This paper discusses the Bible in relation to the history and culture of the Jewish people along with its place in world culture.Through translation and Christianity its influence extended into the development of lite...This paper discusses the Bible in relation to the history and culture of the Jewish people along with its place in world culture.Through translation and Christianity its influence extended into the development of literacy among many of the language’s world.The biblical promise to Abraham continues today in the reemergence of the Jewish people as a sovereign nation in the land of Israel after two millennia of wandering.While Bible stories and poetry,primarily through the Psalms,inspired creativity in the visual arts,literature,and music throughout in the Western world.展开更多
Italian Jewish women in the early 20th century, and, their struggle with their Italian national identity, culture, and, Jewish heritage is a topic that has not been yet sufficiently studied, in particular the one rega...Italian Jewish women in the early 20th century, and, their struggle with their Italian national identity, culture, and, Jewish heritage is a topic that has not been yet sufficiently studied, in particular the one regarding Italian Jewish women in sciences and their contribution to the Italian culture. With the exception of a few memoirs, as well a book recently published in Italian, who depicted shortly the life of some of these women, to this day, there is a paucity of publications about it, with the result that, there is little knowledge about them and their ＂pioneering spirit＂ and ＂modernism＂. Thus, this article aims to spread light on one of these extraordinary women： the tubiba （Arabic name for doctor） Lucia Bedarida Servadio. In analyzing Lucia＇s life through her memoirs, writings, and, unpublished documents, such as private letters that she wrote to her friends and family, I will show the impact that this ＂avant-garde＂, and, still quite unknown women had in the Italian society. Above all, the legacy that she left as a ＂messenger＂ of peace, in dedicating her whole life, to help the ＂others＂, despite their colors, race and religion, like she did in Morocco from 1940 until 1981.展开更多
There are many studies on Italian and Jewish immigration in the United States, mainly based on socio-demographic statistics, the theme of exile, Fascist anti-Semitism or ethnic conflicts. Many of these researches focu...There are many studies on Italian and Jewish immigration in the United States, mainly based on socio-demographic statistics, the theme of exile, Fascist anti-Semitism or ethnic conflicts. Many of these researches focus primarily on Jewish or Italians, but rarely address at Italian Jews as a whole, and, in their relation with Italian American and Jews. One of the reasons of this paucity of studies, might be the little number of Italian Jews who immigrated to the United States, especially in New York in the 1930s and 1940s, that drove several scholars not to pay really attention to this tiny group in ignoring their presence. Thus, this article aims to investigate through some memoirs, interviews and autobiographies the life of Italian Jews who were living in New York and the Metropolitan area during and after War World II, with particular emphasis to those who were born there in these years and their formation of an American identity. This essay will also clarify an Italian Jewish identity--which made Italian the role of memory and ＂nostalgia＂ in an Italian identity--above all Jews a unique group and a minority within a minority.展开更多
Ever since the establishment of Israeli statehood in 1948, the United States has been its staunch supporter. This is because of their common beliefs in values, political system and ideology, and America’s interests i...Ever since the establishment of Israeli statehood in 1948, the United States has been its staunch supporter. This is because of their common beliefs in values, political system and ideology, and America’s interests in the Middle East. However one important factor cannot be ignored., the influence of Jewish Americans’ political forces on U. S. Middle East policy. Since few articles deal with such a topic systematically in China, this essay tries to make a preliminary study on it.展开更多
As one of the most significant American Jewish writers in the 20th century, Saul Bellow was influenced by the Jewish tradition and American mainstream thoughts in his writing creations. The conflicts and amalgamation ...As one of the most significant American Jewish writers in the 20th century, Saul Bellow was influenced by the Jewish tradition and American mainstream thoughts in his writing creations. The conflicts and amalgamation between these two different cultures in his novels indicate that Bellow not only adheres to the Jewish traditional culture, but also breaks through the narrowmindedness of it.展开更多
