Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non crystalline aluminum oxide (N AlOH), goethite, non crystalline iron oxide (N FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics ...Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non crystalline aluminum oxide (N AlOH), goethite, non crystalline iron oxide (N FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N AlOH > bayerite > N FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N AlOH, goethite, N FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N FeOH > N AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide and aluminum oxide invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite inv ertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.展开更多
In this study, we produced tomato plants overexpressing an invertase inhibitor gene （Sly-INH） from tomato using a simple and efficient transient transformation system. Compared with control plants, the expression of...In this study, we produced tomato plants overexpressing an invertase inhibitor gene （Sly-INH） from tomato using a simple and efficient transient transformation system. Compared with control plants, the expression of Sly-INH was highly upregulated in Sly-INH overexpressing plants, as indicated by real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Physiological analysis revealed that Sly-INH inhibited the activity of cell wall invertase （CWIN）, which increased sugar accumulation in tomato fruit. Furthermore, Sly-INH mediated sucrose metabolism by regulating CWIN activity. Our results suggest that invertase activity is potentially regulated by the Sly-INH inhibitor at the post-translational level, and they demonstrate that the transient transformation system is an effective method for determining the functions of genes in tomato.展开更多
In higher plants, vacuolar invertases play essential roles in sugar metabolism, organ development, and sink strength. In sorghum(Sorghum bicolor), two vacuolar invertase genes,Sb VIN1(Sobic. 004 G004800) and Sb VIN2(S...In higher plants, vacuolar invertases play essential roles in sugar metabolism, organ development, and sink strength. In sorghum(Sorghum bicolor), two vacuolar invertase genes,Sb VIN1(Sobic. 004 G004800) and Sb VIN2(Sobic. 006 G160700) have been reported, but their enzymatic properties and functional differences are largely unknown. We combined molecular, biochemical and genomic approaches to investigate their roles in sorghum stem and grain traits. Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2 showed different expression levels in internodes,leaves, and panicles, indicating that their importance in each organ was different. In an in vitro sucrose hydrolysis assay, proteins of both genes heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris displayed similar enzyme properties including the same optimum reaction p H(5)and similar Kmfor sucroe(49 mmol L-1 and 45 mmol L-1 for Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2,respectively). The optimum reaction temperatures of Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2 were 45 °C and65 °C, respectively. Sb VIN2 showed higher tolerance to high temperature than Sb VIN1. We characterized the sequence variation of these two vacuolar invertase genes in a panel of 216 diverse inbred lines of sweet and grain sorghum and performed gene-based association analysis. Sb VIN1 showed significant associations with stem traits including stem length,stem diameter, internode number, stem fresh weight, and Brix, as well as grain traits including hundred-grain weight and grain width. Significantly associated variation sites were mainly in 5′ upstream and intron regions. Sb VIN2 only associated with grain width and stem water-soluble carbohydrates(WSCs) content. We conclude that the vacuolar invertase genes Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2 are differently associated with stem and grain traits in sorghum.展开更多
Invertase is a key enzyme in sucrose catabolism and crucial for plant assimilate distribution. With the development of molecularbiology, a lot of invertsae genes were cloned recently, and significant progress have bee...Invertase is a key enzyme in sucrose catabolism and crucial for plant assimilate distribution. With the development of molecularbiology, a lot of invertsae genes were cloned recently, and significant progress have been made in regulators on the expression of invertase genes.Thus, this article summarized theresearch progress of invertase in biological characteristics, molecular characteristics and expression regulation.展开更多
Sugar is an important material basis in fruit development,and strawberry fruit flavour and sweetness largely depend on the sugar content and variety.Invertases(INVs)play an important role in the regulation of sugar ac...Sugar is an important material basis in fruit development,and strawberry fruit flavour and sweetness largely depend on the sugar content and variety.Invertases(INVs)play an important role in the regulation of sugar accumulation because they irreversibly catalyse the hydrolysis of sucrose into the corresponding nucleoside diphosphate-glucose,glucose or fructose in fruit.In this work,we provided a comprehensive analysis of the INV gene family in octoploid strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa),including the gene structure,chromosomal locations,conserved domains,and gene evolution and expression profiles during strawberry fruit development.Our study revealed that polyploid events resulted in the abundant amplification(almost three-or four-fold)of the INV gene in the F.×ananassa genome,and these amplified INV genes showed dominant expression in strawberry fruit.More than half of the FaINVs transcripts with low expression had incomplete coding sequences by alternative splicing.Previous studies have shown that cell wall invertases(CWINV)are involved in the regulation of phloem unloading and sink strength establishment.The expression of FaCWINV1 was markedly upregulated during fruit development and strongly expressed in ripe fruit.Moreover,a significant correlation was observed between the total sugar content and the FaCWINV1 expression level.These findings suggest that FaCWINV1 may be involved in sugar accumulation in strawberry fruit.Taken together,the results of our study will be beneficial for further research into the functions of INVs in the regulation of fruit ripening.展开更多
Virus-free sugarcane seedlings have improved biomass and sucrose content compared with ordinary seedlings, and sucrose invertases are key enzymes regulating sugarcane growth and sucrose accumulation. In this study, th...Virus-free sugarcane seedlings have improved biomass and sucrose content compared with ordinary seedlings, and sucrose invertases are key enzymes regulating sugarcane growth and sucrose accumulation. In this study, the differences in the expression levels of 3 invertase genes, CWI, SAI and NI, between virus- free and ordinary sugarcane seedlings were analyzed. Compared with ordinary sugarcane plants, the expression of CWI was mainly up-regulated in immature leaves and stems at elongation stage and leaves and immature internodes at maturation stage, and especially, greatly up-regulated in immature interuedes at maturation stage of virus-free plants. The expression of SAI and NI were mainly up-regnlated in leaves and immature internedes of virus-free plants at maturation stage, which might be beneficial to sugar accumulation and rapid utilization of monosaccharide in the stalks of virus-free plants. It is further indicated that virus-free treatment could significantly improve the expression of sucrose invertases at late growth period, and might facilitate the increase of plant biomass.展开更多
