[Objective] The purpose was to introduce a preparation method for paraffin section of Bemisia tabaci, so as to lay the foundation for the studies on changes of organizational structure of B. tabaci. [ Method] The tech...[Objective] The purpose was to introduce a preparation method for paraffin section of Bemisia tabaci, so as to lay the foundation for the studies on changes of organizational structure of B. tabaci. [ Method] The technique of paraffin section and the method of H-E staining were adopted to study the organizational structure of B. tabaci. The slices were examined and photographed under fluorescence microscope. [ Result] The coloring of H-E staining cells was good. Under 400 x conditions, the fat body, compound eyes, nucleus and muscle of B. tabaci were clear. [ Conclusion] The production method for paraffin section of B. tabaci was reliable, and the quality of slices was high.展开更多
Invasive species are plants, animals, or pathogens that are non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause harm. Invasive species can harm both the natur...Invasive species are plants, animals, or pathogens that are non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause harm. Invasive species can harm both the natural resources in an ecosystem as well as threaten human use of these resources. Walhalla is an urban wooded ravine area (10 acre area) in the middle of Columbus, Ohio. Many residents are actually actively planting new invasive species in a misguided attempt to prevent erosion on their property. Other properties are suffering from not-so-benign neglect, as the existing trees are slowly succumbing to insect infestation and rot (because of moisture trapped by ivy, etc.) and no new saplings are emerging to replace them (because of the thick ground cover). In both of these instances, it’s proving to be difficult to convince the landowners that they’re causing more harm than good—the local soil & water conservation people are all too eager to reinforce the notion that the ground must be covered with a blanket of impenetrable invasive species in order to prevent erosion. The objectives of this study were to collect and identify the invasive species in Walhalla area in order to educate the residents about these species and its impact on their properties and gardens;moreover, using the findings of this project to develop a plan to remove these dangerous species. This survey has documented 18 invasive species in 18 families. Two notable invasive species were found in this area, Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande and Hedera helix L. (English Ivy). The found invasive species have an abundant growth in the studied area. The studied area has had no previous botanical collecting. Therefore, the area was in an urgent need to be inventoried and analyzed in order to identify and document its invasive species. Moreover, these identified species will be used for educational purposes for the residents of this area and well rounded plan is developed to remove these harmful species. This inventory represents a model for the other residential and agricultural areas in the state to follow, which will help overcome the negative impact and damage caused by the invasive species in these areas.展开更多
The globalization of the planet allowed plant species to emerge from their traditional habitats and spread to other territories.This dispersion,sometimes occasional,sometimes by the influence of man,reaches proportion...The globalization of the planet allowed plant species to emerge from their traditional habitats and spread to other territories.This dispersion,sometimes occasional,sometimes by the influence of man,reaches proportions today that,in some cases,affect the development of natural ecosystems and their sustainability.Thus,becomes imperative to know seeds dispersion occur,since only after can be taken measures to mitigate these processes.In the same way that natural communication paths,such as rivers,are responsible for the natural dispersal of seeds,man-made communication paths,such as road systems,can allow very rapid dispersion.This review article addresses this issue,raising a problem that can be observed in Portugal,but which can easily be transposed to other territories of the Mediterranean basin,given the similarities in these territories.The dispersion model described here,called Highway Flow Model,intends to show the mechanisms of seed dispersion through road systems,mainly due to the configuration of the road profiles,but also by the processes associated with the cleaning of the roadsides.This demonstrates the need to take measures,such as cleaning and inspecting the equipment used to clean roadside berths before moving them to a new service elsewhere.展开更多
Invasive forest species are a recurring problem,which in Portugal assume a somewhat mediatic role,both because of the impacts they cause on biodiversity,but also because they enhance the accumulation of high amounts o...Invasive forest species are a recurring problem,which in Portugal assume a somewhat mediatic role,both because of the impacts they cause on biodiversity,but also because they enhance the accumulation of high amounts of fuel load,increasing the risk of forest fires.However,in some areas of the country,such as the Alentejo(South of Portugal),the scarcity of water did not allow,until now,the dispersion and rapid growth of some of these species,namely Robinia pseudoacacia,which has always remained under control,and it was never a real problem.However,with the growth of intensive farming practices,associated with vineyards,olive groves and almond trees,water and nutrients became available,enabling this species to grow and disperse.This communication presents an observation of several sets of R.pseudoacacia specimens growing with different agricultural holdings,raising the hypothesis that intensive farming practices may,in the short term,contribute to the dispersion of invasive species in regions where they were not a problem,if the situations reported are not followed up and studies are carried out to confirm the observations described.展开更多
