The Mahabad rhyolitic complex,mostly composed of rhyolite but also including granite and granodiorite,is exposed in NW Iran as a part of the Central Iran Block.Porphyritic,hyalo-porphyritic and spheroidal are the main...The Mahabad rhyolitic complex,mostly composed of rhyolite but also including granite and granodiorite,is exposed in NW Iran as a part of the Central Iran Block.Porphyritic,hyalo-porphyritic and spheroidal are the main textures of the studied samples of rhyolite.U-Pb zircon chronology on three samples of Mahabad rhyolitic complex yielded Cambrian to Ediacaran ages of 537.6±6.6 Ma,547.4±6.5 Ma and 556.2±7.1 Ma.Based on geochemical analyses,the original magma was high potassium calc-alkaline to shoshonitic.The rocks are enriched in LREEs relative to HREEs.Trace element patterns of Mahabad rhyolite normalized to chondrites show negative anomalies of high-fi eld-strength elements(Ti,Nb,Ta,Hf,Yb,Y and Zr)and high LREEs and large ion lithophile element contents(Rb,K,Th and Ba).^(208)Pb/^(204) Pb(36.7219–39.0367),^(207) Pb/^(204) Pb(15.4963–15.7669)and ^(206) Pb/^(204) Pb(16.9405–19.9567)ratios indicate an EM-II enriched mantle source for the rhyolite magma.Large variation ofεHf(t)from−5.2 to+4.5 points to a mantle source with crustal material contribution in the magma genesis.The rhyolitic magma erupted in an active continental margin.The formation of calc-alkaline high potassium magma was probably related to metasomatism of the mantle because of the north to south subduction of Proto-Tethys oceanic crust beneath the northern margin of Gondwana continental crust.展开更多
Background Mental disorders rank among the leading contributors to the global disease burden, with depressive disorders being among the most prevalent.Aims The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence, inc...Background Mental disorders rank among the leading contributors to the global disease burden, with depressive disorders being among the most prevalent.Aims The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) associated with depressive disorders, particularly major depressive disorder and dysthymia, in Iran from 1990 to 2021. To achieve this, the research focused on analysing these metrics across various dimensions, including temporal trends, sex differences, age categories and subnational regions.Methods The data used in this study are sourced directly from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, ensuring that the information is both authoritative and reliable. All-age count estimates and age-standardised rates (per 100 000) were calculated for prevalence, incidence and YLDs. The disease burden indicators were analysed for the period spanning from 1990 to 2021, stratified by sex, age and location. The percentage change between 1990 and 2021 was also documented. The 95% uncertainty interval (UI) was reported for each of the reported estimates.Results The prevalence of depressive disorders in Iran demonstrated a notable upward trend from 1990 to 2021, with the rate of growth being particularly pronounced within the country. The age-standardised prevalence rate per 100 000 individuals for depressive disorders in Iran was 5609 (95% UI 4810 to 6488). By 2021, the number of depression cases in Iran reached 5.2 million, which is approximately 2.37 times the figure reported in 1990. The prevalence of depressive disorders was notably higher among females compared with males. The age-standardised prevalence rate per 100 000 individuals for males was 4184 (95% UI 3545 to 4929). For females, this figure was significantly greater, reaching 7077 (95% UI 6115 to 8172). Out of the total reported cases of depressive disorders in Iran, 3.2 million were observed in females, while males accounted for 2 million cases.Conclusions The findings highlighted the considerable impact of depressive disorders in Iran, both nationally and regionally, while also revealing variations across sex and age groups. Given the shifts in the demographic structure and the growing burden of these disorders, it is essential to prioritise screening initiatives, education programmes and strategies aimed at enhancing mental health awareness and ensuring improved access to mental health services in health policy planning.展开更多
Background:Bordetella pertussis,the causative agent of whooping cough,is a significant contributor to recurrent persistent cough across all age groups,including vaccinated individuals.This seroepidemiological study ai...Background:Bordetella pertussis,the causative agent of whooping cough,is a significant contributor to recurrent persistent cough across all age groups,including vaccinated individuals.This seroepidemiological study aims to address the gap in understanding pertussis incidence by investigating its occurrence in individuals with persistent cough and describing the characteristics of affected patients admitted to clinical centers in Jahrom,Southwest Iran.Methods:This cross-sectional study enrolled 110 patients with a cough persisting for at least 2 weeks,admitted to clinical centers in Jahrom,Iran.Blood samples were collected at baseline and on day 21 of follow-up.Serum samples were analyzed for anti-pertussis toxin immunoglobulin G(anti-PT-IgG)levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Demographic factors,including age,gender,occupation,area of residence,and family size,were also evaluated.Results:Among the 110 participants,77(70%)were female,and seven patients(6.4%)tested seropositive for anti-PT-IgG.No significant associations were observed between pertussis incidence and the analyzed variables,including age,gender,occupation,area of residence(urban vs.rural),and family size(p>0.05).These findings underscore the importance of enhancing vaccination coverage to reduce the prevalence of B.pertussis in the community.Conclusion:This study highlights the occurrence of pertussis in individuals presenting solely with a persistent cough,absent of classic symptoms.The findings emphasize the need for healthcare providers to conduct detailed assessments and utilize rapid diagnostic methods for timely detection.This is particularly crucial in regions with high vaccination rates but limited awareness of pertussis recurrence.展开更多