A hybrid GMDH neural network model has been developed in order to predict the partition coefficients of invertase from Baker's yeast. ATPS experiments were carried out changing the molar average mass of PEG(1500–...A hybrid GMDH neural network model has been developed in order to predict the partition coefficients of invertase from Baker's yeast. ATPS experiments were carried out changing the molar average mass of PEG(1500–6000 Da), p H(4.0–7.0), percentage of PEG(10.0–20.0 w/w), percentage of MgSO_4(8.0–16.0 w/w), percentage of the cell homogenate(10.0–20.0 w/w) and the percentage of MnSO_4(0–5.0 w/w) added as cosolute. The network evaluation was carried out comparing the partition coefficients obtained from the hybrid GMDH neural network with the experimental data using different statistical metrics. The hybrid GMDH neural network model showed better fitting(AARD = 32.752%) as well as good generalization capacity of the partition coefficients of the ATPS than the original GMDH network approach and a BPANN model. Therefore hybrid GMDH neural network model appears as a powerful tool for predicting partition coefficients during downstream processing of biomolecules.展开更多
Legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation(SNF)is suppressed by inorganic nitrogen(N)in the soil.High N inhibition of nitrogenase activity is associated with the deprivation of carbon allocation and metabolism in nodules.Howe...Legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation(SNF)is suppressed by inorganic nitrogen(N)in the soil.High N inhibition of nitrogenase activity is associated with the deprivation of carbon allocation and metabolism in nodules.However,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we identify Gm CIN1,which encodes a cytosolic invertase,as a gateway for the N-tuning of sucrose utilization in nodules.Gm CIN1 is enriched in mature soybean nodules,and its expression is regulated by nitrogen status.The knockout of Gm CIN1 using genome editing partially mimics the inhibitory effects of N on nitrogenase activity and sugar content and the impact of high N on nodule transcriptomes.This indicates that Gm CIN1 partially mediates the high N inhibition of nodule activity.Moreover,Ch IP-q PCR and EMSA reveal that SNAP1/2 transcription factors directly bind to the Gm CIN1 promoter.In addition,SNAP1/2 may be involved in the repression of Gm CIN1 expression in mature nodules at high N concentrations.Our findings provide insights into the involvement of the transcriptional tuning of carbon(C)metabolism genes by N-signaling modulators in the N-induced inhibition of nitrogenase activity.展开更多
Invertase(INV),a key enzyme in sucrose metabolism,irreversibly catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose,thus playing important roles in plant growth,development,and biotic and abiotic stress respons...Invertase(INV),a key enzyme in sucrose metabolism,irreversibly catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose,thus playing important roles in plant growth,development,and biotic and abiotic stress responses.In this study,we identified 27 members of the BnaINV family in Brassica napus.We constructed a phylogenetic tree of the family and predicted the gene structures,conserved motifs,cis-acting elements in promoters,physicochemical properties of encoded proteins,and chromosomal distribution of the BnaINVs.We also analyzed the expression of the BnaINVs in different tissues and developmental stages in the B.napus cultivar Zhongshuang 11 using qRT-PCR.In addition,we analyzed RNA-sequencing data to explore the expression patterns of the BnaINVs in four cultivars with different harvest indices and in plants inoculated with the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.We used WGCNA(weighted coexpression network analysis)to uncover BnaINV regulatory networks.Finally,we explored the expression patterns of several BnaINV genes in cultivars with long(Zhongshuang 4)and short(Ningyou 12)siliques.Our results suggest that BnaINVs play important roles in the growth and development of rapeseed siliques and the defense response against pathogens.Our findings could facilitate the breeding of high-yielding B.napus cultivars with strong disease resistance.展开更多
Sucrose is a sugar required for pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. It is little known on the regulation mechanism. As such, this research was conducted to reveal mechanism pathway of the sugar in regulatin...Sucrose is a sugar required for pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. It is little known on the regulation mechanism. As such, this research was conducted to reveal mechanism pathway of the sugar in regulating pollen germination and pollen tube elongation by cell wall invertase. The pollen grains, respectively originated from wild type and transgenic tomato plants, which had been silenced their inhibitor gene （INVINH1） of the cell wall invertase were used in this study. The pollen grains were cultured in media containing glucose, fi＇uctose or sucrose. Results of the study showed that percentage of the pollen germination derived from transgenic plants was much higher than that from wild type plants. Moreover, pollen tube elongation was longer in transgenic plants compared with wild type plants. Interestingly, these results were observed in medium containing sucrose only, but not in glucose and fructose. This result suggests that cell wall invertase activity regulates pollen germination and pollen tube elongation through sucrose hydrolysis.展开更多
Invertase hydrolyses sucrose, produces inverted sugar syrup, which is used, mainly, as a food composition in industries. To carry out the hydrolysis properly, the invertase should be stable in the soluble form through...Invertase hydrolyses sucrose, produces inverted sugar syrup, which is used, mainly, as a food composition in industries. To carry out the hydrolysis properly, the invertase should be stable in the soluble form through a considerable reaction period and recovered afterwards. The chosen reactor was a CSTR-type （continuous stirred tank reactor-type） coupled with an UFM （ultrafiltration-membrane）, the so-called MR （membrane reactor）. The varied parameters were： sucrose concentration （10-300 mM）, temperature （5-65 ℃）, reaction volume （14 mL and 65 mL）, stirring （100-500 rpm）, volumetric feeding rate （2.2-12 mL/h） and UFM MWCO （molecular weight cut off） （10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 kDa）. The invertase kinetic constants （KM = 23.5 mM; Vmax = 2,758 μmolgluJmin-mgprot; Ea = 9.1 kcal/mol） and the temperature deactivation energy （Ead= 20 kcal/mol） were calculated. Moreover, the invertase was unstable as the MR capacity diminished and the agitation increased up to 500 rpm most likely due to the damaging effect of shearing forces （present inside the MR） on the invertase molecule. Finally, both the MWCO and the chemical nature of the UFM affected the invertase stability along the hydrolysis. The enzyme stability increased as the UFM cut-off decreased, the highest value being observed with the 10 kDa-UFM.展开更多