We develop a long-term dynamic model for controlling invasive species using the theory of cooperative games. The model is applied to control of invasive buffelgrass in the Arizona desert, which directly competes with ...We develop a long-term dynamic model for controlling invasive species using the theory of cooperative games. The model is applied to control of invasive buffelgrass in the Arizona desert, which directly competes with indigenous species and can increase wildfire risk. Interest groups care about damages to three threatened resources: saguaro, cactus, riparian vegetation, and buildings. The model optimally allocates labor and a budget to protect these resources by controlling the buffelgrass population over a multi-period planning horizon. The solution is based on computing the Shapley values for the interest groups. A homeowner strategy of creating defensible space around structures to protect against wildfire affords less protection to the other resources. A similar result holds for protection of saguaros, which are also spatially concentrated. Under the optimal solution, groups caring about spatially-dispersed, riparian vegetation would compensate homeowners and groups caring about saguaros for a reallocation of resources toward greater protection of dispersed vegetation. Results highlight the importance of the spatial configuration of players and the resources they wish to protect in invasive species control problems.展开更多
Biological invasions threaten water resources worldwide owing to interrelated biological and anthropogenic drivers of change.Though the role of people in the(un)intentional spread of aquatic invasive species is increa...Biological invasions threaten water resources worldwide owing to interrelated biological and anthropogenic drivers of change.Though the role of people in the(un)intentional spread of aquatic invasive species is increasingly recognized as a priority,there are widespread assumptions about the importance of public awareness in explaining biosecurity behaviors.A disconnect exists between what people think and what they do—as articulated by the simple but powerful“knowledge-action”gap—that warrants attention to clarify how environmental social science research can most effectively advance invasive species prevention.Using survey data collected from aquarium hobbyists in the U.S.state of Illinois,we investigated the role of belief systems in shaping intentions to engage in biosecurity behaviors,such as purchasing only native species as pets.We also examined how beliefs were rooted in multiple forms of knowledge.Self-efficacy was the strongest driver of intended biosecurity behavior,whereas both perceived benefits and risk perceptions were instrumental in explaining hobbyists’decisions.Beliefs were informed by two types of reported knowledge,which in turn,were influenced by a range of information sources.Our results suggest that a more nuanced conceptualization of public awareness is urgently needed given its critical but often misunderstood role in the formation of beliefs that influence participation in biosecurity behaviors.Knowledge of both biological invasions and biosecurity behaviors,in addition to information sources,needs to be distinguished in future research.These multiple forms of knowledge serve as the foundation for belief systems that activate behavior change among aquarium hobbyists.We also argue that science communication and outreach campaigns that highlight the risks of invasive species while strengthening selfefficacy and perceived benefits of prevention will be the most effective pathways for fostering hobbyist engagement in biosecurity behaviors.展开更多
Rapid colonization by invasive plants threatened local biodiversity worldwide;however,their distributional hotspots and future habitat shifts remain poorly understood in developing nations such as Nigeria.Using MaxEnt...Rapid colonization by invasive plants threatened local biodiversity worldwide;however,their distributional hotspots and future habitat shifts remain poorly understood in developing nations such as Nigeria.Using MaxEnt model,we investigated present and future habitat suitability for two aggressive invaders,C.odorata and T.diversifolia,across Nigeria's urban landscapes.We used a dataset consisting of 327 and 108 occurrence points for C.odorata and T.diversifolia,respectively,along with twenty-three(23)environmental variables to identify occurrence and areas of concern under current climatic fluctuations.The results revealed that the model performed strongly(AUC>0.85)and identified precipitation seasonality as the dominant predictor for both species.The finding indicates that precipitation seasonality of≤59 CV,isothermality of≥57%and precipitation of wettest month of≥170 mm enhance niche occupancy of C.odorata,while precipitation seasonality of 62-70 CV,precipitation of wettest quarter and maximum temperature of warmest month of≥450 mm and 35℃,respectively enhance that of T.differsifolia.Current predictions place C.odorata primarily along the southern coast,while T.diversifolia is most suitable in the southwest and extends into the northcentral.Future suitable area for C.odorata will slightly expand by 2050 and 2070,encroaching into southeastern and some central states.In contrast,T.diversifolia contracts under CNRM-CM5 but shows a modest expansion under GFDL-CM3.These projections indicate that climate change may reinforce the dominance of C.odorata in southern Nigeria,whereas T.differsifolia may exhibit divergent trajectories from southern to certain northern states in the future.展开更多
Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. was introduced in Yunnan Province of China around 1940. Since then it has been spreading rapidly, particularly in the southern and southwestern parts of China and caused serious economic...Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. was introduced in Yunnan Province of China around 1940. Since then it has been spreading rapidly, particularly in the southern and southwestern parts of China and caused serious economic loss. The biological research and inte-grated control on E. adenophorum were carried out from 1980's in Yunnan Province. Together with other 15 invasive external species, the weed has been listed in the White Paper by The State Environmental Protection Administration of China. This paper briefly reviews the studies on natural distribution, biological character, ecological character, chemical component, hazard, potential application and the control of E. adenophorum. The research direction for this invasive external species in future was also discussed.展开更多
Invasive alien plant species(IAPS)pose severe threats to global biodiversity conservation.Effective management of IAPS requires mapping their distribution and identifying the environmental factors that drive their spr...Invasive alien plant species(IAPS)pose severe threats to global biodiversity conservation.Effective management of IAPS requires mapping their distribution and identifying the environmental factors that drive their spread.The Gaoligong Mountains,a renowned biodiversity hotspot in southwestern China,currently face the dual challenges of IAPS invasion and climate change.However,we know little about the distribution patterns,key environmental drivers,and sensitivity of IAPS to future climate change in this region.In this study,we mapped IAPS richness distribution and identified invasion hotspots throughout the Gaoligong Mountains.In addition,we assessed the relative importance of environmental variables in shaping the spatial distribution of IAPS richness and projected potential shifts in IAPS richness under various climate change scenarios.We identified 161 IAPS,primarily concentrated in the low-elevation tropical and subtropical regions along river valleys,forming belt-like invasion hotspots.The key factors shaping IAPS richness included disturbance complexity,elevation,seasonal precipitation,and vegetation types.Notably,IAPS richness significantly declined with increasing elevation and latitude but increased with higher disturbance complexity.Moreover,IAPS were more prevalent in grasslands and shrublands than in forested areas.Ensemble modeling of future climate scenarios predicted that the distribution of IAPS richness would shift to progressively higher elevations.These findings provide valuable insights for managing IAPS in mountainous regions that play a crucial role in global biodiversity conservation.展开更多
Background:Aquatic invertebrate species that have broad salinity tolerances may be pre-adapted for invasion success and biogeographic distributional range expansions,facilitated by human-mediated dispersal(HMD),leadin...Background:Aquatic invertebrate species that have broad salinity tolerances may be pre-adapted for invasion success and biogeographic distributional range expansions,facilitated by human-mediated dispersal(HMD),leading to a trend to become neocosmopolitan across many regions of the world.This pattern appears to characterize many Ponto-Caspian(P-C)aquatic invertebrates,which have a>100-year history as aquatic invasive species(AIS),spreading throughout much of Eurasia and for some,in North America and beyond.Our study compiles comparative salinity conditions and distributional data for AIS invertebrate species globally versus those originating from the P-C region,to test whether they statistically differ.Results:Our investigation discerns that a total of 1861 invertebrate AIS taxa have been recorded worldwide,with(A)70.5%exclusively living in the saline adaptive zone of brackish(0.5-30 ppt;A1)and/or marine waters(>30 ppt;A2),(B)20%in the freshwater adaptive zone alone(0-0.5 ppt),(C)7.5%being euryhaline(across both A and B),and(D)2%being semi-aquatic in either(D1)freshwater/terrestrial or(D2)saline/terrestrial environments.In contrast,our results indicate the following proportions for AIS invertebrates of P-C origins:(A)27%exclusively inhabit the saline adaptive zone,(B)25%are entirely freshwater,(C)45%are euryhaline,and(D)3%are semi-aquatic,significantly differing from the global pattern.Euryhaline AIS native to the P-C region thus markedly outnumber(45%)those originating from other regions(7.5%),likely pre-adapting them for widespread establishment in harbors,estuaries,and coastal areas.Moreover,most P-C invertebrate AIS(70%)contain freshwater-tolerant populations(B+C),rendering them very successful invaders of inland water bodies.These broad salinity tolerances of P-C AIS underlie their tremendous invasion successes and growing neocosmopolitan distributions with HMD.Conclusions:An evolutionary and recent history of broad salinity tolerances of a large proportion of P-C invertebrates appears to enhance their ability to invade,establish,and spread in new regions,especially harbors,estuaries,and freshwaters,leading to their increasing neocosmopolitan distributions.This trend likely will continue-accelerating with climate change and increased global transportation-meriting worldwide conservation agency focus and cooperation,along with public education programs aimed to rapidly identify and circumvent new introductions and spread.展开更多