This research aims to check the assumption that the cultural icons of Jewish communities in Islamic countries,in the Mediterranean Basin during the early Middle-Ages,were Jewish poets,or at least rhyming experts and p...This research aims to check the assumption that the cultural icons of Jewish communities in Islamic countries,in the Mediterranean Basin during the early Middle-Ages,were Jewish poets,or at least rhyming experts and poetry“technicians”.Through vast study of Genizah documents,in the purpose of outlining the shape of the leadership of Jewish communities in these Islamic countries,I realized that all leaders whose portraits I have studied,out of hundreds of letters and documents—were poem writers.Some of them were real poets,who created poems and liturgics of rare poetic qualities,and some were mere“technicians”who joined rhymes according to accepted rules of their time.By looking at those“technicians”poems,it seems that the writing has cost them a considerable mental effort,and yet they continued with the poem writing.The assumption is that in order to become a role model or a cultural hero,as we call it today,the leaders had to write poems and use them as a means for political and social advancement.展开更多
Jewish women activity in the Lithuanian women＇s movement has never been investigated. This article provides a brief overview of the most important aspects of their activities in restoring the State of Lithuania and a...Jewish women activity in the Lithuanian women＇s movement has never been investigated. This article provides a brief overview of the most important aspects of their activities in restoring the State of Lithuania and actively joining its activities in the inter-war period. In the end of 1919, the Women＇s Circle to Aid the Solders was established, and Jewish women were active in its activities. The participants of the women＇s circles were awarded the medals of the 10th anniversary of the Lithuanian Independence for their activities. The women established and actively worked in the Lithuanian Women Committee to Protect the Homeland as a response to the call-back of the Chief Defence Committee. After the Independence fights, during the period of the democratic Lithuanian state （1920-1926）, the Jewish women actively took part in the self-governing institutions. Especially active were the Jewish socialist labourists and Jewish laboursits＇ groups. This activity diminished during the period of the authoritarian regime （1926-1940）.展开更多
In Ultimospoemas a Buenos Aires, Adriana Stein, like many contemporary Jewish Latin American writers,explores the nature of remembrance and exile within the context of social justice not only in the Americas, but also...In Ultimospoemas a Buenos Aires, Adriana Stein, like many contemporary Jewish Latin American writers,explores the nature of remembrance and exile within the context of social justice not only in the Americas, but also within the broader context of world politics. Her collection of poetry, published as an e-book in 2015, traces the legacy of the Jewish diaspora in Argentina through her own experiences and those of friends and family as she summons memories of the disappeared during the Dirty Wax from 1974 to 1983. Some of the poems contained this collection were first published under the name of Adrimm Stein Fourmma on the Proyecto desaparecidos for Argentina, the website dedicated to the memory of the victims of the military regime and to exposing their repressors. Themes of the marginalized or fragmented self as well as both internal and external exile common in works by diasporic communities throughout Jewish history also find expression in Stein＇s collection, along with the oft repeated history of Shoah. Indeed, through her poetry, Adriana Stein contributes to the wider discourse of the politics of identity that serves as literary testimony of the perpetual struggle for humma rights that focuses on diasporic societies in Latin America and elsewhere展开更多
Peace is a key concept in the Jewish tradition; it has a long history. It is also an extremely broad concept. The present article takes on the subject of contemporary peace between Israel and her neighbors, addressing...Peace is a key concept in the Jewish tradition; it has a long history. It is also an extremely broad concept. The present article takes on the subject of contemporary peace between Israel and her neighbors, addressing the issue from the vantage point of Judaism. While opinions on many issues are divided in Judaism today, all streams within the Jewish tradition uphold the concept of peace. Even so, each stream supports a somewhat different version of this ideal, subject to different limitations or reservations. One of the most serious challenges which Judaism today faces in connection with the State of Israel is the issue of exchanging territories for peace. The goal of the present paper is to show that while most approaches rooted in traditional Judaism have opposed such an exchange, Israel＇s religious political parties have endorsed it, advancing different arguments in support of their view. The method followed in the present paper is to study the arguments which have been used in support of peace agreements based on return or exchange of land. In light of the arguments put forth in the paper, to be counted among the accomplishments is a greater degree of openness--even on the part of the religious sector in Israel--toward the effort to achieve peace between Israel and her neighbors.展开更多
