Due to their very small size,nanoparticles can interact with all cells in the central nervous system.One of the most promising nanoparticle subgroups are very small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(VSOP)that...Due to their very small size,nanoparticles can interact with all cells in the central nervous system.One of the most promising nanoparticle subgroups are very small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(VSOP)that are citrate coated for electrostatic stabilization.To determine their influence on murine blood-derived monocytes,which easily enter the injured central nervous system,we applied VSOP and carboxydextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(Resovist).We assessed their impact on the viability,cytokine,and chemokine secretion,as well as iron uptake of murine blood-derived monocytes.We found that(1)the monocytes accumulated VSOP and Resovist,(2)this uptake seemed to be nanoparticle-and time-dependent,(3)the decrease of monocytes viability was treatment-related,(4)VSOP and Resovist incubation did not alter cytokine homeostasis,and(5)overall a 6-hour treatment with 0.75 mM VSOP-R1 was probably sufficient to effectively label monocytes for future experiments.Since homeostasis is not altered,it is safe to label blood-derived monocles with VSOP.VSOP labeled monocytes can be used to study injured central nervous system sites further,for example with drug-carrying VSOP.展开更多
This study describes a new effective adsorbent for cadmium removal from aqueous solution synthesized by coating a shellac layer, a natural biodegradable and renewable resin with abundant hydroxyl and carboxylic groups...This study describes a new effective adsorbent for cadmium removal from aqueous solution synthesized by coating a shellac layer, a natural biodegradable and renewable resin with abundant hydroxyl and carboxylic groups, on the surface of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. Transmission Electron Microscopy （TEM） imaging showed shellac-coated magnetic nanoparticle （SCMN） adsorbents had a core-shell structure with a core of 20 nm and shell of 5 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis suggested the occurrence of reaction between carboxyl groups on the SCMN adsorbent surface and cadmium ions in aqueous solution. Kinetic data were well described by pseudo second-order model and adsorption isotherms were fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich models with maximum adsorption capacity of 18.80 mg]g. SCMN adsorbents provided a favorable adsorption capacity under high salinity conditions, and cadmium could easily be desorbed using mild organic acid solutions at low concentration.展开更多
The feature of the surface coating can affect important properties of iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs), it is therefore critical for further understanding how these materials react to physiological conditions, which is...The feature of the surface coating can affect important properties of iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs), it is therefore critical for further understanding how these materials react to physiological conditions, which is still needed to fully exploit the potential of IONPs for their theranostic applications. In this work, we prepared IONPs which surface were modified with citric acid(CA), chitosan(CS) and folic acid conjugated chitosan(FA-g-CS). respectively. Their physicochemical properties were investigated using FT-IR, TEM,powder XRD, VSM, TGA, DLS and zeta potential. We found that CA-IONP dispersion was composed of monocrystalline particles while CS-IONP and FA-g-CS-IONP were composed of polycrystalline aggregates. All IONPs retained the crystalline structure of magnetite and exhibited the superparamagnetic behavior. Their saturation magnetization decreased with the increase in the amount of their organic coatings. Their drug loading capacities, drug release patterns and in vitro anticancer efficiencies were studied by using doxorubicin(DOX) as a model drug. DOX@CS-IONP and DOX@FA-g-CSIONP exhibited lower drug loading while showing higher water dispersity when compared with DOX@CA-IONP. All IONPs were surface charged and they tended to agglomerate in medium with high pH value and ionic strength. In the presence of chitosan or FA-g-CS coatings, their DOX release rate was slowed down compared with that of DOX@CA-IONP. Unloaded IONPs exhibited nearly no cytotoxicity on both cancer cells and normal cells in the presence of chitosan and FA-g-CS when compared with CA-IONP which presented high cytotoxicity. However, DOX@FA-g-CS-IONP showed significantly cytotoxicity on folate receptors(FRs) positive breast cancer cells while exhibiting nearly no cytotoxicity on FRs negative normal cells. Results presented in this study were valuable to the design and fabrication of IONPs-based system for better theranostic applications.展开更多
Cell labeling with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)is increasingly a routine approach in the cellbased cancer treatment.However,cell labeling with magnetic IONPs and their leading effects on the biological pro...Cell labeling with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)is increasingly a routine approach in the cellbased cancer treatment.However,cell labeling with magnetic IONPs and their leading effects on the biological properties of human lung carcinoma cells remain scarcely reported.Therefore,in the present study the magnetic c-Fe2O3nanoparticles(MNPs)were firstly synthesized and surface-modified with cationic poly-L-lysine(PLL)to construct the PLL-MNPs,which were then used to magnetically label human A549 lung cancer cells.Cell viability and proliferation were evaluated with propidium iodide/fluorescein diacetate double staining and standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-diphenyl-tetrazolium)bromide assay,and the cytoskeleton was immunocytochemically stained.The cell cycle of the PLL-MNPlabeled A549 lung cancer cells was analyzed using flow cytometry.Apoptotic cells were fluorescently analyzed with nuclear-specific staining after the PLL-MNP labeling.The results showed that the constructed PLL-MNPs efficiently magnetically labeled A549 lung cancer cells and that,at low concentrations,labeling did not affect cellular viability,proliferation capability,cell cycle,and apoptosis.Furthermore,the cytoskeleton in the treated cells was detected intact in comparison with the untreated counterparts.However,the results also showed that at high concentration(400 lg m L-1),the PLL-MNPs would slightly impair cell viability,proliferation,cell cycle,and apoptosis and disrupt the cytoskeleton in the treated A549 lung cancer cells.Therefore,the present results indicated that the PLL-MNPs at adequate concentrations can be efficiently used for labeling A549 lung cancer cells and could be considered as a feasible approach for magnetic targeted anti-cancer drug/gene delivery,targeted diagnosis,and therapy in lung cancer treatment.展开更多
Tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)play an important role in tumor development and progression.In particular,M2 TAMs can promote tumor growth by facilitating tumor progression and malignant behaviors.Selectively target...Tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)play an important role in tumor development and progression.In particular,M2 TAMs can promote tumor growth by facilitating tumor progression and malignant behaviors.Selectively targeted elimination of M2 TAMs to inhibit tumor progression is of great significance for cancer treatment.Iron oxide nanoparticles based magnetic hyperthermia therapy(MHT)is a classical approach to destroy tumor tissue with deep penetration depth.In this study,we developed a typical M2 macrophage-targeted peptide(M2pep)functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle(SPIO)for magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)-guided MHT in an orthotopic breast cancer mouse model.The obtained multifunctional SPIO-M2pep with a hydrodynamic diameter of 20 nm showed efficient targeting capability,high transverse relaxivity(149 mM^(-1) s^(-1))and satisfactory magnetic hyperthermia performance in vitro.In vivo studies demonstrated that the SPIO-M2pep based MRI can monitor the distribution of nanoparticles in tumor and indicate the suitable timing for MHT.The M2 macrophage-targeted MHT significantly reduced the tumor volume and the population of pro-tumoral M2 TAMs in tumor.In addition,the SPIO-M2pep based MHT can remodel the tumor immune microenvironment(TIME).The multifunctional SPIO-M2pep with M2 macrophage-targeting ability,high magnetic hyperthermia efficiency,MR imaging capability and effective role in remodeling the TIME hold great potential to improve clinical cancer therapy outcomes.展开更多
Summary: To evaluate the feasibility of using polyethyleneimine (PEI) coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (polyMAG-1000) as gene vectors. The surface characteristics of the nanoparticles were observed with scanni...Summary: To evaluate the feasibility of using polyethyleneimine (PEI) coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (polyMAG-1000) as gene vectors. The surface characteristics of the nanoparticles were observed with scanning electron microscopy. The ability of the nanoparticles to combine with and protect DNA was investigated at different PH values after polyMAG-1000 and DNA were combined in different ratios. The nanoparticles were tested as gene vectors with in vitro transfection models. Under the scanning electron microscope the nanoparticles were about 100 nm in diameter. The nanoparticles could bind and condense DNA under acid, neutral and alkaline conditions, and they could transfer genes into cells and express green fluorescent proteins (GFP). The transfection efficiency was highest (51 %) when the ratio of nanoparticles to DNA was 1:1 (v:w). In that ratio, the difference in transfection efficiency was marked depending on whether a magnetic field was present or not: about 10 % when it was absent but 51 % when it was present. The magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with PEI may potentially be used as gene vectors.展开更多
Theranostics, combining therapy and diagnosis, is an appealing approach for chemotherapy. In the present study, we selected paclitaxel （PTX） as a therapeutic agent, super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles （SPIO...Theranostics, combining therapy and diagnosis, is an appealing approach for chemotherapy. In the present study, we selected paclitaxel （PTX） as a therapeutic agent, super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles （SPIO） as a diagnostic agent and sterically stabilized liposomes as a carrier to prepare theranostic liposomes. The SPIO were prepared and characterized. Moreover, the sterically stabilized liposomes containing PTX and SPIO （PTX/SPIO-SSL） were prepared. The characteristics of PTX/SPIO-SSL were investigated. The results indicated that prepared SPIO exhibited super-paramagnetic and could be used for MRI. The average particle size of PTX/SPIO-SSL was about 170 rim, with a polydispersity index （PDI） less than 0.3. The zeta potential of PTX/SPIO-SSL was negative. The PTX entrapment efficiency of PTX/SPIO-SSL was more than 98%. The TEM results indicated the spherical structure and dense SPIO content in PTX/SPIO-SSL. The in vitro release of PTX from PTX/SPIO-SSL and PTX-SSL was almost identical at both pH 6.8 and 7.4. In conclusion, the PTX/SPIO-SSL were prepared and characterized in vitro. The anti-tumor and diagnostic activity of PTX/SPIO-SSL should be investigated deeply in future study.展开更多
Antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles, an employing B. aegyptiaca oil (L.) Del., was used as natural stabilizer by modifying a co-precipitation method. In this work, we chose B. aegyptiaca oil as the new ...Antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles, an employing B. aegyptiaca oil (L.) Del., was used as natural stabilizer by modifying a co-precipitation method. In this work, we chose B. aegyptiaca oil as the new surfactant coating agent, and synthesized B. aegyptiaca oil coating with iron oxide nanoparticles which were characterized with a variety of methods, including Gas Chromatography (GC) to determine the fatty acids composition of the seeds oil, Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Powder Diffractometer (XRD) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). In antibacterial studies, disk diffusion susceptibility test was used to measure efficacy of iron oxide nanoparticles against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) in terms of zone inhibition. The B. aegyptiaca coated on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles;its particle size was found to be nanoscale below 50 nm, and the magnetization (<sup><sup></sup>δ</sup>s) was 16.975 emu g<sup>-1</sup>. Antibacterial activity was measured. Efficacy of iron oxide nanoparticles against bacterial strains was found in Escherichia coli (E. coli). All these findings suggest that the nanoparticles synthesized from B. aegyptiaca oil may be a promising reagent for a wide variety of applications in biological fields as well as in nanomedicine.展开更多
Iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)modified with functional proteins hold great promise in the biomedical field.However,conventional protein modification strategies,such as adsorption and covalent coupling,are either unst...Iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)modified with functional proteins hold great promise in the biomedical field.However,conventional protein modification strategies,such as adsorption and covalent coupling,are either unstable or nonspecific,or may result in the changes of protein structure and ultimately the loss of protein activity.Modification of active proteins on small-sized IONPs with a particle size of less than 30 nm is especially difficult due to their high surface energy.Herein,we developed a universal modifica-tion method based on Spy chemistry for rapid and stable protein immobilization on small-sized IONPs,which only requires the presence of active groups on the surface of nanoparticles that can couple with SpyCatcher.In short,the SpyCatcher peptides were first coated on the surface of IONPs by cross-linking with activated groups,and then the SpyTag peptide fused with a model protein(enhanced green fluo-rescent protein,EGFP)was engineered(SpyTag-EGFP)and directly coupled to SpyCatcher-modified IONPs by self-assembly,which is spontaneous and robust while avoiding the effect of chemical reactions on functional protein activity.The obtained EGFP-functionalized IONPs exhibited enhanced and stable green fluorescence and improved magnetic properties.In addition,the cell internalization efficiency of EGFP-functionalized IONPs was significantly increased as compared to unmodified IONPs,providing an ideal solution for efficient cell labeling and tracking.In conclusion,here we report a rapid and easy strategy for EGFP immobilization on IONPs based on Spy chemistry,which could be further adapted to other functional proteins in the future.SpyCatcher-modified IONPs and SpyTag-X(arbitrary functional fusion proteins)hold great potential to be applied as a versatile platform for protein immobilization on IONPs and enable its multifunctional application in the future.展开更多