AIM:To examine whether rs2472493 and rs248032 in the ABCA1 gene,rs3785176 in the PMM2 gene,and rs11827818 in the ARHGEF12 gene contribute to primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)in an Iranian population.METHODS:Totally 82...AIM:To examine whether rs2472493 and rs248032 in the ABCA1 gene,rs3785176 in the PMM2 gene,and rs11827818 in the ARHGEF12 gene contribute to primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)in an Iranian population.METHODS:Totally 82 POAG patients and 172 healthy controls were enrolled.The selected gene polymorphisms were analyzed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay using deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)extracted from blood samples.Allelic and genotypic frequencies were evaluated using the Chi-square test.The association between the genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and POAG was assessed using multiple logistic regression models.The linkage disequilibrium and haplotype block structure were assessed using the Haploview 4.2 software.RESULTS:The results showed a significant association between allele frequencies of rs2472493 in the ABCA1 gene locus and POAG[odds ratio(OR)=1.58,95%confidence intervals(CI)=1.04-2.39,P=0.031].The rs3785176 in the PMM2 gene was also associated with POAG in additive and over dominant genotypes.Moreover,haplotype analysis showed a significant association of two estimated haplotypes of rs2472493/rs2487032 with POAG.The AA haplotype showed a reduction in POAG risk(OR=0.41,95%CI=0.202-0.834,P=0.012),while the GG haplotype was associated with the disease.In addition,this study could not discover any association between genotype and allele frequency of rs248032 in the ABCA1 gene,and rs11827818 in ARHGEF12 gene and POAG.CONCLUSION:rs2472493 in the ABCA1 gene can be considered a genetic susceptibility locus for POAG.The haplotype constructed with ABCA1 gene SNPs(rs2472493/rs2487032)is associated with POAG.展开更多
Evaluation of active tectonism by means of geomorphic indices has provided crucial semi-quantitative data for evaluating seismic hazards in a fault zone in a semiarid area of the Zagros Mountains of Iran where tectoni...Evaluation of active tectonism by means of geomorphic indices has provided crucial semi-quantitative data for evaluating seismic hazards in a fault zone in a semiarid area of the Zagros Mountains of Iran where tectonic rates are low-to-moderate and there are few Quaternary dates. Quaternary activity along the seismically active but poorly understood Sabzpushan fault zone （SFZ） has been investigated. The SFZ consists of two dextral strike-slip faults, the Zafarabad and Kafari faults. Geomorphic indices including mountain front sinuosity, valley asymmetry factor, hypsometric integral, valley floor width to valley height ratio and stream length gradient index were used to assess the effects of active reverse faults which control the topographic relief and Quaternary activity. Geomorphometric and field evidence reveal that the Quaternary activity and topographic relief of the study area are controlled by two reverse faults, the North and South Sabzpushan reverse faults, which have formed a pop-up structure in the contractional step-over area between the Zafarabad and Kafari dextral strikeslip faults as a consequence of oblique convergence between the Afro-Arabian and Iranian plates accommodated by the North and South Sabzpushan thrust faults.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： There is increasing interest in complementary and alternative medicine generally, and especially by those affected by chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. We aimed to determine the prevalence and p...OBJECTIVE： There is increasing interest in complementary and alternative medicine generally, and especially by those affected by chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. We aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of complementary and altemative medicine use among patients suffering from diabetes mellitus in Shiraz, southern Iran. Another objective was to explore associated factors for use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS： A 19-item semi-structured questionnaire （open- and close-ended） was administered to 239 patients with diabetes mellitus in this cross-sectional study. It was carried out in two outpatient diabetes clinics affiliated with the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. RESULTS： One hundred and eighty patients （75.3%） used at least one type of complementary and alternative medicine in the last year prior to the interview. Patients with diabetes mellitus who were living in a large family （〉 5 members）, not taking insulin, and believed that complementary and alternative medicine have synergistic effects with conventional medicine, were independently and significantly （P values： 0.02, 0.04, and 0.01, respectively） more likely to use complementary and alternative medicine. Most of the users （97.7%） reported use of herbal preparations, and 89.4% of users did not change their medication, neither in medication schedule nor its dosage. CONCLUSION： The use of complementary and alternative medicine, especially herbal remedies, is popular among diabetes patients in Shiraz, Iran. This use is associated with patients＇ family size, type of conventional medications and their view about concomitant use of complementary and conventional medicine.展开更多
