The literature suggests inconsistent evidence regarding the influence of danger on prosocial behavior.We explore this issue through a nationwide survey of 8567 households in China during the COVID-19 Omicron variant o...The literature suggests inconsistent evidence regarding the influence of danger on prosocial behavior.We explore this issue through a nationwide survey of 8567 households in China during the COVID-19 Omicron variant outbreak in 2022.In a zero-COVID policy,China chose to quarantine all neighborhoods with viral infections.The almost random presence of infected cases provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between the proximity of danger(i.e.potential Omicron infection)and the prosocial behavior of residents in quarantine zones.For the first time,we find an inverted U-shape relationship:residents exhibit a stronger prosocial behavior when living closer to infected cases in the neighborhood,but this positive effect diminishes when they are too close to each other.Furthermore,such non-linear relationship is salient in residents’interpersonal helping but not in their cooperative behavior.Policymakers should be mindful of the different prosocial responses and target their efforts to help communities navigate quarantine periods more effectively.展开更多
The stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is adversely affected by nonradiative recombination resulting from buried interface defects.Herein,we synthesize a polyionic liquid,poly(p-vinylbenzyl trimethylam-monium he...The stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is adversely affected by nonradiative recombination resulting from buried interface defects.Herein,we synthesize a polyionic liquid,poly(p-vinylbenzyl trimethylam-monium hexafluorophosphate)(PTA),and introduce it into the buried interface of PSCs.The quaternary ammonium cation(N(-CH_(3))^(3+))in PTA can fill the vacancies of organic cations within the perovskite structure and reduce shallow energy level defects.Additionally,the hexafluorophosphate(PF6−)in PTA forms a Lewis acid-base interaction with Pb^(2+)in the perovskite layer,effectively passivating deep en-ergy level defects.Furthermore,hydrogen bonding can be established between organic cations and the PF6−anion,preventing the formation of shallow energy level defects.Through this synergistic mecha-nism,the deep and shallow energy level defects are effectively mitigated,resulting in improved device performance.As a result,the resulting treated inverted PSC exhibits an impressive power conversion ef-ficiency(PCE)of 24.72%.Notably,the PTA-treated PSCs exhibit remarkable stability,with 88.5%of the original PCE retained after undergoing heat aging at 85℃ for 1078 h,and 89.1%of the initial PCE main-tained following continuous exposure to light for 1100 h at the maximum power point.Synergistically suppressing multiple defects at the buried interface through the use of polyionic liquids is a promising way to improve the commercial viability of PSCs.展开更多
In recent years,tuned liquid dampers(TLDs)have emerged as a focal point of research due to their remarkable potential for structural vibration mitigation.Yet,progress in this field remains constrained by an incomplete...In recent years,tuned liquid dampers(TLDs)have emerged as a focal point of research due to their remarkable potential for structural vibration mitigation.Yet,progress in this field remains constrained by an incomplete understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing sloshing-induced loads in liquid-filled containers.Aqueducts present a distinctive case,as the capacity of their contained water to function effectively as a TLD remains uncertain.To address this gap,the present study investigates the generation mechanisms of sloshing loads under non-resonant cases through a two-dimensional(2D)computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model developed in ANSYS Fluent.The incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes(RANS)equations are solved,while the Volume of Fluid(VOF)method captures the evolution of the air–water interface.Turbulent flow behavior is modeled using the RNG-approach.The ensuing results reveal the dynamic characteristics of the horizontal force(fℎ)and the fluctuating component of the vertical force(Fof).Fh is predominantly governed by the inertia of the deep-water region and its phase varies coherently with the aqueduct’s acceleration.With increasing excitation amplitude(A)and frequency(f),the contribution of deep-water inertia to𝐹ℎintensifies markedly,accounting for 82.6–92.1%of the total horizontal load at an excitation amplitude of 0.15 m and frequencies of 1.0–1.6 Hz.The extreme values of Fof arise primarily from asymmetric static pressures induced by free-surface fluctuations,which are further amplified when wall gaps appear at large amplitudes(A≥10 cm)and high frequencies(f≥1.4 Hz).Unlike resonant cases dominated by free-surface resonance,non-resonant sloshing loads are principally driven by deep-water inertia and motion-induced surface asymmetry.展开更多
As a core power device in strategic industries such as new energy power generation and electric vehicles,the thermal reliability of IGBT modules directly determines the performance and lifetime of the whole system.A s...As a core power device in strategic industries such as new energy power generation and electric vehicles,the thermal reliability of IGBT modules directly determines the performance and lifetime of the whole system.A synergistic optimization structure of“inlet plate-channel spoiler columns”is proposed for the local hot spot problem during the operation of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor(IGBT),combined with the inherent defect of uneven flow distribution of the traditional U-type liquid cooling plate in this paper.The influences of the shape,height(H),and spacing from the spoiler column(b)of the plate on the comprehensive heat dissipation performance of the liquid cooling plate are analyzed at different Reynolds numbers,A dual heat source strategy is introduced and the effect of the optimized structure is evaluated by the temperature inhomogeneity coefficient(Φ).The results show that the optimum effect is achieved when the shape of the plate is square,H=4.5 mm,b=2 mm,and u=0.05 m/s,at which the HTPE=1.09 and Φ are reduced by 40%.In contrast,the maximum temperatures of the IGBT and the FWD(Free Wheeling Diode)chips are reduced by 8.7 and 8.4 K,respectively,and ΔP rises by only 1.58 Pa while keeping ΔT not significantly increased.This optimized configuration achieves a significant reduction in the critical chip temperature and optimization of the flow field uniformity with almost no change in the system flow resistance.It breaks through the limitation of single structure optimization of the traditional liquid cooling plate and effectively solves the problem of uneven flow in the U-shaped cooling plate,which provides a new solution with important engineering value for the thermal management of IGBT modules.展开更多