Extremely small-sized iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs) are of great interest in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) due to their biosafety as an alternative to clinical gadolinium(Ⅲ) complexes-based contrast agents.Especi...Extremely small-sized iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs) are of great interest in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) due to their biosafety as an alternative to clinical gadolinium(Ⅲ) complexes-based contrast agents.Especially when the particle size is less than 10 nm,it has strong diffusion ability and deep penetration distance in tumor tissue.Substitution doping can significantly enhance the T_(1)contrast effect of nanoparticles by regulating the surface exposed atoms.However,the nucleation and growth processes of multi-component synthesis systems are complex and difficult to be accurately controlled,leading to great challenges in the synthesis of ultra-small-sized nanoparticles with different components and sizes.Here,extremely smallsized superparamagnetic gadolinium-doped iron oxide nanoparticles(GdIONPs,Gd_(x)Fe_(3-x)O_(4) NPs) with adjustable doping amount and controllable size in the range of 3.5-7.5 nm were synthesized by thermal decomposition.Then,as-synthesized GdIONPs were surface modified with a highly water-soluble and biocompatible carboxyl-polyethylene glycol-phosphoric acid ligand with high binding affinity.Gd_(0.65)Fe_(2.35)O_(4) NPs exhibited very high r_(1) relaxivity of 10.6 mmol^(-1)·L·s^(-1) in terms of all metal concentrations and 49.0 mmol^(-1)·L·s^(-1) in terms of gadolinium alone,respectively,3 and 14 times higher than clinical T_(1) contrast agents(Gd-DTPA).GdIONPs can continuously obtain high resolution images of blood vessels,and can be used as an efficient and multifunctional contrast agent for MR T_(1)imaging.This stable and efficient doping strategy provides an easy and effective method to individually optimize the magnetic properties of complex oxides and their relaxation effects for a variety of biomedical applications.展开更多
Currently,we know that neuronal outgrowth during development and regeneration requires a complex interaction of intra-and extracellular molecules such as growth factors,neurotransmitters and extracellular matrix prote...Currently,we know that neuronal outgrowth during development and regeneration requires a complex interaction of intra-and extracellular molecules such as growth factors,neurotransmitters and extracellular matrix proteins（O’Donnell et al.,2009）.Furthermore,the discovery of a broad spectrum of growth-promoting cues has led to novel concepts for thera-peutic strategies.展开更多
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(SPIONs)have immeasurable potentials in many fields such as nanobiotechnology and biomedical engineering because of their superparamagnetic properties and small particle size....Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(SPIONs)have immeasurable potentials in many fields such as nanobiotechnology and biomedical engineering because of their superparamagnetic properties and small particle size.This review introduces the methods for SPIONs synthesis,including co-precipitation,thermal decomposition,microemulsion and hydrothermal reaction,and surface modification of SPIONs with organometallic and inorganic metals,surface modification for targeted drug delivery,and the use of SPIONs as a contrast agent.In addition,this article also provides an overview of recent progress in SPIONs for the treatment of glioma,lung cancer and breast cancer.展开更多
In the late 1980s,superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles（SPIO）moved into focus as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）,due to their strong relaxivity and resulting higher resolution of images.At ...In the late 1980s,superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles（SPIO）moved into focus as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）,due to their strong relaxivity and resulting higher resolution of images.At the time,no one anticipated their high potential in basic research or for medical diagnostic andtreatment. Since then, SPIO have been evaluated notonly as spe- cific markers for MRI, but also for cell labeling and tracking （Li et al., 2013）.展开更多
Objective: Application of magnetic nanoparticles as gene carrier in gene therapy has developed quickly. This study was designed to investigate the preparation of superparamagnetic dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticl...Objective: Application of magnetic nanoparticles as gene carrier in gene therapy has developed quickly. This study was designed to investigate the preparation of superparamagnetic dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (SDION) and the feasibility of SDION used as a novel gene carrier for plasmid DNA in vitro. Methods: SDION were prepared by chemical coprecipitation and separated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300HR, characterized by TEM, laser scattering system and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer Signal Processor. The green fluorescent protein (pGFP-C2) plasmid DNA was used as target gene. SDION-pGFP-C2 conjugate compounds were produced by means of oxidoreduction reaction. The connection ratio of SDION and pGFP-C2 DNA was analyzed and evaluated by agarose electrophoresis and the concentration of pGFP-C2 in supernatant was measured. Using liposome as control, the transfection efficiency of SDION and liposome was respectively evaluated under fluorescence microscope in vitro. Results: The diameter of SDION ranges from 3 nm to 8 nm, the effective diameter was 59.2 nm and the saturation magnetization was 0.23 emu/g. After SDION were reasonably oxidized, SDION could connect with pGFP-C2 to a high degree. The transfection efficiency of SDION as gene carrier was higher than that of liposome. Conclusion: The successes in connecting SDION with pGFP-C2 plasmid by means of oxidoreduction reaction and in transferring pGFP-C2 gene into human bladder cancer BIU-87 cells in vitro provided the experimental evidence for the feasibility of SDION used as a novel gene carrier.展开更多
