Carrots have an important role for a life of the men.Everybody can use carrots in the meals or the drinks,he uses carrots such as the medicaments to cure many diseases,too.Carrots are very necessary,we can tell the fo...Carrots have an important role for a life of the men.Everybody can use carrots in the meals or the drinks,he uses carrots such as the medicaments to cure many diseases,too.Carrots are very necessary,we can tell the following effects:carrots help improve eyesight,especially,carrots contain vitamin A,essential nutrients for health of the eyes.When our bodies have the vitamin A deficiency in the long time,visual cells in the eye retina can been hurt,make dry eyes,cause the visual disturbances and it is serious that everyone does not see.Carrots support to cure the diabetes;help strengthen the immunity;improve the health cardiovascular;help beautiful healthy skin;can reduce the risk of cancer.Besides,everyone drinks carrot juice to stimulate hair growth and stabilize blood pressure.Carrots contain a lot of beta carotene,fiber,vitamin K1,potassium as well as antioxidants and are grown popularly in all regions of Vietnam.The cultivating soil,irrigating water and carrot samples were collected in Loc Thanh village,Bao Lam district,Lam Dong province and some indicators were analyzed.The results showed that the soil sample was poor in nutrient by N,P,K indicators that were lower than the standards;but pH,Al3+and Fe3+were higher than the standards.The water sample did not contain the toxic heavy metals such as:As,Pb,Cd;but the indicators of Cu,Zn,Fe were higher than the standards.For the carrot sample,the indicators of As,Pb,Cu,Zn exceeded the allowable threshold;the contents of lipid and protein were lower than the standards but NO3-was within allowable standards.However,analysis of carrot samples grown by us using organic methods showed that some heavy metal indicators such as:As,Pb,Cu were lower than allowable standards.This showed that it is necessary to choose the type of soil,water and organic method for growing carrots in order to harvest good quality carrots and safety for users.We studied an environment of soil,water and analyzed the carrots to find a nutrition level,nutritional value and the metal accumulation in order to improve a life of men.展开更多
The irrigating warped soils occur in the old irrigation areas of arid and semi-arid re-gions of China, and distributed from Zhangjiakou of Hebei province, through InnerMongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomou...The irrigating warped soils occur in the old irrigation areas of arid and semi-arid re-gions of China, and distributed from Zhangjiakou of Hebei province, through InnerMongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Gansu province,Qinhai Province, down to Xinjiang Autonomous Region, including the arid subalpine rivervalleys in the western part of Tibet.展开更多
BACKGROUND The results of the heat irrigating effect of radiofrequency ablation(RFA)are uncertain,and the accurate impact of the heat irrigating effect on regional liver tissue is unknown due to a lack of control expe...BACKGROUND The results of the heat irrigating effect of radiofrequency ablation(RFA)are uncertain,and the accurate impact of the heat irrigating effect on regional liver tissue is unknown due to a lack of control experiments.AIM The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the heat irrigating effect of RFA on regional liver tissue in Bama miniature pigs.METHODS Eight Bama miniature pigs were randomly divided into the observation group(group A)and the control group(group B),with 4 pigs/group.An RFA electrode needle was implanted near the hepatic segment vasculature(3-5 mm from the hepatic segment portal vein)under ultrasound guidance in group A.Similarly,an RFA electrode needle was implanted far from the hepatic segment vasculature(8-10 mm from the hepatic segment portal vein)in group B.The left internal lobe and right medial lobe were chosen as RFA sites in each pig.RFA was performed at the left internal lobe on day one in each pig,and at the right medial lobe 7 d later.Each RFA lasted 12 min.The general status of the pigs and serious complications were observed during the perioperative period.The pigs were sacrificed and the livers were removed immediately after RFA on the eighth day.The samples were roughly observed.Hematoxylin-eosin and Ki67 staining,as well as TUNEL detection,were performed on the tissue sections.RESULTS All 8 animals successfully underwent ultrasound-guided RFA.No serious complications,such as massive hemorrhage,biliary fistula,severe pleural effusion,pneumothorax,peripheral organ failure,or renal failure occurred in any of the animals during the perioperative period.The RFA coagulative necrosis lesion was spherical and the surrounding liver tissue showed an inflammatory response.The difference in the Suzuki score of the liver tissue surrounding the ablated portal vein,and its distal area between groups A and B,was statistically significant(P<0.05).More apoptotic cells were seen in liver tissue surrounding the ablated portal vein and its distal area in group A,while fewer apoptotic cells in the same area were seen in group B.The difference in the apoptotic index of the above area between group A and group B was statistically significant(P<0.05).Cells staining positive for Ki67 were observed in liver tissue at the left internal lobe around the ablated portal vein and its distal area in group A.No Ki67 staining positive cells were observed in other tissue sections.The difference in the Ki67 staining positive index in the above area was statistically significant(P<0.05)between group A and group B.CONCLUSION Changes as a result of thermal damage occur in liver tissue around the ablated portal vein and its distal area due to the heat irrigating effect when the RFA electrode tip is close to(<5 mm)the portal vein.展开更多
Rice grain yield and quality are negatively impacted by high temperature stress.Irrigation water temperature significantly affects rice growth and development,thus influencing yield and quality.The role of cooler irri...Rice grain yield and quality are negatively impacted by high temperature stress.Irrigation water temperature significantly affects rice growth and development,thus influencing yield and quality.The role of cooler irrigation water in counteracting high temperature induced damages in rice grain yield and quality are not explored.Hence,in the present study two rice hybrids,Liangyoupeijiu(LYPJ)and IIyou 602(IIY602)were exposed to heat stress and irrigated with water having different temperatures in a splitsplit plot experimental design.The stress was imposed starting from heading until maturity under field-based heat tents,over two consecutive years.The maximum day temperature inside the heat tents was set at 38℃.For the irrigation treatments,two different water sources were used including belowground water with cooler water temperature and pond water with relatively higher water temperature.Daytime mean temperatures in the heat tents were increased by 1.2–2.0℃ across two years,while nighttime temperature remained similar at both within and outside the heat tents.Cooler belowground water irrigation did have little effect on air temperature at the canopy level but decreased soil temperature(0.2–1.4℃)especially under control.Heat stress significantly reduced grain yield(33%to 43%),panicles m^(-2)(9%to 10%),spikelets m^(-2)(15%to 22%),grain-filling percentage(13%to 26%)and 1000-grain weight(3%to 5%).Heat stress significantly increased chalkiness and protein content and decreased grain length and amylose content.Grain yield was negatively related to air temperature at the canopy level and soil temperature.Whereas grain quality parameters like chalkiness recorded a significantly positive association with both air and soil temperatures.Irrigating with cooler belowground water reduced the negative effect of heat stress on grain yield by 8.8%in LYPJ,while the same effect was not seen in IIY602,indicating cultivar differences in their response to irrigation water temperature.Our findings reveal that irrigating with cooler belowground water would not significantly mitigate yield loss or improve grain quality under realistic field condition.The outcome of this study adds to the scientific knowledge in understanding the interaction between heat stress and irrigation as a mitigation tool.Irrigation water temperature regulation at the rhizosphere was unable to counteract heat stress damages in rice and hence a more integrated management and genetic options at canopy levels should be explored in the future.展开更多