According literature, the induction of Yarrowia lipolytica alkaline protease promoter （PXPR2） is efficient in pH 〉 6.0 and with high peptone dose. To establish optimal pH and peptone concentration for induction of ...According literature, the induction of Yarrowia lipolytica alkaline protease promoter （PXPR2） is efficient in pH 〉 6.0 and with high peptone dose. To establish optimal pH and peptone concentration for induction of invertase gene （suc2 of Saccharomyces cerevisaie） under PXPR2 in new Y. lipolytica A-101 invertase positive （Suc＋） transformants their growth on Bioscreen C was analyzed. Minimal mineral medium with thiamine （MMT） and sucrose （1%）, adjusted to pH from 5.8 to 7.6 and supplemented by 0-0.1% of peptone was used. Biomass （OD）, maximal specific growth rate （μmax） and consumed sucrose were measured. Maximal yeasts growth, resulting from the optimal PXPR2 induction, was observed at pH 7.2 and with very low peptone doses （0.0025% and 0.01%）. For five clones （A-101 1356-5; A-101 B54-6; A-101 B57-4; A-101 A18 and W29 ura3-302） only 0.005% of peptone was needed. Amount of hydrolyzed sucrose varied from 24% to 83% and μmax from 0.06 to 0.28 hl. Suc^＋ clones differ in growth parameters, so the site of yeast cassette integration into genome influences expression level of suc2 under PXPR2. Designing large scale processes with Y. lipolytica Suc^＋ clones peptone concentration has to be 100 times smaller than recommended so far.展开更多
The production of invertases by anamorph (A. nidulans) and teleomorph (E. nidulans) was investigated. The best level of extracellular enzymatic production for anomorph was obtained in Khanna medium containing sucrose ...The production of invertases by anamorph (A. nidulans) and teleomorph (E. nidulans) was investigated. The best level of extracellular enzymatic production for anomorph was obtained in Khanna medium containing sucrose as carbon source, whereas for teleomorph the best production was archived using M5 medium containing inulin as carbon source. Despite this, rye flour was selected as carbon source. The extracellular enzyme production was higher for teleomorph than that observed for anomorph for all carbon sources used. The enzyme production was inhibited by the addition of fructose and glucose in the medium containing rye flour as carbon source. The best conditions to recover the higher enzymatic activity were temperature of 54℃ - 62℃ and pH of 4.8 5.6 for both enzymes determined by experimental design (CCRD). The stability of the temperatures at 40℃ and 50℃were similar for both enzymes. The invertases from the anomorph and teleomorph were activated by Mn2+, but the response of each one towards the presence of this cation was different with best activation observed for the anomorph enzyme (+80%). The extracellular enzymes were able to hydrolyze inulin, sucrose and raffinose. However, the affinity was higher for sucrose than inulin. In conclusion, the carbon source assimilation and the invertase production, as well as the enzymes properties, were different for the anomorph and teleomorph mycelia.展开更多
oluble solids content(SSC) plays an important role in determining the flavor of tomato fruits. Tomato fruit SSC is transcriptionally regulated via sugar metabolism. Previous studies have predominantly focused on the r...oluble solids content(SSC) plays an important role in determining the flavor of tomato fruits. Tomato fruit SSC is transcriptionally regulated via sugar metabolism. Previous studies have predominantly focused on the role of C2H2-type zinc finger proteins in tomato growth and development. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms of C2H2 in the accumulation of soluble solids in tomato fruits are not fully understood. This study used eight tomato accessions with varying levels of SSC to study the expression of SlC2H2 family genes in red ripe fruits. The levels of SlC2H2-71 expression were found to be significantly reduced in high-SSC accessions compared to low-SSC accessions. Several Slc2h2-71 mutant lines were developed using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, which led to elevated levels of soluble solids, fructose, glucose, malic acid, and citric acid in mature red ripe fruits. However, the sucrose content in the edited Slc2h2-71 mutant lines was generally lower. RNA-seq analysis revealed that fruits from the mutant lines had altered expression of genes related to the sugar and acid metabolic pathways, which was further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Specifically, the expression of SlLIN5 encoding the cell wall invertase(CWIN) was elevated. The yeast one-hybrid(Y1H) assay, 35S::UAS-GUS, dual-luciferase reporter systems and electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA) demonstrated that C2H2-71 regulates tomato sugar metabolism by directly binding to the promoter region of Sl LIN5, culminating in the repression of its transcriptional activity. The activity of acid invertase exhibited a significantly higher level in the SlC2H2-71 knock-out lines compared to the control lines. In summary, the regulation of tomato fruit SSC by C2H2-71 involves the inhibition of SlLIN5 expression.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of "straw returning and ir-returning" and "irrigation with ground water and water in the Yellow River" on changes of enzyme activity in soils under wheat...[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of "straw returning and ir-returning" and "irrigation with ground water and water in the Yellow River" on changes of enzyme activity in soils under wheat at different developmental stages. [Method] Jimai 22, a kind of winter wheat, was made use of in fields to study on effects of "straw returning and ir-returning" and "irrigation with ground water and water in the Yellow River" on changes of enzyme activity in soils under wheat in different developmental stages. [Result] With advancement of developmental stage, urease activity of wheat in the four groups all showed the trend of "increasing-decreasing-increasing" and activities of invertase and phosphatase both changed from increasing to decreasing. In addition, urease activities of soils in wheat roots were improved by straw returning in four developmental stages. Meanwhile, activity of soil enzyme was better promoted by irrigation with ground water than with water in the Yellow River, except in grain-filling stage. Before developmental stage, different processing methods had a significant effect on phosphatase activity, for example, straw returning and ground water significantly enhanced activities of two kinds of phosphatase and promoted P absorption and transferring by plants and microorganisms in jointing stage; activity of acid phosphatase was higher in the group where irrigation with ground water and straw returning were adopted than those in the rest three groups in booting stage. [Conclusion] The research laid a foundation for dynamic relationship among activity of soil enzyme, crop growth and microorganisms.展开更多
A study was conducted to determine the responses of soil enzymes （invertase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and dehydrogenase） to long-term CO2 enrichment at the Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystem...A study was conducted to determine the responses of soil enzymes （invertase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and dehydrogenase） to long-term CO2 enrichment at the Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences （42°24＇N, 128°28＇E; 738 m in elevation） in the northeast China during 1999-2006. Three treatments of the CO2 enrichment, designed as 500 μmol·mol-1 CO2 open-top chamber （OTC）, ambient control chamber and unchambered field （approx. 370 μmol·mol^-1CO2）, were conducted with Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis tree species. Soil sampling was made and analyzed separately in spring, summer and autumn in 2006 after the soil enzymes were exposed to elevated CO2 concentration （500 μmol·mol^-1） for eight growing seasons. Results showed that, at elevated CO2 concentration （500 μmol·mol^-1）, the activities of invertase （except for the summer samples of P. koraiensis） presented a remarkable decline in all growing seasons, while the activities of dehydrogenase had an increase but only part of the results was remarkable; the activities of polyphenol oxidase in P. sylvestriformis rhizosphere showed a remarkable decrease; the catalase activities increased in spring, while in turn were decline in other seasons. This study also revealed that the soil enzyme activities are significantly correlated with the tree species under the CO2 enhancement.展开更多