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles （SPIONs） are one of the most versatile and safe nanoparticles in a wide variety of biomedical applications. In the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to inve...Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles （SPIONs） are one of the most versatile and safe nanoparticles in a wide variety of biomedical applications. In the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to investigate the potential adverse biological effects and safety issues associated with SPIONs, which is essential for the development of next-generation SPIONs and for continued progress in translational research. In this mini review, we summarize recent developments in toxicity studies on SPIONs, focusing on the relationship between the physicochemical properties of SPIONs and their induced toxic biological responses for a better toxicological understanding of SPIONs.展开更多
Iron oxide nanoparticles（FeOx NPs, 5–30 nm size） prepared via laser ablation in liquid were supported onto Indium Tin Oxide conductive glass slides by magnetophoretic deposition（MD） technique. The resulting Fe O ...Iron oxide nanoparticles（FeOx NPs, 5–30 nm size） prepared via laser ablation in liquid were supported onto Indium Tin Oxide conductive glass slides by magnetophoretic deposition（MD） technique. The resulting Fe O x@ITO electrodes are characterized by a low amount of iron coverage of 16–50 nmol/cm^2,and show electrocatalytic activity towards water oxidation in neutral phosphate buffer pH 7 with 0.58 V overpotential and quantitative Faradaic efficiency towards oxygen production. XPS analysis on the oxygen region of the FeOx films reveals a substantial hydration of the surface after catalysis, recognized as a crucial step to access reactivity.展开更多
To evaluate the feasibility of using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle as wild PTEN gene carrier for transfection in vitro to reverse cisplatin-resistance of A549/CDDP cells, A549/CDDP cells were transfected with the w...To evaluate the feasibility of using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle as wild PTEN gene carrier for transfection in vitro to reverse cisplatin-resistance of A549/CDDP cells, A549/CDDP cells were transfected with the wild PTEN gene expression plasmid (pGFP-PTEN) by magnetic iron nanoparticle and lipo2000. The transfection efficiency was detected by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometer. The expression levels of PTEN mRNA and protein were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry analysis. The effect of PTEN transfection on cell cycle enhances the sensitivity of A549/CDDP to cisplatin and nanoparticle-mediated transfection has a higher efficiency than that of the liposome-mediated group. The apoptosis level was up-regulated in PTEN transfection group. The magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle could be used as one of the ideal gene carriers for PTEN gene delivery in vitro. PTEN can be an effective target for reversing cisplatin-resistance in lung cancer.展开更多
This work aims to establish comparisons between two models used for the performance of heat exchangers. The chosen system, in this case, consists of a heat exchanger used in automotive radiators flat finned tube type....This work aims to establish comparisons between two models used for the performance of heat exchangers. The chosen system, in this case, consists of a heat exchanger used in automotive radiators flat finned tube type. Water and ethylene glycol compound as base fluid and volume fractions of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) are used as a refrigerant. The quantities determined in this work are the nanofluid exit temperature, the air exit temperature, the absolute error between the models for heat transfer rate, and Effectiveness. The quantities that constitute parameters, independent variables, are the airflow, represented by the Reynolds number, and the iron oxide volume fraction. Ethylene Glycol 50% compound has slightly better thermal performance than pure water and reduces the reactive effect of water on the environment, increasing the average life of the equipment. The absolute relative error between the models is less than 20% and presents maximum values with the increase of the nanoparticle volume fraction and growth in the Reynolds number for the air.展开更多
Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(usSPIONs)are promising alternatives to gadolinium‐based contrast agents for positive contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Unlike larger SPIONs ...Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(usSPIONs)are promising alternatives to gadolinium‐based contrast agents for positive contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Unlike larger SPIONs that primarily function as T2/T2*negative contrast agents,usSPIONs with core diameters below 5 nm can effectively shorten T1 relaxation times,producing bright signals in T1‐weighted images.This distinct behavior stems from their unique magnetic properties,including single‐domain configurations,surface spin canting,and rapid Néel relaxation dynamics,which are particularly enhanced at low magnetic field strengths.The biocompatibility of iron oxide,efficient renal clearance pathways,and versatility for surface functionalization offer potential advantages over gadolinium‐based agents,especially regarding safety concerns related to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium deposition.These nanoparticles show particular promise for applications in lowfield MRI,vascular imaging,targeted molecular imaging,and theranostic platforms.Although challenges remain in optimizing synthesis methods for consistent production of monodisperse usSPIONs with tailored surface chemistry,ongoing research continues to advance their potential for clinical translation.This review explores the mechanisms,synthesis approaches,applications,and future perspectives of usSPIONs as positive contrast agents in MRI.展开更多
The biomedical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)synthesized using environmentally friendly processes are extremely promising.Using eco-friendly and nontoxic methods is a safer alternative to conventional...The biomedical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)synthesized using environmentally friendly processes are extremely promising.Using eco-friendly and nontoxic methods is a safer alternative to conventional chemical synthesis,which generates toxic byproducts.It allows for greater control over particle size and morphology.The resulting unique magnetic and optical properties of IONPs enable their use in biomedical applications such as magnetic hyperthermia(MH)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).This review aimed to summarize recent advances in the synthesis,characterization,and biosafety of IONPs for use in MH and MRI.It also aimed to highlight the significance of eco-friendly synthesis techniques for producing IONPs with the desired magnetic and physicochemical properties.Overall,this review elucidated the most efficient methods for utilizing iron oxide while considering biocompatibility.展开更多
基金supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft(DFG)grant Klinische Forschergruppe(KFO)213(to JG).