Aims: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of 37% phosphoric acid, 12% nitric acid, 17% EDTA in endodontic smear layer removal and degree of erosion in the apical third of endodontic canals. Methods and Ma...Aims: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of 37% phosphoric acid, 12% nitric acid, 17% EDTA in endodontic smear layer removal and degree of erosion in the apical third of endodontic canals. Methods and Material: One hundred and four extracted single-rooted human teeth were randomized into four groups (n = 26) and instrumented using ProTaper Universal Ni-Ti rotary instruments. Each canal was irrigated with one of the following solutions: 37% phosphoric acid, 12% nitric acid, 17% EDTA, 5.25% NaOCl (control). All specimens were then irrigated with 5 mL distilled water and dried with sterile paper points. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-WhitneyU statistical tests were used. Results: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation showed no significant differences among test reagents in smear layer removal. However, the efficacy of 12% nitric acid and 17% EDTA in removing the smear layer was significantly greater than 5.25% NaOCl (control). Degree of erosion could not be evaluated. Conclusion: Protocols used in this study were not sufficient to completely remove the smear layer in the apical third of shaped root canals.展开更多
Both straw incorporation and irrigation practices affect biological nitrogen(N)fixation(BNF),but it is still unclear how straw incorporation impacts BNF under continuous(CFI)or intermittent(IFI)flooding irrigation in ...Both straw incorporation and irrigation practices affect biological nitrogen(N)fixation(BNF),but it is still unclear how straw incorporation impacts BNF under continuous(CFI)or intermittent(IFI)flooding irrigation in a rice cropping system.A15N2-labeling chamber system was placed in a rice field to evaluate BNF with straw incorporation under CFI or IFI for 90 d.The nif H(gene encoding the nitrogenase reductase subunit)DNA and c DNA in soil were amplified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and high-throughput sequencing was applied to the nif H gene.The total fixed N in the straw incorporation treatment was 14.3 kg ha^(-1)under CFI,being 116%higher than that under IFI(6.62 kg ha^(-1)).Straw incorporation and CFI showed significant interactive effects on the total fixed N and abundances of nif H DNA and c DNA.The increase in BNF was mainly due to the increase in the abundances of heterotrophic diazotrophs such as Desulfovibrio,Azonexus,and Azotobacter.These results indicated that straw incorporation stimulated BNF under CFI relative to IFI,which might ultimately lead to a rapid enhancement of soil fertility.展开更多
Objective The use of lasers has been an important part of urology in the treatment of stone and prostate disease.The thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy have been a subject of debate over the years.The objective ...Objective The use of lasers has been an important part of urology in the treatment of stone and prostate disease.The thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy have been a subject of debate over the years.The objective of this review was to assess the current state of knowledge available on the thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy,as well as explore any new areas where studies are needed.Methods In August 2022,a keyword search on Google Scholar,PubMed,and Scopus for all papers containing the phrases“thermal effects”AND“laser”AND“lithotripsy”AND“urology”was done followed by citation jumping to other studies pertaining to the topic and 35 relevant papers were included in our study.The data from relevant papers were segregated into five groups according to the factor studied and type of study,and tables were created for a comparison of data.Results Temperature above the threshold of 43℃ was reached only when the power was>40 W and when there was adequate irrigation(at least 15–30 mL/min).Shorter lasing time divided by lithotripsy time or operator duty cycles less than 70%also resulted in a smaller temperature rise.Conclusion At least eight factors modify the thermal effects of lasers,and most importantly,the use of chilled irrigation at higher perfusion rates,lower power settings of<40 W,and with a shorter operator duty cycle will help to prevent thermal injuries from occurring.Stones impacted in the ureter or pelvi-ureteric junction further increase the probability of thermal injuries during laser firing.展开更多
While biochar amendment enhances plant productivity and water-use efficiency(WUE),particularly under waterlimited conditions,the specific mechanisms driving these benefits remain unclear.Thus,the present study aims to...While biochar amendment enhances plant productivity and water-use efficiency(WUE),particularly under waterlimited conditions,the specific mechanisms driving these benefits remain unclear.Thus,the present study aims to elucidate the synergistic effects of biochar and reduced irrigation on maize(Zea mays L.)plants,focusing on xylem composition,root-to-shoot signaling,stomatal behavior,and WUE.Maize plants were cultivated in splitroot pots filled with clay loam soil,amended by either wheat-straw biochar(WSB)or softwood biochar(SWB)at 2%(w/w).Plants received full irrigation(FI),deficit irrigation(DI),or partial root-zone drying rrigation(PRD)from the 4-leaf to the grain-filling stage.Our results revealed that the WSB amendment significantly enhanced plant water status,biomass accumulation,and WUE under reduced irrigation,particularly when combined with PRD.Although reduced irrigation inhibited photosynthesis,it enhanced WUE by modulating stomatal morphology and conductance.Biochar amendment combined with reduced rrigation significantly increased xylem K^(+),Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+),NO_(3)^(-),Cl^(-),PO_(4)^(3-),and SO_(4)^(2-)-but decreased Na+,which in turn lowered xylem pH.Moreover,biochar amendment and especially WSB amendment further increased abscisic acid(ABA)contents in both leaf and xylem sap under reduced irrigation conditions due to changes in xylem ionic constituents and pH.The synergistic interactions between xylem components and ABA led to refined adjustments in stomatal size and density,thereby affecting stomatal conductance and ultimately improving the WUE of maize plants at different scales.The combined application of WSB and PRD can,therefore,emerge as a promising approach for improving the overall plant performance of maize plants with increased stomatal adaptations and WUE,especially under water-limited conditions.展开更多
Accurate spatio-temporal land cover information in agricultural irrigation districts is crucial for effective agricultural management and crop production.Therefore,a spectralphenological-based land cover classificatio...Accurate spatio-temporal land cover information in agricultural irrigation districts is crucial for effective agricultural management and crop production.Therefore,a spectralphenological-based land cover classification(SPLC)method combined with a fusion model(flexible spatiotemporal data fusion,FSDAF)(abbreviated as SPLC-F)was proposed to map multi-year land cover and crop type(LC-CT)distribution in agricultural irrigated areas with complex landscapes and cropping system,using time series optical images(Landsat and MODIS).The SPLC-F method was well validated and applied in a super-large irrigated area(Hetao)of the upper Yellow River Basin(YRB).Results showed that the SPLC-F method had a satisfactory performance in producing long-term LC-CT maps in Hetao,without the requirement of field sampling.Then,the spatio-temporal variation and the driving factors of the cropping systems were further analyzed with the aid of detailed household surveys and statistics.We clarified that irrigation and salinity conditions were the main factors that had impacts on crop spatial distribution in the upper YRB.Investment costs,market demand,and crop price are the main driving factors in determining the temporal variations in cropping distribution.Overall,this study provided essential multi-year LC-CT maps for sustainable management of agriculture,eco-environments,and food security in the upper YRB.展开更多
Sediment particles,as one of the key components of drip irrigation technology,significantly affect the service life of emitters and restrict the popularization of drip irrigation technology.Hence,two types of patch dr...Sediment particles,as one of the key components of drip irrigation technology,significantly affect the service life of emitters and restrict the popularization of drip irrigation technology.Hence,two types of patch drip irrigation emitters,focusing on the anti-clogging performance through the experiment,were investigated.The dynamic variations in the clogging characteristics of emitters,specifically were subjected to statistical analysis.The movement mechanism of emitter clogging and discharging sediment was studied.The effects of emitter structure and position factors on emitter clogging were analyzed.The results show that the pressure-compensated emitter exhibits superior anti-clogging perfor-mance,with a service life that is 227.8%greater than that of the labyrinth channel emitter.A single structural factor cannot completely evaluate the anti-clogging performance of emitters.All factors causing emitter clogging should be considered comprehensively.Emitters contain sensitive sediment prone to clogging,however,significant blockage occurs primarily when the sediment content is elevated.The discharge of sediment,denoted as V90,from the emitter is affected by the accumulative effect of clogged sediment.These results may offer valuable insights for the application and advancement of drip irrigation technology.展开更多