Istanbul as a city, throughout history, has become an attractive land for various social groups to settle. As a result, different periods in city life have witnessed the arrival of setllers forming their own settlemen...Istanbul as a city, throughout history, has become an attractive land for various social groups to settle. As a result, different periods in city life have witnessed the arrival of setllers forming their own settlements, thus leading to a so called ＂mosaic of settlements＂ within the city. Social factors have played a big role in the formation and development of settlements in Istanbul. The cultural variety arising from the different social structures has led to different architectural features in the city. The different social structures have also had affects on site selection, on the quarter- district tissue, and also on the residential architecture. It is therefore, the general purpose of this article to explore the different features of quarters reflecting the interaction between the architectural formation and the cultural values of society. In the Historical Peninsula in Istanbul, one can easily observe the impact of cultural characteristics of the communities on their housing settlements. Together with environmental features such as climate, local building materials, building technologies, the cultural values of the social groups all have played a role in determining the architectural environment and the formation of housing settlements. Among all others, Balat, which still exists, is the oldest housing settlement of the Jewish Community in lstanbul, dating back to the Byzantine period. It reflects the full characteristics of a Jewish quarter structure in the best possible manner. The synagogue, religious worship building, and the houses which both form and shape a typical Jewish quarter are subject to investigation and analysis in this paper. Besides, the layouts of Jewish quarters in this settlement, the architectural character of houses and religious buildings are documented with ＂drawings＂, ＂photographs＂, ＂maps＂ and ＂sketches＂.展开更多
This article, which utilizes the quantitative social-background approach, sets as its objective to empirically discern correlations between the behavior of the Jewish political elite, embodied in the Jewish Agency for...This article, which utilizes the quantitative social-background approach, sets as its objective to empirically discern correlations between the behavior of the Jewish political elite, embodied in the Jewish Agency for Palestine in the period from 1921 to 1948, and the following social-background variables： age, foreign travel, occupation as a path to political power, regional affiliation, ideology, and political opportunity, of the JAE membership. Diversity of the social-background variables and, particularly, the multitude of languages they knew, explain, to a considerable extent, firstly, the wide variety of their social, political and economic views, and, secondly, the elite＇s resort to direct contact with Western governments and peoples in communicating and promoting their political ideology, thus facilitating the realization of the Zionist project.展开更多
In Jewish City in Casimir--historical district of Cracow, Jewish culture manifested its original architectural style based mostly on specific detail. Perception of this type of architectural detail depends, basically,...In Jewish City in Casimir--historical district of Cracow, Jewish culture manifested its original architectural style based mostly on specific detail. Perception of this type of architectural detail depends, basically, on knowledge of the Jewish culture. Proper understanding of meaning of the Jewish architectural detail depends on complex relations between Jewish tangible and intangible culture. Nowadays, it is especially important, according to relatively fast revitalization of the district. All renovation works require specific approach taking into account differences based on cultural diversity. Moreover, the understanding of the Jewish architectural detail is strictly connected with both history of Jews and Poles. One thousand years of cohabitation allowed to understand the economical and, partially, social differences, but not cultural at whole. The main aim of the article is to present chosen cultural and non-cultural factors, affecting the perception of the Jewish architectural detail in Casimir.展开更多