In recent years,tuned liquid dampers(TLDs)have attracted significant research interest;however,overall progress has been limited due to insufficient understanding of the mechanisms governing sloshing-induced loads.In ...In recent years,tuned liquid dampers(TLDs)have attracted significant research interest;however,overall progress has been limited due to insufficient understanding of the mechanisms governing sloshing-induced loads.In particular,it remains unclear whether the water in aqueducts—common water-diversion structures in many countries—can serve as an effective TLD.This study investigates the generation mechanisms of sloshing loads during the first-order transverse resonance of water in a U-shaped aqueduct using a two-dimensional(2D)numerical model.The results reveal that,at the equilibrium position,the free surface difference between the left and right walls,the horizontal force on the aqueduct,and the fluctuating component of the vertical force all reach their maxima,with energy predominantly stored as potential energy.At the maximum displacement position,the surface difference and horizontal force drop to zero,while the fluctuating vertical force attains its minimum and energy shifts primarily to kinetic form.At this stage,static pressure is governed solely by the vertical convective acceleration,whereas at equilibrium it is closely linked to both the free surface difference and vertical local acceleration of the water.This dynamic energy exchange generates vertical force oscillations even when the free surface appears nearly symmetric.展开更多
Inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells(PSCs)based on self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)as hole-selective layers(HSLs)have produced potential record efficiencies of more than 26%by tuning work function,dipole,and passivati...Inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells(PSCs)based on self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)as hole-selective layers(HSLs)have produced potential record efficiencies of more than 26%by tuning work function,dipole,and passivation defects.However,the stability of the SAM molecules,the stability of the molecular anchoring conformation,and the impact on the stability of subsequent PSCs have not been clearly elucidated.In this review,we systematically discussed the intrinsic connection between the molecular conformation(including anchoring groups,spacer groups,and terminal groups)and the stability of SAMs.Sequentially,the research progress of SAMs as HSLs in improving the stability of PSCs is summarized,including photostability,thermal stability,ion migration,and residual stress.Finally,we look forward to the shortcomings and possible challenges of using SAMs as HSLs for inverted PSCs.展开更多
We use out-of-time order correlators(OTOCs)to investigate the quantum instability and Ehrenfest time for an inverted harmonic oscillator(IHO).For initial states located in the stable manifolds of the IHO we find that ...We use out-of-time order correlators(OTOCs)to investigate the quantum instability and Ehrenfest time for an inverted harmonic oscillator(IHO).For initial states located in the stable manifolds of the IHO we find that the corresponding OTOC exhibits identical evolutionary characteristics to the saddle point before the Ehrenfest time.For initial states located in the unstable manifolds,the OTOCs still grow exponentially but the time to maintain exponential growth is related to the center position of its wave packet in phase space.Moreover,we use the Husimi Q function to visualize the quantum wave packets during exponential growth of the OTOCs.Our results show that quantum instability exists at arbitrary orbits in the IHO system,and the Ehrenfest time in the IHO system depends not only on the photon number of the initial system but also on the central positions of the initial states in phase space.展开更多
Flexible perovskite solar cells(fPSCs)have demonstrated commercial viability because of their promising lightness,flexibility,and low-cost advantages.However,in most applications,the fPSCs suffer from constant externa...Flexible perovskite solar cells(fPSCs)have demonstrated commercial viability because of their promising lightness,flexibility,and low-cost advantages.However,in most applications,the fPSCs suffer from constant external stress,such as being kept at a convex bending state,imposing external stress on the brittle perovskite films and causing the fPSCs long-term stability problems.Overcoming these issues is vital.Herein,we propose an effective way to enhance the stability of the fPSCs under convex bending by modulating the residual stress of perovskite film for the first time.Specifically,we have carefully designed a synergistic strain engineering to toughen the perovskite films by introducing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate,citric acid,and a novel cross-linker,5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoate into perovskite films simultaneously.Besides passivating the perovskite films,the multiple additives effectively convert the residual stress within the perovskite films from tensile to compressive type to alleviate the detrimental impact of bending on the flexible perovskite films.As a result,the optimal efficiencies of triple-additive modified fPSCs have achieved 22.19%(0.06 cm^(2))and 19.44%(1.02 cm^(2)).More importantly,the strategy could significantly improve the stability of the perovskite films and fPSCs at a convex bending state.Our approach is inductive for the future practical field applications of high-performance fPSCs.展开更多
The 2D/3D heterojunction perovskites have garnered increasing attention due to their exceptional moisture and thermal stability.However,few works have paid attention to the influence of the subsequent change process o...The 2D/3D heterojunction perovskites have garnered increasing attention due to their exceptional moisture and thermal stability.However,few works have paid attention to the influence of the subsequent change process of 2D/3D heterojunction PSC on the stability of PSCs.Moreover,the evolution of the interface and carrier dynamic behavior of the 2D/3D perovskite films with long-term operation has not been systematically developed befo re.In this work,the effects of 2D/3 D heterojunction evolution on the interface of perovskite films and different carrier dynamics during 2D/3D evolution are systematically analyzed for the first time.The decomposition of 2D/3D heterojunction in the perovskite film will have a certain impact on the surface and carrier dynamics behavior of perovskite.During the evolution of 2D/3D heterojunction,PbI_(2)crystals will appear,which will improve the interfacial energy level matching between the electron transport layer and perovskite film.With a long evolution time,some holes will appear on the surface of perovskite film.The open circuit voltage(V_(OC))of PSCs increased from 1.14 to1.18 V and the PCE increased to 23.21%after 300 h storage in the nitrogen atmosphere,and maintained 89%initial performance for with 3000 h stability test in N_(2)box.This discovery has a significant role in promoting the development of inverted heterojunction PSCs and constructing the revolution mechanism of charge carrier dynamic.展开更多