Moistube irrigation is a newly-developed irrigation technique that utilizes a semipermeable membrane to release water slowly and continuously into the plant root zone.Alternate Moistube Irrigation(AMI)is a combination...Moistube irrigation is a newly-developed irrigation technique that utilizes a semipermeable membrane to release water slowly and continuously into the plant root zone.Alternate Moistube Irrigation(AMI)is a combination of alternative irrigation and moistube irrigation.In order to investigate the effects of AMI on plant growth,greenhouse experiments were conducted on spinach(Spinacia oleracea)and water spinach(Ipomoea aquatica)plants at different time.We measured soil water content at a depth of 20 cm in the planting boxes,and also determined seed emergence rate,plant height,largest leaf area,fresh weight per plant,yield,and irrigation water productivity(IWP)for both spinach and water spinach.The results showed that the AMI treatments had significantly higher soil water content than the conventional surface irrigation control(CK).The emergence rates of spinach and water spinach were significantly higher in the AMI treatments than in the CK,and the plant height,largest leaf area,and fresh weight during the middle and late stages of spinach and water spinach growth were also significantly higher than those of the CK.Both spinach and water spinach grew well and produced high yield with high IWP under AMI with a high water head pressure of 1.5 m at tube spacing of 20 or 30 cm.We found that AMI with a suitable combination of head pressure and tube spacing can promote plant growth and increase yield and IWP under controlled conditions.展开更多
Integrating sprinkler with deficit irrigation system is a new approach to improve crop water productivity and ensure water and food security in arid areas of India.This study undertook a field experiment of sprinkler-...Integrating sprinkler with deficit irrigation system is a new approach to improve crop water productivity and ensure water and food security in arid areas of India.This study undertook a field experiment of sprinkler-irrigated cumin(variety GC-4)with a mini-lysimeter setup at an experimental research farm in Jodhpur,India during 2019-2022.Four irrigation treatments T_(1),T_(2),T_(3),and T4 were designed at irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation(IW/CPE)of 1.0,0.8,0.6,and 0.4,respectively,with three replications.Daily actual crop evapotranspiration(ETc)was recorded and weekly soil moisture was monitored over the crop growth period.Quantities of applied water and drainage from mini-lysimeters were also measured at every irrigation event.Yield of cumin was recorded at crop maturity.Furthermore,change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was computed based on the cost of applying irrigation water and considering yield variations among the treatments.Results indicated the highest mean seasonal actual ETc(371.7 mm)and cumin yield(952.47 kg/hm2)under T_(1)(with full irrigation).Under T_(2),T_(3),and T4,the seasonal actual ETc decreased by 10.4%,27.6%,and 41.3%,respectively,while yield declined by 5.0%,28.4%,and 50.8%,respectively,as compared to the values under T_(1).Furthermore,crop water productivity of 0.272(±0.068)kg/m3 under T_(2)was found relatively higher in comparison to other irrigation treatments,indicating that T_(2)can achieve improved water productivity of cumin in arid areas at an optimum level of deficit irrigation.The results of cost-economics indicated that positive change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was 108.82 USD under T_(2),while T_(3)and T4 showed net losses of 5.33 and 209.67 USD,respectively.Moreover,value of yield response factor and ratio of relative yield reductions to relative ETc deficits were found to be less than 1.00 under T_(2)(0.48),and more than 1.00 under T_(3)(1.07)and T4(1.23).This finding further supports that T_(2)shows the optimized level of deficit irrigation that saves 20.0%of water with sacrificing 5.0%yield in the arid areas of India.Findings of this study provide useful strategies to save irrigation water,bring additional area under irrigation,and improve crop water productivity in India and other similar arid areas in the world.展开更多
In recent years, the rational utilization of saline water resources for agricultural irrigation has emerged as an effective strategy to alleviate water scarcity. To safely and efficiently exploit saline water resource...In recent years, the rational utilization of saline water resources for agricultural irrigation has emerged as an effective strategy to alleviate water scarcity. To safely and efficiently exploit saline water resources over the long term, it is crucial to understand the effects of salinity on crops and develop optimal water-salinity irrigation strategies for processing tomatoes. A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 to explore the impact of water salinity levels(S1: 1 g L^(–1), S2: 3 g L^(–1), and S3: 5 g L^(–1)) and irrigation amounts(W1: 305 mm, W2: 485 mm, and W3: 611 mm) on the soil volumetric water content and soil salinity, as well as processing tomato growth, yield, and water use efficiency. The results showed that irrigation with low to moderately saline water(<3 g L^(–1)) enhanced plant wateruptake and utilization capacity, with the soil water content(SWC) reduced by 6.5–7.62% and 10.52–13.23% for the S1 and S2 levels, respectively, compared to the S3 level in 2018. Under S1 condition, the soil salt content(SSC) accumulation rate gradually declined with an increase in the irrigation amount. For example, W3 decreased by 85.00 and 77.94% compared with W1 and W2 in 2018, and by 82.60 and 73.68% in 2019, respectively. Leaching effects were observed at the W3 level under S1, which gradually diminished with increasing water salinity and duration. In 2019, the salt contents of soil under each of the treatments increased by 10.81–89.72% compared with the contents in 2018. The yield of processing tomatoes increased with an increasing irrigation amount and peaked in the S1W3 treatment for the two years, reaching 125,304.85 kg ha^(–1)in 2018 and 128,329.71 kg ha^(–1)in 2019. Notably, in the first year, the S2W3 treatment achieved relatively high yields, exhibiting only a 2.85% reduction compared to the S1W3 treatment. However, the yield of the S2W3 treatment declined significantly in two years, and it was 15.88% less than that of the S1W3 treatment. Structural equation modeling(SEM) revealed that soil environmental factors(SWC and SSC) directly influence yield while also exerting indirect impacts on the growth indicators of processing tomatoes(plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index). The TOPSIS method identified S1W3, S1W2, and S2W2 as the top three treatments. The single-factor marginal effect function also revealed that irrigation water salinity contributed to the composite evaluation scores(CES) when it was below 0.96 g L^(–1). Using brackish water with a salinity of 3 g L^(–1)at an irrigation amount of 485 mm over one year ensured that processing tomatoes maintained high yields with a relatively high CES(0.709). However, using brackish water for more than one year proved unfeasible.展开更多
A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying sc...A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying scenarios including nitrogen fertilization rates,irrigation rates,and air temperatures in the Hetao Irrigation District(HID)over the 38-year period.DAYCENT model was used to predict carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fluxes from cultivated soils in the HID,Inner Mongolia from^(2)023 to 2060(the year of achieving the"carbon neutrality"goal)in this study.Results showed that mean soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field[1035.13 g/(m^(2).yr)]were significantly lower than those in the maize field[1405.54 g/(m^(2).yr)].An increase in nitrogen fertilization rate led to a significant escalation in soil CO_(2)fluxes.Moreover,elevating irrigation rates for washing salts by irrigation(WSBI)diminished soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field while amplifying them in the maize field.A rise in air temperature resulted in an increase in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the maize field,with annual increases observed,but a reduction in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the sunflower field.The sunflower fields in the HID have a more substantial advantage than the corn fields in mitigating soil CO_(2)emissions.展开更多