文摘Due to their very small size,nanoparticles can interact with all cells in the central nervous system.One of the most promising nanoparticle subgroups are very small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(VSOP)that are citrate coated for electrostatic stabilization.To determine their influence on murine blood-derived monocytes,which easily enter the injured central nervous system,we applied VSOP and carboxydextran-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(Resovist).We assessed their impact on the viability,cytokine,and chemokine secretion,as well as iron uptake of murine blood-derived monocytes.We found that(1)the monocytes accumulated VSOP and Resovist,(2)this uptake seemed to be nanoparticle-and time-dependent,(3)the decrease of monocytes viability was treatment-related,(4)VSOP and Resovist incubation did not alter cytokine homeostasis,and(5)overall a 6-hour treatment with 0.75 mM VSOP-R1 was probably sufficient to effectively label monocytes for future experiments.Since homeostasis is not altered,it is safe to label blood-derived monocles with VSOP.VSOP labeled monocytes can be used to study injured central nervous system sites further,for example with drug-carrying VSOP.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50808070, 51039001)the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University from the Ministry of Education of China (No. NCET-09-0328)+4 种基金the Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (No.20070410301, 200902468)the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University(No. IRT0719)the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 08JJ4006, 10JJ7005)the Xiangjiang Water Environmental Pollution Control Project subjected to the National Key Science and Technology Project for Water Environmental Pollution Control (No.2009ZX07212-001-02, 2009ZX07212-001-06)the Hunan Key Scientific Research Project (No. 2009FJ1010)
文摘This study describes a new effective adsorbent for cadmium removal from aqueous solution synthesized by coating a shellac layer, a natural biodegradable and renewable resin with abundant hydroxyl and carboxylic groups, on the surface of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles. Transmission Electron Microscopy （TEM） imaging showed shellac-coated magnetic nanoparticle （SCMN） adsorbents had a core-shell structure with a core of 20 nm and shell of 5 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis suggested the occurrence of reaction between carboxyl groups on the SCMN adsorbent surface and cadmium ions in aqueous solution. Kinetic data were well described by pseudo second-order model and adsorption isotherms were fitted with both Langmuir and Freundlich models with maximum adsorption capacity of 18.80 mg]g. SCMN adsorbents provided a favorable adsorption capacity under high salinity conditions, and cadmium could easily be desorbed using mild organic acid solutions at low concentration.
基金supported by the State Key Basic Research Program of the PRC(No.2014CB744501)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFA0205301)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61527806,61471168 and 61871180)Open Funding of State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases(No.SKLOD2018OF02)
文摘The feature of the surface coating can affect important properties of iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs), it is therefore critical for further understanding how these materials react to physiological conditions, which is still needed to fully exploit the potential of IONPs for their theranostic applications. In this work, we prepared IONPs which surface were modified with citric acid(CA), chitosan(CS) and folic acid conjugated chitosan(FA-g-CS). respectively. Their physicochemical properties were investigated using FT-IR, TEM,powder XRD, VSM, TGA, DLS and zeta potential. We found that CA-IONP dispersion was composed of monocrystalline particles while CS-IONP and FA-g-CS-IONP were composed of polycrystalline aggregates. All IONPs retained the crystalline structure of magnetite and exhibited the superparamagnetic behavior. Their saturation magnetization decreased with the increase in the amount of their organic coatings. Their drug loading capacities, drug release patterns and in vitro anticancer efficiencies were studied by using doxorubicin(DOX) as a model drug. DOX@CS-IONP and DOX@FA-g-CSIONP exhibited lower drug loading while showing higher water dispersity when compared with DOX@CA-IONP. All IONPs were surface charged and they tended to agglomerate in medium with high pH value and ionic strength. In the presence of chitosan or FA-g-CS coatings, their DOX release rate was slowed down compared with that of DOX@CA-IONP. Unloaded IONPs exhibited nearly no cytotoxicity on both cancer cells and normal cells in the presence of chitosan and FA-g-CS when compared with CA-IONP which presented high cytotoxicity. However, DOX@FA-g-CS-IONP showed significantly cytotoxicity on folate receptors(FRs) positive breast cancer cells while exhibiting nearly no cytotoxicity on FRs negative normal cells. Results presented in this study were valuable to the design and fabrication of IONPs-based system for better theranostic applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.314 008 55)the Technological Innovation Incubator Program from Henan University of Technology(No.201 518)the Introduced Postdoctoral Talents of Henan University of Technology(No.150 199)
文摘Cell labeling with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)is increasingly a routine approach in the cellbased cancer treatment.However,cell labeling with magnetic IONPs and their leading effects on the biological properties of human lung carcinoma cells remain scarcely reported.Therefore,in the present study the magnetic c-Fe2O3nanoparticles(MNPs)were firstly synthesized and surface-modified with cationic poly-L-lysine(PLL)to construct the PLL-MNPs,which were then used to magnetically label human A549 lung cancer cells.Cell viability and proliferation were evaluated with propidium iodide/fluorescein diacetate double staining and standard 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-diphenyl-tetrazolium)bromide assay,and the cytoskeleton was immunocytochemically stained.The cell cycle of the PLL-MNPlabeled A549 lung cancer cells was analyzed using flow cytometry.Apoptotic cells were fluorescently analyzed with nuclear-specific staining after the PLL-MNP labeling.The results showed that the constructed PLL-MNPs efficiently magnetically labeled A549 lung cancer cells and that,at low concentrations,labeling did not affect cellular viability,proliferation capability,cell cycle,and apoptosis.Furthermore,the cytoskeleton in the treated cells was detected intact in comparison with the untreated counterparts.However,the results also showed that at high concentration(400 lg m L-1),the PLL-MNPs would slightly impair cell viability,proliferation,cell cycle,and apoptosis and disrupt the cytoskeleton in the treated A549 lung cancer cells.Therefore,the present results indicated that the PLL-MNPs at adequate concentrations can be efficiently used for labeling A549 lung cancer cells and could be considered as a feasible approach for magnetic targeted anti-cancer drug/gene delivery,targeted diagnosis,and therapy in lung cancer treatment.