Inorganic CsPbI_(3)perovskite with superior thermal stability and photoelectric properties has developed into a promising candidate for photovoltaic applications.Nevertheless,the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of CsP...Inorganic CsPbI_(3)perovskite with superior thermal stability and photoelectric properties has developed into a promising candidate for photovoltaic applications.Nevertheless,the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of CsPbI_(3)perovskite solar cells(PSCs)still lags far behind that of both organic-inorganic hybrid counterparts and the theoretical PCE limit,primarily restricted by severe fill factor(FF)and opencircuit voltage(VOC)deficits.Herein,an in-situ self-crosslinking strategy is proposed to construct high-performance inverted inorganic PSCs by incorporating acrylate monomers as additives into CsPbI_(3)perovskite precursors.During the thermal annealing process of perovskite films,acrylate monomers can form network structures by breaking the C=C groups through an in-situ polymerization reaction,mainly anchored at the grain boundaries(GBs)and on the surfaces of perovskite.Meanwhile,the C=O groups of acrylate polymers can favorably coordinate with uncoordinated Pb^(2+),thereby decreasing defect density and stabilizing the perovskite phase.Particularly,with multiple crosslinking and passivation sites,the incorporation of dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate(DPHA)can effectively improve the perovskite film quality,suppress nonradiative recombination,and block moisture erosion.Consequently,the DPHAbased PSC achieves a champion PCE of 20.05%with a record-high FF of 85.05%,both of which rank among the top in the performance of inverted CsPbI_(3)PSCs.Moreover,the unencapsulated DPHA-based device exhibits negligible hysteresis,remarkably improved long-term storage,and operational stability.This work offers a facile and useful strategy to simultaneously promote the efficiency and device stability of inverted inorganic PSCs.展开更多
The tensile strain in inorganic perovskite films induced by thermal annealing is one of the primary factors contributing to the inefficiency and instability of inorganic perovskite solar cells(IPSCs),which reduces the...The tensile strain in inorganic perovskite films induced by thermal annealing is one of the primary factors contributing to the inefficiency and instability of inorganic perovskite solar cells(IPSCs),which reduces the defect formation energy.Here,a flexible molecule 5-maleimidovaleric acid(5-MVA)was introduced as a strain buffer to release the residual strain of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite.Maleic anhydride and carboxyl groups in 5-MVA interact strongly with the uncoordinated Pb^(2+)through Lewis acid-base reaction,thus tightly“pull”the perovskite lattice.The in-between soft carbon chain increased the structural flexibility of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite materials,which effectively relieved the intrinsic internal strain of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15),resisted the corrosion of external strain,and also reduced the formation of defects such as VIand Pb0.In addition,the introduction of 5-MVA improved crystal quality,passivated residual defects,and narrowed energy level barriers.Eventually,power conversion efficiency(PCE)of NiOxbased inverted IPSCs increased from 19.25%to 20.82%with the open-circuit voltage enhanced from 1.164 V to 1.230 V.The release of strain also improved the stability of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite films and devices.展开更多
Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs),owing to their amphiphilic nature,tend to aggregate,which impedes the formation of a dense and uniform SAM on the substrate.Additionally,the weak adsorption ability of SAMs on the indiu...Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs),owing to their amphiphilic nature,tend to aggregate,which impedes the formation of a dense and uniform SAM on the substrate.Additionally,the weak adsorption ability of SAMs on the indium tin oxide(ITO)surface and the desorption of hydroxyl(OH)from the ITO surface induced by polar solvents can lead to the formation of vacancies.Herein,a dimethylacridine-based SAM is incorporated into the perovskite precursor solution.This SAM can be extruded from the precursor solution and enriched on the bottom surface of the perovskite,filling the vacancies and in situ forming a mixed SAM with MeO-2PACz as a hole-selective layer(HSL).The in situ formed mixed SAM optimizes the energy level alignment between the HSL and the perovskite,facilitating hole extraction and alleviating the residual strain of the perovskite film.Consequently,the perovskite solar cells(PSCs),based on the mixed SAM,achieve a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 25.69%and exhibit excellent operational stability.When this approach is applied to 1.78 eV bandgap PSC devices,it yields a PCE of 20.08%.This work presents a unique strategy for fabricating both high-quality perovskite films and superior buried interfaces,which is also applicable to wide-bandgap PSCs.展开更多
In this study,a dynamic model for an inverted pendulum system(IPS)attached to a car is created,and two different control methods are applied to control the system.The designed control algorithms aim to stabilize the p...In this study,a dynamic model for an inverted pendulum system(IPS)attached to a car is created,and two different control methods are applied to control the system.The designed control algorithms aim to stabilize the pendulum arms in the upright position and the car to reach the equilibrium position.Grey Wolf Optimization-based Linear Quadratic Regulator(GWO-LQR)and GWO-based Fuzzy LQR(FLQR)control algorithms are used in the control process.To improve the performance of the LQR and FLQR methods,the optimum values of the coefficients corresponding to the foot points of the membership functions are determined by the GWO algorithm.Both a graphic and a numerical analysis of the outcomes are provided.In the comparative analysis,it is observed that the GWO-based FLQR method reduces the settling time by 22.58% and the maximum peak value by 18.2% when evaluated in terms of the angular response of the pendulum arm.Furthermore,this approach outperformed comparable research in the literature with a settling time of 2.4 s.These findings demonstrate that the suggested GWO-based FLQR controlmethod outperforms existing literature in terms of the time required for the pendulum arm to reach equilibrium.展开更多
Support and maintenance of tunnel excavations during operation are critical to ensure the safety and stability of tunnels.This study proposes a specialized support technology for a railroad tunnel in western China,cha...Support and maintenance of tunnel excavations during operation are critical to ensure the safety and stability of tunnels.This study proposes a specialized support technology for a railroad tunnel in western China,characterized by substantial deformation and a limited inherent self-stabilizing capacity.The method involves the application of a foam concrete compressible layer at the inverted arch of the tunnel.The effectiveness of the foam concrete layer in mitigating the effect of the surrounding rock on the tunnel inverted arch structure is investigated by a combination of indoor tests and numerical simulations.The laboratory test results show that the train load has little effect on the compressive performance of the foamed concrete compressible layer,which indicates that the foamed concrete compressible layer can be applied in the tunnel invert.By analyzing the support effect of the established model,it is found that the foam concrete compressible layer can effectively absorb the deformation pressure generated by the surrounding rock and protect the secondary lining structure,when the compressible layer density is 500 kg/m^(3) and the thickness is set to 20 cm,the supporting effect is the best.