The subfamily Panchaetothripinae Bagnall is one of the 4 subfamilies in the family Thripidae. This subfamily includes 6 species in 5 genera in Iran. In this paper, the monobasic genus Selenothrips Kamy is recorded in ...The subfamily Panchaetothripinae Bagnall is one of the 4 subfamilies in the family Thripidae. This subfamily includes 6 species in 5 genera in Iran. In this paper, the monobasic genus Selenothrips Kamy is recorded in Iran for the first time. A key is provided for identifying these 6 genera with comments on each genus and its species. The geographical distribution is provided for 7 species occurring in Iran.展开更多
Abundant ichthyoid remains, conodonts and holothurians sclerites were recovered near the Permian/Triassic boundary from a section south of Isfahan. Recovered ichthyoid remains include shark micro teeth and scales. The...Abundant ichthyoid remains, conodonts and holothurians sclerites were recovered near the Permian/Triassic boundary from a section south of Isfahan. Recovered ichthyoid remains include shark micro teeth and scales. The ichthyolith material is similar to a Fasanian ichthyolith from the Zakazane area in the Slovak karst of the Western Carpathians, which represents a subspecies of Acodina triassica . Conodont species are mostly neogondolellids. This fauna indicates that the sedimentary environment was marine, while to the north of localities near Isfahan and Zagross, terrestrial deposition was dominant at that time. Aluminasilicate and kaolin are present in a continental unit in Dopolan refractory main (Shahid Nilchian mine) and a section south of Chahriseh Village, north of Isfahan. Pisolitie, ironstone facies and bauxite clay are common near the Permian/Triassic boundary in the Chahriseh region.展开更多
In this study, 465 m of Tarbur Formation in Tang-e Kushk and east of Sarvestan area stratigraphic sections are studied and 185 thin sections are provided and analyzed. Based on lithostratigraphic studies, Tarbur Forma...In this study, 465 m of Tarbur Formation in Tang-e Kushk and east of Sarvestan area stratigraphic sections are studied and 185 thin sections are provided and analyzed. Based on lithostratigraphic studies, Tarbur Formation in these two stratigraphic sections is divided into upper and lower parts. Lower part includes medium-bedded rudist limestones which is consist of iron nod- ules with Gastropoda. Upper part is made of light grey massive organodetrital limestone. Identified foraminifers of both studied sections are comprised of： Orbitoides media, Orbitoides triangularis, Orbi- tomes tissoti, Orbitoides orientalis, Orbitoides apiculata, Antalyna korayi, Rotalia skourensis, Dicyclina schlumbergeri, Nezzazatinella sp., Omphalocyclus macroporus, Trochospira sp., Siderolites calcitrapoides, Broeckinella sp., Lepidorbitoides socialis, Gavelinella pertusa, are detected, and also it has Dasycladacea of Salpingoporella dinarica, Salpingoporella turgida, Salpingoporella sp.. According to diagnosed fo- raminifera, the are determination of Tarbur Formation is assigned to Upper Maastrichtian.展开更多
Three thrips-attacking parasitoids,Ceranisus menes（Walker,1839）,C.planitianus Erds,1966 and C.amanosus Doganlar et al.,2009,are recorded from Iran for the first time.This also represents the first record of the genu...Three thrips-attacking parasitoids,Ceranisus menes（Walker,1839）,C.planitianus Erds,1966 and C.amanosus Doganlar et al.,2009,are recorded from Iran for the first time.This also represents the first record of the genus Ceranisus Walker,1841 for Iran.Identification of the two sibling species,C.amanosus Doganlar et al.,2009 and C.udnamtak Tryapitsin,2005,is briefly discussed.展开更多
A preliminary study on petrological features of igneous rocks was carried out in northern Golpayegan, Iran, in an area of about 60 km 2. According to the limited available data the sequence of the magma activity coul...A preliminary study on petrological features of igneous rocks was carried out in northern Golpayegan, Iran, in an area of about 60 km 2. According to the limited available data the sequence of the magma activity could be considered as follows: (1) Precambrian (?) granite connected with a continental continental collision event, (2) Precambrian (?) syenite emplaced at a post continental continental collision environment, (3) Cretaceous volcanic rocks generated by a local extensional system at an active continental margin and (4) Cenozoic doleritic veins generated in a post collision event. Geochemical characteristics of the granitic intrusion show that it originated from crust and belongs to S type one. Syenitic body consists of syenitic affinities ranging from alkali syenite to syenodiorite. These rocks were cut by Cenozoic doleritic veins, which consist of dolerite and olivine dolerite. Both syenite and dolerite are thought to originate from upper mantle but their ages are different. Cretaceous volcanic rocks include basalt, andesite, trachyandesite, trachyte and tuff. They are compositionally alkaline and erupted in a shallow graben basin. Their eruption has been in connection with deep seated faults, which brought out the magma from the source.展开更多
The Qooshchi area lies to northwest of Orumieh Lake in western Azerb ai jan, NW Iran. A basement metamorphic complex, consisting of Precambrian schists and gneisses, has been intruded by gabbros and diorites. Granito...The Qooshchi area lies to northwest of Orumieh Lake in western Azerb ai jan, NW Iran. A basement metamorphic complex, consisting of Precambrian schists and gneisses, has been intruded by gabbros and diorites. Granitoids are grouped into five suites according to their mineralogy, texture and exposed features. Th e main body, pink Qooshchi granite, and apophyse like, myrmekite bearing grani toids are discussed in this paper. On the basis of field observations and micros copic studies, an intensive metasomatism has overprinted the country rocks, espe cially gabbros, transforming them into a more felsic composition. A prior ev ent of intensive deformation and cataclasis preceded the metasomatism, allowing the introduction of hydrothermal fluids. K metasomatism converted plagioclase i nto K feldspar (microcline), myrmekite, and sodic plagioclase as Si metasomati sm replaced the ferromagnesian silicates by quartz. Apophyse like bodies within gabbros, called leucometasomatites, are formed during this process.展开更多