Activities of selected soil enzymes (invertase, acid phosphatase, proteinase,catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxi-dase) were determined under different spruce forests withrestoration histories of 5, 13, 18, 23, 27 y...Activities of selected soil enzymes (invertase, acid phosphatase, proteinase,catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxi-dase) were determined under different spruce forests withrestoration histories of 5, 13, 18, 23, 27 years and an old growth forest over 400 years old in theeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, and their possible use as indicators of ecosystems healthwere analyzed. Plots 10 X 10 m with 4 replications were established to investigate three hypotheses:soil enzyme activities a) would increase with the restoration process; b) would be greater insurface soils than at lower depths; and c) would be correlated to selected physicochemicalproperties. Results showed that as the forests developed after restoration, invertase and peroxidaseactivities usually increased up to the 23 year point. Also soil enzyme activities were associatedwith surface soils and decreased with depths, suggesting that in earlier restoration stages surfaceaddition of organic fertilizer to soils might be more effective than additions at depth. In the 0-20cm soil, there were significant correlations (P < 0.01 or < 0.05) between some soil enzymeactivities and some selected chemical properties. Therefore, temporal changes in enzyme activitiesshould be included as an indicator when evaluating sustainable forest management practices.展开更多
The experiment was designed, via storing potato tubers of cv. E-Potato1 and E-Potato3 indifferent temperatures, to explore the variation patterns of reducing sugar (RS) andtotal sugar (TS) contents and enzyme activiti...The experiment was designed, via storing potato tubers of cv. E-Potato1 and E-Potato3 indifferent temperatures, to explore the variation patterns of reducing sugar (RS) andtotal sugar (TS) contents and enzyme activities that are involved in the pathway ofstarch-sugar metabolism aiming at identifying the main factors that influence the chipcolor. The results showed that low temperature in storage was a main factor thataccelerated the accumulation of RS of the stored tubers and a very significant linearrelationship existed between RS content and chip color index (CCI) of the tubers. Furtheranalysis elucidated that when tubers stored at 4℃, the activities of ADP glucosepyrophosphorylase (AGPase), UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) and sucrose synthase(SuSy) were negatively exponential to the RS content significantly while that of acidinvertase and alkaline invertase was significantly linear to RS content. It suggestedthat these enzymes could play main roles in the cold sweetening of potato tubers throughregulating starch-sugar metabolism.展开更多
Global climate models have indicated high probability of drought occurrences in the coming future decades due to the impacts of climate change caused by a mass release of CO2. Thus, climate change regarding elevated a...Global climate models have indicated high probability of drought occurrences in the coming future decades due to the impacts of climate change caused by a mass release of CO2. Thus, climate change regarding elevated ambient CO2 and drought may consequently affect the growth of crops. In this study, plant physiology, soil carbon, and soil enzyme activities were measured to investigate the impacts of elevated C02 and drought stress on a Stagn[c Anthrosol planted with soybean （Glycine ma,z）. Treatments of two CO2 levels, three soil moisture levels, and two soil cover types were established. The results indicated that elevated CO2 and drought stress significantly affected plant physiology. The inhibition of plant physiology by drought stress was mediated via prompted photosynthesis and water use efficiency under elevated CO2 conditions. Elevated CO2 resulted in a longer retention time of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in soil, probably by improving the soil water effectiveness for organic decomposition and mineralization. Drought stress significantly decreased C：N ratio and microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, but the interactive effects of drought stress and CO2 on them were not significant. Elevated CO2 induced an increase in invertase and catalase activities through stimulated plant root exudation. These results suggested that drought stress had significant negative impacts on plant physiology, soil carbon, and soil enzyme activities, whereas elevated CO2 and plant physiological feedbacks indirectly ameliorated these impacts.展开更多
Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses o...Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses of wheat spikelets at various positions,leaves,and stems and the interactions between them at physiological levels remain unclear.In the present study,two-year treatments at terminal spikelet stage under two temperatures(2 C,-2 C) and durations(1,2,and 3 days) were imposed in an artificial climate chamber to compare the effects of LSC on grain number and yield in the wheat cultivars Yannong 19(YN19,cold-tolerant) and Xinmai 26(XM26,cold-sensitive).The night temperature regimes were designed to reproduce natural temperature variation.LSC delayed plant growth and inhibited spike and floret differentiation,leading to high yield losses in both cultivars.LSC reduced dry matter accumulation(DMA,g) in spikes,stems,and leaves,reducing the DMA ratios of the spike to leaf and spike to stem.Plant cell wall invertase(CWINV) activity increased in upper and basal spikelets in YN19,whereas CWINV increased in middle spikelets in XM26.Under LSC,soluble sugar and glucose were transported and distributed mainly in upper and basal spikelets for glume and rachis development,so that spike development was relatively complete in YN19,whereas the upper and basal spikelets were severely damaged and most of the glumes in middle spikelets were relatively completely developed in XM26,resulting in pollen abortion mainly in upper and basal spikelets.The development of glumes and rachides was influenced and grain number per spike was decreased after LSC,with kernels present mainly in middle spikelets.Overall,reduced total DMA and dry matter partitioning to spikes under LSC results in poor spikelet development,leading to high losses of grain yield.展开更多