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the surgical outcomes of the perfluorocarbon liquid(PFCL)-assisted inverted multilayer internal limiting membrane(ILM)flaps covering technique in macular hole retinal detachment(MHRD)in high myopia wit...AIM:To evaluate the surgical outcomes of the perfluorocarbon liquid(PFCL)-assisted inverted multilayer internal limiting membrane(ILM)flaps covering technique in macular hole retinal detachment(MHRD)in high myopia with axial length(AL)≥30 mm.METHODS:In this retrospective,interventional,consecutive comparative study,44 MHRD eyes were divided into two groups:the PFCL-assisted inverted multilayer ILM flaps covering technique group(Group 1,21 eyes)and the ILM peeling group(Group 2,23 eyes).The follow-up period was>12mo.Postoperative outcomes,including retinal reattachment,macular hole(MH)closure,and bestcorrected visual acuity(BCVA),were assessed.Statistical analysis using the Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test was conducted to compare differences between groups.RESULTS:There were no statistically significant differences in baseline preoperative clinical characteristics,including age,sex,AL,diopters,duration of symptom,lens status,posterior staphyloma presence and extent of RD.Retinal reattachment rates were higher in Group 1(90.5%)than in Group 2(82.6%),without statistical significance(P=0.667).MH closure rates were significantly higher in Group 1(85.7%)than in Group 2(17.4%;P<0.001).The Group-1 BCVA(logMAR)improved significantly from 2.13±0.91 preoperatively to 1.21±0.66 postoperatively(P=0.026).The Group 2 BCVA improved significantly from 1.91±0.53 preoperatively to 1.19±0.41 postoperatively(P=0.032).However,there were no significant differences in visual-acuity improvement between groups(P=0.460).CONCLUSION:This technique offers a more effective approach for improving MH closure rates and postoperative visual function in MHRD with AL≥30 mm in high myopia.展开更多
Accurate forecasting of blast furnace gas(BFG)production is an essential prerequisite for reasonable energy scheduling and management to reduce carbon emissions.Coupling forecasting between BFG generation and consumpt...Accurate forecasting of blast furnace gas(BFG)production is an essential prerequisite for reasonable energy scheduling and management to reduce carbon emissions.Coupling forecasting between BFG generation and consumption dynamics was taken as the research object.A multi-task learning(MTL)method for BFG forecasting was proposed,which integrated a coupling correlation coefficient(CCC)and an inverted transformer structure.The CCC method could enhance key information extraction by establishing relationships between multiple prediction targets and relevant factors,while MTL effectively captured the inherent correlations between BFG generation and consumption.Finally,a real-world case study was conducted to compare the proposed model with four benchmark models.Results indicated significant reductions in average mean absolute percentage error by 33.37%,achieving 1.92%,with a computational time of 76 s.The sensitivity analysis of hyperparameters such as learning rate,batch size,and units of the long short-term memory layer highlights the importance of hyperparameter tuning.展开更多
Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high harmonic distortion and increased design complexity due to the need for numerous power semiconductor components,particularly at elevated voltage levels.Addressi...Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high harmonic distortion and increased design complexity due to the need for numerous power semiconductor components,particularly at elevated voltage levels.Addressing these shortcomings,thiswork presents a robust 15-level PackedUCell(PUC)inverter topology designed for renewable energy and grid-connected applications.The proposed systemintegrates a sensor less proportional-resonant(PR)controller with an advanced carrier-based pulse width modulation scheme.This approach efficiently balances capacitor voltage,minimizes steady-state error,and strongly suppresses both zero and third-order harmonics resulting in reduced total harmonic distortion and enhanced voltage regulation.Additionally,a novel switching algorithm simplifies the design and implementation,further lowering voltage stress across switches.Extensive simulation results validate the performance under various resistive and resistive-inductive load conditions,demonstrating compliance with IEEE-519 THD standards and robust operation under dynamic changes.The proposed sensorless PR-controlled 15-PUC inverter thus offers a compelling,cost-effective solution for efficient power conversion in next-generation renewable energy systems.展开更多
Using T106 numerical products, MM5 simulations in conjunction of Q-vector scheme-computed NCEP results, observations and satellite cloud images, study is undertaken for an exceptionally intense rainstorm event afflict...Using T106 numerical products, MM5 simulations in conjunction of Q-vector scheme-computed NCEP results, observations and satellite cloud images, study is undertaken for an exceptionally intense rainstorm event afflicting the Wenzhou region of Zhejiang province far away from the tropical storm center happening early on the morning of September 4, 1999 （TS9909 hereinafter）. Evidence suggests that, like previously-studied typhoons landing in autumn south of Xiamen to the eastern part of Guangdong, TS9909 has an inverted trough in the central south of the coastal belt of Zhejiang province that produces the rainstorm from the meso convective complex （MCC） on the warm, moist shear inside; the time and order of the magnitude of the rainfall are bound up with the development of the pattern of strong Q-vector divergence gradients during the event for the study area; the NE - SW coastline and the unique topography of the Yandang mountains inside the region are favorable for air lifting are the major contributors to the torrential rains.展开更多
Inverted lesions in the urinary bladder have been the source of some difficulty in urological pathology. The two common ones are von Brunn＇s nests and cystitis cystic/cystitis glandularis, which are considered normal...Inverted lesions in the urinary bladder have been the source of some difficulty in urological pathology. The two common ones are von Brunn＇s nests and cystitis cystic/cystitis glandularis, which are considered normal variants of urothelium. Apart from them, a number of other rare urothelial lesions with inverted growth pattern occur in the urinary bladder. Some of them are only reactive conditions, just as pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia. Some are benign tumors, namely inverted papilloma. Whereas others are malignant neoplasms, including inverted papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential （PUNLMP）, non-invasive inverted papillary urothelial carcinoma （low-grade and high-grade）, and invasive urothelial carcinoma （inverted, nested and big nested variants）. Because of the overlapping morphological features of all the inverted lesions mentioned above, even between high-grade invasive carcinoma and psendoearcinomatous hyperplasia which are only a kind of reactive conditions, it is very important for the surgical pathologist to recognize and be familiar with these inverted lesions in urinary bladder. In this article, we review these spectrums of inverted lesions of the urinary bladder. Emphasis is placed on histogenesis, morphology, differential diagnosis of these lesions, and the pathologic grading of the non-invasive inverted neoplasms, such as inverted papilloma, inverted PUNLMP, non-invasive inverted papillary urothelial carcinoma with low-grade, and non-invasive inverted papillary urothelial carcinoma with high-grade.展开更多
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72033003,12071088,91846302 and 71973107).