基金This work was finicially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.81627806,91859121,81701763 and 81671789)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2017M612098)+1 种基金the Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.1808085QH249)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.WK2100230017 and WK2100000007)。
文摘Tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs)play an important role in tumor development and progression.In particular,M2 TAMs can promote tumor growth by facilitating tumor progression and malignant behaviors.Selectively targeted elimination of M2 TAMs to inhibit tumor progression is of great significance for cancer treatment.Iron oxide nanoparticles based magnetic hyperthermia therapy(MHT)is a classical approach to destroy tumor tissue with deep penetration depth.In this study,we developed a typical M2 macrophage-targeted peptide(M2pep)functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle(SPIO)for magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)-guided MHT in an orthotopic breast cancer mouse model.The obtained multifunctional SPIO-M2pep with a hydrodynamic diameter of 20 nm showed efficient targeting capability,high transverse relaxivity(149 mM^(-1) s^(-1))and satisfactory magnetic hyperthermia performance in vitro.In vivo studies demonstrated that the SPIO-M2pep based MRI can monitor the distribution of nanoparticles in tumor and indicate the suitable timing for MHT.The M2 macrophage-targeted MHT significantly reduced the tumor volume and the population of pro-tumoral M2 TAMs in tumor.In addition,the SPIO-M2pep based MHT can remodel the tumor immune microenvironment(TIME).The multifunctional SPIO-M2pep with M2 macrophage-targeting ability,high magnetic hyperthermia efficiency,MR imaging capability and effective role in remodeling the TIME hold great potential to improve clinical cancer therapy outcomes.
文摘Summary: To evaluate the feasibility of using polyethyleneimine (PEI) coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (polyMAG-1000) as gene vectors. The surface characteristics of the nanoparticles were observed with scanning electron microscopy. The ability of the nanoparticles to combine with and protect DNA was investigated at different PH values after polyMAG-1000 and DNA were combined in different ratios. The nanoparticles were tested as gene vectors with in vitro transfection models. Under the scanning electron microscope the nanoparticles were about 100 nm in diameter. The nanoparticles could bind and condense DNA under acid, neutral and alkaline conditions, and they could transfer genes into cells and express green fluorescent proteins (GFP). The transfection efficiency was highest (51 %) when the ratio of nanoparticles to DNA was 1:1 (v:w). In that ratio, the difference in transfection efficiency was marked depending on whether a magnetic field was present or not: about 10 % when it was absent but 51 % when it was present. The magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with PEI may potentially be used as gene vectors.
基金Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education(Grant No.20120001110012)
文摘Theranostics, combining therapy and diagnosis, is an appealing approach for chemotherapy. In the present study, we selected paclitaxel （PTX） as a therapeutic agent, super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles （SPIO） as a diagnostic agent and sterically stabilized liposomes as a carrier to prepare theranostic liposomes. The SPIO were prepared and characterized. Moreover, the sterically stabilized liposomes containing PTX and SPIO （PTX/SPIO-SSL） were prepared. The characteristics of PTX/SPIO-SSL were investigated. The results indicated that prepared SPIO exhibited super-paramagnetic and could be used for MRI. The average particle size of PTX/SPIO-SSL was about 170 rim, with a polydispersity index （PDI） less than 0.3. The zeta potential of PTX/SPIO-SSL was negative. The PTX entrapment efficiency of PTX/SPIO-SSL was more than 98%. The TEM results indicated the spherical structure and dense SPIO content in PTX/SPIO-SSL. The in vitro release of PTX from PTX/SPIO-SSL and PTX-SSL was almost identical at both pH 6.8 and 7.4. In conclusion, the PTX/SPIO-SSL were prepared and characterized in vitro. The anti-tumor and diagnostic activity of PTX/SPIO-SSL should be investigated deeply in future study.
文摘Antibacterial activity of iron oxide nanoparticles, an employing B. aegyptiaca oil (L.) Del., was used as natural stabilizer by modifying a co-precipitation method. In this work, we chose B. aegyptiaca oil as the new surfactant coating agent, and synthesized B. aegyptiaca oil coating with iron oxide nanoparticles which were characterized with a variety of methods, including Gas Chromatography (GC) to determine the fatty acids composition of the seeds oil, Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Powder Diffractometer (XRD) and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). In antibacterial studies, disk diffusion susceptibility test was used to measure efficacy of iron oxide nanoparticles against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) in terms of zone inhibition. The B. aegyptiaca coated on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles;its particle size was found to be nanoscale below 50 nm, and the magnetization (<sup><sup></sup>δ</sup>s) was 16.975 emu g<sup>-1</sup>. Antibacterial activity was measured. Efficacy of iron oxide nanoparticles against bacterial strains was found in Escherichia coli (E. coli). All these findings suggest that the nanoparticles synthesized from B. aegyptiaca oil may be a promising reagent for a wide variety of applications in biological fields as well as in nanomedicine.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Innovative Research Group Project(No.61821002)the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.92163213)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20220824)the Nanjing Science and Technology Develop-ment Foundation(No.202205066).