In Niger, irrigated agriculture constitutes the main alternative for meeting family needs. It is within this framework that the state and its partners have adopted strategies to promote irrigated production sites. Thi...In Niger, irrigated agriculture constitutes the main alternative for meeting family needs. It is within this framework that the state and its partners have adopted strategies to promote irrigated production sites. This study was carried out on the Konni irrigated perimeter, the objective of which is to analyze the physical state of hydraulic infrastructures and their operation before the rehabilitation of the said perimeter. The methodology adopted consisted, first of all, of documentary research focused on data relating to this scope and our theme to properly guide the collection of data in the field. The field phase was then followed with an observation of hydraulic infrastructures one by one in order to assess their condition. Thus, the collected data was processed and analyzed. The results of this study show a notable deterioration of hydraulic infrastructure which affected the operating yield of the study area, with the development of barely 700 ha out of 1226 ha planned by the basic study for off-season production (57%). Bathymetric measurements showed that the volume of sediment that accumulated in the Zongo Dam is 1.2 million m3, which reduces its initial capacity from 12 million m3 to 10.8 million m3 after 43 years of service. The expansion joints of the feed canal are all in poor condition. 90% of the total length of the tertiary canals are degraded, 82.32% of the panels of the main canal C are degraded and 17.68% are cracked. All crossing structures are blocked between the RN1 and the Zongo dam. Based on this critical situation, it would be essential to consider rehabilitation work on all infrastructure in order to restore the hydraulic and even agronomic performance of the Konni irrigated area.展开更多
BACKGROUND The management of immature permanent teeth with open apices in pediatric patients presents unique challenges,particularly in cases of nonvital pulp.Modern advancements in materials and techniques have signi...BACKGROUND The management of immature permanent teeth with open apices in pediatric patients presents unique challenges,particularly in cases of nonvital pulp.Modern advancements in materials and techniques have significantly improved the predictability and success of apexification procedures.In this case,a 16-yearold patient presented with an immature necrotic tooth requiring apexification.Contemporary approaches incorporate calcium silicate-based materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),Biodentine,and bioceramic putty,along with bioceramic sealers and enhanced canal cleaning including internal heating and ultrasonic activation with sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl)for disinfection,and sealing.Additionally,magnification tools such as dental operating microscopes ensure precise visualization for accurate material placement,while a micro-apical placement(MAP)system guarantees void-free MTA delivery.These advancements improve procedural outcomes and minimize the risk of iatrogenic errors,making apexification a more predictable and reliable treatment option in pediatric patients with immature teeth.CASE SUMMARY A 16-year-old patient presented with a nonvital maxillary central incisor with an open apex,secondary to trauma.Due to the lack of apical closure,traditional root canal obturation was not feasible.Apexification was chosen as the treatment modality to induce the formation of a calcified apical barrier,allowing for proper root canal sealing.Historically,calcium hydroxide was the material of choice for apexification,requiring multiple visits and prolonged treatment duration.However,the introduction of bioceramic materials such as MTA has revolutionized the procedure,offering superior outcomes with reduced treatment time.In this case,the apexification procedure involved thorough canal disinfection using NaOCl,enhanced by internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and double-sided vented needle irrigation.Under the dental operating microscope,MTA was precisely placed at the apex using a MAP system,ensuring a dense,void-free apical barrier.The remaining canal space was subsequently sealed with a bioceramic sealer to promote long-term stability and healing.CONCLUSION This case highlights the effectiveness of a modern approach for apexification in a pediatric patient.The use of advanced materials and techniques facilitated the formation of a stable apical barrier,ensuring long-term tooth retention and function.By incorporating precise irrigation protocols,internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and magnification tools,the treatment achieved thorough disinfection and optimal material placement.These advancements make apexification a predictable and reliable treatment option for young patients with immature necrotic teeth,preserving their natural dentition and preventing future complications.展开更多
BACKGROUND Advanced materials and techniques are used to successfully manage the apexification of immature teeth with open apices.The use of mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),bioceramic sealers,and sodium hypochlorite(N...BACKGROUND Advanced materials and techniques are used to successfully manage the apexification of immature teeth with open apices.The use of mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),bioceramic sealers,and sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl),combined with internal heating and ultrasonic activation,ensures that canals are cleaned,disinfected,and sealed properly.Magnification devices,such as dental operating microscopes(DOM),provide precise visualization for accurate material placement,while the micro apical placement system ensures void-free MTA delivery.This modern approach improves procedural outcomes,lowers iatrogenic errors,and increases long-term success in apexification,making it a dependable and predictable treatment option for immature teeth.CASE SUMMARY Apexification is a regenerative endodontic procedure that involves creating a calcified barrier at the apex of a nonvital tooth with an open apex.This technique is commonly used in immature teeth with necrotic pulps to ensure proper root canal sealing.Traditionally,calcium hydroxide was the preferred material,but advances have introduced bioceramic cements like MTA or Biodentine,which provide superior results with less treatment time.Apexification not only helps to maintain the tooth's structural integrity but also prevents further complications,making it an important procedure in such cases.CONCLUSION This case demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating advanced materials,precise irrigation protocols,and magnification tools in the apexification of immature teeth with open apices.The use of MTA created a stable apical barrier,while bioceramic sealers enhanced the seal and promoted long-term healing.NaOCl with internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and double-sided vented needles ensured thorough irrigation and disinfection,especially in complex canal anatomy.展开更多
Climate variability significantly impacts agricultural water resources,particularly in regions like Vietnam's Plain of Reeds that heavily utilize rain-fed conditions.This study employs the FAO-AquaCrop model to es...Climate variability significantly impacts agricultural water resources,particularly in regions like Vietnam's Plain of Reeds that heavily utilize rain-fed conditions.This study employs the FAO-AquaCrop model to estimate current and future irrigation water needs for rice cultivation in this critical subregion,aiming to identify optimal sowing schedules(OSS)that enhance rainwater utilization and reduce irrigation dependency.The model was driven by current climate data and future projections(2041-2070 and 2071-2099)derived from downscaled Global Circulation Models under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.The AquaCrop model demonstrated robust performance during validation and calibration,with d-values(0.82-0.93)and R²values(0.85-0.92)indicating strong predictive accuracy for rice yield.Simulation results for efficient irrigation water potential(IWP)under RCP4.5 revealed that strategic shifts in sowing dates can substantially alter water requirements;for instance,advancing the winter-spring sowing to December 5th decreased IWP by 15.6%in the 2041-2070 period,while delaying summer-autumn crop sowing to April 20th increased IWP by 48.6%due to greater reliance on irrigation as rainfall patterns shift.Similar dynamic responses were observed for the 2071-2099 period and for autumn-winter crops.These findings underscore that AquaCrop modeling can effectively predict future irrigation needs and that adjusting cultivation calendars presents a viable,low-cost adaptation strategy.This approach allows farmers in the Plain of Reeds to optimize rainwater use,thereby reducing dependency on supplementary irrigation and mitigating the adverse impacts of climate variability,contributing to more sustainable agricultural water management.展开更多
Water scarcity is an escalating global challenge that severely threatens productivity and reproductive success in crops,particularly in drought-sensitive species such as Capsicum annuum L.Although deficit irrigation s...Water scarcity is an escalating global challenge that severely threatens productivity and reproductive success in crops,particularly in drought-sensitive species such as Capsicum annuum L.Although deficit irrigation strategies are widely recommended to enhance water use efficiency,knowledge remains limited regarding their interactions with soil amendments such as biochar and the consequent impacts on reproductive traits.This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of deficit irrigation strategies and biochar application on pollen viability and morphology in Capsicum annuum.The experiment was conducted under full,partial,and deficit irrigation regimes with and without biochar treatment,following a randomized block design.The primary parameters examined were pollen viability(viable,semi-viable,and non-viable rates),anther width and length,and pollen width and length.Microscopic measurements and statistical analyses(p≤0.05)revealed significant effects of both irrigation regimes and biochar applications.Under deficit irrigation,viable,semi-viable,and non-viable pollen rates were 29.84%,32.95%,and 37.21%,respectively,whereas the highest viable pollen rate was observed under full irrigation.In partial irrigation,viable pollen accounted for 31.67%,semi-viable for 38.81%,and non-viable for 29.49%.In plots treated with biochar under partial irrigation,anther width(1700.89μm),anther length(3805.34μm),pollen width(26.93μm),and pollen length(37.42μm)reached the highest values,while the lowest values were recorded in deficit irrigation plots without biochar.These findings emphasize the importance of integrating biochar into irrigation management to mitigate the adverse effects of water stress on pollen development.Nevertheless,further research is needed to clarify the long-term implications of these practices for reproductive success and agricultural sustainability.展开更多