文摘The literature suggests inconsistent evidence regarding the influence of danger on prosocial behavior.We explore this issue through a nationwide survey of 8567 households in China during the COVID-19 Omicron variant outbreak in 2022.In a zero-COVID policy,China chose to quarantine all neighborhoods with viral infections.The almost random presence of infected cases provides an opportunity to examine the relationship between the proximity of danger(i.e.potential Omicron infection)and the prosocial behavior of residents in quarantine zones.For the first time,we find an inverted U-shape relationship:residents exhibit a stronger prosocial behavior when living closer to infected cases in the neighborhood,but this positive effect diminishes when they are too close to each other.Furthermore,such non-linear relationship is salient in residents’interpersonal helping but not in their cooperative behavior.Policymakers should be mindful of the different prosocial responses and target their efforts to help communities navigate quarantine periods more effectively.
基金supported by the Science,Technology,and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen Municipality(No.GJHZ20220913143204008)the Shccig-Qinling Program(No.SMYJY202300294C)+3 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22261142666,52372225,52172237,22305191)the Shaanxi Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.2022JC-21)the Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing(NPU)China(No.2021-QZ-02).
文摘The stability of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is adversely affected by nonradiative recombination resulting from buried interface defects.Herein,we synthesize a polyionic liquid,poly(p-vinylbenzyl trimethylam-monium hexafluorophosphate)(PTA),and introduce it into the buried interface of PSCs.The quaternary ammonium cation(N(-CH_(3))^(3+))in PTA can fill the vacancies of organic cations within the perovskite structure and reduce shallow energy level defects.Additionally,the hexafluorophosphate(PF6−)in PTA forms a Lewis acid-base interaction with Pb^(2+)in the perovskite layer,effectively passivating deep en-ergy level defects.Furthermore,hydrogen bonding can be established between organic cations and the PF6−anion,preventing the formation of shallow energy level defects.Through this synergistic mecha-nism,the deep and shallow energy level defects are effectively mitigated,resulting in improved device performance.As a result,the resulting treated inverted PSC exhibits an impressive power conversion ef-ficiency(PCE)of 24.72%.Notably,the PTA-treated PSCs exhibit remarkable stability,with 88.5%of the original PCE retained after undergoing heat aging at 85℃ for 1078 h,and 89.1%of the initial PCE main-tained following continuous exposure to light for 1100 h at the maximum power point.Synergistically suppressing multiple defects at the buried interface through the use of polyionic liquids is a promising way to improve the commercial viability of PSCs.
基金supported by Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan Province with Grant No.2023YFS0429supported by Science and Technology Project of China Road and Bridge Corporation with Grant No.P2220447+1 种基金supported by Foundation of Xinjiang Institute of Engineering 2024(Grant No.2024xgy072605)also supported by Sichuan Natural Science Foundation Project(Grant No.2024NSFSC0162).
文摘In recent years,tuned liquid dampers(TLDs)have emerged as a focal point of research due to their remarkable potential for structural vibration mitigation.Yet,progress in this field remains constrained by an incomplete understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing sloshing-induced loads in liquid-filled containers.Aqueducts present a distinctive case,as the capacity of their contained water to function effectively as a TLD remains uncertain.To address this gap,the present study investigates the generation mechanisms of sloshing loads under non-resonant cases through a two-dimensional(2D)computational fluid dynamics(CFD)model developed in ANSYS Fluent.The incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes(RANS)equations are solved,while the Volume of Fluid(VOF)method captures the evolution of the air–water interface.Turbulent flow behavior is modeled using the RNG-approach.The ensuing results reveal the dynamic characteristics of the horizontal force(fℎ)and the fluctuating component of the vertical force(Fof).Fh is predominantly governed by the inertia of the deep-water region and its phase varies coherently with the aqueduct’s acceleration.With increasing excitation amplitude(A)and frequency(f),the contribution of deep-water inertia to𝐹ℎintensifies markedly,accounting for 82.6–92.1%of the total horizontal load at an excitation amplitude of 0.15 m and frequencies of 1.0–1.6 Hz.The extreme values of Fof arise primarily from asymmetric static pressures induced by free-surface fluctuations,which are further amplified when wall gaps appear at large amplitudes(A≥10 cm)and high frequencies(f≥1.4 Hz).Unlike resonant cases dominated by free-surface resonance,non-resonant sloshing loads are principally driven by deep-water inertia and motion-induced surface asymmetry.
基金supported by Tianjin Science and Technology Planning Project(22YDTPJC0020).
文摘As a core power device in strategic industries such as new energy power generation and electric vehicles,the thermal reliability of IGBT modules directly determines the performance and lifetime of the whole system.A synergistic optimization structure of“inlet plate-channel spoiler columns”is proposed for the local hot spot problem during the operation of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor(IGBT),combined with the inherent defect of uneven flow distribution of the traditional U-type liquid cooling plate in this paper.The influences of the shape,height(H),and spacing from the spoiler column(b)of the plate on the comprehensive heat dissipation performance of the liquid cooling plate are analyzed at different Reynolds numbers,A dual heat source strategy is introduced and the effect of the optimized structure is evaluated by the temperature inhomogeneity coefficient(Φ).The results show that the optimum effect is achieved when the shape of the plate is square,H=4.5 mm,b=2 mm,and u=0.05 m/s,at which the HTPE=1.09 and Φ are reduced by 40%.In contrast,the maximum temperatures of the IGBT and the FWD(Free Wheeling Diode)chips are reduced by 8.7 and 8.4 K,respectively,and ΔP rises by only 1.58 Pa while keeping ΔT not significantly increased.This optimized configuration achieves a significant reduction in the critical chip temperature and optimization of the flow field uniformity with almost no change in the system flow resistance.It breaks through the limitation of single structure optimization of the traditional liquid cooling plate and effectively solves the problem of uneven flow in the U-shaped cooling plate,which provides a new solution with important engineering value for the thermal management of IGBT modules.
基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Sichuan Province with Grant No.2023YFS0429supported by Science and Technology Project of China Road and Bridge Corporation with Grant No.P2220447+1 种基金supported by Foundation of Xinjiang Institute of Engineering 2024(Grant No.2024xgy072605)supported by Sichuan Natural Science Foundation Project(Grant No.2024NSFSC0162).The numerical calculations in this study have been done on Hefei advanced computing center.
