The reservoir characterization of Butmah Formation (Early Jurassic) was studied in two wells: (AT-1) and (SH-1B) from Atrush and Shaikhan Oilfields respectively, in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Well logs including;sonic, d...The reservoir characterization of Butmah Formation (Early Jurassic) was studied in two wells: (AT-1) and (SH-1B) from Atrush and Shaikhan Oilfields respectively, in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Well logs including;sonic, density, neutron, gamma ray, and resistivity, were employed to investigate the formation. The petrophysical properties, such as lithology, shale volume, porosity, water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, and bulk water volume, were estimated using Interactive Petrophysics Software (IP). Water saturation, bulk volume of water, residual hydrocarbon, and movable hydrocarbon were plotted as Computer Processed Interpretation (CPI) for Butmah Formation in the studied wells. In order to check reliability of log data, lithology of the formation was detected using neutron-density cross plot and M-N cross plot. The results of log interpretation display that Butmah Formation is composed of dolomite, limestone with anhydrite and shale in the studied wells. The calculated shale volume shows low clay content. Therefore, Butmah Formation is considered as a clean formation in both wells. Porosity was estimated using porosity logs (sonic, density, and neutron) and had the average total porosity of (7% - 8%) in the two wells. Based on the determined petrophysical properties, particularly porosity and hydrocarbon saturation, it can be concluded that Butmah Formation seems potentially good in reserving oil.展开更多
Iraq has suffered severely from drought in recent years and the year 2008 was the driest,particularly in the Iraqi Kurdistan region.This study incorporated Geoinformation technology into mapping the drought that sever...Iraq has suffered severely from drought in recent years and the year 2008 was the driest,particularly in the Iraqi Kurdistan region.This study incorporated Geoinformation technology into mapping the drought that severely affected the Kurdistan region in the years 20072008.Geoinformation technology provides support in the theories,methods and techniques for building,and development of Digital Earth aspect.Five vegetation,soil,water,and land surface temperature(LST)indices were applied to two Landsat 7 ETMimageries of June 2007 and June 2008,to assess the drought impacts in Erbil governorate Kurdistan during the study period.The indices that were employed in this study were Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,Bare Soil Index,Normalized Differential Water Index,Tasseled Cap Transformation Wetness,and LST.The results revealed a significant decrease in the vegetative cover(56.7%)and a decline in soil/vegetation wetness(29.9%)of the total study area.Likewise,there was a significant reduction in the water bodies surface area in the region such as Dokan Lake,which lost 32.5%of its surface area in comparison with the previous year,2007.The study results showed that the soil moisture content was the most effective actor on the vegetative cover,LST,and drought status in the study area.展开更多
Undoubtedly, children are one of the biggest assets of any society and it is the duty of all authorities to have a systematic plan to educate the next generation and make a better life for children so that they can pr...Undoubtedly, children are one of the biggest assets of any society and it is the duty of all authorities to have a systematic plan to educate the next generation and make a better life for children so that they can progress and be effective for their communities. In an effort, Kurdistan Regional Government （KRG） has adopted standards to improve the condition for children; however, there are challenges that remain, such as child abuse, child labor, children right＇s law, orphans, street children and etc.. In this paper, a descriptive-analytical method is used to discuss the general situation of children in today＇s Iraqi Kurdistan and the issues such as drug abuse, child labor, orphans and street children, forced marriages, sexual abuse, handicapped children, school dropouts, child soldiers, nutrition, immunization, female genital mutilation and etc. will be explained. The questions this research addresses are： How is the situation of children in Iraqi Kurdistan and what are their challenges？ Also, what is the KRG＇s strategy and through which ways can they make a better life for children and change their current status？ The author believes that nowadays, the KRG is trying to crack down on problems against children; however, their effort is not adequate and some other activities should be performed, one of which is passing the children＇s law against violence.展开更多
Background: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and transadominal ultrasonography (TUS) are two imaging investigations which can be used to assess pancreatobiliary status, although both of these imaging techniques are op...Background: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and transadominal ultrasonography (TUS) are two imaging investigations which can be used to assess pancreatobiliary status, although both of these imaging techniques are operator and machine dependent, but they have different sensitivity and specificity in detecting pancreatobiliary diseases. Objective: To compare the diagnostic value of EUS versus TUS in the assessment of pancreatobiliary diseases. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in KCGH (Kurdistan Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology) in Sulaimani city. Iraqi Kurdistan;the duration of study was 14 months and conducted after approval of Iraqi board ethical committee. One hundred cases were enrolled in the study: 52 of them were females and 48 were males;their ages ranged between 16 - 90 years;informed consent was taken from all patients;all patients underwent proper clinical evaluation;TUS, EUS and Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD), and in some of them (25 patients) Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), CT scan of abdomen and laboratory investigations were done. Results: EUS detected more cases with common bile duct (CBD) dilatation, CBD stones and pancreatic space occupying lesion (SOL) than TUS, but the differences in the results were not statistically significant. Also EUS detected more cases of intra-abdominal lymph nodes (LNs) and ampullary/peri-ampullary neoplasms than TUS and the differences in the results were statistically significant. Conclusions: Eus is more sensitive than TUS in diagnosing CBD dilatation;it has higher sensitivity than TUS in suspected pancreatobiliary neoplasms;furthermore, EUS can be used for staging and resectability assessment of pancreatobiliary neoplasia.展开更多