文摘Experiments were conducted to study the influences of synthetic bayerite, non crystalline aluminum oxide (N AlOH), goethite, non crystalline iron oxide (N FeOH) and kaolinite on the adsorption, activity, kinetics and thermal stability of invertase. Adsorption of invertase on iron, aluminum oxides fitted Langmuir equation. The amount of invertase held on the minerals followed the sequence kaolinite > goethite > N AlOH > bayerite > N FeOH. No correlation was found between enzyme adsorption and the specific surface area of minerals examined. The differences in the surface structure of minerals and the arrangement of enzymatic molecules on mineral surfaces led to the different capacities of minerals for enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of invertase on bayerite, N AlOH, goethite, N FeOH and kaolinite was differently affected by pH. The order for the activity of invertase adsorbed on minerals was N FeOH > N AlOH > bayerite > reak goethite > kaolinite. The inhibition effect of minerals on enzyme activity was kaolinite > crystalline oxides > non crystalline oxides. The pH optimum of iron oxide and aluminum oxide invertase complexes was similar to that of free enzyme (pH 4.0), whereas the pH optimum of kaolinite inv ertase complex was one pH unit higher than that of free enzyme. The affinity to substrate and the maximum reaction velocity as well as the thermal stability of combined invertase were lower than those of the free enzyme.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31372054 and 30971999)the State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Open Project of China(No.SKLPPBKF1404)
文摘In this study, we produced tomato plants overexpressing an invertase inhibitor gene （Sly-INH） from tomato using a simple and efficient transient transformation system. Compared with control plants, the expression of Sly-INH was highly upregulated in Sly-INH overexpressing plants, as indicated by real-time polymerase chain reaction （PCR）. Physiological analysis revealed that Sly-INH inhibited the activity of cell wall invertase （CWIN）, which increased sugar accumulation in tomato fruit. Furthermore, Sly-INH mediated sucrose metabolism by regulating CWIN activity. Our results suggest that invertase activity is potentially regulated by the Sly-INH inhibitor at the post-translational level, and they demonstrate that the transient transformation system is an effective method for determining the functions of genes in tomato.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31471570,No.31461143023)Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China(2015BAD15B03).
文摘In higher plants, vacuolar invertases play essential roles in sugar metabolism, organ development, and sink strength. In sorghum(Sorghum bicolor), two vacuolar invertase genes,Sb VIN1(Sobic. 004 G004800) and Sb VIN2(Sobic. 006 G160700) have been reported, but their enzymatic properties and functional differences are largely unknown. We combined molecular, biochemical and genomic approaches to investigate their roles in sorghum stem and grain traits. Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2 showed different expression levels in internodes,leaves, and panicles, indicating that their importance in each organ was different. In an in vitro sucrose hydrolysis assay, proteins of both genes heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris displayed similar enzyme properties including the same optimum reaction p H(5)and similar Kmfor sucroe(49 mmol L-1 and 45 mmol L-1 for Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2,respectively). The optimum reaction temperatures of Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2 were 45 °C and65 °C, respectively. Sb VIN2 showed higher tolerance to high temperature than Sb VIN1. We characterized the sequence variation of these two vacuolar invertase genes in a panel of 216 diverse inbred lines of sweet and grain sorghum and performed gene-based association analysis. Sb VIN1 showed significant associations with stem traits including stem length,stem diameter, internode number, stem fresh weight, and Brix, as well as grain traits including hundred-grain weight and grain width. Significantly associated variation sites were mainly in 5′ upstream and intron regions. Sb VIN2 only associated with grain width and stem water-soluble carbohydrates(WSCs) content. We conclude that the vacuolar invertase genes Sb VIN1 and Sb VIN2 are differently associated with stem and grain traits in sorghum.
文摘Invertase is a key enzyme in sucrose catabolism and crucial for plant assimilate distribution. With the development of molecularbiology, a lot of invertsae genes were cloned recently, and significant progress have been made in regulators on the expression of invertase genes.Thus, this article summarized theresearch progress of invertase in biological characteristics, molecular characteristics and expression regulation.
基金This work was funded by the Major Project for Breeding New Varieties of Jiangsu Province,China(PZCZ201721)the National Horticulture Germplasm Resources Center,China(NHGRC2020-NH16)the National Crop Germplasm Resources Protection of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China(19200361).
文摘Sugar is an important material basis in fruit development,and strawberry fruit flavour and sweetness largely depend on the sugar content and variety.Invertases(INVs)play an important role in the regulation of sugar accumulation because they irreversibly catalyse the hydrolysis of sucrose into the corresponding nucleoside diphosphate-glucose,glucose or fructose in fruit.In this work,we provided a comprehensive analysis of the INV gene family in octoploid strawberry(Fragaria×ananassa),including the gene structure,chromosomal locations,conserved domains,and gene evolution and expression profiles during strawberry fruit development.Our study revealed that polyploid events resulted in the abundant amplification(almost three-or four-fold)of the INV gene in the F.×ananassa genome,and these amplified INV genes showed dominant expression in strawberry fruit.More than half of the FaINVs transcripts with low expression had incomplete coding sequences by alternative splicing.Previous studies have shown that cell wall invertases(CWINV)are involved in the regulation of phloem unloading and sink strength establishment.The expression of FaCWINV1 was markedly upregulated during fruit development and strongly expressed in ripe fruit.Moreover,a significant correlation was observed between the total sugar content and the FaCWINV1 expression level.These findings suggest that FaCWINV1 may be involved in sugar accumulation in strawberry fruit.Taken together,the results of our study will be beneficial for further research into the functions of INVs in the regulation of fruit ripening.
基金Supported by"863"Program(2013AA102604-1)Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province(20163124)+1 种基金Basal Research Fund for Central Public-interest Scientific Institute(ITBB140503)Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-20-2-5)
文摘Virus-free sugarcane seedlings have improved biomass and sucrose content compared with ordinary seedlings, and sucrose invertases are key enzymes regulating sugarcane growth and sucrose accumulation. In this study, the differences in the expression levels of 3 invertase genes, CWI, SAI and NI, between virus- free and ordinary sugarcane seedlings were analyzed. Compared with ordinary sugarcane plants, the expression of CWI was mainly up-regulated in immature leaves and stems at elongation stage and leaves and immature internodes at maturation stage, and especially, greatly up-regulated in immature interuedes at maturation stage of virus-free plants. The expression of SAI and NI were mainly up-regnlated in leaves and immature internedes of virus-free plants at maturation stage, which might be beneficial to sugar accumulation and rapid utilization of monosaccharide in the stalks of virus-free plants. It is further indicated that virus-free treatment could significantly improve the expression of sucrose invertases at late growth period, and might facilitate the increase of plant biomass.