文摘In recent years,tuned liquid dampers(TLDs)have attracted significant research interest;however,overall progress has been limited due to insufficient understanding of the mechanisms governing sloshing-induced loads.In particular,it remains unclear whether the water in aqueducts—common water-diversion structures in many countries—can serve as an effective TLD.This study investigates the generation mechanisms of sloshing loads during the first-order transverse resonance of water in a U-shaped aqueduct using a two-dimensional(2D)numerical model.The results reveal that,at the equilibrium position,the free surface difference between the left and right walls,the horizontal force on the aqueduct,and the fluctuating component of the vertical force all reach their maxima,with energy predominantly stored as potential energy.At the maximum displacement position,the surface difference and horizontal force drop to zero,while the fluctuating vertical force attains its minimum and energy shifts primarily to kinetic form.At this stage,static pressure is governed solely by the vertical convective acceleration,whereas at equilibrium it is closely linked to both the free surface difference and vertical local acceleration of the water.This dynamic energy exchange generates vertical force oscillations even when the free surface appears nearly symmetric.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(22425903,U24A20568,61705102,62288102,22409091,22409090 and 62205142)the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFB4204500)the Jiangsu Provincial Departments of Science and Technology(BE2022023,BK20220010,BZ2023060,BK20240561,and BK20240562)。
文摘Inverted p-i-n perovskite solar cells(PSCs)based on self-assembled monolayers(SAMs)as hole-selective layers(HSLs)have produced potential record efficiencies of more than 26%by tuning work function,dipole,and passivation defects.However,the stability of the SAM molecules,the stability of the molecular anchoring conformation,and the impact on the stability of subsequent PSCs have not been clearly elucidated.In this review,we systematically discussed the intrinsic connection between the molecular conformation(including anchoring groups,spacer groups,and terminal groups)and the stability of SAMs.Sequentially,the research progress of SAMs as HSLs in improving the stability of PSCs is summarized,including photostability,thermal stability,ion migration,and residual stress.Finally,we look forward to the shortcomings and possible challenges of using SAMs as HSLs for inverted PSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.12275078,11875026,12035005,2020YFC2201400the innovative research group of Hunan Province under Grant No.2024JJ1006。
文摘We use out-of-time order correlators(OTOCs)to investigate the quantum instability and Ehrenfest time for an inverted harmonic oscillator(IHO).For initial states located in the stable manifolds of the IHO we find that the corresponding OTOC exhibits identical evolutionary characteristics to the saddle point before the Ehrenfest time.For initial states located in the unstable manifolds,the OTOCs still grow exponentially but the time to maintain exponential growth is related to the center position of its wave packet in phase space.Moreover,we use the Husimi Q function to visualize the quantum wave packets during exponential growth of the OTOCs.Our results show that quantum instability exists at arbitrary orbits in the IHO system,and the Ehrenfest time in the IHO system depends not only on the photon number of the initial system but also on the central positions of the initial states in phase space.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0118400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(6217520)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Fujian Province of China(2021H6018)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province of China(2021J06009)。
文摘Flexible perovskite solar cells(fPSCs)have demonstrated commercial viability because of their promising lightness,flexibility,and low-cost advantages.However,in most applications,the fPSCs suffer from constant external stress,such as being kept at a convex bending state,imposing external stress on the brittle perovskite films and causing the fPSCs long-term stability problems.Overcoming these issues is vital.Herein,we propose an effective way to enhance the stability of the fPSCs under convex bending by modulating the residual stress of perovskite film for the first time.Specifically,we have carefully designed a synergistic strain engineering to toughen the perovskite films by introducing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate,citric acid,and a novel cross-linker,5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoate into perovskite films simultaneously.Besides passivating the perovskite films,the multiple additives effectively convert the residual stress within the perovskite films from tensile to compressive type to alleviate the detrimental impact of bending on the flexible perovskite films.As a result,the optimal efficiencies of triple-additive modified fPSCs have achieved 22.19%(0.06 cm^(2))and 19.44%(1.02 cm^(2)).More importantly,the strategy could significantly improve the stability of the perovskite films and fPSCs at a convex bending state.Our approach is inductive for the future practical field applications of high-performance fPSCs.
基金financial support provided by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2022NSFSC0226)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(No.2023ZYD0163)+6 种基金the Production-Education Integration Demonstration Project of Sichuan Provincethe Photovoltaic Industry Production-Education Integration Comprehensive Demonstration Base of Sichuan Province(Sichuan Financial Education[2022]No.106)China Tianfu Yongxing Laboratory Science and Technology Key Project(2023KJGG15)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3803300)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(IS23037)the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero(project ID:NEXTCCUS)the ACT program(Accelerating CCS Technologies,Horizon2020 project NO.691712)。
文摘The 2D/3D heterojunction perovskites have garnered increasing attention due to their exceptional moisture and thermal stability.However,few works have paid attention to the influence of the subsequent change process of 2D/3D heterojunction PSC on the stability of PSCs.Moreover,the evolution of the interface and carrier dynamic behavior of the 2D/3D perovskite films with long-term operation has not been systematically developed befo re.In this work,the effects of 2D/3 D heterojunction evolution on the interface of perovskite films and different carrier dynamics during 2D/3D evolution are systematically analyzed for the first time.The decomposition of 2D/3D heterojunction in the perovskite film will have a certain impact on the surface and carrier dynamics behavior of perovskite.During the evolution of 2D/3D heterojunction,PbI_(2)crystals will appear,which will improve the interfacial energy level matching between the electron transport layer and perovskite film.With a long evolution time,some holes will appear on the surface of perovskite film.The open circuit voltage(V_(OC))of PSCs increased from 1.14 to1.18 V and the PCE increased to 23.21%after 300 h storage in the nitrogen atmosphere,and maintained 89%initial performance for with 3000 h stability test in N_(2)box.This discovery has a significant role in promoting the development of inverted heterojunction PSCs and constructing the revolution mechanism of charge carrier dynamic.