As the owner of Nobel Prize for Literature, Saul Bellow＇s （1915-2005） fiction has always been a great concern in literary world. It has been studied from various perspectives since its publication. While comparativ...As the owner of Nobel Prize for Literature, Saul Bellow＇s （1915-2005） fiction has always been a great concern in literary world. It has been studied from various perspectives since its publication. While comparatively speaking, few studies were made from the historical lens. Actually, in his fiction, history is presented by fiction which contributes to the making of history. The purpose of the present paper is through close reading of his novels to find out the different historic periods of American Jews from ＂the strangers＂ to ＂the natives＂, the ＂More than Human＂ and ＂Less than Human＂ to the ＂Exact Human＂ presented in his fiction and thus help readers to have a better understanding about the Jewish life and identity.展开更多
In medieval times,translators of Judaeo-Arabic literature living in Islamic lands were fluent in Arabic as this was the lingua franca and,in many cases,their mother tongue.This is only rarely the case for the contempo...In medieval times,translators of Judaeo-Arabic literature living in Islamic lands were fluent in Arabic as this was the lingua franca and,in many cases,their mother tongue.This is only rarely the case for the contemporary scholar.This creates enormous challenges for the modern translators of their works.However,this challenge is an opportunity to bridge cultural and historical gaps by increased accuracy the hallmark of modern scholarship.This interdisciplinary discourse establishes the co-religious Dasein.The research tools which demand knowledge not only of Jewish sources but rather of Islamic texts allow for greater appreciation of contacting influences.Rav Y.al-Barceloni of the 12th century,among others,translated into Hebrew several works of the Geonim with his own halakhic interpretations,interpolations,and expansions.When scholars come today to comprehend anew,these compilations they paradoxically are more reflective of the original text than scholars of the middle ages who were contemporaneous with these texts.Nonetheless insofar as the translations are into Hebrew,they produce insular affect on the cultural product,leaving it within the Jewish fold.This fact forces scholars who desire to communicate with the broader audience to publish their results in European languages.In mediaeval studies,this is not as often as one thinks.展开更多
Our work concerns the study of the ancient Jewish Quarter Josefov, the urban center of Stare Meto, in Prague. This Quarter represents a well-defined urban fact, recognizable within the fabric of the historic city. Ove...Our work concerns the study of the ancient Jewish Quarter Josefov, the urban center of Stare Meto, in Prague. This Quarter represents a well-defined urban fact, recognizable within the fabric of the historic city. Over the centuries, it has influenced the shape of the city and has become one of the most important and characteristic elements through its structure and spaces, its geography and its architecture （the Synagogue or the Jewish cemetery）. However, this quarter also represents a fundamental social fact for the city of Prague as it is born from and organized around a very strong and historically rooted cultural identity. This cultural identity is characterized by uses, social customs, and traditions of a Jewish community that has been part of the history of the city over the centuries, helping to create myths and legends around it. The aim of this research is to preserve and recognize that cultural identity, using a strategic vision that starts from the reconstruction of pieces of this cultural testimony via the recovery of small parts of the urban fabric in the center or on the edge of this urban island.展开更多
The Christianity influence in nursing until the 19th century made nursing an uncommon profession among Jewish religious communities mostly in Europe. In the early stages of the development of the state of Israel, a ne...The Christianity influence in nursing until the 19th century made nursing an uncommon profession among Jewish religious communities mostly in Europe. In the early stages of the development of the state of Israel, a need for nurses led religious Jewish women to join the profession, first in Jewish religious hospitals and then in other hospitals too. The goal of this study was to describe Jewish Orthodox women＇s approach to the nursing profession, integrating the values of Judaism and nursing. This study is based on a literature review, official documents, and semistructured personal interviews, conducted with 10 veteran religious nurses in Israel. This study describes Jewish Orthodox women＇s willingness and affords in the early years of Israel＇s founding to cope with the unique challenges that nursing presented, constituted a breakthrough for many nurses today. We demonstrate that nursing is a profession of caring for others; all cultures and religious can contribute to and benefit from.展开更多
The paper provides an introduction to Judaism＇s approach to business ethics, in contrast to a contemporary business ethics approach. Following a summary of the key aspects of Jewish business ethics, the case of Agrip...The paper provides an introduction to Judaism＇s approach to business ethics, in contrast to a contemporary business ethics approach. Following a summary of the key aspects of Jewish business ethics, the case of Agriprocessor＇s kosher meat plant is discussed, along with the Jewish response to this scandal. Finally, the implications of what each business ethics system can learn from the other are discussed.展开更多