基金CAPES and Brazilian National Council of Research (CNPq) (Grant 407684/2013-1) for the financial support
文摘A hybrid GMDH neural network model has been developed in order to predict the partition coefficients of invertase from Baker's yeast. ATPS experiments were carried out changing the molar average mass of PEG(1500–6000 Da), p H(4.0–7.0), percentage of PEG(10.0–20.0 w/w), percentage of MgSO_4(8.0–16.0 w/w), percentage of the cell homogenate(10.0–20.0 w/w) and the percentage of MnSO_4(0–5.0 w/w) added as cosolute. The network evaluation was carried out comparing the partition coefficients obtained from the hybrid GMDH neural network with the experimental data using different statistical metrics. The hybrid GMDH neural network model showed better fitting(AARD = 32.752%) as well as good generalization capacity of the partition coefficients of the ATPS than the original GMDH network approach and a BPANN model. Therefore hybrid GMDH neural network model appears as a powerful tool for predicting partition coefficients during downstream processing of biomolecules.
基金supported by funds from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32072083)a Guangzhou Science Grant(2024A03J0010)awarded to Y.G。
文摘Legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation(SNF)is suppressed by inorganic nitrogen(N)in the soil.High N inhibition of nitrogenase activity is associated with the deprivation of carbon allocation and metabolism in nodules.However,the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear.Here,we identify Gm CIN1,which encodes a cytosolic invertase,as a gateway for the N-tuning of sucrose utilization in nodules.Gm CIN1 is enriched in mature soybean nodules,and its expression is regulated by nitrogen status.The knockout of Gm CIN1 using genome editing partially mimics the inhibitory effects of N on nitrogenase activity and sugar content and the impact of high N on nodule transcriptomes.This indicates that Gm CIN1 partially mediates the high N inhibition of nodule activity.Moreover,Ch IP-q PCR and EMSA reveal that SNAP1/2 transcription factors directly bind to the Gm CIN1 promoter.In addition,SNAP1/2 may be involved in the repression of Gm CIN1 expression in mature nodules at high N concentrations.Our findings provide insights into the involvement of the transcriptional tuning of carbon(C)metabolism genes by N-signaling modulators in the N-induced inhibition of nitrogenase activity.
基金This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31830067)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0100504-05)the“111”Project(B12006).
文摘Invertase(INV),a key enzyme in sucrose metabolism,irreversibly catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose,thus playing important roles in plant growth,development,and biotic and abiotic stress responses.In this study,we identified 27 members of the BnaINV family in Brassica napus.We constructed a phylogenetic tree of the family and predicted the gene structures,conserved motifs,cis-acting elements in promoters,physicochemical properties of encoded proteins,and chromosomal distribution of the BnaINVs.We also analyzed the expression of the BnaINVs in different tissues and developmental stages in the B.napus cultivar Zhongshuang 11 using qRT-PCR.In addition,we analyzed RNA-sequencing data to explore the expression patterns of the BnaINVs in four cultivars with different harvest indices and in plants inoculated with the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.We used WGCNA(weighted coexpression network analysis)to uncover BnaINV regulatory networks.Finally,we explored the expression patterns of several BnaINV genes in cultivars with long(Zhongshuang 4)and short(Ningyou 12)siliques.Our results suggest that BnaINVs play important roles in the growth and development of rapeseed siliques and the defense response against pathogens.Our findings could facilitate the breeding of high-yielding B.napus cultivars with strong disease resistance.
文摘Sucrose is a sugar required for pollen germination and pollen tube elongation. It is little known on the regulation mechanism. As such, this research was conducted to reveal mechanism pathway of the sugar in regulating pollen germination and pollen tube elongation by cell wall invertase. The pollen grains, respectively originated from wild type and transgenic tomato plants, which had been silenced their inhibitor gene （INVINH1） of the cell wall invertase were used in this study. The pollen grains were cultured in media containing glucose, fi＇uctose or sucrose. Results of the study showed that percentage of the pollen germination derived from transgenic plants was much higher than that from wild type plants. Moreover, pollen tube elongation was longer in transgenic plants compared with wild type plants. Interestingly, these results were observed in medium containing sucrose only, but not in glucose and fructose. This result suggests that cell wall invertase activity regulates pollen germination and pollen tube elongation through sucrose hydrolysis.
文摘Invertase hydrolyses sucrose, produces inverted sugar syrup, which is used, mainly, as a food composition in industries. To carry out the hydrolysis properly, the invertase should be stable in the soluble form through a considerable reaction period and recovered afterwards. The chosen reactor was a CSTR-type （continuous stirred tank reactor-type） coupled with an UFM （ultrafiltration-membrane）, the so-called MR （membrane reactor）. The varied parameters were： sucrose concentration （10-300 mM）, temperature （5-65 ℃）, reaction volume （14 mL and 65 mL）, stirring （100-500 rpm）, volumetric feeding rate （2.2-12 mL/h） and UFM MWCO （molecular weight cut off） （10, 20, 30, 50 and 100 kDa）. The invertase kinetic constants （KM = 23.5 mM; Vmax = 2,758 μmolgluJmin-mgprot; Ea = 9.1 kcal/mol） and the temperature deactivation energy （Ead= 20 kcal/mol） were calculated. Moreover, the invertase was unstable as the MR capacity diminished and the agitation increased up to 500 rpm most likely due to the damaging effect of shearing forces （present inside the MR） on the invertase molecule. Finally, both the MWCO and the chemical nature of the UFM affected the invertase stability along the hydrolysis. The enzyme stability increased as the UFM cut-off decreased, the highest value being observed with the 10 kDa-UFM.
