan triple η-*-products.It is proved that Φ is a linear *-isomorphism if η is not real and Φ is the sum of a linear *-isomorphism and a conjugate linear *-isomorphism if η is real.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12271323)。
文摘Let A be a unital^(*)-algebra containing a nontrivial projection,N be the set of non-negative integers.Under some mild condi-tions on A,it is shown that any nonlinear mixed Jordan triple^(*)-higher derivation D={dn}n∈N is an additive^(*)-higher derivation.In particu-lar,we apply the above result to prime^(*)-algebras and von Neumann algebras with no central summands of typeⅠ1.
文摘BACKGROUND Childhood nephrotic syndrome(NS)outcomes vary widely based on steroid responsiveness and complications.AIM To evaluate steroid response,outcomes,and the use of steroid-sparing medications in children with nephrotic syndrome in Jordan.METHODS This retrospective study evaluated the demographics and outcomes of 122 children aged 1-18 years with NS between 2011 and 2021 across three centers in Jordan.The outcomes assessed included steroid sensitivity rates,dependence,frequent relapses,complications[chronic kidney disease(CKD),end-stage kidney disease(ESKD)],infections,and need for steroid-sparing treatment.RESULTS Of 64%were boys;median age of disease onset was 4 years.Steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant NS(SRNS)were observed in 81.1%and 18.9%of patients,respectively;28.7%and 9%had steroid-dependent and frequently relapsing NS,respectively.Kidney biopsies were conducted in 46.7%,the most common finding was minimal change disease in 56.1%;82.6%of biopsied SRNS cases showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.The median time to first relapse was 9 months.41.8%of patients required steroidsparing medications,with cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil being the most frequently used.Despite these treatments,relapse occurred in 11.5%of cases.Infections,primarily urinary tract infections,affected 24.6%of patients,7.4%progressed to high-grade CKD,and 6.6%required dialysis.SRNS was significantly associated with hematuria,hypertension,and ESKD.CONCLUSION Most patients were steroid sensitive,with minimal change being the most common.Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was the predominant histopathology in the steroid-resistant cases.SRNS patients had worse outcomes,with more infections,CKD,and ESKD.
文摘Antimicrobial resistance(AMR)has emerged as a critical public health threat and one of the most complicated global challenges due to its multi-faceted nature.In addition to health burden,AMR also drives up healthcare costs and imposes substantial indirect economic impacts.Despite the ongoing global efforts,the burden of drugresistant infections is still growing and alarming.Although AMR has been well addressed pertaining to human health,AMR linked to pathogens in other pillars of the food chain has been a hidden menace and a growing public health concern.AMR may arise in the food chain through various pathways,with foodborne drug-resistant pathogens being reported in the literature.Tackling and combatting AMR in the food chain requires a multifaceted comprehensive approach under the One Health umbrella.This approach is crucial not only to protect public health but also to ensure the sustainability and safety of all components of the food chain.
文摘Extreme temperature events have intensified across Jordan over the past 40 a,increasing risks to agriculture,water availability,urban infrastructure,and public health.The purpose of this study is to assess the long-term spatial trends and regime shifts in extreme temperature indicators across Jordan's climate zones to explore climate adaptation strategies.This study presents a high-resolution and spatially explicit assessment of thermal extremes using daily data from 1982 to 2024 across 45 grid-based study points in Jordan.Thirteen temperature indices,including percentile-based thresholds,duration metrics,and absolute extremes,were computed using RClimDex and analyzed across four Köppen climate zones:hot desert(BWh),hot semi-arid(BSh),cold desert(BWk),and Mediterranean(Csa)climates.The analysis confirmed a statistically significant warming trend:annual mean maximum temperatures increased by 2.198°C,while annual mean minimum temperatures rose by 2.035°C.Cold extremes have sharply declined,with cold days(TX10p)decreasing by 70.0%–80.0%,and the cold spell duration indicator(CSDI)dropping from 12.6 to 4.0 d/a,particularly in the BWk zone.Heat indices intensified across all zones,with warm days(TX90p)increasing by over 300.0%in BWh,warm nights(TN90p)rising by 38.1%,and the warm spell duration indicator(WSDI)extending fourfold,indicating prolonged exposure to heatwaves.Mean value of maximum temperature(TXx)reached 45.600°C in most arid areas,while minimum temperature(TNx)exceeded 31.600°C,highlighting increased nocturnal heat stress.Change-point analysis indicated that 1998 was a pivotal year,marking a structural transition in both cold and warm temperature indices.Subsequent intensifications after 2010 in TN90p,TNx,and mean of daily maximum temperature(Tmaxmean)reflected an ongoing trend toward sustained thermal extremes.In addition to time-series trends,the study employed network-based correlation analysis to explore the coherence among climate indices.Strong positive correlations were observed among TXx,TX90p,and mean of daily minimum temperature(Tminmean)(r≥0.94),as well as among TN90p,Tminmean,and TNx(r≥0.87),indicating a tightly clustered heat subsystem.Duration metrics like the WSDI showed a close alignment with percentile extremes(between WSDI and TX90p;r=0.88),suggesting integrated heatwave behavior.In contrast,cold indices(TX10p,TN90p,frost days,and CSDI)exhibited weak or negative correlations and displayed peripheral positioning in the climate network,indicating their limited role under a warming regime.Absolute extremes showed weak internal linkages,suggesting episodic rather than systemic response characteristics.This structural realignment indicated a shift from a previously balanced thermal profile to a heat-dominated climate system.Regional variations revealed that BWh and BSh were experiencing the steepest warming,while Csa was transitioning more slowly but was showing signs of reduced winter cooling and increased irrigation demands.The findings establish a robust climate baseline for Jordan and offer actionable insights for climate adaptation planning.Recommended measures include precision irrigation,the development of heat-resilient crops,improvements to urban cooling infrastructure,and early warning systems for thermal extremes.By integrating spatial climate zoning,regime shift analysis,and inter-index correlation structures,this study provides a replicable framework for monitoring climatic transformations and informing resilience strategies in arid and semi-arid areas.