The paper reports 8 species of 7 genera of Encyrtidae, i. e. Anagyrus pseudococci, Cheiloneurus ceroplastis, Dusmetia fascipennis, Homalotylus ephippium associated with scale insects on trees, Isodromus atriventris...The paper reports 8 species of 7 genera of Encyrtidae, i. e. Anagyrus pseudococci, Cheiloneurus ceroplastis, Dusmetia fascipennis, Homalotylus ephippium associated with scale insects on trees, Isodromus atriventris, Isodromus collimaculatus sp. nov., Ooencyrtus kuvanae associated with lacewing insects, and Syrphophagus aeruginosus , a parasitoid of Syrphids. All specimens are deposited in the Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.展开更多
Poultry breeding in a traditional and open environment will carry a great potential of causing parasitic infections in poultry At the present study, 110 domestic poultry were gathered randomly from wet areas （Gorgan,...Poultry breeding in a traditional and open environment will carry a great potential of causing parasitic infections in poultry At the present study, 110 domestic poultry were gathered randomly from wet areas （Gorgan, Minoodasht, Azadshahr, Ali Abad Katool, Kalaleh, Galikesh） and dry areas （Gonbad Kavoos, Agh Ghala） of Golestan province in 1388s. After dissecting, their bronchial tube and digestive system were examined for presenting of parasitic helminthes. Consequently, the rate of parasitic infection in domestic poultry was 92.73% which comprised： Heterakis gallinarum （18.18%）, Subulura brumpti （7.27%）, Acuaria spiralis （15.45%）, Capillaria sp （1.81%）, Ascaridia galli （48.18%）, Syngamus trachea （15.45%）, Syngamus trachea sp （2.73%）, Choanotaenia infundibulum （11.81%）, Raillietina tetragona （53.63%）, Raillietina cesticyllus （14.45%）, Raillietina echinobothrida （25.45%） Drepanidotaenia lanceolata （1.81%）. It is also necessary to cite that there is no relevance between helminth infection and age （P = 0.178）, species （P = 0.278） and geographical zone （P = 0.504）. Therefore, in order to reduce the parasitic infection, performing a directorial system beside the efforts for reducing its potentiality is extremely necessary.展开更多
Influenza type A, is an avian disease with a complicated ecology and transmission routes in verity of avian and mammalian species. The present study aimed to demonstrate the characteristic, clinical and experimental f...Influenza type A, is an avian disease with a complicated ecology and transmission routes in verity of avian and mammalian species. The present study aimed to demonstrate the characteristic, clinical and experimental features as well as pathogenecity of Avian Influenza Virus H5N2 through a laboratory-based experiment in western Iran. A post-mortem examination of experimentally chickens was undertaken in 2007. Overall 25 local native chickens including 15 layers and 10 roosters suspected with AI infection as well as 50 experimental chickens were studied. The virus was isolated from the embryonated specific pathogen-free （SPF） chicken eggs. There was an embryo mortality rate of 71% within 48 hours post inoculation （PI）. Hemagglutinin （HA） inhibition titres against AIV subtype H5N2 in the layers ranged from 4.20 to 4.75 （acute） and 6.21 to 7.82 （convalescent）. Accumulated mucous in trachea of the dissected birds, congested lungs, atrophied bursa, haemorrhagic cecal tonsils and inflamed thymus were the main clinical symptoms. Thickened and infected air sacs, pre hepatitis and enteritis signs were also observed, in experimental birds, the eyes＇ colour became red and the eyelashes were almost double in diameters after being infected. The AI virus found in the present study was classified as a highly pathogenic avian influenza.展开更多
Safflower （Carthamus tinctorius） has its own limited factors, especially insect pests. There are several injurious insect pests reported from various safflower growing areas in Iran, causing severe and economical lo...Safflower （Carthamus tinctorius） has its own limited factors, especially insect pests. There are several injurious insect pests reported from various safflower growing areas in Iran, causing severe and economical losses on various parts of safflower plants. They are safflower Budfly and capsulfly （Acanthiophilus helianthi）, aphid （Uroleucon carthami）, green leafhopper （Empoasca decipiens）, ground bug （Oxycarneus pallens）, grampod borer and capsule borer or bordered straw （Heliothis （and or Heliocaverpa） peltigera）, red spider mite and two spotted spider mite （Tetranychus urtica）, beet armyworm （Spodoptera exigua）, scarab beetle （Tropinota （and or Epicometis） hirta）, Egyptian cotton leaf （Spodoptera littoralis）, cotton boll worm （Heliothi absouleta） and so on. The other reported safflower insect pests from other countries are wireworms （Limonius spp.）, lygus bugs （Lygus hesperus）, flower thrips （Eastern or Western） or onion thrips （Thrips tabaci）, and seed corn maggots （Delia platura）, sunflower moths （Helianthus annuus） and Caterpillar （Perigaea capensis） are the serious pests of this crop. The other reports showed that some stored-product insects are capable of establishing infestations in safflower seeds and seed meal under suitable conditions. Only Lasiaderma serricorne, Stegobium penliceum, and the four species of Trogodema were to be as the infectious pests. Safflower is also attractive to several beneficial insects, including lady beetles and lacewings that may provide insect control in surrounding fields.展开更多