The Jewish narratives in Shakespearean drama can be seen as a reflective projection of the playwright’s thoughts on the country’s maritime industry. In the latter half of the 16th century, the government adopted an ...The Jewish narratives in Shakespearean drama can be seen as a reflective projection of the playwright’s thoughts on the country’s maritime industry. In the latter half of the 16th century, the government adopted an expansion policy in the economy, and the Elizabethan government established trade relations with Turkey, which secured the Mediterranean’s irreplaceable position in English trade. As a result, English playwrights of the time started to focus on the Mediterranean trade circle to cater to England’s trade policy. At the same time, as Jews played a crucial role in the Mediterranean trade circle during this period, these playwrights affirmed the positive role of the maritime industry by endowing Jews with wealthy merchant identities, which alleviated the anxiety of the public towards the maritime industry and catering to the state’s trade expansion policy.展开更多
From 1942 to 1945 more than 15,000 Jewish children passed through Terezin,a former military garrison set up as a ghetto.It soon became a transition station for hundreds of thousands of Jews on their way to the gas cha...From 1942 to 1945 more than 15,000 Jewish children passed through Terezin,a former military garrison set up as a ghetto.It soon became a transition station for hundreds of thousands of Jews on their way to the gas chambers of Auschwitz.While most of the children imprisoned at Terezin perished at Auschwitz,some of their stories of life during the Holocaust are preserved in drawings and poems,published in the book,I Never Saw Another Butterfly. When Terezin was liberated in 1945,only about 100 children were alive to return to what was left of their lives.展开更多
文摘This paper discusses the Bible in relation to the history and culture of the Jewish people along with its place in world culture.Through translation and Christianity its influence extended into the development of literacy among many of the language’s world.The biblical promise to Abraham continues today in the reemergence of the Jewish people as a sovereign nation in the land of Israel after two millennia of wandering.While Bible stories and poetry,primarily through the Psalms,inspired creativity in the visual arts,literature,and music throughout in the Western world.
文摘Italian Jewish women in the early 20th century, and, their struggle with their Italian national identity, culture, and, Jewish heritage is a topic that has not been yet sufficiently studied, in particular the one regarding Italian Jewish women in sciences and their contribution to the Italian culture. With the exception of a few memoirs, as well a book recently published in Italian, who depicted shortly the life of some of these women, to this day, there is a paucity of publications about it, with the result that, there is little knowledge about them and their ＂pioneering spirit＂ and ＂modernism＂. Thus, this article aims to spread light on one of these extraordinary women： the tubiba （Arabic name for doctor） Lucia Bedarida Servadio. In analyzing Lucia＇s life through her memoirs, writings, and, unpublished documents, such as private letters that she wrote to her friends and family, I will show the impact that this ＂avant-garde＂, and, still quite unknown women had in the Italian society. Above all, the legacy that she left as a ＂messenger＂ of peace, in dedicating her whole life, to help the ＂others＂, despite their colors, race and religion, like she did in Morocco from 1940 until 1981.
文摘There are many studies on Italian and Jewish immigration in the United States, mainly based on socio-demographic statistics, the theme of exile, Fascist anti-Semitism or ethnic conflicts. Many of these researches focus primarily on Jewish or Italians, but rarely address at Italian Jews as a whole, and, in their relation with Italian American and Jews. One of the reasons of this paucity of studies, might be the little number of Italian Jews who immigrated to the United States, especially in New York in the 1930s and 1940s, that drove several scholars not to pay really attention to this tiny group in ignoring their presence. Thus, this article aims to investigate through some memoirs, interviews and autobiographies the life of Italian Jews who were living in New York and the Metropolitan area during and after War World II, with particular emphasis to those who were born there in these years and their formation of an American identity. This essay will also clarify an Italian Jewish identity--which made Italian the role of memory and ＂nostalgia＂ in an Italian identity--above all Jews a unique group and a minority within a minority.