文摘Carrots have an important role for a life of the men.Everybody can use carrots in the meals or the drinks,he uses carrots such as the medicaments to cure many diseases,too.Carrots are very necessary,we can tell the following effects:carrots help improve eyesight,especially,carrots contain vitamin A,essential nutrients for health of the eyes.When our bodies have the vitamin A deficiency in the long time,visual cells in the eye retina can been hurt,make dry eyes,cause the visual disturbances and it is serious that everyone does not see.Carrots support to cure the diabetes;help strengthen the immunity;improve the health cardiovascular;help beautiful healthy skin;can reduce the risk of cancer.Besides,everyone drinks carrot juice to stimulate hair growth and stabilize blood pressure.Carrots contain a lot of beta carotene,fiber,vitamin K1,potassium as well as antioxidants and are grown popularly in all regions of Vietnam.The cultivating soil,irrigating water and carrot samples were collected in Loc Thanh village,Bao Lam district,Lam Dong province and some indicators were analyzed.The results showed that the soil sample was poor in nutrient by N,P,K indicators that were lower than the standards;but pH,Al3+and Fe3+were higher than the standards.The water sample did not contain the toxic heavy metals such as:As,Pb,Cd;but the indicators of Cu,Zn,Fe were higher than the standards.For the carrot sample,the indicators of As,Pb,Cu,Zn exceeded the allowable threshold;the contents of lipid and protein were lower than the standards but NO3-was within allowable standards.However,analysis of carrot samples grown by us using organic methods showed that some heavy metal indicators such as:As,Pb,Cu were lower than allowable standards.This showed that it is necessary to choose the type of soil,water and organic method for growing carrots in order to harvest good quality carrots and safety for users.We studied an environment of soil,water and analyzed the carrots to find a nutrition level,nutritional value and the metal accumulation in order to improve a life of men.
文摘The irrigating warped soils occur in the old irrigation areas of arid and semi-arid re-gions of China, and distributed from Zhangjiakou of Hebei province, through InnerMongolia Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Gansu province,Qinhai Province, down to Xinjiang Autonomous Region, including the arid subalpine rivervalleys in the western part of Tibet.
文摘BACKGROUND The results of the heat irrigating effect of radiofrequency ablation(RFA)are uncertain,and the accurate impact of the heat irrigating effect on regional liver tissue is unknown due to a lack of control experiments.AIM The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the heat irrigating effect of RFA on regional liver tissue in Bama miniature pigs.METHODS Eight Bama miniature pigs were randomly divided into the observation group(group A)and the control group(group B),with 4 pigs/group.An RFA electrode needle was implanted near the hepatic segment vasculature(3-5 mm from the hepatic segment portal vein)under ultrasound guidance in group A.Similarly,an RFA electrode needle was implanted far from the hepatic segment vasculature(8-10 mm from the hepatic segment portal vein)in group B.The left internal lobe and right medial lobe were chosen as RFA sites in each pig.RFA was performed at the left internal lobe on day one in each pig,and at the right medial lobe 7 d later.Each RFA lasted 12 min.The general status of the pigs and serious complications were observed during the perioperative period.The pigs were sacrificed and the livers were removed immediately after RFA on the eighth day.The samples were roughly observed.Hematoxylin-eosin and Ki67 staining,as well as TUNEL detection,were performed on the tissue sections.RESULTS All 8 animals successfully underwent ultrasound-guided RFA.No serious complications,such as massive hemorrhage,biliary fistula,severe pleural effusion,pneumothorax,peripheral organ failure,or renal failure occurred in any of the animals during the perioperative period.The RFA coagulative necrosis lesion was spherical and the surrounding liver tissue showed an inflammatory response.The difference in the Suzuki score of the liver tissue surrounding the ablated portal vein,and its distal area between groups A and B,was statistically significant(P<0.05).More apoptotic cells were seen in liver tissue surrounding the ablated portal vein and its distal area in group A,while fewer apoptotic cells in the same area were seen in group B.The difference in the apoptotic index of the above area between group A and group B was statistically significant(P<0.05).Cells staining positive for Ki67 were observed in liver tissue at the left internal lobe around the ablated portal vein and its distal area in group A.No Ki67 staining positive cells were observed in other tissue sections.The difference in the Ki67 staining positive index in the above area was statistically significant(P<0.05)between group A and group B.CONCLUSION Changes as a result of thermal damage occur in liver tissue around the ablated portal vein and its distal area due to the heat irrigating effect when the RFA electrode tip is close to(<5 mm)the portal vein.
基金provided by Science and Technology Plan Project of Hunan Province(2019RS1054)Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice provided by Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center(2018KF05)+4 种基金Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(18B109)Scientific Research Funding for Crop Science(YXQN2018-6)Hundred Talents Program of the Hunan Provincethe grant support from Hong Kong Research Grants Council(GRF 12103219 and 12103220 and Ao E/M-403/16)a Scholarship from Hong Kong Scholars Program。
文摘Rice grain yield and quality are negatively impacted by high temperature stress.Irrigation water temperature significantly affects rice growth and development,thus influencing yield and quality.The role of cooler irrigation water in counteracting high temperature induced damages in rice grain yield and quality are not explored.Hence,in the present study two rice hybrids,Liangyoupeijiu(LYPJ)and IIyou 602(IIY602)were exposed to heat stress and irrigated with water having different temperatures in a splitsplit plot experimental design.The stress was imposed starting from heading until maturity under field-based heat tents,over two consecutive years.The maximum day temperature inside the heat tents was set at 38℃.For the irrigation treatments,two different water sources were used including belowground water with cooler water temperature and pond water with relatively higher water temperature.Daytime mean temperatures in the heat tents were increased by 1.2–2.0℃ across two years,while nighttime temperature remained similar at both within and outside the heat tents.Cooler belowground water irrigation did have little effect on air temperature at the canopy level but decreased soil temperature(0.2–1.4℃)especially under control.Heat stress significantly reduced grain yield(33%to 43%),panicles m^(-2)(9%to 10%),spikelets m^(-2)(15%to 22%),grain-filling percentage(13%to 26%)and 1000-grain weight(3%to 5%).Heat stress significantly increased chalkiness and protein content and decreased grain length and amylose content.Grain yield was negatively related to air temperature at the canopy level and soil temperature.Whereas grain quality parameters like chalkiness recorded a significantly positive association with both air and soil temperatures.Irrigating with cooler belowground water reduced the negative effect of heat stress on grain yield by 8.8%in LYPJ,while the same effect was not seen in IIY602,indicating cultivar differences in their response to irrigation water temperature.Our findings reveal that irrigating with cooler belowground water would not significantly mitigate yield loss or improve grain quality under realistic field condition.The outcome of this study adds to the scientific knowledge in understanding the interaction between heat stress and irrigation as a mitigation tool.Irrigation water temperature regulation at the rhizosphere was unable to counteract heat stress damages in rice and hence a more integrated management and genetic options at canopy levels should be explored in the future.