Within the wide distribution of Lenkoran in Iran, populations of the species inhabit variety of habitats. The authors hypothesized that each river may contribute to habitat-specific variation in life history of the fi...Within the wide distribution of Lenkoran in Iran, populations of the species inhabit variety of habitats. The authors hypothesized that each river may contribute to habitat-specific variation in life history of the fish. To test this, a total of 378 specimens of Capoeta capoeta gracilis caught in the Atrak river （northern Iran） from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2008 were examined for life history attributes. The population has a 5-year life cycle. Weight-length relationship （WLR） was estimated as W = 0.0127TL28981 for males, W = 0.0083TL3998 for females and W = 0.0084TL3942 for the population, being allometric negative for males and positive for females and the population. The VBGF fit to back-calculated size at age data were： Lt = 22.11 （1-e-0.19（t＋135））, Lt = 25.37 （1-e-0.18（t＋125）） and Lt = 24.92 （1-e-018（1＋122）） for males, females and sexes combined respectively. Sex ratio was significant from the parity, females dominated. The reproductive season, evaluated from GSI, extended from Apr. to July, with the highest peak in May for males and in Apr. for females. The absolute fecundity ranged between 458-5,743 eggs with a mean of 1,375.06 eggs. Fecundity relative to total weight fluctuated from 14.90 to 132.58, with a mean value of 48.79 eggs·g-1. The diameter of oocytes ranged from 0.53 to 2.40 mm with a mean value of 1.46. The life history patterns of C. c. gracilis in the considered population imply that the many population characteristics of this species in the river differ markedly from those of other rivers of its range distribution in northern Iran. Probably, respond to environmental characteristics to improve fitness locally is the more suitable choice for differentiated life history strategies of the species in the river.展开更多
文摘The Mahabad rhyolitic complex,mostly composed of rhyolite but also including granite and granodiorite,is exposed in NW Iran as a part of the Central Iran Block.Porphyritic,hyalo-porphyritic and spheroidal are the main textures of the studied samples of rhyolite.U-Pb zircon chronology on three samples of Mahabad rhyolitic complex yielded Cambrian to Ediacaran ages of 537.6±6.6 Ma,547.4±6.5 Ma and 556.2±7.1 Ma.Based on geochemical analyses,the original magma was high potassium calc-alkaline to shoshonitic.The rocks are enriched in LREEs relative to HREEs.Trace element patterns of Mahabad rhyolite normalized to chondrites show negative anomalies of high-fi eld-strength elements(Ti,Nb,Ta,Hf,Yb,Y and Zr)and high LREEs and large ion lithophile element contents(Rb,K,Th and Ba).^(208)Pb/^(204) Pb(36.7219–39.0367),^(207) Pb/^(204) Pb(15.4963–15.7669)and ^(206) Pb/^(204) Pb(16.9405–19.9567)ratios indicate an EM-II enriched mantle source for the rhyolite magma.Large variation ofεHf(t)from−5.2 to+4.5 points to a mantle source with crustal material contribution in the magma genesis.The rhyolitic magma erupted in an active continental margin.The formation of calc-alkaline high potassium magma was probably related to metasomatism of the mantle because of the north to south subduction of Proto-Tethys oceanic crust beneath the northern margin of Gondwana continental crust.
文摘Background Mental disorders rank among the leading contributors to the global disease burden, with depressive disorders being among the most prevalent.Aims The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) associated with depressive disorders, particularly major depressive disorder and dysthymia, in Iran from 1990 to 2021. To achieve this, the research focused on analysing these metrics across various dimensions, including temporal trends, sex differences, age categories and subnational regions.Methods The data used in this study are sourced directly from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, ensuring that the information is both authoritative and reliable. All-age count estimates and age-standardised rates (per 100 000) were calculated for prevalence, incidence and YLDs. The disease burden indicators were analysed for the period spanning from 1990 to 2021, stratified by sex, age and location. The percentage change between 1990 and 2021 was also documented. The 95% uncertainty interval (UI) was reported for each of the reported estimates.Results The prevalence of depressive disorders in Iran demonstrated a notable upward trend from 1990 to 2021, with the rate of growth being particularly pronounced within the country. The age-standardised prevalence rate per 100 000 individuals for depressive disorders in Iran was 5609 (95% UI 4810 to 6488). By 2021, the number of depression cases in Iran reached 5.2 million, which is approximately 2.37 times the figure reported in 1990. The prevalence of depressive disorders was notably higher among females compared with males. The age-standardised prevalence rate per 100 000 individuals for males was 4184 (95% UI 3545 to 4929). For females, this figure was significantly greater, reaching 7077 (95% UI 6115 to 8172). Out of the total reported cases of depressive disorders in Iran, 3.2 million were observed in females, while males accounted for 2 million cases.Conclusions The findings highlighted the considerable impact of depressive disorders in Iran, both nationally and regionally, while also revealing variations across sex and age groups. Given the shifts in the demographic structure and the growing burden of these disorders, it is essential to prioritise screening initiatives, education programmes and strategies aimed at enhancing mental health awareness and ensuring improved access to mental health services in health policy planning.