文摘Iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)modified with functional proteins hold great promise in the biomedical field.However,conventional protein modification strategies,such as adsorption and covalent coupling,are either unstable or nonspecific,or may result in the changes of protein structure and ultimately the loss of protein activity.Modification of active proteins on small-sized IONPs with a particle size of less than 30 nm is especially difficult due to their high surface energy.Herein,we developed a universal modifica-tion method based on Spy chemistry for rapid and stable protein immobilization on small-sized IONPs,which only requires the presence of active groups on the surface of nanoparticles that can couple with SpyCatcher.In short,the SpyCatcher peptides were first coated on the surface of IONPs by cross-linking with activated groups,and then the SpyTag peptide fused with a model protein(enhanced green fluo-rescent protein,EGFP)was engineered(SpyTag-EGFP)and directly coupled to SpyCatcher-modified IONPs by self-assembly,which is spontaneous and robust while avoiding the effect of chemical reactions on functional protein activity.The obtained EGFP-functionalized IONPs exhibited enhanced and stable green fluorescence and improved magnetic properties.In addition,the cell internalization efficiency of EGFP-functionalized IONPs was significantly increased as compared to unmodified IONPs,providing an ideal solution for efficient cell labeling and tracking.In conclusion,here we report a rapid and easy strategy for EGFP immobilization on IONPs based on Spy chemistry,which could be further adapted to other functional proteins in the future.SpyCatcher-modified IONPs and SpyTag-X(arbitrary functional fusion proteins)hold great potential to be applied as a versatile platform for protein immobilization on IONPs and enable its multifunctional application in the future.
基金financially supported by the Project of High-level Teachers in Beijing Municipal Universities in the Period of 13th Five-Year Plan (No.CIT&TCD201804025)Beijing Municipal Education Commission (No.KM201910011009)the Graduate Student Scientific Research Ability Promotion of BTBU。
文摘Extremely small-sized iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs) are of great interest in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) due to their biosafety as an alternative to clinical gadolinium(Ⅲ) complexes-based contrast agents.Especially when the particle size is less than 10 nm,it has strong diffusion ability and deep penetration distance in tumor tissue.Substitution doping can significantly enhance the T_(1)contrast effect of nanoparticles by regulating the surface exposed atoms.However,the nucleation and growth processes of multi-component synthesis systems are complex and difficult to be accurately controlled,leading to great challenges in the synthesis of ultra-small-sized nanoparticles with different components and sizes.Here,extremely smallsized superparamagnetic gadolinium-doped iron oxide nanoparticles(GdIONPs,Gd_(x)Fe_(3-x)O_(4) NPs) with adjustable doping amount and controllable size in the range of 3.5-7.5 nm were synthesized by thermal decomposition.Then,as-synthesized GdIONPs were surface modified with a highly water-soluble and biocompatible carboxyl-polyethylene glycol-phosphoric acid ligand with high binding affinity.Gd_(0.65)Fe_(2.35)O_(4) NPs exhibited very high r_(1) relaxivity of 10.6 mmol^(-1)·L·s^(-1) in terms of all metal concentrations and 49.0 mmol^(-1)·L·s^(-1) in terms of gadolinium alone,respectively,3 and 14 times higher than clinical T_(1) contrast agents(Gd-DTPA).GdIONPs can continuously obtain high resolution images of blood vessels,and can be used as an efficient and multifunctional contrast agent for MR T_(1)imaging.This stable and efficient doping strategy provides an easy and effective method to individually optimize the magnetic properties of complex oxides and their relaxation effects for a variety of biomedical applications.
文摘Currently,we know that neuronal outgrowth during development and regeneration requires a complex interaction of intra-and extracellular molecules such as growth factors,neurotransmitters and extracellular matrix proteins（O’Donnell et al.,2009）.Furthermore,the discovery of a broad spectrum of growth-promoting cues has led to novel concepts for thera-peutic strategies.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(32060228)。
文摘Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(SPIONs)have immeasurable potentials in many fields such as nanobiotechnology and biomedical engineering because of their superparamagnetic properties and small particle size.This review introduces the methods for SPIONs synthesis,including co-precipitation,thermal decomposition,microemulsion and hydrothermal reaction,and surface modification of SPIONs with organometallic and inorganic metals,surface modification for targeted drug delivery,and the use of SPIONs as a contrast agent.In addition,this article also provides an overview of recent progress in SPIONs for the treatment of glioma,lung cancer and breast cancer.
基金supported by deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Grant Klinische Forschungsgruppe 213 to JG
文摘In the late 1980s,superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles（SPIO）moved into focus as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging（MRI）,due to their strong relaxivity and resulting higher resolution of images.At the time,no one anticipated their high potential in basic research or for medical diagnostic andtreatment. Since then, SPIO have been evaluated notonly as spe- cific markers for MRI, but also for cell labeling and tracking （Li et al., 2013）.
基金This project was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30271300).
