The search for safer next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has driven significant research on non-toxic,non-flammable solid electrolytes.However,their electrochemical performance often falls short.This work prese...The search for safer next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has driven significant research on non-toxic,non-flammable solid electrolytes.However,their electrochemical performance often falls short.This work presents a simple,one-step photopolymerization process for synthesizing biphasic liquid–solid ionogel electrolytes using acrylic acid monomer and P_(111i4)FSI ionic liquid.We investigated the impact of lithium salt concentration and temperature on ion diffusion,particularly lithium-ion(Li^(+))mobility,within these ionogels.Pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance(PFG-NMR)revealed enhanced Li^(+)diffusion in the acrylic acid(AA)-based ionogels compared to their non-confined ionic liquid counterparts.Remarkably,Li^(+)diffusion remained favorable in the ionogels regardless of salt concentration.These AA-based ionogels demonstrate very good ionic conductivity(>1 mS cm^(-1) at room temperature)and a wide electrochemical window(up to 5.3 V vs Li^(+)/Li^(0)).These findings suggest significant promise for AA-based ionogels as polymer solid electrolytes in future solid-state battery applications.展开更多
Gel-based sensors have provided unprecedented opportunities for bioelectric monitoring. Until now, sensors for underwater applicants have remained a notable challenge, as most sensors work effectively in air but swell...Gel-based sensors have provided unprecedented opportunities for bioelectric monitoring. Until now, sensors for underwater applicants have remained a notable challenge, as most sensors work effectively in air but swell underwater leading to functional failure. Herein, we introduce an innovative amphibian-inspired high-performance ionogel, where multiple supramolecular interactions in the ionogel's network confer good stretchability, elasticity, conductivity, and the hydrophobic C-F bonds play a key role in diminishing water molecule hydration and provide outstanding environmental stability. These unique properties of ionogels make them suitable as wearable amphibious fiexible sensors, and the sensors are capable of highly sensitive and stable human motion monitoring in air and underwater. Integration of the designed sensor into an artificial intelligence drowning alarm system, which recognizes the swimmer's movement status by monitoring the amplitude and frequency, especially in the drowning status for real-time alarms.This work provides novel strategies for motion recognition and hazard monitoring in amphibious environments, meeting the new generation of wearable sensors.展开更多
Flexible pressure sensors show great promise for applications in such fields as electronic skin,healthcare,and intelligent robotics.Traditional capacitive pressure sensors,however,face the problem of low sensitivity,w...Flexible pressure sensors show great promise for applications in such fields as electronic skin,healthcare,and intelligent robotics.Traditional capacitive pressure sensors,however,face the problem of low sensitivity,which limits their wider application.In this paper,a flexible capacitive pressure sensor with microstructured ionization layer is fabricated by a sandwich-type process,with a low-cost and simple process of inverted molding with sandpapers being used to form a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer ionic film with double-sided microstructure as the dielectric layer of the sensor,with silver nanowires as electrodes.The operating mechanism of this iontronic pressure sensor is analyzed using a graphical method,and the sensor is tested on a pressure platform.The test results show that the sensor has ultrahigh pressure sensitivities of 3.744 and 1.689 kPa^(−1) at low(0-20 kPa)and high(20-800 kPa)pressures,respectively,as well as a rapid response time(100 ms),and it exhibits good stability and repeatability.The sensor can be used for sensitive monitoring of activities such as finger bending,and for facial expression(smile,frown)recognition,as well as speech recognition.展开更多
Despite relevant advances,the pharmaceutical industry continues to strive with the limited adaptability,moisture management,and discomfort caused by existing wound dressings.Adding to these challenges are the bioavail...Despite relevant advances,the pharmaceutical industry continues to strive with the limited adaptability,moisture management,and discomfort caused by existing wound dressings.Adding to these challenges are the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of common(bio)therapeutics,overall leading to unmet clinical demands,safety concerns,and poor patient compliance.Ionogels,a versatile class of materials comprising ionic liquids(ILs)confined in an organic or inorganic solid network,have been proposed to overcome these drawbacks.They have demonstrated the ability to enhance the antimicrobial and mechanical properties of the resulting materials while allowing remarkable improvements in drug solubility and their delivery to targeted sites.Nowadays,safety investigations and clinical trials are still required to fully leverage the potential of ionogels for human applications.However,the recent FDA approval of the New Drug Application MRX-5LBT®,a transdermal drug delivery system,opens promising perspectives toward the clinical translation of ionogels.This review focuses on recent advances achieved in the design of ionogels for pharmaceutical applications,viz.in topical formulations to promote wound healing with antimicrobial activity,and as platforms to improve drug pharmacokinetics(solubility and bioavailability),and their delivery at targeted specific sites with controlled release behaviour.展开更多
Artificial skin should embody a softly functional film that is capable of self-powering,healing and sensing with neuromorphic processing.However,the pursuit of a bionic skin that combines high flexibility,self-healabi...Artificial skin should embody a softly functional film that is capable of self-powering,healing and sensing with neuromorphic processing.However,the pursuit of a bionic skin that combines high flexibility,self-healability,and zero-powered photosynaptic functionality remains elusive.In this study,we report a self-powered and self-healable neuromorphic vision skin,featuring silver nanoparticle-doped ionogel heterostructure as photoacceptor.The localized surface plasmon resonance induced by light in the nanoparticles triggers temperature fluctuations within the heterojunction,facilitating ion migration for visual sensing with synaptic behaviors.The abundant reversible hydrogen bonds in the ionogel endow the skin with remarkable mechanical flexibility and self-healing properties.We assembled a neuromorphic visual skin equipped with a 5×5 photosynapse array,capable of sensing and memorizing diverse light patterns.展开更多