文摘Background:Bordetella pertussis,the causative agent of whooping cough,is a significant contributor to recurrent persistent cough across all age groups,including vaccinated individuals.This seroepidemiological study aims to address the gap in understanding pertussis incidence by investigating its occurrence in individuals with persistent cough and describing the characteristics of affected patients admitted to clinical centers in Jahrom,Southwest Iran.Methods:This cross-sectional study enrolled 110 patients with a cough persisting for at least 2 weeks,admitted to clinical centers in Jahrom,Iran.Blood samples were collected at baseline and on day 21 of follow-up.Serum samples were analyzed for anti-pertussis toxin immunoglobulin G(anti-PT-IgG)levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Demographic factors,including age,gender,occupation,area of residence,and family size,were also evaluated.Results:Among the 110 participants,77(70%)were female,and seven patients(6.4%)tested seropositive for anti-PT-IgG.No significant associations were observed between pertussis incidence and the analyzed variables,including age,gender,occupation,area of residence(urban vs.rural),and family size(p>0.05).These findings underscore the importance of enhancing vaccination coverage to reduce the prevalence of B.pertussis in the community.Conclusion:This study highlights the occurrence of pertussis in individuals presenting solely with a persistent cough,absent of classic symptoms.The findings emphasize the need for healthcare providers to conduct detailed assessments and utilize rapid diagnostic methods for timely detection.This is particularly crucial in regions with high vaccination rates but limited awareness of pertussis recurrence.
基金Supported by the Noor Ophthalmology Research Center and Shahroud University of Medical Sciences(No.9449)Shahroud University of Medical Sciences(No.9449)Shahroud Eye Cohort Study is supported by the Noor Ophthalmology Research Center and Shahroud University of Medical Sciences(No.8737).
文摘AIM:To examine whether rs2472493 and rs248032 in the ABCA1 gene,rs3785176 in the PMM2 gene,and rs11827818 in the ARHGEF12 gene contribute to primary open angle glaucoma(POAG)in an Iranian population.METHODS:Totally 82 POAG patients and 172 healthy controls were enrolled.The selected gene polymorphisms were analyzed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assay using deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)extracted from blood samples.Allelic and genotypic frequencies were evaluated using the Chi-square test.The association between the genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and POAG was assessed using multiple logistic regression models.The linkage disequilibrium and haplotype block structure were assessed using the Haploview 4.2 software.RESULTS:The results showed a significant association between allele frequencies of rs2472493 in the ABCA1 gene locus and POAG[odds ratio(OR)=1.58,95%confidence intervals(CI)=1.04-2.39,P=0.031].The rs3785176 in the PMM2 gene was also associated with POAG in additive and over dominant genotypes.Moreover,haplotype analysis showed a significant association of two estimated haplotypes of rs2472493/rs2487032 with POAG.The AA haplotype showed a reduction in POAG risk(OR=0.41,95%CI=0.202-0.834,P=0.012),while the GG haplotype was associated with the disease.In addition,this study could not discover any association between genotype and allele frequency of rs248032 in the ABCA1 gene,and rs11827818 in ARHGEF12 gene and POAG.CONCLUSION:rs2472493 in the ABCA1 gene can be considered a genetic susceptibility locus for POAG.The haplotype constructed with ABCA1 gene SNPs(rs2472493/rs2487032)is associated with POAG.
基金The Research Council of Shiraz University and Center of Excellence for Environmental Geology provided support for the project
文摘Evaluation of active tectonism by means of geomorphic indices has provided crucial semi-quantitative data for evaluating seismic hazards in a fault zone in a semiarid area of the Zagros Mountains of Iran where tectonic rates are low-to-moderate and there are few Quaternary dates. Quaternary activity along the seismically active but poorly understood Sabzpushan fault zone （SFZ） has been investigated. The SFZ consists of two dextral strike-slip faults, the Zafarabad and Kafari faults. Geomorphic indices including mountain front sinuosity, valley asymmetry factor, hypsometric integral, valley floor width to valley height ratio and stream length gradient index were used to assess the effects of active reverse faults which control the topographic relief and Quaternary activity. Geomorphometric and field evidence reveal that the Quaternary activity and topographic relief of the study area are controlled by two reverse faults, the North and South Sabzpushan reverse faults, which have formed a pop-up structure in the contractional step-over area between the Zafarabad and Kafari dextral strikeslip faults as a consequence of oblique convergence between the Afro-Arabian and Iranian plates accommodated by the North and South Sabzpushan thrust faults.
文摘OBJECTIVE： There is increasing interest in complementary and alternative medicine generally, and especially by those affected by chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus. We aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of complementary and altemative medicine use among patients suffering from diabetes mellitus in Shiraz, southern Iran. Another objective was to explore associated factors for use of complementary and alternative medicine among patients with diabetes mellitus. METHODS： A 19-item semi-structured questionnaire （open- and close-ended） was administered to 239 patients with diabetes mellitus in this cross-sectional study. It was carried out in two outpatient diabetes clinics affiliated with the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. RESULTS： One hundred and eighty patients （75.3%） used at least one type of complementary and alternative medicine in the last year prior to the interview. Patients with diabetes mellitus who were living in a large family （〉 5 members）, not taking insulin, and believed that complementary and alternative medicine have synergistic effects with conventional medicine, were independently and significantly （P values： 0.02, 0.04, and 0.01, respectively） more likely to use complementary and alternative medicine. Most of the users （97.7%） reported use of herbal preparations, and 89.4% of users did not change their medication, neither in medication schedule nor its dosage. CONCLUSION： The use of complementary and alternative medicine, especially herbal remedies, is popular among diabetes patients in Shiraz, Iran. This use is associated with patients＇ family size, type of conventional medications and their view about concomitant use of complementary and conventional medicine.