文摘Aims: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of 37% phosphoric acid, 12% nitric acid, 17% EDTA in endodontic smear layer removal and degree of erosion in the apical third of endodontic canals. Methods and Material: One hundred and four extracted single-rooted human teeth were randomized into four groups (n = 26) and instrumented using ProTaper Universal Ni-Ti rotary instruments. Each canal was irrigated with one of the following solutions: 37% phosphoric acid, 12% nitric acid, 17% EDTA, 5.25% NaOCl (control). All specimens were then irrigated with 5 mL distilled water and dried with sterile paper points. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-WhitneyU statistical tests were used. Results: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluation showed no significant differences among test reagents in smear layer removal. However, the efficacy of 12% nitric acid and 17% EDTA in removing the smear layer was significantly greater than 5.25% NaOCl (control). Degree of erosion could not be evaluated. Conclusion: Protocols used in this study were not sufficient to completely remove the smear layer in the apical third of shaped root canals.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42177333 and 31870500)the National Special Program for Key Basic Research of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No.2015FY110700)the Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund,China(No.JASTIFCX(20)2003)。
文摘Both straw incorporation and irrigation practices affect biological nitrogen(N)fixation(BNF),but it is still unclear how straw incorporation impacts BNF under continuous(CFI)or intermittent(IFI)flooding irrigation in a rice cropping system.A15N2-labeling chamber system was placed in a rice field to evaluate BNF with straw incorporation under CFI or IFI for 90 d.The nif H(gene encoding the nitrogenase reductase subunit)DNA and c DNA in soil were amplified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction,and high-throughput sequencing was applied to the nif H gene.The total fixed N in the straw incorporation treatment was 14.3 kg ha^(-1)under CFI,being 116%higher than that under IFI(6.62 kg ha^(-1)).Straw incorporation and CFI showed significant interactive effects on the total fixed N and abundances of nif H DNA and c DNA.The increase in BNF was mainly due to the increase in the abundances of heterotrophic diazotrophs such as Desulfovibrio,Azonexus,and Azotobacter.These results indicated that straw incorporation stimulated BNF under CFI relative to IFI,which might ultimately lead to a rapid enhancement of soil fertility.
文摘Objective The use of lasers has been an important part of urology in the treatment of stone and prostate disease.The thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy have been a subject of debate over the years.The objective of this review was to assess the current state of knowledge available on the thermal effects of lasers in lithotripsy,as well as explore any new areas where studies are needed.Methods In August 2022,a keyword search on Google Scholar,PubMed,and Scopus for all papers containing the phrases“thermal effects”AND“laser”AND“lithotripsy”AND“urology”was done followed by citation jumping to other studies pertaining to the topic and 35 relevant papers were included in our study.The data from relevant papers were segregated into five groups according to the factor studied and type of study,and tables were created for a comparison of data.Results Temperature above the threshold of 43℃ was reached only when the power was>40 W and when there was adequate irrigation(at least 15–30 mL/min).Shorter lasing time divided by lithotripsy time or operator duty cycles less than 70%also resulted in a smaller temperature rise.Conclusion At least eight factors modify the thermal effects of lasers,and most importantly,the use of chilled irrigation at higher perfusion rates,lower power settings of<40 W,and with a shorter operator duty cycle will help to prevent thermal injuries from occurring.Stones impacted in the ureter or pelvi-ureteric junction further increase the probability of thermal injuries during laser firing.
基金supported by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi Province,China(2024JCYBQN-0491)Heng Wan would like to thank the Chinese Scholarship Council(CsC)(202206300064)。
文摘While biochar amendment enhances plant productivity and water-use efficiency(WUE),particularly under waterlimited conditions,the specific mechanisms driving these benefits remain unclear.Thus,the present study aims to elucidate the synergistic effects of biochar and reduced irrigation on maize(Zea mays L.)plants,focusing on xylem composition,root-to-shoot signaling,stomatal behavior,and WUE.Maize plants were cultivated in splitroot pots filled with clay loam soil,amended by either wheat-straw biochar(WSB)or softwood biochar(SWB)at 2%(w/w).Plants received full irrigation(FI),deficit irrigation(DI),or partial root-zone drying rrigation(PRD)from the 4-leaf to the grain-filling stage.Our results revealed that the WSB amendment significantly enhanced plant water status,biomass accumulation,and WUE under reduced irrigation,particularly when combined with PRD.Although reduced irrigation inhibited photosynthesis,it enhanced WUE by modulating stomatal morphology and conductance.Biochar amendment combined with reduced rrigation significantly increased xylem K^(+),Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+),NO_(3)^(-),Cl^(-),PO_(4)^(3-),and SO_(4)^(2-)-but decreased Na+,which in turn lowered xylem pH.Moreover,biochar amendment and especially WSB amendment further increased abscisic acid(ABA)contents in both leaf and xylem sap under reduced irrigation conditions due to changes in xylem ionic constituents and pH.The synergistic interactions between xylem components and ABA led to refined adjustments in stomatal size and density,thereby affecting stomatal conductance and ultimately improving the WUE of maize plants at different scales.The combined application of WSB and PRD can,therefore,emerge as a promising approach for improving the overall plant performance of maize plants with increased stomatal adaptations and WUE,especially under water-limited conditions.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.52379053,No.52022108The Key Research Project of Science and Technology in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China,No.NMKJXM202208,No.NMKJXM202301The Project Funded by the Water Resources Department of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China,No.NSK202103。
文摘Accurate spatio-temporal land cover information in agricultural irrigation districts is crucial for effective agricultural management and crop production.Therefore,a spectralphenological-based land cover classification(SPLC)method combined with a fusion model(flexible spatiotemporal data fusion,FSDAF)(abbreviated as SPLC-F)was proposed to map multi-year land cover and crop type(LC-CT)distribution in agricultural irrigated areas with complex landscapes and cropping system,using time series optical images(Landsat and MODIS).The SPLC-F method was well validated and applied in a super-large irrigated area(Hetao)of the upper Yellow River Basin(YRB).Results showed that the SPLC-F method had a satisfactory performance in producing long-term LC-CT maps in Hetao,without the requirement of field sampling.Then,the spatio-temporal variation and the driving factors of the cropping systems were further analyzed with the aid of detailed household surveys and statistics.We clarified that irrigation and salinity conditions were the main factors that had impacts on crop spatial distribution in the upper YRB.Investment costs,market demand,and crop price are the main driving factors in determining the temporal variations in cropping distribution.Overall,this study provided essential multi-year LC-CT maps for sustainable management of agriculture,eco-environments,and food security in the upper YRB.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(52269011,52469008)。
文摘Sediment particles,as one of the key components of drip irrigation technology,significantly affect the service life of emitters and restrict the popularization of drip irrigation technology.Hence,two types of patch drip irrigation emitters,focusing on the anti-clogging performance through the experiment,were investigated.The dynamic variations in the clogging characteristics of emitters,specifically were subjected to statistical analysis.The movement mechanism of emitter clogging and discharging sediment was studied.The effects of emitter structure and position factors on emitter clogging were analyzed.The results show that the pressure-compensated emitter exhibits superior anti-clogging perfor-mance,with a service life that is 227.8%greater than that of the labyrinth channel emitter.A single structural factor cannot completely evaluate the anti-clogging performance of emitters.All factors causing emitter clogging should be considered comprehensively.Emitters contain sensitive sediment prone to clogging,however,significant blockage occurs primarily when the sediment content is elevated.The discharge of sediment,denoted as V90,from the emitter is affected by the accumulative effect of clogged sediment.These results may offer valuable insights for the application and advancement of drip irrigation technology.