Ionogels have demonstrated substantial applications in smart wearable systems,soft robotics,and biomedical engineering due to the exceptional ionic conductivity and optical transparency.However,achieving ionogels with...Ionogels have demonstrated substantial applications in smart wearable systems,soft robotics,and biomedical engineering due to the exceptional ionic conductivity and optical transparency.However,achieving ionogels with desirable mechanical properties,environmental stability,and multi-mode sensing remains challenging.Here,we propose a simple strategy for the fabrication of multifunctional silk fabric-based ionogels(BSFIGs).The resulting fabric ionogels exhibits superior mechanical properties,with high tensile strength(11.3 MPa)and work of fracture(2.53 MJ/m^(3)).And its work of fracture still has 1.42 MJ/m^(3)as the notch increased to 50%,indicating its crack growth insensitivity.These ionogels can be used as sensors for strain,temperature,and tactile multimode sensing,demonstrating a gauge factor of 1.19 and a temperature coefficient of resistance of3.17/℃^(-1).Furthermore,these ionogels can be used for the detection of different roughness and as touch screens.The ionogels also exhibit exceptional optical transmittance and environmental stability even at80℃.Our scalable fabrication process broadens the application potential of these multifunctional ionogels in diverse fields,from smart systems to extreme environments.展开更多
Ionogels,generally formed by immobilizing ionic liquids(ILs)with polymer gelators,hold considerable promise as quasi-solid-state electrolytes(QSSEs)for lithium metal batteries(LMBs)due to their high safety and electro...Ionogels,generally formed by immobilizing ionic liquids(ILs)with polymer gelators,hold considerable promise as quasi-solid-state electrolytes(QSSEs)for lithium metal batteries(LMBs)due to their high safety and electrode compatibility.However,their practical use in high-temperature LMBs suffers from the softened polymer chains of gelator at high temperatures,leading to liquid leakage and severe growth of Li dendrite.Here,a novel inorganic ionogel(PCNIL)combining lithium salt-containing IL with porous graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets(PCN)is developed through direct physical mixing.PCNIL exhibits a superior ionic conductivity(0.75 mS cm^(-1))at room temperature similar to that of neat IL electrolyte(LiIL)and a Li^(+)transference number(0.56)greatly higher than that of Li-IL(0.20).Furthermore,PCNIL maintains a temperature-independent shear storage modulus of up to 5 MPa from room temperature to 150℃.Consequently,the Li|PCNIL|Li symmetrical cell demonstrates extended reversible lithium plating/stripping over 1200 h without dendritic growth.The robust mechanical strength,excellent thermal stability,and electrochemical stability of PCNIL allow Li|PCNIL|LiFePO_(4)cells to operate stably in a wide temperature range of 25–150℃.展开更多
Due to the features and wide range of potential applications,cellulose ionogels are the subject of extensive research.Green celluloses have been employed as a three-dimensional skeleton network to restrict the ionic l...Due to the features and wide range of potential applications,cellulose ionogels are the subject of extensive research.Green celluloses have been employed as a three-dimensional skeleton network to restrict the ionic liquids(ILs)toward advanced ion-conductive ionogels.Diversiform cellulose ionogels with desirable perfor-mances,via physical/chemical reactions between cellulose and ILs,have been harvested,which have the po-tential to emerge as a bright star in the field of flexible electronics,such as sensors,electrolyte materials as power sources,and thermoelectric devices.Herein,a review regarding cellulose ionogels in terms of fundamental types of cellulose,formation strategies and mechanism,and principal properties is presented.Next,the diverse application prospects of cellulose ionogels in flexible electronics have been summarized.More importantly,the future challenges and advancing directions to be explored for cellulose ionogels are discussed.展开更多
New chemistries are being developed to increase the capacity and power of rechargeable batteries. However, the risk of safety issues increases when high-energy batteries using highly active materials encounter harsh o...New chemistries are being developed to increase the capacity and power of rechargeable batteries. However, the risk of safety issues increases when high-energy batteries using highly active materials encounter harsh operating conditions. Here we report on the synthesis of a unique ionogel electrolyte for abuse-tolerant lithium batteries. A hierarchically architected silica/polymer scaffold is designed and fabricated through a facile soft chemistry route, which is competent to confine ionic liquids with superior uptake ability (92.4 wt%). The monolithic ionogel exhibits high conductivity and thermal/mechanical stability, featuring high-temperature elastic modulus and dendrite-free lithium cycling. The Li/LiFePO_(4) pouch cells achieve outstanding cyclability at different temperatures up to 150 ℃, and can sustain cutting, crumpling, and even coupled thermal–mechanical abuses. Moreover, the solid-state lithium batteries with LiNi_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O_(2), LiNi_(0.80)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_(2), and Li_(1.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)O_(2) cathodes demonstrate excellent cycle performances at 60 ℃. These results indicate that the resilient and high-conductivity ionogel electrolyte is promising to realize high-performance lithium batteries with high energy density and safety.展开更多
In order to avoid leakage problem caused by liquid electrolyte, a new ionogel electrolyte was developed by in situ immobilizing organosilicon-functionalized ionic liquid within a nanoporous silica matrix. The ionic li...In order to avoid leakage problem caused by liquid electrolyte, a new ionogel electrolyte was developed by in situ immobilizing organosilicon-functionalized ionic liquid within a nanoporous silica matrix. The ionic liquid evenly coats on the surface of porous silica and fills in the silica framework pores with no strong chemical interaction. The ionogel electrolyte has the dual advantages of a silica solid support and a wide electrochemical stability window of ionic liquid （4.87 V vs. Li^＋/Li）. The half-cells assembled with this electrolyte and LiFePO4 electrode have excellent performance at room temperature and 60 ℃. The Li/SiO2-IGE/LiFePO4 cell displays a discharge capacity of 129.1 mAh·g^-1 after 200 charge/discharge cycles at room temperature.展开更多
