The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, I...The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, IoT interacts with many application areas such as smart city, smart building, security, traffic, remote monitoring, health, energy, disaster, agriculture, industry. The IoT network in these scenarios comprises tiny devices, gateways, and cloud platforms. An IoT network is able to keep these fundamental components in transmission under many conditions with lightweight communication protocols taking into account the limited hardware features (memory, processor, energy, etc.) of tiny devices. These lightweight communication protocols affect the network traffic, reliability, bandwidth, and energy consumption of the IoT application. Therefore, determining the most proper communication protocol for application developers emerges as an important engineering problem. This paper presents a straightforward overview of the lightweight communication protocols, technological advancements in application layer for the IoT ecosystem. The survey then analyzes various recent lightweight communication protocols and reviews their strengths and limitations. In addition, the paper explains the experimental comparison of Constrained Applications Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry (MQTT), and WebSocket protocols, more convenient for tiny IoT devices. Finally, we discuss future research directions of communication protocols for IoT.展开更多
Greenhouse farming is considered one of the precision and sustainable forms of smart agriculture.Although greenhouse gases can support off-season crops inside the indoor environment,monitoring,controlling,and managing...Greenhouse farming is considered one of the precision and sustainable forms of smart agriculture.Although greenhouse gases can support off-season crops inside the indoor environment,monitoring,controlling,and managing crop parameters at greenhouse farms more precisely and securely is necessary,even in harsh climate regions.The evolving Internet of Things(IoT)technologies,including smart sensors,devices,network topologies,big data analytics,and intelligent decision-making,are thought to be the solution for automating greenhouse farming parameters like internal atmosphere control,irrigation control,crop growth monitoring,and so on.This paper introduces a comprehensive survey of recent advances in IoT-based greenhouse farming.We summarize the related review articles.The classification of greenhouse farming based on IoT(smart greenhouse,hydroponics greenhouse,and vertical farming)is introduced.Also,we present a detailed architecture for the components of greenhouse agriculture applications based on IoT,including physical devices,communication protocols,and cloud/fog computing technologies.We also present a classification of IoT applications of greenhouse farming,including monitoring,controlling,tracking,and predicting.Furthermore,we present the technical and resource management challenges for optimal greenhouse farming.Moreover,countries already applying IoT in greenhouse farming have been presented.Lastly,future suggestions related to IoT-based greenhouse farming have been introduced.展开更多
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological revolution that has changed everything we do and given us a new perspective on our daily lives, but despite the fact that numerous publications have focused on character...The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological revolution that has changed everything we do and given us a new perspective on our daily lives, but despite the fact that numerous publications have focused on characterizing the many edges and technologies that make up an IoT system, the IoT ecosystem is still seen as too complex to be recognized as a stand-alone environment due to its significant diversity;hence, the objective of this research is to address such a complex environment in a way that highlights its components and distinguishes them both individually and in relation to their broader context. Therefore, the definition of IoT and its emergence were discussed and organized around the timeline of Internet development phases demonstrating that IoT has been a need that has accompanied the presence of the Internet since its early stages, and then its growth and impact were discussed and highlighted with estimates and numbers. On the technical side, each of the following groups, IoT components, protocols, and architectures, was defined, discussed, and grouped in such a way that their intergroup organization, as well as their placement and contribution to the overall ecosystem, was highlighted. This, in addition to the various examples mentioned throughout the discussion, will provide the reader with a better understanding of the Internet of Things and how deeply it has become entwined in our daily lives and routines as a result of its numerous applications.展开更多
文摘The Internet of Things (IoT) is a large-scale network of devices capable of sensing, data processing, and communicating with each other through different communication protocols. In today's technology ecosystem, IoT interacts with many application areas such as smart city, smart building, security, traffic, remote monitoring, health, energy, disaster, agriculture, industry. The IoT network in these scenarios comprises tiny devices, gateways, and cloud platforms. An IoT network is able to keep these fundamental components in transmission under many conditions with lightweight communication protocols taking into account the limited hardware features (memory, processor, energy, etc.) of tiny devices. These lightweight communication protocols affect the network traffic, reliability, bandwidth, and energy consumption of the IoT application. Therefore, determining the most proper communication protocol for application developers emerges as an important engineering problem. This paper presents a straightforward overview of the lightweight communication protocols, technological advancements in application layer for the IoT ecosystem. The survey then analyzes various recent lightweight communication protocols and reviews their strengths and limitations. In addition, the paper explains the experimental comparison of Constrained Applications Protocol (CoAP), Message Queuing Telemetry (MQTT), and WebSocket protocols, more convenient for tiny IoT devices. Finally, we discuss future research directions of communication protocols for IoT.
文摘Greenhouse farming is considered one of the precision and sustainable forms of smart agriculture.Although greenhouse gases can support off-season crops inside the indoor environment,monitoring,controlling,and managing crop parameters at greenhouse farms more precisely and securely is necessary,even in harsh climate regions.The evolving Internet of Things(IoT)technologies,including smart sensors,devices,network topologies,big data analytics,and intelligent decision-making,are thought to be the solution for automating greenhouse farming parameters like internal atmosphere control,irrigation control,crop growth monitoring,and so on.This paper introduces a comprehensive survey of recent advances in IoT-based greenhouse farming.We summarize the related review articles.The classification of greenhouse farming based on IoT(smart greenhouse,hydroponics greenhouse,and vertical farming)is introduced.Also,we present a detailed architecture for the components of greenhouse agriculture applications based on IoT,including physical devices,communication protocols,and cloud/fog computing technologies.We also present a classification of IoT applications of greenhouse farming,including monitoring,controlling,tracking,and predicting.Furthermore,we present the technical and resource management challenges for optimal greenhouse farming.Moreover,countries already applying IoT in greenhouse farming have been presented.Lastly,future suggestions related to IoT-based greenhouse farming have been introduced.
文摘The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technological revolution that has changed everything we do and given us a new perspective on our daily lives, but despite the fact that numerous publications have focused on characterizing the many edges and technologies that make up an IoT system, the IoT ecosystem is still seen as too complex to be recognized as a stand-alone environment due to its significant diversity;hence, the objective of this research is to address such a complex environment in a way that highlights its components and distinguishes them both individually and in relation to their broader context. Therefore, the definition of IoT and its emergence were discussed and organized around the timeline of Internet development phases demonstrating that IoT has been a need that has accompanied the presence of the Internet since its early stages, and then its growth and impact were discussed and highlighted with estimates and numbers. On the technical side, each of the following groups, IoT components, protocols, and architectures, was defined, discussed, and grouped in such a way that their intergroup organization, as well as their placement and contribution to the overall ecosystem, was highlighted. This, in addition to the various examples mentioned throughout the discussion, will provide the reader with a better understanding of the Internet of Things and how deeply it has become entwined in our daily lives and routines as a result of its numerous applications.