基金Supported by Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province(202302140601009).
文摘Moistube irrigation is a newly-developed irrigation technique that utilizes a semipermeable membrane to release water slowly and continuously into the plant root zone.Alternate Moistube Irrigation(AMI)is a combination of alternative irrigation and moistube irrigation.In order to investigate the effects of AMI on plant growth,greenhouse experiments were conducted on spinach(Spinacia oleracea)and water spinach(Ipomoea aquatica)plants at different time.We measured soil water content at a depth of 20 cm in the planting boxes,and also determined seed emergence rate,plant height,largest leaf area,fresh weight per plant,yield,and irrigation water productivity(IWP)for both spinach and water spinach.The results showed that the AMI treatments had significantly higher soil water content than the conventional surface irrigation control(CK).The emergence rates of spinach and water spinach were significantly higher in the AMI treatments than in the CK,and the plant height,largest leaf area,and fresh weight during the middle and late stages of spinach and water spinach growth were also significantly higher than those of the CK.Both spinach and water spinach grew well and produced high yield with high IWP under AMI with a high water head pressure of 1.5 m at tube spacing of 20 or 30 cm.We found that AMI with a suitable combination of head pressure and tube spacing can promote plant growth and increase yield and IWP under controlled conditions.
文摘Integrating sprinkler with deficit irrigation system is a new approach to improve crop water productivity and ensure water and food security in arid areas of India.This study undertook a field experiment of sprinkler-irrigated cumin(variety GC-4)with a mini-lysimeter setup at an experimental research farm in Jodhpur,India during 2019-2022.Four irrigation treatments T_(1),T_(2),T_(3),and T4 were designed at irrigation water/cumulative pan evaporation(IW/CPE)of 1.0,0.8,0.6,and 0.4,respectively,with three replications.Daily actual crop evapotranspiration(ETc)was recorded and weekly soil moisture was monitored over the crop growth period.Quantities of applied water and drainage from mini-lysimeters were also measured at every irrigation event.Yield of cumin was recorded at crop maturity.Furthermore,change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was computed based on the cost of applying irrigation water and considering yield variations among the treatments.Results indicated the highest mean seasonal actual ETc(371.7 mm)and cumin yield(952.47 kg/hm2)under T_(1)(with full irrigation).Under T_(2),T_(3),and T4,the seasonal actual ETc decreased by 10.4%,27.6%,and 41.3%,respectively,while yield declined by 5.0%,28.4%,and 50.8%,respectively,as compared to the values under T_(1).Furthermore,crop water productivity of 0.272(±0.068)kg/m3 under T_(2)was found relatively higher in comparison to other irrigation treatments,indicating that T_(2)can achieve improved water productivity of cumin in arid areas at an optimum level of deficit irrigation.The results of cost-economics indicated that positive change in farmer's net income from 1-hm2 land was 108.82 USD under T_(2),while T_(3)and T4 showed net losses of 5.33 and 209.67 USD,respectively.Moreover,value of yield response factor and ratio of relative yield reductions to relative ETc deficits were found to be less than 1.00 under T_(2)(0.48),and more than 1.00 under T_(3)(1.07)and T4(1.23).This finding further supports that T_(2)shows the optimized level of deficit irrigation that saves 20.0%of water with sacrificing 5.0%yield in the arid areas of India.Findings of this study provide useful strategies to save irrigation water,bring additional area under irrigation,and improve crop water productivity in India and other similar arid areas in the world.
基金funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1900405)。
文摘In recent years, the rational utilization of saline water resources for agricultural irrigation has emerged as an effective strategy to alleviate water scarcity. To safely and efficiently exploit saline water resources over the long term, it is crucial to understand the effects of salinity on crops and develop optimal water-salinity irrigation strategies for processing tomatoes. A two-year field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019 to explore the impact of water salinity levels(S1: 1 g L^(–1), S2: 3 g L^(–1), and S3: 5 g L^(–1)) and irrigation amounts(W1: 305 mm, W2: 485 mm, and W3: 611 mm) on the soil volumetric water content and soil salinity, as well as processing tomato growth, yield, and water use efficiency. The results showed that irrigation with low to moderately saline water(<3 g L^(–1)) enhanced plant wateruptake and utilization capacity, with the soil water content(SWC) reduced by 6.5–7.62% and 10.52–13.23% for the S1 and S2 levels, respectively, compared to the S3 level in 2018. Under S1 condition, the soil salt content(SSC) accumulation rate gradually declined with an increase in the irrigation amount. For example, W3 decreased by 85.00 and 77.94% compared with W1 and W2 in 2018, and by 82.60 and 73.68% in 2019, respectively. Leaching effects were observed at the W3 level under S1, which gradually diminished with increasing water salinity and duration. In 2019, the salt contents of soil under each of the treatments increased by 10.81–89.72% compared with the contents in 2018. The yield of processing tomatoes increased with an increasing irrigation amount and peaked in the S1W3 treatment for the two years, reaching 125,304.85 kg ha^(–1)in 2018 and 128,329.71 kg ha^(–1)in 2019. Notably, in the first year, the S2W3 treatment achieved relatively high yields, exhibiting only a 2.85% reduction compared to the S1W3 treatment. However, the yield of the S2W3 treatment declined significantly in two years, and it was 15.88% less than that of the S1W3 treatment. Structural equation modeling(SEM) revealed that soil environmental factors(SWC and SSC) directly influence yield while also exerting indirect impacts on the growth indicators of processing tomatoes(plant height, stem diameter, and leaf area index). The TOPSIS method identified S1W3, S1W2, and S2W2 as the top three treatments. The single-factor marginal effect function also revealed that irrigation water salinity contributed to the composite evaluation scores(CES) when it was below 0.96 g L^(–1). Using brackish water with a salinity of 3 g L^(–1)at an irrigation amount of 485 mm over one year ensured that processing tomatoes maintained high yields with a relatively high CES(0.709). However, using brackish water for more than one year proved unfeasible.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2020MS04001)Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Science and Technology Program Project+1 种基金Hetao College Science and Technology Research Project(HYYB202303)Hetao College Science and Technology Innovation Team.
文摘A growing global demand exists to formulate plans to lessen the greenhouse gas emissions produced by agricultural activities.The purpose of this study was to uncovered the changes in soil CO_(2)fluxes under varying scenarios including nitrogen fertilization rates,irrigation rates,and air temperatures in the Hetao Irrigation District(HID)over the 38-year period.DAYCENT model was used to predict carbon dioxide(CO_(2))fluxes from cultivated soils in the HID,Inner Mongolia from^(2)023 to 2060(the year of achieving the"carbon neutrality"goal)in this study.Results showed that mean soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field[1035.13 g/(m^(2).yr)]were significantly lower than those in the maize field[1405.54 g/(m^(2).yr)].An increase in nitrogen fertilization rate led to a significant escalation in soil CO_(2)fluxes.Moreover,elevating irrigation rates for washing salts by irrigation(WSBI)diminished soil CO_(2)fluxes in the sunflower field while amplifying them in the maize field.A rise in air temperature resulted in an increase in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the maize field,with annual increases observed,but a reduction in soil CO_(2)fluxes from the sunflower field.The sunflower fields in the HID have a more substantial advantage than the corn fields in mitigating soil CO_(2)emissions.