Thermally chargeable supercapacitors can collect low-grade heat generated by the human body and convert it into electricity as a power supply unit for wearable electronics.However,the low Seebeck coefficient and heat-...Thermally chargeable supercapacitors can collect low-grade heat generated by the human body and convert it into electricity as a power supply unit for wearable electronics.However,the low Seebeck coefficient and heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency hinder further application.In this paper,we designed a high-performance thermally chargeable supercapacitor device composed of ZnMn_(2)O_(4)@Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene composites(ZMO@Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene)electrode and UIO-66 metal–organic framework doped multichannel polyvinylidene fluoridehexafluoro-propylene ionogel electrolyte,which realized the thermoelectric conversion and electrical energy storage at the same time.This thermally chargeable supercapacitor device exhibited a high Seebeck coefficient of 55.4 mV K^(−1),thermal voltage of 243 mV,and outstanding heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency of up to 6.48%at the temperature difference of 4.4 K.In addition,this device showed excellent charge–discharge cycling stability at high-temperature differences(3 K)and low-temperature differences(1 K),respectively.Connecting two thermally chargeable supercapacitor units in series,the generated output voltage of 500 mV further confirmed the stability of devices.When a single device was worn on the arm,a thermal voltage of 208.3 mV was obtained indicating the possibility of application in wearable electronics.展开更多
With the rapid development of“Internet of Things”and human-computer interaction techniques,it is essential and urgent to develop facile and scalable fabrication platforms for stretchable flexible sensor.Herein,we re...With the rapid development of“Internet of Things”and human-computer interaction techniques,it is essential and urgent to develop facile and scalable fabrication platforms for stretchable flexible sensor.Herein,we report a facile strategy of using the green choline chloride-acrylamide deep eutectic solvent(CC-AM DES)to guide the in-situ ring-opening polymerization ofα-lipoic acid(LA),leading to the successful development of a stretchable ionogel material.The as-prepared ionogel from CC-AM DES system exhibits multifunctional merits including the super stretchability(>9000%),100%UV-blocking ability,tunable adhesiveness(29-414 kPa),high ionic conductivity(4.45×10^(-4) S/cm),and ideal anti-freezing(-27℃).In addition,this outstanding ionogel can be readily coated on various material substrates with designable shapes and patterns.Owning to these promising properties and performances,a scalable flexible strain sensor is assembled from the ionogel and exhibits stable resistance variations(R/R_(0))towards multiple external mechanical stimulus.This study provides a green,cost effective,and scalable strategy to fabricate ionogel materials and multifunctional flexible strain sensors,showing a great potential in the fast-emerging highly stretchable wearable/flexible electronics.展开更多
Natural rubber(NR),besides being an abundant renewable resource for the elastomer industry,can be a potential resource for the design of innovative biobased polymer networks.The present work is based on“telechelic”l...Natural rubber(NR),besides being an abundant renewable resource for the elastomer industry,can be a potential resource for the design of innovative biobased polymer networks.The present work is based on“telechelic”liquid natural rubber oligomers obtained by controlled chemical degradation of NR.The chain ends of such oligomers can then be functionalized(with acrylate functions in the present case)and reacted with multifunctional crosslinkers in order to form networks.What’s more,the initial solubility of such thermosetting system in an ionic liquid(IL)can be used for the formulation of ionogels.Such solid networks typically containing 80%of IL were produced,resulting in high ionic conductivity performances.The oligomer chain length was shown to affect IL fragility due to confinement and specific interactions of ions with the host polymer network.展开更多
Achieving rubber-like stretchability in cellulose ionogels presents a substantial challenge due to the intrinsically extended chain configuration of cellulose.Inspired by the molecular configuration of natural rubber,...Achieving rubber-like stretchability in cellulose ionogels presents a substantial challenge due to the intrinsically extended chain configuration of cellulose.Inspired by the molecular configuration of natural rubber,we address this challenge by using cyanoethyl as a substitute for 1.5 hydroxyl on the D-glucose unit of cellulose.This strategy innovatively triggers the transformation of cellulose molecules into a coiled chain configuration,facilitating the creation of an ultra-stretchable ionogel free from any petrochemical polymers.The resultant ionogel demonstrates mechanical ductility comparable to that of a rubber band,achieving an elongation strain of nearly 1,000%while maintaining a tensile strength of up to 1.8 MPa and exhibiting a biomodulus akin to that of human skin,recorded at 63 kPa.Additionally,this stretchable ionogel presents skin-like self-healing behavior,favorable biocompatibility,and noteworthy thermoelectric properties,highlighted by a Seebeck coefficient of approximately 68 mV K−1.This study delineates a feasible molecular approach for developing stretchable ionogels from biomass resources,potentially revolutionizing self-powered stretchable electronics for integration with human tissues and skin.展开更多
Polymer gels are promising materials for smart actuators because of their softness and stimulus diversity.However,conventional stimuli-responsive polymer gels have limited work density due to the low deliverable force...Polymer gels are promising materials for smart actuators because of their softness and stimulus diversity.However,conventional stimuli-responsive polymer gels have limited work density due to the low deliverable force when applied as actuators.Here,we propose a strategy to prepare high-workdensity soft actuators based on the phase separation strengthening mechanism.By constructing a liquid–liquid phase separation intercepted by the glass transition of the polymer,we report an ultrastrong metastable ionogel(E∼650 MPa,σ∼24 MPa)with wide-range switchable stiffness from 10^(4) to 10^(8) Pa.Benefitting from the excellent mechanical duality of these metastable ionogels we design an elastic-driven actuator that features programmable actuating behaviors with a contractile force and work density up to 238 kPa and 161.5 kJ/m^(3),respectively,outperforming current gel actuators and even biological muscles.These nonvolatile ionogels with tunable metastable state hold great promise in advanced engineering fields such as smart constructs,soft robotics,and artificial muscles where require both high mechanical strength and good formability.展开更多
Ultratough,highly stretchable,and self-healable ionogels are urgently desired due to their unique properties such as intrinsic ionic conductivity,low volatility,and high thermal stability.However,low strength and toug...Ultratough,highly stretchable,and self-healable ionogels are urgently desired due to their unique properties such as intrinsic ionic conductivity,low volatility,and high thermal stability.However,low strength and toughness still hinder the practicality of existing ionogels.Inspired by the spider silk microstructure,we proposed a strategy that simultaneously introduced woven crosslinks and multiple noncovalent interactions in a polymeric network to produce ionogels with excellent mechanical properties.Both woven crosslinks and noncovalent interactions dissipated energy to endow ultrahigh toughness to the ionogel.Additionally,the rigid nature of woven crosslinks enhanced the ionogel strength.Therefore,the ionogel exhibited high toughness(82.02 MJ m^(−3))and fracture energy(808.7 kJ m^(−2)),healability,and recyclability.The toughness and fracture energies were superior to most previously reported ionogels.Moreover,this ionogel responded well to strains,indicating its potential use as a strain sensor.This strategy could lead to the production of other ionogels and hydrogels with intriguing mechanical properties.展开更多