文摘Ever since the establishment of Israeli statehood in 1948, the United States has been its staunch supporter. This is because of their common beliefs in values, political system and ideology, and America’s interests in the Middle East. However one important factor cannot be ignored., the influence of Jewish Americans’ political forces on U. S. Middle East policy. Since few articles deal with such a topic systematically in China, this essay tries to make a preliminary study on it.
文摘As one of the most significant American Jewish writers in the 20th century, Saul Bellow was influenced by the Jewish tradition and American mainstream thoughts in his writing creations. The conflicts and amalgamation between these two different cultures in his novels indicate that Bellow not only adheres to the Jewish traditional culture, but also breaks through the narrowmindedness of it.
文摘This research aims to check the assumption that the cultural icons of Jewish communities in Islamic countries,in the Mediterranean Basin during the early Middle-Ages,were Jewish poets,or at least rhyming experts and poetry“technicians”.Through vast study of Genizah documents,in the purpose of outlining the shape of the leadership of Jewish communities in these Islamic countries,I realized that all leaders whose portraits I have studied,out of hundreds of letters and documents—were poem writers.Some of them were real poets,who created poems and liturgics of rare poetic qualities,and some were mere“technicians”who joined rhymes according to accepted rules of their time.By looking at those“technicians”poems,it seems that the writing has cost them a considerable mental effort,and yet they continued with the poem writing.The assumption is that in order to become a role model or a cultural hero,as we call it today,the leaders had to write poems and use them as a means for political and social advancement.
文摘Jewish women activity in the Lithuanian women＇s movement has never been investigated. This article provides a brief overview of the most important aspects of their activities in restoring the State of Lithuania and actively joining its activities in the inter-war period. In the end of 1919, the Women＇s Circle to Aid the Solders was established, and Jewish women were active in its activities. The participants of the women＇s circles were awarded the medals of the 10th anniversary of the Lithuanian Independence for their activities. The women established and actively worked in the Lithuanian Women Committee to Protect the Homeland as a response to the call-back of the Chief Defence Committee. After the Independence fights, during the period of the democratic Lithuanian state （1920-1926）, the Jewish women actively took part in the self-governing institutions. Especially active were the Jewish socialist labourists and Jewish laboursits＇ groups. This activity diminished during the period of the authoritarian regime （1926-1940）.
文摘In Ultimospoemas a Buenos Aires, Adriana Stein, like many contemporary Jewish Latin American writers,explores the nature of remembrance and exile within the context of social justice not only in the Americas, but also within the broader context of world politics. Her collection of poetry, published as an e-book in 2015, traces the legacy of the Jewish diaspora in Argentina through her own experiences and those of friends and family as she summons memories of the disappeared during the Dirty Wax from 1974 to 1983. Some of the poems contained this collection were first published under the name of Adrimm Stein Fourmma on the Proyecto desaparecidos for Argentina, the website dedicated to the memory of the victims of the military regime and to exposing their repressors. Themes of the marginalized or fragmented self as well as both internal and external exile common in works by diasporic communities throughout Jewish history also find expression in Stein＇s collection, along with the oft repeated history of Shoah. Indeed, through her poetry, Adriana Stein contributes to the wider discourse of the politics of identity that serves as literary testimony of the perpetual struggle for humma rights that focuses on diasporic societies in Latin America and elsewhere
文摘Peace is a key concept in the Jewish tradition; it has a long history. It is also an extremely broad concept. The present article takes on the subject of contemporary peace between Israel and her neighbors, addressing the issue from the vantage point of Judaism. While opinions on many issues are divided in Judaism today, all streams within the Jewish tradition uphold the concept of peace. Even so, each stream supports a somewhat different version of this ideal, subject to different limitations or reservations. One of the most serious challenges which Judaism today faces in connection with the State of Israel is the issue of exchanging territories for peace. The goal of the present paper is to show that while most approaches rooted in traditional Judaism have opposed such an exchange, Israel＇s religious political parties have endorsed it, advancing different arguments in support of their view. The method followed in the present paper is to study the arguments which have been used in support of peace agreements based on return or exchange of land. In light of the arguments put forth in the paper, to be counted among the accomplishments is a greater degree of openness--even on the part of the religious sector in Israel--toward the effort to achieve peace between Israel and her neighbors.