文摘The subfamily Panchaetothripinae Bagnall is one of the 4 subfamilies in the family Thripidae. This subfamily includes 6 species in 5 genera in Iran. In this paper, the monobasic genus Selenothrips Kamy is recorded in Iran for the first time. A key is provided for identifying these 6 genera with comments on each genus and its species. The geographical distribution is provided for 7 species occurring in Iran.
文摘Abundant ichthyoid remains, conodonts and holothurians sclerites were recovered near the Permian/Triassic boundary from a section south of Isfahan. Recovered ichthyoid remains include shark micro teeth and scales. The ichthyolith material is similar to a Fasanian ichthyolith from the Zakazane area in the Slovak karst of the Western Carpathians, which represents a subspecies of Acodina triassica . Conodont species are mostly neogondolellids. This fauna indicates that the sedimentary environment was marine, while to the north of localities near Isfahan and Zagross, terrestrial deposition was dominant at that time. Aluminasilicate and kaolin are present in a continental unit in Dopolan refractory main (Shahid Nilchian mine) and a section south of Chahriseh Village, north of Isfahan. Pisolitie, ironstone facies and bauxite clay are common near the Permian/Triassic boundary in the Chahriseh region.
文摘In this study, 465 m of Tarbur Formation in Tang-e Kushk and east of Sarvestan area stratigraphic sections are studied and 185 thin sections are provided and analyzed. Based on lithostratigraphic studies, Tarbur Formation in these two stratigraphic sections is divided into upper and lower parts. Lower part includes medium-bedded rudist limestones which is consist of iron nod- ules with Gastropoda. Upper part is made of light grey massive organodetrital limestone. Identified foraminifers of both studied sections are comprised of： Orbitoides media, Orbitoides triangularis, Orbi- tomes tissoti, Orbitoides orientalis, Orbitoides apiculata, Antalyna korayi, Rotalia skourensis, Dicyclina schlumbergeri, Nezzazatinella sp., Omphalocyclus macroporus, Trochospira sp., Siderolites calcitrapoides, Broeckinella sp., Lepidorbitoides socialis, Gavelinella pertusa, are detected, and also it has Dasycladacea of Salpingoporella dinarica, Salpingoporella turgida, Salpingoporella sp.. According to diagnosed fo- raminifera, the are determination of Tarbur Formation is assigned to Upper Maastrichtian.
文摘Three thrips-attacking parasitoids,Ceranisus menes（Walker,1839）,C.planitianus Erds,1966 and C.amanosus Doganlar et al.,2009,are recorded from Iran for the first time.This also represents the first record of the genus Ceranisus Walker,1841 for Iran.Identification of the two sibling species,C.amanosus Doganlar et al.,2009 and C.udnamtak Tryapitsin,2005,is briefly discussed.
文摘A preliminary study on petrological features of igneous rocks was carried out in northern Golpayegan, Iran, in an area of about 60 km 2. According to the limited available data the sequence of the magma activity could be considered as follows: (1) Precambrian (?) granite connected with a continental continental collision event, (2) Precambrian (?) syenite emplaced at a post continental continental collision environment, (3) Cretaceous volcanic rocks generated by a local extensional system at an active continental margin and (4) Cenozoic doleritic veins generated in a post collision event. Geochemical characteristics of the granitic intrusion show that it originated from crust and belongs to S type one. Syenitic body consists of syenitic affinities ranging from alkali syenite to syenodiorite. These rocks were cut by Cenozoic doleritic veins, which consist of dolerite and olivine dolerite. Both syenite and dolerite are thought to originate from upper mantle but their ages are different. Cretaceous volcanic rocks include basalt, andesite, trachyandesite, trachyte and tuff. They are compositionally alkaline and erupted in a shallow graben basin. Their eruption has been in connection with deep seated faults, which brought out the magma from the source.
文摘The Qooshchi area lies to northwest of Orumieh Lake in western Azerb ai jan, NW Iran. A basement metamorphic complex, consisting of Precambrian schists and gneisses, has been intruded by gabbros and diorites. Granitoids are grouped into five suites according to their mineralogy, texture and exposed features. Th e main body, pink Qooshchi granite, and apophyse like, myrmekite bearing grani toids are discussed in this paper. On the basis of field observations and micros copic studies, an intensive metasomatism has overprinted the country rocks, espe cially gabbros, transforming them into a more felsic composition. A prior ev ent of intensive deformation and cataclasis preceded the metasomatism, allowing the introduction of hydrothermal fluids. K metasomatism converted plagioclase i nto K feldspar (microcline), myrmekite, and sodic plagioclase as Si metasomati sm replaced the ferromagnesian silicates by quartz. Apophyse like bodies within gabbros, called leucometasomatites, are formed during this process.