基金supported by the Program for Science and Technology Innovation Team in Zhejiang(Grant No.2021R01004)the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City(No.2023J119)+1 种基金the Ningbo Youth Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talent Project(2023QL029)K.C.Wong Magna Fund in Ningbo University,China。
文摘Inorganic CsPbI_(3)perovskite with superior thermal stability and photoelectric properties has developed into a promising candidate for photovoltaic applications.Nevertheless,the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of CsPbI_(3)perovskite solar cells(PSCs)still lags far behind that of both organic-inorganic hybrid counterparts and the theoretical PCE limit,primarily restricted by severe fill factor(FF)and opencircuit voltage(VOC)deficits.Herein,an in-situ self-crosslinking strategy is proposed to construct high-performance inverted inorganic PSCs by incorporating acrylate monomers as additives into CsPbI_(3)perovskite precursors.During the thermal annealing process of perovskite films,acrylate monomers can form network structures by breaking the C=C groups through an in-situ polymerization reaction,mainly anchored at the grain boundaries(GBs)and on the surfaces of perovskite.Meanwhile,the C=O groups of acrylate polymers can favorably coordinate with uncoordinated Pb^(2+),thereby decreasing defect density and stabilizing the perovskite phase.Particularly,with multiple crosslinking and passivation sites,the incorporation of dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate(DPHA)can effectively improve the perovskite film quality,suppress nonradiative recombination,and block moisture erosion.Consequently,the DPHAbased PSC achieves a champion PCE of 20.05%with a record-high FF of 85.05%,both of which rank among the top in the performance of inverted CsPbI_(3)PSCs.Moreover,the unencapsulated DPHA-based device exhibits negligible hysteresis,remarkably improved long-term storage,and operational stability.This work offers a facile and useful strategy to simultaneously promote the efficiency and device stability of inverted inorganic PSCs.
基金financial support of National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB04200302)joint funds of National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62104115)+5 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A2072)Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation of Higher Education of China(Grant No.B16027)Key R&D Program of Hebei Province(No.19214301D)Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Project at Southwest United Graduate School(No.202302A0370009)Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical TransformationsFundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Nankai University。
文摘The tensile strain in inorganic perovskite films induced by thermal annealing is one of the primary factors contributing to the inefficiency and instability of inorganic perovskite solar cells(IPSCs),which reduces the defect formation energy.Here,a flexible molecule 5-maleimidovaleric acid(5-MVA)was introduced as a strain buffer to release the residual strain of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite.Maleic anhydride and carboxyl groups in 5-MVA interact strongly with the uncoordinated Pb^(2+)through Lewis acid-base reaction,thus tightly“pull”the perovskite lattice.The in-between soft carbon chain increased the structural flexibility of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite materials,which effectively relieved the intrinsic internal strain of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15),resisted the corrosion of external strain,and also reduced the formation of defects such as VIand Pb0.In addition,the introduction of 5-MVA improved crystal quality,passivated residual defects,and narrowed energy level barriers.Eventually,power conversion efficiency(PCE)of NiOxbased inverted IPSCs increased from 19.25%to 20.82%with the open-circuit voltage enhanced from 1.164 V to 1.230 V.The release of strain also improved the stability of CsPbI_(2.85)Br_(0.15)perovskite films and devices.
基金supported by the Young Cross Team Project of CAS(No.JCTD-2021-14)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51925206)Gusu Innovation and Entrepreneur Leading Talents(ZXL2022466)。
文摘Self-assembled monolayers(SAMs),owing to their amphiphilic nature,tend to aggregate,which impedes the formation of a dense and uniform SAM on the substrate.Additionally,the weak adsorption ability of SAMs on the indium tin oxide(ITO)surface and the desorption of hydroxyl(OH)from the ITO surface induced by polar solvents can lead to the formation of vacancies.Herein,a dimethylacridine-based SAM is incorporated into the perovskite precursor solution.This SAM can be extruded from the precursor solution and enriched on the bottom surface of the perovskite,filling the vacancies and in situ forming a mixed SAM with MeO-2PACz as a hole-selective layer(HSL).The in situ formed mixed SAM optimizes the energy level alignment between the HSL and the perovskite,facilitating hole extraction and alleviating the residual strain of the perovskite film.Consequently,the perovskite solar cells(PSCs),based on the mixed SAM,achieve a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 25.69%and exhibit excellent operational stability.When this approach is applied to 1.78 eV bandgap PSC devices,it yields a PCE of 20.08%.This work presents a unique strategy for fabricating both high-quality perovskite films and superior buried interfaces,which is also applicable to wide-bandgap PSCs.
文摘In this study,a dynamic model for an inverted pendulum system(IPS)attached to a car is created,and two different control methods are applied to control the system.The designed control algorithms aim to stabilize the pendulum arms in the upright position and the car to reach the equilibrium position.Grey Wolf Optimization-based Linear Quadratic Regulator(GWO-LQR)and GWO-based Fuzzy LQR(FLQR)control algorithms are used in the control process.To improve the performance of the LQR and FLQR methods,the optimum values of the coefficients corresponding to the foot points of the membership functions are determined by the GWO algorithm.Both a graphic and a numerical analysis of the outcomes are provided.In the comparative analysis,it is observed that the GWO-based FLQR method reduces the settling time by 22.58% and the maximum peak value by 18.2% when evaluated in terms of the angular response of the pendulum arm.Furthermore,this approach outperformed comparable research in the literature with a settling time of 2.4 s.These findings demonstrate that the suggested GWO-based FLQR controlmethod outperforms existing literature in terms of the time required for the pendulum arm to reach equilibrium.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant number 52179113Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Safety Grant No.SKLGME 022022,SKLGME-JBGS2401.
文摘Support and maintenance of tunnel excavations during operation are critical to ensure the safety and stability of tunnels.This study proposes a specialized support technology for a railroad tunnel in western China,characterized by substantial deformation and a limited inherent self-stabilizing capacity.The method involves the application of a foam concrete compressible layer at the inverted arch of the tunnel.The effectiveness of the foam concrete layer in mitigating the effect of the surrounding rock on the tunnel inverted arch structure is investigated by a combination of indoor tests and numerical simulations.The laboratory test results show that the train load has little effect on the compressive performance of the foamed concrete compressible layer,which indicates that the foamed concrete compressible layer can be applied in the tunnel invert.By analyzing the support effect of the established model,it is found that the foam concrete compressible layer can effectively absorb the deformation pressure generated by the surrounding rock and protect the secondary lining structure,when the compressible layer density is 500 kg/m^(3) and the thickness is set to 20 cm,the supporting effect is the best.