Ionogels,a newly emerging type of gel material,are considered the most attractive candidate for constructing the next-generation ionotronic devices in the Internet of Things era.However,building robust and sustainable...Ionogels,a newly emerging type of gel material,are considered the most attractive candidate for constructing the next-generation ionotronic devices in the Internet of Things era.However,building robust and sustainable ionogels toward high-performance ionotronic devices in broad scenarios remains a huge challenge.Herein,a mechanically robust cellulose ionogel(RCI)via the facile“catalyst-free”yet chemically cross-linked engineering of cellulose molecules was de-veloped.More specifically,ionic liquid,a typical cellulose solvent,and an ion-conductive com-ponent of cellulose ionogel were employed to afford the proton and replace the conventional,additional chemical catalyst,which indeed triggers the chemical reactions between cellulose and glutaraldehyde molecules,and thus creates the chemical-bonded,robust cellulose network of RCI.The prepared RCI(0.4 g glutaraldehyde to 0.6 g cellulose)demonstrated surprisingly high strength of∼11 MPa with 1000%improvement and toughness of 2.8 MJ/m^(3) with 700%increase compared to the original cellulose ionogel(CI),as well as acceptable conductivity of 29.1 ms/cm,surpassing most ionogel materials.Such RCI easily constructed versatile ionotronic devices with unexpected voltage-pressure sensitivity,wide-range loading,and linear and steady-state output for self-powered,body motion,human health,and Morse-code information communication appli-cations.The catalyst-free engineering paves the way toward easy-to-prepare,robust,and promis-ing ionogels in our sustainable society,beyond the cellulose material.展开更多
Ionogels,with their combined properties of flexibility,excellent ionic conductivity,and biomechanical characteristics similar to biological tissues,have become key materials in flexible electronics,exhibiting enormous...Ionogels,with their combined properties of flexibility,excellent ionic conductivity,and biomechanical characteristics similar to biological tissues,have become key materials in flexible electronics,exhibiting enormous appli-cation potential in fields such as health monitoring and smart wearables.However,ionogels are susceptible to mechanical damage.Under large deformations and continuous mechan-ical loading,structural damage and device failure are in-evitable.Self-healing ability can significantly improve the reliability,service life,and safety of devices.This review dis-cusses the latest progress in self-healing ionogels,covering self-healing mechanisms,as well as the design,preparation,and applications of various ionogel-based flexible electronic devices,including wearable sensors,flexible triboelectric na-nogenerators,supercapacitors,flexible displays,and soft ro-bots.Furthermore,based on the self-healing mechanisms of ionogels and the design and manufacturing of related pro-ducts,we put forward perspectives on the development of flexible electronics.This review is expected to accelerate the development of self-healing ionogels in the applications of various flexible electronic devices.展开更多
Ionogels have garnered significant attention in soft electronics,sensors,and biomedicine due to their combination of flexibility,thermal stability,and ionic conductivity.Nonetheless,challenges associated with designin...Ionogels have garnered significant attention in soft electronics,sensors,and biomedicine due to their combination of flexibility,thermal stability,and ionic conductivity.Nonetheless,challenges associated with designing ionogels with reliable properties for health monitoring scenarios still remain.This review offers a novel perspective on the development of wearable sensors for health monitoring by comprehensively examining ionogel synthesis methodologies,highlighting critical performance parameters,and exploring underexplored applications.First,the design principles governing polymer network optimization and advanced manufacturing techniques for ionogels are elucidated.Then,the strategies for enhancing critical performance are discussed,followed by an exploration of specific application scenarios,including noninvasive biochemical analysis,real-time motion monitoring,and disease-specific assessments.Finally,an outlook on future challenges and opportunities in the emerging field of ionogels is provided.The establishment of a hierarchical health monitoring framework that integrates molecular-,individual-,and systemic-level perspectives offers readers a unique and in-depth understanding,which advances the comprehension of this emerging field.展开更多
Viologen has long been explored as an organic electrochromic material.However,conventional viologen(RV2+)often generates free radicals under photo-irradiation,interfering with the polymerization of monomers during dig...Viologen has long been explored as an organic electrochromic material.However,conventional viologen(RV2+)often generates free radicals under photo-irradiation,interfering with the polymerization of monomers during digital light processing(DLP)three-dimensional(3D)printing when incorporated into ionogels.In this study,we synthesized a phenyl viologen((SPr)2PhMeV)capable of simultaneous two-electron transfer through molecular manipulation,effectively avoiding the formation of photogenerated radicals under illumination.This novel phenyl viologen demonstrated exceptional redox performance and cycle stability and could be seamlessly incorporated into ionogels via 3D printing technology.This innovative approach has facilitated the firsttime acquisition of finely structured viologen-based ionogels,featuring high transparency(transmittance:85%),robust stretchability(17 times),and self-healing capabilities(resistance recovers after contact)simultaneously.Notably,the material demonstrated exceptional visual responses to temperature and strain changes,rendering it ideal for visual temperature(30–90°C,TCR=36.09%°C^(−1))and strain(ΔT=0 at strains of 300%)sensing applications.Additionally,we have designed a viologen ionogel display device that could independently showcase all 26 letters and 10 numbers within seconds.This breakthrough not only enhances the functionality of electrochromic materials but also paves the way for advanced sensory and display applications in the future.展开更多
基金funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions COFUND—Grant Agreement No:945357.