文摘Istanbul as a city, throughout history, has become an attractive land for various social groups to settle. As a result, different periods in city life have witnessed the arrival of setllers forming their own settlements, thus leading to a so called ＂mosaic of settlements＂ within the city. Social factors have played a big role in the formation and development of settlements in Istanbul. The cultural variety arising from the different social structures has led to different architectural features in the city. The different social structures have also had affects on site selection, on the quarter- district tissue, and also on the residential architecture. It is therefore, the general purpose of this article to explore the different features of quarters reflecting the interaction between the architectural formation and the cultural values of society. In the Historical Peninsula in Istanbul, one can easily observe the impact of cultural characteristics of the communities on their housing settlements. Together with environmental features such as climate, local building materials, building technologies, the cultural values of the social groups all have played a role in determining the architectural environment and the formation of housing settlements. Among all others, Balat, which still exists, is the oldest housing settlement of the Jewish Community in lstanbul, dating back to the Byzantine period. It reflects the full characteristics of a Jewish quarter structure in the best possible manner. The synagogue, religious worship building, and the houses which both form and shape a typical Jewish quarter are subject to investigation and analysis in this paper. Besides, the layouts of Jewish quarters in this settlement, the architectural character of houses and religious buildings are documented with ＂drawings＂, ＂photographs＂, ＂maps＂ and ＂sketches＂.
文摘This article, which utilizes the quantitative social-background approach, sets as its objective to empirically discern correlations between the behavior of the Jewish political elite, embodied in the Jewish Agency for Palestine in the period from 1921 to 1948, and the following social-background variables： age, foreign travel, occupation as a path to political power, regional affiliation, ideology, and political opportunity, of the JAE membership. Diversity of the social-background variables and, particularly, the multitude of languages they knew, explain, to a considerable extent, firstly, the wide variety of their social, political and economic views, and, secondly, the elite＇s resort to direct contact with Western governments and peoples in communicating and promoting their political ideology, thus facilitating the realization of the Zionist project.
文摘In Jewish City in Casimir--historical district of Cracow, Jewish culture manifested its original architectural style based mostly on specific detail. Perception of this type of architectural detail depends, basically, on knowledge of the Jewish culture. Proper understanding of meaning of the Jewish architectural detail depends on complex relations between Jewish tangible and intangible culture. Nowadays, it is especially important, according to relatively fast revitalization of the district. All renovation works require specific approach taking into account differences based on cultural diversity. Moreover, the understanding of the Jewish architectural detail is strictly connected with both history of Jews and Poles. One thousand years of cohabitation allowed to understand the economical and, partially, social differences, but not cultural at whole. The main aim of the article is to present chosen cultural and non-cultural factors, affecting the perception of the Jewish architectural detail in Casimir.
文摘As the owner of Nobel Prize for Literature, Saul Bellow＇s （1915-2005） fiction has always been a great concern in literary world. It has been studied from various perspectives since its publication. While comparatively speaking, few studies were made from the historical lens. Actually, in his fiction, history is presented by fiction which contributes to the making of history. The purpose of the present paper is through close reading of his novels to find out the different historic periods of American Jews from ＂the strangers＂ to ＂the natives＂, the ＂More than Human＂ and ＂Less than Human＂ to the ＂Exact Human＂ presented in his fiction and thus help readers to have a better understanding about the Jewish life and identity.