文摘Objective: Application of magnetic nanoparticles as gene carrier in gene therapy has developed quickly. This study was designed to investigate the preparation of superparamagnetic dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (SDION) and the feasibility of SDION used as a novel gene carrier for plasmid DNA in vitro. Methods: SDION were prepared by chemical coprecipitation and separated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300HR, characterized by TEM, laser scattering system and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer Signal Processor. The green fluorescent protein (pGFP-C2) plasmid DNA was used as target gene. SDION-pGFP-C2 conjugate compounds were produced by means of oxidoreduction reaction. The connection ratio of SDION and pGFP-C2 DNA was analyzed and evaluated by agarose electrophoresis and the concentration of pGFP-C2 in supernatant was measured. Using liposome as control, the transfection efficiency of SDION and liposome was respectively evaluated under fluorescence microscope in vitro. Results: The diameter of SDION ranges from 3 nm to 8 nm, the effective diameter was 59.2 nm and the saturation magnetization was 0.23 emu/g. After SDION were reasonably oxidized, SDION could connect with pGFP-C2 to a high degree. The transfection efficiency of SDION as gene carrier was higher than that of liposome. Conclusion: The successes in connecting SDION with pGFP-C2 plasmid by means of oxidoreduction reaction and in transferring pGFP-C2 gene into human bladder cancer BIU-87 cells in vitro provided the experimental evidence for the feasibility of SDION used as a novel gene carrier.
基金Project supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2013CB733802 and 2014CB744503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.81101101 and 51273165)+1 种基金the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(Grant No.212149)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant Nos.2013121039 and ZK1002)
文摘Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles （SPIONs） are one of the most versatile and safe nanoparticles in a wide variety of biomedical applications. In the past decades, considerable efforts have been made to investigate the potential adverse biological effects and safety issues associated with SPIONs, which is essential for the development of next-generation SPIONs and for continued progress in translational research. In this mini review, we summarize recent developments in toxicity studies on SPIONs, focusing on the relationship between the physicochemical properties of SPIONs and their induced toxic biological responses for a better toxicological understanding of SPIONs.
基金supported by the Italian Ministero dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), (FIRB RBAP11C58Y, "Nano Solar" and PRIN 2010 "Hi-Phuture")COST action CM1205 "CARISMA: CAtalytic Rout Ines for Small Molecule Activation"
文摘Iron oxide nanoparticles（FeOx NPs, 5–30 nm size） prepared via laser ablation in liquid were supported onto Indium Tin Oxide conductive glass slides by magnetophoretic deposition（MD） technique. The resulting Fe O x@ITO electrodes are characterized by a low amount of iron coverage of 16–50 nmol/cm^2,and show electrocatalytic activity towards water oxidation in neutral phosphate buffer pH 7 with 0.58 V overpotential and quantitative Faradaic efficiency towards oxygen production. XPS analysis on the oxygen region of the FeOx films reveals a substantial hydration of the surface after catalysis, recognized as a crucial step to access reactivity.
基金Project(07JJ3055)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China
文摘To evaluate the feasibility of using magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle as wild PTEN gene carrier for transfection in vitro to reverse cisplatin-resistance of A549/CDDP cells, A549/CDDP cells were transfected with the wild PTEN gene expression plasmid (pGFP-PTEN) by magnetic iron nanoparticle and lipo2000. The transfection efficiency was detected by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometer. The expression levels of PTEN mRNA and protein were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunocytochemistry analysis. The effect of PTEN transfection on cell cycle enhances the sensitivity of A549/CDDP to cisplatin and nanoparticle-mediated transfection has a higher efficiency than that of the liposome-mediated group. The apoptosis level was up-regulated in PTEN transfection group. The magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle could be used as one of the ideal gene carriers for PTEN gene delivery in vitro. PTEN can be an effective target for reversing cisplatin-resistance in lung cancer.
文摘This work aims to establish comparisons between two models used for the performance of heat exchangers. The chosen system, in this case, consists of a heat exchanger used in automotive radiators flat finned tube type. Water and ethylene glycol compound as base fluid and volume fractions of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) are used as a refrigerant. The quantities determined in this work are the nanofluid exit temperature, the air exit temperature, the absolute error between the models for heat transfer rate, and Effectiveness. The quantities that constitute parameters, independent variables, are the airflow, represented by the Reynolds number, and the iron oxide volume fraction. Ethylene Glycol 50% compound has slightly better thermal performance than pure water and reduces the reactive effect of water on the environment, increasing the average life of the equipment. The absolute relative error between the models is less than 20% and presents maximum values with the increase of the nanoparticle volume fraction and growth in the Reynolds number for the air.
文摘Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(usSPIONs)are promising alternatives to gadolinium‐based contrast agents for positive contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Unlike larger SPIONs that primarily function as T2/T2*negative contrast agents,usSPIONs with core diameters below 5 nm can effectively shorten T1 relaxation times,producing bright signals in T1‐weighted images.This distinct behavior stems from their unique magnetic properties,including single‐domain configurations,surface spin canting,and rapid Néel relaxation dynamics,which are particularly enhanced at low magnetic field strengths.The biocompatibility of iron oxide,efficient renal clearance pathways,and versatility for surface functionalization offer potential advantages over gadolinium‐based agents,especially regarding safety concerns related to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium deposition.These nanoparticles show particular promise for applications in lowfield MRI,vascular imaging,targeted molecular imaging,and theranostic platforms.Although challenges remain in optimizing synthesis methods for consistent production of monodisperse usSPIONs with tailored surface chemistry,ongoing research continues to advance their potential for clinical translation.This review explores the mechanisms,synthesis approaches,applications,and future perspectives of usSPIONs as positive contrast agents in MRI.
文摘The biomedical applications of iron oxide nanoparticles(IONPs)synthesized using environmentally friendly processes are extremely promising.Using eco-friendly and nontoxic methods is a safer alternative to conventional chemical synthesis,which generates toxic byproducts.It allows for greater control over particle size and morphology.The resulting unique magnetic and optical properties of IONPs enable their use in biomedical applications such as magnetic hyperthermia(MH)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).This review aimed to summarize recent advances in the synthesis,characterization,and biosafety of IONPs for use in MH and MRI.It also aimed to highlight the significance of eco-friendly synthesis techniques for producing IONPs with the desired magnetic and physicochemical properties.Overall,this review elucidated the most efficient methods for utilizing iron oxide while considering biocompatibility.