文摘The search for safer next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)has driven significant research on non-toxic,non-flammable solid electrolytes.However,their electrochemical performance often falls short.This work presents a simple,one-step photopolymerization process for synthesizing biphasic liquid–solid ionogel electrolytes using acrylic acid monomer and P_(111i4)FSI ionic liquid.We investigated the impact of lithium salt concentration and temperature on ion diffusion,particularly lithium-ion(Li^(+))mobility,within these ionogels.Pulsed-field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance(PFG-NMR)revealed enhanced Li^(+)diffusion in the acrylic acid(AA)-based ionogels compared to their non-confined ionic liquid counterparts.Remarkably,Li^(+)diffusion remained favorable in the ionogels regardless of salt concentration.These AA-based ionogels demonstrate very good ionic conductivity(>1 mS cm^(-1) at room temperature)and a wide electrochemical window(up to 5.3 V vs Li^(+)/Li^(0)).These findings suggest significant promise for AA-based ionogels as polymer solid electrolytes in future solid-state battery applications.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province (No. SKL202302002)Key Research and Development Project of the Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Department (No. 20210204142YY)。
文摘Gel-based sensors have provided unprecedented opportunities for bioelectric monitoring. Until now, sensors for underwater applicants have remained a notable challenge, as most sensors work effectively in air but swell underwater leading to functional failure. Herein, we introduce an innovative amphibian-inspired high-performance ionogel, where multiple supramolecular interactions in the ionogel's network confer good stretchability, elasticity, conductivity, and the hydrophobic C-F bonds play a key role in diminishing water molecule hydration and provide outstanding environmental stability. These unique properties of ionogels make them suitable as wearable amphibious fiexible sensors, and the sensors are capable of highly sensitive and stable human motion monitoring in air and underwater. Integration of the designed sensor into an artificial intelligence drowning alarm system, which recognizes the swimmer's movement status by monitoring the amplitude and frequency, especially in the drowning status for real-time alarms.This work provides novel strategies for motion recognition and hazard monitoring in amphibious environments, meeting the new generation of wearable sensors.
基金supported by the Youth Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52105594)the Youth Project of the Applied Basic Research Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.20210302124274)+4 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province(Grant No.202102030201005)the Natural Youth Science Foundation of Shanxi Province(Grant Nos.202103021223005 and 202203021212015)the Fund for Shanxi 1331 Project,the Science and Technology Innovation Plan for Colleges and Universities in Shanxi Province(Grant No.2022L575)the Science and Technology Innovation Project in Higher Schools in Shanxi(Grant No.J2020383)Teaching Reform and Innovation Project of the Education Department of Shanxi Province(Grant No.J20221195).
文摘Flexible pressure sensors show great promise for applications in such fields as electronic skin,healthcare,and intelligent robotics.Traditional capacitive pressure sensors,however,face the problem of low sensitivity,which limits their wider application.In this paper,a flexible capacitive pressure sensor with microstructured ionization layer is fabricated by a sandwich-type process,with a low-cost and simple process of inverted molding with sandpapers being used to form a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer ionic film with double-sided microstructure as the dielectric layer of the sensor,with silver nanowires as electrodes.The operating mechanism of this iontronic pressure sensor is analyzed using a graphical method,and the sensor is tested on a pressure platform.The test results show that the sensor has ultrahigh pressure sensitivities of 3.744 and 1.689 kPa^(−1) at low(0-20 kPa)and high(20-800 kPa)pressures,respectively,as well as a rapid response time(100 ms),and it exhibits good stability and repeatability.The sensor can be used for sensitive monitoring of activities such as finger bending,and for facial expression(smile,frown)recognition,as well as speech recognition.
基金the scope of the project CICECO Aveiro Institute of Materials,UIDB/50011/2020(DOI 10.54499/UIDB/50011/2020),UIDP/50011/2020(DOI 10.54499/UIDP/50011/2020)&LA/P/0006/2020(DOI 10.54499/LA/P/0006/2020),financed by national funds through the FCT/MCTES(PIDDAC)the scope of the projects mVACCIL(EXPL/BII-BTI/0731/2021,DOI 10.54499/EXPL/BII-BTI/0731/2021)and PureDNA(2022.03394.PTDC,DOI 10.54499/2022.03394.PTDC),financially supported by national funds(OE),through FCT/MCTES+1 种基金FCT,respectively,for the research contract CEEC-IND/02599/2020(DOI 10.54499/2020.02599.CEECIND/CP1589/CT0023)under the Scientific Stimulus-Individual Callthe PhD grant 2020/05090/BD(DOI:10.54499/2020.05090.BD).
文摘Despite relevant advances,the pharmaceutical industry continues to strive with the limited adaptability,moisture management,and discomfort caused by existing wound dressings.Adding to these challenges are the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of common(bio)therapeutics,overall leading to unmet clinical demands,safety concerns,and poor patient compliance.Ionogels,a versatile class of materials comprising ionic liquids(ILs)confined in an organic or inorganic solid network,have been proposed to overcome these drawbacks.They have demonstrated the ability to enhance the antimicrobial and mechanical properties of the resulting materials while allowing remarkable improvements in drug solubility and their delivery to targeted sites.Nowadays,safety investigations and clinical trials are still required to fully leverage the potential of ionogels for human applications.However,the recent FDA approval of the New Drug Application MRX-5LBT®,a transdermal drug delivery system,opens promising perspectives toward the clinical translation of ionogels.This review focuses on recent advances achieved in the design of ionogels for pharmaceutical applications,viz.in topical formulations to promote wound healing with antimicrobial activity,and as platforms to improve drug pharmacokinetics(solubility and bioavailability),and their delivery at targeted specific sites with controlled release behaviour.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62274088,62288102)the Project funded by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M741657)+1 种基金the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(2023ZB554)the Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professor program。
文摘Artificial skin should embody a softly functional film that is capable of self-powering,healing and sensing with neuromorphic processing.However,the pursuit of a bionic skin that combines high flexibility,self-healability,and zero-powered photosynaptic functionality remains elusive.In this study,we report a self-powered and self-healable neuromorphic vision skin,featuring silver nanoparticle-doped ionogel heterostructure as photoacceptor.The localized surface plasmon resonance induced by light in the nanoparticles triggers temperature fluctuations within the heterojunction,facilitating ion migration for visual sensing with synaptic behaviors.The abundant reversible hydrogen bonds in the ionogel endow the skin with remarkable mechanical flexibility and self-healing properties.We assembled a neuromorphic visual skin equipped with a 5×5 photosynapse array,capable of sensing and memorizing diverse light patterns.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12302192)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.SWU-KQ22025)+4 种基金the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission(No.KJQN202300222)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0241)the Fund for Innovative Research Groups of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(No.A2024202045)Key Technologies and Demonstration Application Research Project for Large-scale Lithium-ion Hybrid Energy Storage Equipment(No.HC23118)Major Basic Research Project of Hebei Province Natural Science Foundation(No.A2023202049).