文摘According literature, the induction of Yarrowia lipolytica alkaline protease promoter （PXPR2） is efficient in pH 〉 6.0 and with high peptone dose. To establish optimal pH and peptone concentration for induction of invertase gene （suc2 of Saccharomyces cerevisaie） under PXPR2 in new Y. lipolytica A-101 invertase positive （Suc＋） transformants their growth on Bioscreen C was analyzed. Minimal mineral medium with thiamine （MMT） and sucrose （1%）, adjusted to pH from 5.8 to 7.6 and supplemented by 0-0.1% of peptone was used. Biomass （OD）, maximal specific growth rate （μmax） and consumed sucrose were measured. Maximal yeasts growth, resulting from the optimal PXPR2 induction, was observed at pH 7.2 and with very low peptone doses （0.0025% and 0.01%）. For five clones （A-101 1356-5; A-101 B54-6; A-101 B57-4; A-101 A18 and W29 ura3-302） only 0.005% of peptone was needed. Amount of hydrolyzed sucrose varied from 24% to 83% and μmax from 0.06 to 0.28 hl. Suc^＋ clones differ in growth parameters, so the site of yeast cassette integration into genome influences expression level of suc2 under PXPR2. Designing large scale processes with Y. lipolytica Suc^＋ clones peptone concentration has to be 100 times smaller than recommended so far.
基金supported by grants from the Fundacao de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo(FAPESP)and Conselho de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnol-ógico(CNPq).
文摘The production of invertases by anamorph (A. nidulans) and teleomorph (E. nidulans) was investigated. The best level of extracellular enzymatic production for anomorph was obtained in Khanna medium containing sucrose as carbon source, whereas for teleomorph the best production was archived using M5 medium containing inulin as carbon source. Despite this, rye flour was selected as carbon source. The extracellular enzyme production was higher for teleomorph than that observed for anomorph for all carbon sources used. The enzyme production was inhibited by the addition of fructose and glucose in the medium containing rye flour as carbon source. The best conditions to recover the higher enzymatic activity were temperature of 54℃ - 62℃ and pH of 4.8 5.6 for both enzymes determined by experimental design (CCRD). The stability of the temperatures at 40℃ and 50℃were similar for both enzymes. The invertases from the anomorph and teleomorph were activated by Mn2+, but the response of each one towards the presence of this cation was different with best activation observed for the anomorph enzyme (+80%). The extracellular enzymes were able to hydrolyze inulin, sucrose and raffinose. However, the affinity was higher for sucrose than inulin. In conclusion, the carbon source assimilation and the invertase production, as well as the enzymes properties, were different for the anomorph and teleomorph mycelia.
基金supported by the grants from the National Key Research & Development Plan of China (2022YFF10030022022YFD1200502)+5 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32372696)the Wuhan Biological Breeding Major Project, China (2022021302024852)the HZAU–AGIS Cooperation Fund, China (SZYJY2023022)the Funds for High Quality Development of Hubei Seed Industry, China (HBZY2023B004)the Hubei Agriculture Research System, China (2024HBSTX4-06)the Funds of National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, China (Horti3Y-2024-008)。
文摘oluble solids content(SSC) plays an important role in determining the flavor of tomato fruits. Tomato fruit SSC is transcriptionally regulated via sugar metabolism. Previous studies have predominantly focused on the role of C2H2-type zinc finger proteins in tomato growth and development. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms of C2H2 in the accumulation of soluble solids in tomato fruits are not fully understood. This study used eight tomato accessions with varying levels of SSC to study the expression of SlC2H2 family genes in red ripe fruits. The levels of SlC2H2-71 expression were found to be significantly reduced in high-SSC accessions compared to low-SSC accessions. Several Slc2h2-71 mutant lines were developed using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, which led to elevated levels of soluble solids, fructose, glucose, malic acid, and citric acid in mature red ripe fruits. However, the sucrose content in the edited Slc2h2-71 mutant lines was generally lower. RNA-seq analysis revealed that fruits from the mutant lines had altered expression of genes related to the sugar and acid metabolic pathways, which was further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR. Specifically, the expression of SlLIN5 encoding the cell wall invertase(CWIN) was elevated. The yeast one-hybrid(Y1H) assay, 35S::UAS-GUS, dual-luciferase reporter systems and electrophoretic mobility shift assay(EMSA) demonstrated that C2H2-71 regulates tomato sugar metabolism by directly binding to the promoter region of Sl LIN5, culminating in the repression of its transcriptional activity. The activity of acid invertase exhibited a significantly higher level in the SlC2H2-71 knock-out lines compared to the control lines. In summary, the regulation of tomato fruit SSC by C2H2-71 involves the inhibition of SlLIN5 expression.
文摘[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of "straw returning and ir-returning" and "irrigation with ground water and water in the Yellow River" on changes of enzyme activity in soils under wheat at different developmental stages. [Method] Jimai 22, a kind of winter wheat, was made use of in fields to study on effects of "straw returning and ir-returning" and "irrigation with ground water and water in the Yellow River" on changes of enzyme activity in soils under wheat in different developmental stages. [Result] With advancement of developmental stage, urease activity of wheat in the four groups all showed the trend of "increasing-decreasing-increasing" and activities of invertase and phosphatase both changed from increasing to decreasing. In addition, urease activities of soils in wheat roots were improved by straw returning in four developmental stages. Meanwhile, activity of soil enzyme was better promoted by irrigation with ground water than with water in the Yellow River, except in grain-filling stage. Before developmental stage, different processing methods had a significant effect on phosphatase activity, for example, straw returning and ground water significantly enhanced activities of two kinds of phosphatase and promoted P absorption and transferring by plants and microorganisms in jointing stage; activity of acid phosphatase was higher in the group where irrigation with ground water and straw returning were adopted than those in the rest three groups in booting stage. [Conclusion] The research laid a foundation for dynamic relationship among activity of soil enzyme, crop growth and microorganisms.