文摘The reservoir characterization of Butmah Formation (Early Jurassic) was studied in two wells: (AT-1) and (SH-1B) from Atrush and Shaikhan Oilfields respectively, in Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Well logs including;sonic, density, neutron, gamma ray, and resistivity, were employed to investigate the formation. The petrophysical properties, such as lithology, shale volume, porosity, water saturation, hydrocarbon saturation, and bulk water volume, were estimated using Interactive Petrophysics Software (IP). Water saturation, bulk volume of water, residual hydrocarbon, and movable hydrocarbon were plotted as Computer Processed Interpretation (CPI) for Butmah Formation in the studied wells. In order to check reliability of log data, lithology of the formation was detected using neutron-density cross plot and M-N cross plot. The results of log interpretation display that Butmah Formation is composed of dolomite, limestone with anhydrite and shale in the studied wells. The calculated shale volume shows low clay content. Therefore, Butmah Formation is considered as a clean formation in both wells. Porosity was estimated using porosity logs (sonic, density, and neutron) and had the average total porosity of (7% - 8%) in the two wells. Based on the determined petrophysical properties, particularly porosity and hydrocarbon saturation, it can be concluded that Butmah Formation seems potentially good in reserving oil.
文摘Iraq has suffered severely from drought in recent years and the year 2008 was the driest,particularly in the Iraqi Kurdistan region.This study incorporated Geoinformation technology into mapping the drought that severely affected the Kurdistan region in the years 20072008.Geoinformation technology provides support in the theories,methods and techniques for building,and development of Digital Earth aspect.Five vegetation,soil,water,and land surface temperature(LST)indices were applied to two Landsat 7 ETMimageries of June 2007 and June 2008,to assess the drought impacts in Erbil governorate Kurdistan during the study period.The indices that were employed in this study were Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,Bare Soil Index,Normalized Differential Water Index,Tasseled Cap Transformation Wetness,and LST.The results revealed a significant decrease in the vegetative cover(56.7%)and a decline in soil/vegetation wetness(29.9%)of the total study area.Likewise,there was a significant reduction in the water bodies surface area in the region such as Dokan Lake,which lost 32.5%of its surface area in comparison with the previous year,2007.The study results showed that the soil moisture content was the most effective actor on the vegetative cover,LST,and drought status in the study area.
文摘Undoubtedly, children are one of the biggest assets of any society and it is the duty of all authorities to have a systematic plan to educate the next generation and make a better life for children so that they can progress and be effective for their communities. In an effort, Kurdistan Regional Government （KRG） has adopted standards to improve the condition for children; however, there are challenges that remain, such as child abuse, child labor, children right＇s law, orphans, street children and etc.. In this paper, a descriptive-analytical method is used to discuss the general situation of children in today＇s Iraqi Kurdistan and the issues such as drug abuse, child labor, orphans and street children, forced marriages, sexual abuse, handicapped children, school dropouts, child soldiers, nutrition, immunization, female genital mutilation and etc. will be explained. The questions this research addresses are： How is the situation of children in Iraqi Kurdistan and what are their challenges？ Also, what is the KRG＇s strategy and through which ways can they make a better life for children and change their current status？ The author believes that nowadays, the KRG is trying to crack down on problems against children; however, their effort is not adequate and some other activities should be performed, one of which is passing the children＇s law against violence.
文摘Background: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and transadominal ultrasonography (TUS) are two imaging investigations which can be used to assess pancreatobiliary status, although both of these imaging techniques are operator and machine dependent, but they have different sensitivity and specificity in detecting pancreatobiliary diseases. Objective: To compare the diagnostic value of EUS versus TUS in the assessment of pancreatobiliary diseases. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in KCGH (Kurdistan Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology) in Sulaimani city. Iraqi Kurdistan;the duration of study was 14 months and conducted after approval of Iraqi board ethical committee. One hundred cases were enrolled in the study: 52 of them were females and 48 were males;their ages ranged between 16 - 90 years;informed consent was taken from all patients;all patients underwent proper clinical evaluation;TUS, EUS and Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD), and in some of them (25 patients) Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), CT scan of abdomen and laboratory investigations were done. Results: EUS detected more cases with common bile duct (CBD) dilatation, CBD stones and pancreatic space occupying lesion (SOL) than TUS, but the differences in the results were not statistically significant. Also EUS detected more cases of intra-abdominal lymph nodes (LNs) and ampullary/peri-ampullary neoplasms than TUS and the differences in the results were statistically significant. Conclusions: Eus is more sensitive than TUS in diagnosing CBD dilatation;it has higher sensitivity than TUS in suspected pancreatobiliary neoplasms;furthermore, EUS can be used for staging and resectability assessment of pancreatobiliary neoplasia.