文摘Ionogels have demonstrated substantial applications in smart wearable systems,soft robotics,and biomedical engineering due to the exceptional ionic conductivity and optical transparency.However,achieving ionogels with desirable mechanical properties,environmental stability,and multi-mode sensing remains challenging.Here,we propose a simple strategy for the fabrication of multifunctional silk fabric-based ionogels(BSFIGs).The resulting fabric ionogels exhibits superior mechanical properties,with high tensile strength(11.3 MPa)and work of fracture(2.53 MJ/m^(3)).And its work of fracture still has 1.42 MJ/m^(3)as the notch increased to 50%,indicating its crack growth insensitivity.These ionogels can be used as sensors for strain,temperature,and tactile multimode sensing,demonstrating a gauge factor of 1.19 and a temperature coefficient of resistance of3.17/℃^(-1).Furthermore,these ionogels can be used for the detection of different roughness and as touch screens.The ionogels also exhibit exceptional optical transmittance and environmental stability even at80℃.Our scalable fabrication process broadens the application potential of these multifunctional ionogels in diverse fields,from smart systems to extreme environments.
基金support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(52072118 and 52373206)the Open Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing Technology for Vehicle(72275002)+2 种基金Research fund of Yue Lu Mountain Industrial Innovation Center(2023YCII0137)the Open Research Fund of School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Henan Normal University(2024Z04)Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2024JJ5076)。
文摘Ionogels,generally formed by immobilizing ionic liquids(ILs)with polymer gelators,hold considerable promise as quasi-solid-state electrolytes(QSSEs)for lithium metal batteries(LMBs)due to their high safety and electrode compatibility.However,their practical use in high-temperature LMBs suffers from the softened polymer chains of gelator at high temperatures,leading to liquid leakage and severe growth of Li dendrite.Here,a novel inorganic ionogel(PCNIL)combining lithium salt-containing IL with porous graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets(PCN)is developed through direct physical mixing.PCNIL exhibits a superior ionic conductivity(0.75 mS cm^(-1))at room temperature similar to that of neat IL electrolyte(LiIL)and a Li^(+)transference number(0.56)greatly higher than that of Li-IL(0.20).Furthermore,PCNIL maintains a temperature-independent shear storage modulus of up to 5 MPa from room temperature to 150℃.Consequently,the Li|PCNIL|Li symmetrical cell demonstrates extended reversible lithium plating/stripping over 1200 h without dendritic growth.The robust mechanical strength,excellent thermal stability,and electrochemical stability of PCNIL allow Li|PCNIL|LiFePO_(4)cells to operate stably in a wide temperature range of 25–150℃.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32271976,32371978)scientific and technological innovation funding of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(KFb22087,KFB23145).
文摘Due to the features and wide range of potential applications,cellulose ionogels are the subject of extensive research.Green celluloses have been employed as a three-dimensional skeleton network to restrict the ionic liquids(ILs)toward advanced ion-conductive ionogels.Diversiform cellulose ionogels with desirable perfor-mances,via physical/chemical reactions between cellulose and ILs,have been harvested,which have the po-tential to emerge as a bright star in the field of flexible electronics,such as sensors,electrolyte materials as power sources,and thermoelectric devices.Herein,a review regarding cellulose ionogels in terms of fundamental types of cellulose,formation strategies and mechanism,and principal properties is presented.Next,the diverse application prospects of cellulose ionogels in flexible electronics have been summarized.More importantly,the future challenges and advancing directions to be explored for cellulose ionogels are discussed.
基金This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51972132.51772116 and 52002141)the Program for HUST Academic Frontier Youth Team(2016QYTD04).The authors thank the Analytical and Testing Center of HUST for DMA,TGA measurements,etc.
文摘New chemistries are being developed to increase the capacity and power of rechargeable batteries. However, the risk of safety issues increases when high-energy batteries using highly active materials encounter harsh operating conditions. Here we report on the synthesis of a unique ionogel electrolyte for abuse-tolerant lithium batteries. A hierarchically architected silica/polymer scaffold is designed and fabricated through a facile soft chemistry route, which is competent to confine ionic liquids with superior uptake ability (92.4 wt%). The monolithic ionogel exhibits high conductivity and thermal/mechanical stability, featuring high-temperature elastic modulus and dendrite-free lithium cycling. The Li/LiFePO_(4) pouch cells achieve outstanding cyclability at different temperatures up to 150 ℃, and can sustain cutting, crumpling, and even coupled thermal–mechanical abuses. Moreover, the solid-state lithium batteries with LiNi_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O_(2), LiNi_(0.80)Co_(0.15)Al_(0.05)O_(2), and Li_(1.2)Mn_(0.54)Ni_(0.13)Co_(0.13)O_(2) cathodes demonstrate excellent cycle performances at 60 ℃. These results indicate that the resilient and high-conductivity ionogel electrolyte is promising to realize high-performance lithium batteries with high energy density and safety.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2016YFB0100204)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51772030)+2 种基金the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U1564206)the Major Achievements Transformation Project for Central University in Beijingthe Science and Technology Project of State Grid Corporation of China(No.15-JS-191)
文摘In order to avoid leakage problem caused by liquid electrolyte, a new ionogel electrolyte was developed by in situ immobilizing organosilicon-functionalized ionic liquid within a nanoporous silica matrix. The ionic liquid evenly coats on the surface of porous silica and fills in the silica framework pores with no strong chemical interaction. The ionogel electrolyte has the dual advantages of a silica solid support and a wide electrochemical stability window of ionic liquid （4.87 V vs. Li^＋/Li）. The half-cells assembled with this electrolyte and LiFePO4 electrode have excellent performance at room temperature and 60 ℃. The Li/SiO2-IGE/LiFePO4 cell displays a discharge capacity of 129.1 mAh·g^-1 after 200 charge/discharge cycles at room temperature.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52273256)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(L223006)Beijing Institute of Technology Research Found Program for Young Scholars.