基金This research was supported by National Basic Research Program of China (No.2002CB412502)Project of Key Pro-gram of the National Science Foundation of China (No.90411020)Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30400051)
文摘A study was conducted to determine the responses of soil enzymes （invertase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, and dehydrogenase） to long-term CO2 enrichment at the Research Station of Changbai Mountain Forest Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences （42°24＇N, 128°28＇E; 738 m in elevation） in the northeast China during 1999-2006. Three treatments of the CO2 enrichment, designed as 500 μmol·mol-1 CO2 open-top chamber （OTC）, ambient control chamber and unchambered field （approx. 370 μmol·mol^-1CO2）, were conducted with Pinus koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis tree species. Soil sampling was made and analyzed separately in spring, summer and autumn in 2006 after the soil enzymes were exposed to elevated CO2 concentration （500 μmol·mol^-1） for eight growing seasons. Results showed that, at elevated CO2 concentration （500 μmol·mol^-1）, the activities of invertase （except for the summer samples of P. koraiensis） presented a remarkable decline in all growing seasons, while the activities of dehydrogenase had an increase but only part of the results was remarkable; the activities of polyphenol oxidase in P. sylvestriformis rhizosphere showed a remarkable decrease; the catalase activities increased in spring, while in turn were decline in other seasons. This study also revealed that the soil enzyme activities are significantly correlated with the tree species under the CO2 enhancement.
基金Project supported by the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nos. KZCX3-SW-339 and KSCX1-07) the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (No. 2001CCB00600).
文摘Activities of selected soil enzymes (invertase, acid phosphatase, proteinase,catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxi-dase) were determined under different spruce forests withrestoration histories of 5, 13, 18, 23, 27 years and an old growth forest over 400 years old in theeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, and their possible use as indicators of ecosystems healthwere analyzed. Plots 10 X 10 m with 4 replications were established to investigate three hypotheses:soil enzyme activities a) would increase with the restoration process; b) would be greater insurface soils than at lower depths; and c) would be correlated to selected physicochemicalproperties. Results showed that as the forests developed after restoration, invertase and peroxidaseactivities usually increased up to the 23 year point. Also soil enzyme activities were associatedwith surface soils and decreased with depths, suggesting that in earlier restoration stages surfaceaddition of organic fertilizer to soils might be more effective than additions at depth. In the 0-20cm soil, there were significant correlations (P < 0.01 or < 0.05) between some soil enzymeactivities and some selected chemical properties. Therefore, temporal changes in enzyme activitiesshould be included as an indicator when evaluating sustainable forest management practices.
基金This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30270842)the Key Project of 10th Five-Year Plan of Hubei Province,China.
文摘The experiment was designed, via storing potato tubers of cv. E-Potato1 and E-Potato3 indifferent temperatures, to explore the variation patterns of reducing sugar (RS) andtotal sugar (TS) contents and enzyme activities that are involved in the pathway ofstarch-sugar metabolism aiming at identifying the main factors that influence the chipcolor. The results showed that low temperature in storage was a main factor thataccelerated the accumulation of RS of the stored tubers and a very significant linearrelationship existed between RS content and chip color index (CCI) of the tubers. Furtheranalysis elucidated that when tubers stored at 4℃, the activities of ADP glucosepyrophosphorylase (AGPase), UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) and sucrose synthase(SuSy) were negatively exponential to the RS content significantly while that of acidinvertase and alkaline invertase was significantly linear to RS content. It suggestedthat these enzymes could play main roles in the cold sweetening of potato tubers throughregulating starch-sugar metabolism.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51309053)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities-Donghua University (DHU) Distinguished Young Professor Program, China (No.B201310)
文摘Global climate models have indicated high probability of drought occurrences in the coming future decades due to the impacts of climate change caused by a mass release of CO2. Thus, climate change regarding elevated ambient CO2 and drought may consequently affect the growth of crops. In this study, plant physiology, soil carbon, and soil enzyme activities were measured to investigate the impacts of elevated C02 and drought stress on a Stagn[c Anthrosol planted with soybean （Glycine ma,z）. Treatments of two CO2 levels, three soil moisture levels, and two soil cover types were established. The results indicated that elevated CO2 and drought stress significantly affected plant physiology. The inhibition of plant physiology by drought stress was mediated via prompted photosynthesis and water use efficiency under elevated CO2 conditions. Elevated CO2 resulted in a longer retention time of dissolved organic carbon （DOC） in soil, probably by improving the soil water effectiveness for organic decomposition and mineralization. Drought stress significantly decreased C：N ratio and microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, but the interactive effects of drought stress and CO2 on them were not significant. Elevated CO2 induced an increase in invertase and catalase activities through stimulated plant root exudation. These results suggested that drought stress had significant negative impacts on plant physiology, soil carbon, and soil enzyme activities, whereas elevated CO2 and plant physiological feedbacks indirectly ameliorated these impacts.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0300408)the Major Research Projects of Anhui (202003b06020021)the Graduate Innovation Fund of Anhui Agricultural University (2020 ysj-5)。
文摘Late spring cold(LSC) occurred in the reproductive period of wheat impairs spike and floret differentiation during the reproductive period,when young spikelets are very cold-sensitive.However,under LSC,the responses of wheat spikelets at various positions,leaves,and stems and the interactions between them at physiological levels remain unclear.In the present study,two-year treatments at terminal spikelet stage under two temperatures(2 C,-2 C) and durations(1,2,and 3 days) were imposed in an artificial climate chamber to compare the effects of LSC on grain number and yield in the wheat cultivars Yannong 19(YN19,cold-tolerant) and Xinmai 26(XM26,cold-sensitive).The night temperature regimes were designed to reproduce natural temperature variation.LSC delayed plant growth and inhibited spike and floret differentiation,leading to high yield losses in both cultivars.LSC reduced dry matter accumulation(DMA,g) in spikes,stems,and leaves,reducing the DMA ratios of the spike to leaf and spike to stem.Plant cell wall invertase(CWINV) activity increased in upper and basal spikelets in YN19,whereas CWINV increased in middle spikelets in XM26.Under LSC,soluble sugar and glucose were transported and distributed mainly in upper and basal spikelets for glume and rachis development,so that spike development was relatively complete in YN19,whereas the upper and basal spikelets were severely damaged and most of the glumes in middle spikelets were relatively completely developed in XM26,resulting in pollen abortion mainly in upper and basal spikelets.The development of glumes and rachides was influenced and grain number per spike was decreased after LSC,with kernels present mainly in middle spikelets.Overall,reduced total DMA and dry matter partitioning to spikes under LSC results in poor spikelet development,leading to high losses of grain yield.