基金Supported by Research Incubation Fund of Xi’an People’s Hospital(Xi’an Fourth Hospital)(No.FZ-58).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the surgical outcomes of the perfluorocarbon liquid(PFCL)-assisted inverted multilayer internal limiting membrane(ILM)flaps covering technique in macular hole retinal detachment(MHRD)in high myopia with axial length(AL)≥30 mm.METHODS:In this retrospective,interventional,consecutive comparative study,44 MHRD eyes were divided into two groups:the PFCL-assisted inverted multilayer ILM flaps covering technique group(Group 1,21 eyes)and the ILM peeling group(Group 2,23 eyes).The follow-up period was>12mo.Postoperative outcomes,including retinal reattachment,macular hole(MH)closure,and bestcorrected visual acuity(BCVA),were assessed.Statistical analysis using the Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test was conducted to compare differences between groups.RESULTS:There were no statistically significant differences in baseline preoperative clinical characteristics,including age,sex,AL,diopters,duration of symptom,lens status,posterior staphyloma presence and extent of RD.Retinal reattachment rates were higher in Group 1(90.5%)than in Group 2(82.6%),without statistical significance(P=0.667).MH closure rates were significantly higher in Group 1(85.7%)than in Group 2(17.4%;P<0.001).The Group-1 BCVA(logMAR)improved significantly from 2.13±0.91 preoperatively to 1.21±0.66 postoperatively(P=0.026).The Group 2 BCVA improved significantly from 1.91±0.53 preoperatively to 1.19±0.41 postoperatively(P=0.032).However,there were no significant differences in visual-acuity improvement between groups(P=0.460).CONCLUSION:This technique offers a more effective approach for improving MH closure rates and postoperative visual function in MHRD with AL≥30 mm in high myopia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52474435)China Baowu Low Carbon Metallurgy Innovation Foundation(BWLCF202307).
文摘Accurate forecasting of blast furnace gas(BFG)production is an essential prerequisite for reasonable energy scheduling and management to reduce carbon emissions.Coupling forecasting between BFG generation and consumption dynamics was taken as the research object.A multi-task learning(MTL)method for BFG forecasting was proposed,which integrated a coupling correlation coefficient(CCC)and an inverted transformer structure.The CCC method could enhance key information extraction by establishing relationships between multiple prediction targets and relevant factors,while MTL effectively captured the inherent correlations between BFG generation and consumption.Finally,a real-world case study was conducted to compare the proposed model with four benchmark models.Results indicated significant reductions in average mean absolute percentage error by 33.37%,achieving 1.92%,with a computational time of 76 s.The sensitivity analysis of hyperparameters such as learning rate,batch size,and units of the long short-term memory layer highlights the importance of hyperparameter tuning.
文摘Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high harmonic distortion and increased design complexity due to the need for numerous power semiconductor components,particularly at elevated voltage levels.Addressing these shortcomings,thiswork presents a robust 15-level PackedUCell(PUC)inverter topology designed for renewable energy and grid-connected applications.The proposed systemintegrates a sensor less proportional-resonant(PR)controller with an advanced carrier-based pulse width modulation scheme.This approach efficiently balances capacitor voltage,minimizes steady-state error,and strongly suppresses both zero and third-order harmonics resulting in reduced total harmonic distortion and enhanced voltage regulation.Additionally,a novel switching algorithm simplifies the design and implementation,further lowering voltage stress across switches.Extensive simulation results validate the performance under various resistive and resistive-inductive load conditions,demonstrating compliance with IEEE-519 THD standards and robust operation under dynamic changes.The proposed sensorless PR-controlled 15-PUC inverter thus offers a compelling,cost-effective solution for efficient power conversion in next-generation renewable energy systems.
基金sponsored jointly by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 4040950009402050084)the Project of Planned National Key Basic Research/Development (2004CB418301)
文摘Using T106 numerical products, MM5 simulations in conjunction of Q-vector scheme-computed NCEP results, observations and satellite cloud images, study is undertaken for an exceptionally intense rainstorm event afflicting the Wenzhou region of Zhejiang province far away from the tropical storm center happening early on the morning of September 4, 1999 （TS9909 hereinafter）. Evidence suggests that, like previously-studied typhoons landing in autumn south of Xiamen to the eastern part of Guangdong, TS9909 has an inverted trough in the central south of the coastal belt of Zhejiang province that produces the rainstorm from the meso convective complex （MCC） on the warm, moist shear inside; the time and order of the magnitude of the rainfall are bound up with the development of the pattern of strong Q-vector divergence gradients during the event for the study area; the NE - SW coastline and the unique topography of the Yandang mountains inside the region are favorable for air lifting are the major contributors to the torrential rains.
文摘Inverted lesions in the urinary bladder have been the source of some difficulty in urological pathology. The two common ones are von Brunn＇s nests and cystitis cystic/cystitis glandularis, which are considered normal variants of urothelium. Apart from them, a number of other rare urothelial lesions with inverted growth pattern occur in the urinary bladder. Some of them are only reactive conditions, just as pseudocarcinomatous hyperplasia. Some are benign tumors, namely inverted papilloma. Whereas others are malignant neoplasms, including inverted papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential （PUNLMP）, non-invasive inverted papillary urothelial carcinoma （low-grade and high-grade）, and invasive urothelial carcinoma （inverted, nested and big nested variants）. Because of the overlapping morphological features of all the inverted lesions mentioned above, even between high-grade invasive carcinoma and psendoearcinomatous hyperplasia which are only a kind of reactive conditions, it is very important for the surgical pathologist to recognize and be familiar with these inverted lesions in urinary bladder. In this article, we review these spectrums of inverted lesions of the urinary bladder. Emphasis is placed on histogenesis, morphology, differential diagnosis of these lesions, and the pathologic grading of the non-invasive inverted neoplasms, such as inverted papilloma, inverted PUNLMP, non-invasive inverted papillary urothelial carcinoma with low-grade, and non-invasive inverted papillary urothelial carcinoma with high-grade.