文摘Thermally chargeable supercapacitors can collect low-grade heat generated by the human body and convert it into electricity as a power supply unit for wearable electronics.However,the low Seebeck coefficient and heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency hinder further application.In this paper,we designed a high-performance thermally chargeable supercapacitor device composed of ZnMn_(2)O_(4)@Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene composites(ZMO@Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene)electrode and UIO-66 metal–organic framework doped multichannel polyvinylidene fluoridehexafluoro-propylene ionogel electrolyte,which realized the thermoelectric conversion and electrical energy storage at the same time.This thermally chargeable supercapacitor device exhibited a high Seebeck coefficient of 55.4 mV K^(−1),thermal voltage of 243 mV,and outstanding heat-to-electricity conversion efficiency of up to 6.48%at the temperature difference of 4.4 K.In addition,this device showed excellent charge–discharge cycling stability at high-temperature differences(3 K)and low-temperature differences(1 K),respectively.Connecting two thermally chargeable supercapacitor units in series,the generated output voltage of 500 mV further confirmed the stability of devices.When a single device was worn on the arm,a thermal voltage of 208.3 mV was obtained indicating the possibility of application in wearable electronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071715)Canada Research Chairs program of the Government of Canada,and National Science Foundation for Post-doctoral Scientists of China(2019M651050).
文摘With the rapid development of“Internet of Things”and human-computer interaction techniques,it is essential and urgent to develop facile and scalable fabrication platforms for stretchable flexible sensor.Herein,we report a facile strategy of using the green choline chloride-acrylamide deep eutectic solvent(CC-AM DES)to guide the in-situ ring-opening polymerization ofα-lipoic acid(LA),leading to the successful development of a stretchable ionogel material.The as-prepared ionogel from CC-AM DES system exhibits multifunctional merits including the super stretchability(>9000%),100%UV-blocking ability,tunable adhesiveness(29-414 kPa),high ionic conductivity(4.45×10^(-4) S/cm),and ideal anti-freezing(-27℃).In addition,this outstanding ionogel can be readily coated on various material substrates with designable shapes and patterns.Owning to these promising properties and performances,a scalable flexible strain sensor is assembled from the ionogel and exhibits stable resistance variations(R/R_(0))towards multiple external mechanical stimulus.This study provides a green,cost effective,and scalable strategy to fabricate ionogel materials and multifunctional flexible strain sensors,showing a great potential in the fast-emerging highly stretchable wearable/flexible electronics.
文摘Natural rubber(NR),besides being an abundant renewable resource for the elastomer industry,can be a potential resource for the design of innovative biobased polymer networks.The present work is based on“telechelic”liquid natural rubber oligomers obtained by controlled chemical degradation of NR.The chain ends of such oligomers can then be functionalized(with acrylate functions in the present case)and reacted with multifunctional crosslinkers in order to form networks.What’s more,the initial solubility of such thermosetting system in an ionic liquid(IL)can be used for the formulation of ionogels.Such solid networks typically containing 80%of IL were produced,resulting in high ionic conductivity performances.The oligomer chain length was shown to affect IL fragility due to confinement and specific interactions of ions with the host polymer network.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFD2200504)the Central Guidance Fund for Local Science and Technology Development Projects(Grant No.2024JH6/100700013)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32171720 and 32371823)the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.31925028).
文摘Achieving rubber-like stretchability in cellulose ionogels presents a substantial challenge due to the intrinsically extended chain configuration of cellulose.Inspired by the molecular configuration of natural rubber,we address this challenge by using cyanoethyl as a substitute for 1.5 hydroxyl on the D-glucose unit of cellulose.This strategy innovatively triggers the transformation of cellulose molecules into a coiled chain configuration,facilitating the creation of an ultra-stretchable ionogel free from any petrochemical polymers.The resultant ionogel demonstrates mechanical ductility comparable to that of a rubber band,achieving an elongation strain of nearly 1,000%while maintaining a tensile strength of up to 1.8 MPa and exhibiting a biomodulus akin to that of human skin,recorded at 63 kPa.Additionally,this stretchable ionogel presents skin-like self-healing behavior,favorable biocompatibility,and noteworthy thermoelectric properties,highlighted by a Seebeck coefficient of approximately 68 mV K−1.This study delineates a feasible molecular approach for developing stretchable ionogels from biomass resources,potentially revolutionizing self-powered stretchable electronics for integration with human tissues and skin.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Project(grant no.2022YFA1503000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22305014 and 22161142021).
文摘Polymer gels are promising materials for smart actuators because of their softness and stimulus diversity.However,conventional stimuli-responsive polymer gels have limited work density due to the low deliverable force when applied as actuators.Here,we propose a strategy to prepare high-workdensity soft actuators based on the phase separation strengthening mechanism.By constructing a liquid–liquid phase separation intercepted by the glass transition of the polymer,we report an ultrastrong metastable ionogel(E∼650 MPa,σ∼24 MPa)with wide-range switchable stiffness from 10^(4) to 10^(8) Pa.Benefitting from the excellent mechanical duality of these metastable ionogels we design an elastic-driven actuator that features programmable actuating behaviors with a contractile force and work density up to 238 kPa and 161.5 kJ/m^(3),respectively,outperforming current gel actuators and even biological muscles.These nonvolatile ionogels with tunable metastable state hold great promise in advanced engineering fields such as smart constructs,soft robotics,and artificial muscles where require both high mechanical strength and good formability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFCgrant no.52090033)the National Key R&D Program of China(grant no.2023YFB3712500).