基金Project funded by National Fund of Natural Science P.R.China!No.39970 620
文摘The paper reports 8 species of 7 genera of Encyrtidae, i. e. Anagyrus pseudococci, Cheiloneurus ceroplastis, Dusmetia fascipennis, Homalotylus ephippium associated with scale insects on trees, Isodromus atriventris, Isodromus collimaculatus sp. nov., Ooencyrtus kuvanae associated with lacewing insects, and Syrphophagus aeruginosus , a parasitoid of Syrphids. All specimens are deposited in the Department of Plant Protection, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
文摘Poultry breeding in a traditional and open environment will carry a great potential of causing parasitic infections in poultry At the present study, 110 domestic poultry were gathered randomly from wet areas （Gorgan, Minoodasht, Azadshahr, Ali Abad Katool, Kalaleh, Galikesh） and dry areas （Gonbad Kavoos, Agh Ghala） of Golestan province in 1388s. After dissecting, their bronchial tube and digestive system were examined for presenting of parasitic helminthes. Consequently, the rate of parasitic infection in domestic poultry was 92.73% which comprised： Heterakis gallinarum （18.18%）, Subulura brumpti （7.27%）, Acuaria spiralis （15.45%）, Capillaria sp （1.81%）, Ascaridia galli （48.18%）, Syngamus trachea （15.45%）, Syngamus trachea sp （2.73%）, Choanotaenia infundibulum （11.81%）, Raillietina tetragona （53.63%）, Raillietina cesticyllus （14.45%）, Raillietina echinobothrida （25.45%） Drepanidotaenia lanceolata （1.81%）. It is also necessary to cite that there is no relevance between helminth infection and age （P = 0.178）, species （P = 0.278） and geographical zone （P = 0.504）. Therefore, in order to reduce the parasitic infection, performing a directorial system beside the efforts for reducing its potentiality is extremely necessary.
文摘Influenza type A, is an avian disease with a complicated ecology and transmission routes in verity of avian and mammalian species. The present study aimed to demonstrate the characteristic, clinical and experimental features as well as pathogenecity of Avian Influenza Virus H5N2 through a laboratory-based experiment in western Iran. A post-mortem examination of experimentally chickens was undertaken in 2007. Overall 25 local native chickens including 15 layers and 10 roosters suspected with AI infection as well as 50 experimental chickens were studied. The virus was isolated from the embryonated specific pathogen-free （SPF） chicken eggs. There was an embryo mortality rate of 71% within 48 hours post inoculation （PI）. Hemagglutinin （HA） inhibition titres against AIV subtype H5N2 in the layers ranged from 4.20 to 4.75 （acute） and 6.21 to 7.82 （convalescent）. Accumulated mucous in trachea of the dissected birds, congested lungs, atrophied bursa, haemorrhagic cecal tonsils and inflamed thymus were the main clinical symptoms. Thickened and infected air sacs, pre hepatitis and enteritis signs were also observed, in experimental birds, the eyes＇ colour became red and the eyelashes were almost double in diameters after being infected. The AI virus found in the present study was classified as a highly pathogenic avian influenza.
文摘Safflower （Carthamus tinctorius） has its own limited factors, especially insect pests. There are several injurious insect pests reported from various safflower growing areas in Iran, causing severe and economical losses on various parts of safflower plants. They are safflower Budfly and capsulfly （Acanthiophilus helianthi）, aphid （Uroleucon carthami）, green leafhopper （Empoasca decipiens）, ground bug （Oxycarneus pallens）, grampod borer and capsule borer or bordered straw （Heliothis （and or Heliocaverpa） peltigera）, red spider mite and two spotted spider mite （Tetranychus urtica）, beet armyworm （Spodoptera exigua）, scarab beetle （Tropinota （and or Epicometis） hirta）, Egyptian cotton leaf （Spodoptera littoralis）, cotton boll worm （Heliothi absouleta） and so on. The other reported safflower insect pests from other countries are wireworms （Limonius spp.）, lygus bugs （Lygus hesperus）, flower thrips （Eastern or Western） or onion thrips （Thrips tabaci）, and seed corn maggots （Delia platura）, sunflower moths （Helianthus annuus） and Caterpillar （Perigaea capensis） are the serious pests of this crop. The other reports showed that some stored-product insects are capable of establishing infestations in safflower seeds and seed meal under suitable conditions. Only Lasiaderma serricorne, Stegobium penliceum, and the four species of Trogodema were to be as the infectious pests. Safflower is also attractive to several beneficial insects, including lady beetles and lacewings that may provide insect control in surrounding fields.
文摘Within the wide distribution of Lenkoran in Iran, populations of the species inhabit variety of habitats. The authors hypothesized that each river may contribute to habitat-specific variation in life history of the fish. To test this, a total of 378 specimens of Capoeta capoeta gracilis caught in the Atrak river （northern Iran） from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2008 were examined for life history attributes. The population has a 5-year life cycle. Weight-length relationship （WLR） was estimated as W = 0.0127TL28981 for males, W = 0.0083TL3998 for females and W = 0.0084TL3942 for the population, being allometric negative for males and positive for females and the population. The VBGF fit to back-calculated size at age data were： Lt = 22.11 （1-e-0.19（t＋135））, Lt = 25.37 （1-e-0.18（t＋125）） and Lt = 24.92 （1-e-018（1＋122）） for males, females and sexes combined respectively. Sex ratio was significant from the parity, females dominated. The reproductive season, evaluated from GSI, extended from Apr. to July, with the highest peak in May for males and in Apr. for females. The absolute fecundity ranged between 458-5,743 eggs with a mean of 1,375.06 eggs. Fecundity relative to total weight fluctuated from 14.90 to 132.58, with a mean value of 48.79 eggs·g-1. The diameter of oocytes ranged from 0.53 to 2.40 mm with a mean value of 1.46. The life history patterns of C. c. gracilis in the considered population imply that the many population characteristics of this species in the river differ markedly from those of other rivers of its range distribution in northern Iran. Probably, respond to environmental characteristics to improve fitness locally is the more suitable choice for differentiated life history strategies of the species in the river.