文摘In Niger, irrigated agriculture constitutes the main alternative for meeting family needs. It is within this framework that the state and its partners have adopted strategies to promote irrigated production sites. This study was carried out on the Konni irrigated perimeter, the objective of which is to analyze the physical state of hydraulic infrastructures and their operation before the rehabilitation of the said perimeter. The methodology adopted consisted, first of all, of documentary research focused on data relating to this scope and our theme to properly guide the collection of data in the field. The field phase was then followed with an observation of hydraulic infrastructures one by one in order to assess their condition. Thus, the collected data was processed and analyzed. The results of this study show a notable deterioration of hydraulic infrastructure which affected the operating yield of the study area, with the development of barely 700 ha out of 1226 ha planned by the basic study for off-season production (57%). Bathymetric measurements showed that the volume of sediment that accumulated in the Zongo Dam is 1.2 million m3, which reduces its initial capacity from 12 million m3 to 10.8 million m3 after 43 years of service. The expansion joints of the feed canal are all in poor condition. 90% of the total length of the tertiary canals are degraded, 82.32% of the panels of the main canal C are degraded and 17.68% are cracked. All crossing structures are blocked between the RN1 and the Zongo dam. Based on this critical situation, it would be essential to consider rehabilitation work on all infrastructure in order to restore the hydraulic and even agronomic performance of the Konni irrigated area.
文摘BACKGROUND The management of immature permanent teeth with open apices in pediatric patients presents unique challenges,particularly in cases of nonvital pulp.Modern advancements in materials and techniques have significantly improved the predictability and success of apexification procedures.In this case,a 16-yearold patient presented with an immature necrotic tooth requiring apexification.Contemporary approaches incorporate calcium silicate-based materials such as mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),Biodentine,and bioceramic putty,along with bioceramic sealers and enhanced canal cleaning including internal heating and ultrasonic activation with sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl)for disinfection,and sealing.Additionally,magnification tools such as dental operating microscopes ensure precise visualization for accurate material placement,while a micro-apical placement(MAP)system guarantees void-free MTA delivery.These advancements improve procedural outcomes and minimize the risk of iatrogenic errors,making apexification a more predictable and reliable treatment option in pediatric patients with immature teeth.CASE SUMMARY A 16-year-old patient presented with a nonvital maxillary central incisor with an open apex,secondary to trauma.Due to the lack of apical closure,traditional root canal obturation was not feasible.Apexification was chosen as the treatment modality to induce the formation of a calcified apical barrier,allowing for proper root canal sealing.Historically,calcium hydroxide was the material of choice for apexification,requiring multiple visits and prolonged treatment duration.However,the introduction of bioceramic materials such as MTA has revolutionized the procedure,offering superior outcomes with reduced treatment time.In this case,the apexification procedure involved thorough canal disinfection using NaOCl,enhanced by internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and double-sided vented needle irrigation.Under the dental operating microscope,MTA was precisely placed at the apex using a MAP system,ensuring a dense,void-free apical barrier.The remaining canal space was subsequently sealed with a bioceramic sealer to promote long-term stability and healing.CONCLUSION This case highlights the effectiveness of a modern approach for apexification in a pediatric patient.The use of advanced materials and techniques facilitated the formation of a stable apical barrier,ensuring long-term tooth retention and function.By incorporating precise irrigation protocols,internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and magnification tools,the treatment achieved thorough disinfection and optimal material placement.These advancements make apexification a predictable and reliable treatment option for young patients with immature necrotic teeth,preserving their natural dentition and preventing future complications.
文摘BACKGROUND Advanced materials and techniques are used to successfully manage the apexification of immature teeth with open apices.The use of mineral trioxide aggregate(MTA),bioceramic sealers,and sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl),combined with internal heating and ultrasonic activation,ensures that canals are cleaned,disinfected,and sealed properly.Magnification devices,such as dental operating microscopes(DOM),provide precise visualization for accurate material placement,while the micro apical placement system ensures void-free MTA delivery.This modern approach improves procedural outcomes,lowers iatrogenic errors,and increases long-term success in apexification,making it a dependable and predictable treatment option for immature teeth.CASE SUMMARY Apexification is a regenerative endodontic procedure that involves creating a calcified barrier at the apex of a nonvital tooth with an open apex.This technique is commonly used in immature teeth with necrotic pulps to ensure proper root canal sealing.Traditionally,calcium hydroxide was the preferred material,but advances have introduced bioceramic cements like MTA or Biodentine,which provide superior results with less treatment time.Apexification not only helps to maintain the tooth's structural integrity but also prevents further complications,making it an important procedure in such cases.CONCLUSION This case demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating advanced materials,precise irrigation protocols,and magnification tools in the apexification of immature teeth with open apices.The use of MTA created a stable apical barrier,while bioceramic sealers enhanced the seal and promoted long-term healing.NaOCl with internal heating,ultrasonic activation,and double-sided vented needles ensured thorough irrigation and disinfection,especially in complex canal anatomy.
文摘Climate variability significantly impacts agricultural water resources,particularly in regions like Vietnam's Plain of Reeds that heavily utilize rain-fed conditions.This study employs the FAO-AquaCrop model to estimate current and future irrigation water needs for rice cultivation in this critical subregion,aiming to identify optimal sowing schedules(OSS)that enhance rainwater utilization and reduce irrigation dependency.The model was driven by current climate data and future projections(2041-2070 and 2071-2099)derived from downscaled Global Circulation Models under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.The AquaCrop model demonstrated robust performance during validation and calibration,with d-values(0.82-0.93)and R²values(0.85-0.92)indicating strong predictive accuracy for rice yield.Simulation results for efficient irrigation water potential(IWP)under RCP4.5 revealed that strategic shifts in sowing dates can substantially alter water requirements;for instance,advancing the winter-spring sowing to December 5th decreased IWP by 15.6%in the 2041-2070 period,while delaying summer-autumn crop sowing to April 20th increased IWP by 48.6%due to greater reliance on irrigation as rainfall patterns shift.Similar dynamic responses were observed for the 2071-2099 period and for autumn-winter crops.These findings underscore that AquaCrop modeling can effectively predict future irrigation needs and that adjusting cultivation calendars presents a viable,low-cost adaptation strategy.This approach allows farmers in the Plain of Reeds to optimize rainwater use,thereby reducing dependency on supplementary irrigation and mitigating the adverse impacts of climate variability,contributing to more sustainable agricultural water management.
文摘Water scarcity is an escalating global challenge that severely threatens productivity and reproductive success in crops,particularly in drought-sensitive species such as Capsicum annuum L.Although deficit irrigation strategies are widely recommended to enhance water use efficiency,knowledge remains limited regarding their interactions with soil amendments such as biochar and the consequent impacts on reproductive traits.This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of deficit irrigation strategies and biochar application on pollen viability and morphology in Capsicum annuum.The experiment was conducted under full,partial,and deficit irrigation regimes with and without biochar treatment,following a randomized block design.The primary parameters examined were pollen viability(viable,semi-viable,and non-viable rates),anther width and length,and pollen width and length.Microscopic measurements and statistical analyses(p≤0.05)revealed significant effects of both irrigation regimes and biochar applications.Under deficit irrigation,viable,semi-viable,and non-viable pollen rates were 29.84%,32.95%,and 37.21%,respectively,whereas the highest viable pollen rate was observed under full irrigation.In partial irrigation,viable pollen accounted for 31.67%,semi-viable for 38.81%,and non-viable for 29.49%.In plots treated with biochar under partial irrigation,anther width(1700.89μm),anther length(3805.34μm),pollen width(26.93μm),and pollen length(37.42μm)reached the highest values,while the lowest values were recorded in deficit irrigation plots without biochar.These findings emphasize the importance of integrating biochar into irrigation management to mitigate the adverse effects of water stress on pollen development.Nevertheless,further research is needed to clarify the long-term implications of these practices for reproductive success and agricultural sustainability.