文摘Ultratough,highly stretchable,and self-healable ionogels are urgently desired due to their unique properties such as intrinsic ionic conductivity,low volatility,and high thermal stability.However,low strength and toughness still hinder the practicality of existing ionogels.Inspired by the spider silk microstructure,we proposed a strategy that simultaneously introduced woven crosslinks and multiple noncovalent interactions in a polymeric network to produce ionogels with excellent mechanical properties.Both woven crosslinks and noncovalent interactions dissipated energy to endow ultrahigh toughness to the ionogel.Additionally,the rigid nature of woven crosslinks enhanced the ionogel strength.Therefore,the ionogel exhibited high toughness(82.02 MJ m^(−3))and fracture energy(808.7 kJ m^(−2)),healability,and recyclability.The toughness and fracture energies were superior to most previously reported ionogels.Moreover,this ionogel responded well to strains,indicating its potential use as a strain sensor.This strategy could lead to the production of other ionogels and hydrogels with intriguing mechanical properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(no.32271976,no 32371978,and no 32401680)Fujian Province Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars(no.2024J010020)Scientific and technological innovation funding of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University(no.KFB23145).
文摘Ionogels,a newly emerging type of gel material,are considered the most attractive candidate for constructing the next-generation ionotronic devices in the Internet of Things era.However,building robust and sustainable ionogels toward high-performance ionotronic devices in broad scenarios remains a huge challenge.Herein,a mechanically robust cellulose ionogel(RCI)via the facile“catalyst-free”yet chemically cross-linked engineering of cellulose molecules was de-veloped.More specifically,ionic liquid,a typical cellulose solvent,and an ion-conductive com-ponent of cellulose ionogel were employed to afford the proton and replace the conventional,additional chemical catalyst,which indeed triggers the chemical reactions between cellulose and glutaraldehyde molecules,and thus creates the chemical-bonded,robust cellulose network of RCI.The prepared RCI(0.4 g glutaraldehyde to 0.6 g cellulose)demonstrated surprisingly high strength of∼11 MPa with 1000%improvement and toughness of 2.8 MJ/m^(3) with 700%increase compared to the original cellulose ionogel(CI),as well as acceptable conductivity of 29.1 ms/cm,surpassing most ionogel materials.Such RCI easily constructed versatile ionotronic devices with unexpected voltage-pressure sensitivity,wide-range loading,and linear and steady-state output for self-powered,body motion,human health,and Morse-code information communication appli-cations.The catalyst-free engineering paves the way toward easy-to-prepare,robust,and promis-ing ionogels in our sustainable society,beyond the cellulose material.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52573131,22203015)Fujian Science&Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China(2021ZZ127)+2 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2020YFA0710303)Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(2024J01626)Fujian Provincial Health Technology Project(2024QNA016)。
文摘Ionogels,with their combined properties of flexibility,excellent ionic conductivity,and biomechanical characteristics similar to biological tissues,have become key materials in flexible electronics,exhibiting enormous appli-cation potential in fields such as health monitoring and smart wearables.However,ionogels are susceptible to mechanical damage.Under large deformations and continuous mechan-ical loading,structural damage and device failure are in-evitable.Self-healing ability can significantly improve the reliability,service life,and safety of devices.This review dis-cusses the latest progress in self-healing ionogels,covering self-healing mechanisms,as well as the design,preparation,and applications of various ionogel-based flexible electronic devices,including wearable sensors,flexible triboelectric na-nogenerators,supercapacitors,flexible displays,and soft ro-bots.Furthermore,based on the self-healing mechanisms of ionogels and the design and manufacturing of related pro-ducts,we put forward perspectives on the development of flexible electronics.This review is expected to accelerate the development of self-healing ionogels in the applications of various flexible electronic devices.
基金supported by the Startup Foundation of Beijing Institute of Technology(3160013532102,3160011182007).
文摘Ionogels have garnered significant attention in soft electronics,sensors,and biomedicine due to their combination of flexibility,thermal stability,and ionic conductivity.Nonetheless,challenges associated with designing ionogels with reliable properties for health monitoring scenarios still remain.This review offers a novel perspective on the development of wearable sensors for health monitoring by comprehensively examining ionogel synthesis methodologies,highlighting critical performance parameters,and exploring underexplored applications.First,the design principles governing polymer network optimization and advanced manufacturing techniques for ionogels are elucidated.Then,the strategies for enhancing critical performance are discussed,followed by an exploration of specific application scenarios,including noninvasive biochemical analysis,real-time motion monitoring,and disease-specific assessments.Finally,an outlook on future challenges and opportunities in the emerging field of ionogels is provided.The establishment of a hierarchical health monitoring framework that integrates molecular-,individual-,and systemic-level perspectives offers readers a unique and in-depth understanding,which advances the comprehension of this emerging field.
基金result of generous grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(grant no.2021YFB3200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.22175138,22205172,52203240,and 22201228)+3 种基金the Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi,China(grant no.2021GXLH-Z-023)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(grant nos.xzy022022001,xzy022023009,and xhj032021008-03)the Combined Action Major Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department and City,China(grant no.2022GD-TSLD-16)Shaanxi Province Technological Innovation Guidance Special,China(grant no.2022QFY08-01)and The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities China.
文摘Viologen has long been explored as an organic electrochromic material.However,conventional viologen(RV2+)often generates free radicals under photo-irradiation,interfering with the polymerization of monomers during digital light processing(DLP)three-dimensional(3D)printing when incorporated into ionogels.In this study,we synthesized a phenyl viologen((SPr)2PhMeV)capable of simultaneous two-electron transfer through molecular manipulation,effectively avoiding the formation of photogenerated radicals under illumination.This novel phenyl viologen demonstrated exceptional redox performance and cycle stability and could be seamlessly incorporated into ionogels via 3D printing technology.This innovative approach has facilitated the firsttime acquisition of finely structured viologen-based ionogels,featuring high transparency(transmittance:85%),robust stretchability(17 times),and self-healing capabilities(resistance recovers after contact)simultaneously.Notably,the material demonstrated exceptional visual responses to temperature and strain changes,rendering it ideal for visual temperature(30–90°C,TCR=36.09%°C^(−1))and strain(ΔT=0 at strains of 300%)sensing applications.Additionally,we have designed a viologen ionogel display device that could independently showcase all 26 letters and 10 numbers within seconds.This breakthrough not only enhances the functionality of electrochromic materials but also paves the way for advanced sensory and display applications in the future.