文摘In medieval times,translators of Judaeo-Arabic literature living in Islamic lands were fluent in Arabic as this was the lingua franca and,in many cases,their mother tongue.This is only rarely the case for the contemporary scholar.This creates enormous challenges for the modern translators of their works.However,this challenge is an opportunity to bridge cultural and historical gaps by increased accuracy the hallmark of modern scholarship.This interdisciplinary discourse establishes the co-religious Dasein.The research tools which demand knowledge not only of Jewish sources but rather of Islamic texts allow for greater appreciation of contacting influences.Rav Y.al-Barceloni of the 12th century,among others,translated into Hebrew several works of the Geonim with his own halakhic interpretations,interpolations,and expansions.When scholars come today to comprehend anew,these compilations they paradoxically are more reflective of the original text than scholars of the middle ages who were contemporaneous with these texts.Nonetheless insofar as the translations are into Hebrew,they produce insular affect on the cultural product,leaving it within the Jewish fold.This fact forces scholars who desire to communicate with the broader audience to publish their results in European languages.In mediaeval studies,this is not as often as one thinks.
文摘Our work concerns the study of the ancient Jewish Quarter Josefov, the urban center of Stare Meto, in Prague. This Quarter represents a well-defined urban fact, recognizable within the fabric of the historic city. Over the centuries, it has influenced the shape of the city and has become one of the most important and characteristic elements through its structure and spaces, its geography and its architecture （the Synagogue or the Jewish cemetery）. However, this quarter also represents a fundamental social fact for the city of Prague as it is born from and organized around a very strong and historically rooted cultural identity. This cultural identity is characterized by uses, social customs, and traditions of a Jewish community that has been part of the history of the city over the centuries, helping to create myths and legends around it. The aim of this research is to preserve and recognize that cultural identity, using a strategic vision that starts from the reconstruction of pieces of this cultural testimony via the recovery of small parts of the urban fabric in the center or on the edge of this urban island.
文摘The Christianity influence in nursing until the 19th century made nursing an uncommon profession among Jewish religious communities mostly in Europe. In the early stages of the development of the state of Israel, a need for nurses led religious Jewish women to join the profession, first in Jewish religious hospitals and then in other hospitals too. The goal of this study was to describe Jewish Orthodox women＇s approach to the nursing profession, integrating the values of Judaism and nursing. This study is based on a literature review, official documents, and semistructured personal interviews, conducted with 10 veteran religious nurses in Israel. This study describes Jewish Orthodox women＇s willingness and affords in the early years of Israel＇s founding to cope with the unique challenges that nursing presented, constituted a breakthrough for many nurses today. We demonstrate that nursing is a profession of caring for others; all cultures and religious can contribute to and benefit from.
文摘The paper provides an introduction to Judaism＇s approach to business ethics, in contrast to a contemporary business ethics approach. Following a summary of the key aspects of Jewish business ethics, the case of Agriprocessor＇s kosher meat plant is discussed, along with the Jewish response to this scandal. Finally, the implications of what each business ethics system can learn from the other are discussed.
文摘The Jewish narratives in Shakespearean drama can be seen as a reflective projection of the playwright’s thoughts on the country’s maritime industry. In the latter half of the 16th century, the government adopted an expansion policy in the economy, and the Elizabethan government established trade relations with Turkey, which secured the Mediterranean’s irreplaceable position in English trade. As a result, English playwrights of the time started to focus on the Mediterranean trade circle to cater to England’s trade policy. At the same time, as Jews played a crucial role in the Mediterranean trade circle during this period, these playwrights affirmed the positive role of the maritime industry by endowing Jews with wealthy merchant identities, which alleviated the anxiety of the public towards the maritime industry and catering to the state’s trade expansion policy.
文摘From 1942 to 1945 more than 15,000 Jewish children passed through Terezin,a former military garrison set up as a ghetto.It soon became a transition station for hundreds of thousands of Jews on their way to the gas chambers of Auschwitz.While most of the children imprisoned at Terezin perished at Auschwitz,some of their stories of life during the Holocaust are preserved in drawings and poems,published in the book,I Never Saw Another Butterfly. When Terezin was liberated in 1945,only about 100 children were alive to return to what was left of their lives.