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci has risen to international prominence since the 1980s due to the rapid spread around the globe by the two species B and Q within this species complex.The invasion of B has often been associ...The whitefly Bemisia tabaci has risen to international prominence since the 1980s due to the rapid spread around the globe by the two species B and Q within this species complex.The invasion of B has often been associated with the displacement of indigenous whiteflies.As the genetic structure of B.tabaci is diverse,more case studies of the competitive relationships between B and indigenous species of the whitefly species complex will help to understand further the mechanisms underlying the invasion of B.We examined the competitive interactions between B and ZHJ2,a widely distributed indigenous whitefly in Asia,on host plants with differential levels of suitability to the two species in the laboratory,and also tested the effect of insecticide application on the competitive relationships.Three species of plants were tested including cotton,a plant showing similar levels of suitability to both species,squash,a plant showing higher suitability to B than to ZHJ2,and kidney bean,a plant showing higher suitability to ZHJ2 than to B.In the case of no insecticide application,B displaced ZHJ2 on cotton,squash,and kidney bean by the 6th,3rd and 10th generation,respectively.With the application of imidacloprid,the displacement of ZHJ2 by B on cotton occurred by the 5th generation.As the displacement progressed,the proportion of B females increased,and the proportion of ZHJ2 females decreased on cotton and squash.In contrast,on kidney bean the proportion of B females remained unchanged while that of ZHJ2 increased.These results show the strong capacity of the invasive B to displace ZHJ2,and indicate that host plants with differential levels of suitability to the two species may affect the speed but not the trend of displacement and insecticide application may accelerate the process of displacement.展开更多
Aims The study of the adaptive potential of the germination patterns of invading species enables us to identify some traits linked with their capacity to colonize new sites,and to gain a better understanding of their ...Aims The study of the adaptive potential of the germination patterns of invading species enables us to identify some traits linked with their capacity to colonize new sites,and to gain a better understanding of their area of distribution.The aim of this study is to determine the germination pattern of Ulex europaeus,a cosmopolitan invasive species,in relation to temperature and to explore its potential evolu-tion and invasiveness in a tropical region,following its introduction from Europe.Methods We studied the germination pattern of U.europaeus(the com-mon gorse)to test both physical dormancy and germination capacity within the range of temperatures found in the native and invasive regions.To understand its germination pattern and its evolution,the rate and the speed of germination,as well as the percentage of seeds that became mouldy during the experi-ment,have been compared between a native habitat,France and a habitat into which it has been introduced,the tropical island of La Reunion.Important Findings The results show that gorse seeds germinate in large quantities,pos-sess the ability to germinate under a wide range of temperatures and they confirm the physical dormancy of the seeds(caused by seed coat impermeability).The decrease in germination from 25℃ upwards,coupled with an increase in the rate of moulding help to explain its restricted distribution at altitude in tropical environments.For scari-fied seeds,we have not detected any difference between the two regions,neither in the percentage of germinated seeds,nor in the per-centage of mouldy seeds.However,seeds from Reunion germinate faster at 20℃ than seeds from France and a greater number of seeds from Reunion are able to germinate without scarification(10-60%for Reunion versus 0-10%for France).These results suggest that while preserving the advantages of the native habitat,in Reunion gorse develops a strategy which favours the rapid occupation of new sites.展开更多
Predictive studies play a crucial role in the study of biological invasions of terrestrial plants under possible climate change scenarios.Invasive species are recognized for their ability to modify soil microbial comm...Predictive studies play a crucial role in the study of biological invasions of terrestrial plants under possible climate change scenarios.Invasive species are recognized for their ability to modify soil microbial communities and influence ecosystem dynamics.Here,we focused on six species of allelopathic flowering plants-Ailanthus altissima,Casuarina equisetifolia,Centaurea stoebe ssp.micranthos,Dioscorea bulbifera,Lantana camara,and Schinus terebinthifolia-Xhat are invasive in North America and examined their potential to spread further during projected climate change.We used Species Distribution Models(SDMs)to predict future suitable areas for these species in North America under several proposed future climate models.ENMEval and Maxent were used to develop SDMs,estimate current distributions,and predict future areas of suitable climate for each species.Areas with the greatest predicted suitable climate in the future include the northeastern and the coastal northwestern regions of North America.Range size estimations demonstrate the possibility of extreme range loss for these invasives in the southeastern United States,while new areas may become suitable in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.These findings show an overall northward shift of suitable climate during the next few decades,given projected changes in temperature and precipitation.Our results can be utilized to analyze potential shifts in the distribution of these invasive species and may aid in the development of conservation and management plans to target and control dissemination in areas at higher risk for potential future invasion by these allelopathic species.展开更多
Two of the key drivers of biodiversity loss today are climate change and invasive species.Climate change is already having a measurable impact on species distributions,reproduction and behavior,and all evidence sugges...Two of the key drivers of biodiversity loss today are climate change and invasive species.Climate change is already having a measurable impact on species distributions,reproduction and behavior,and all evidence suggests that things will get worse even if we act tomorrow to mitigate any future increases in greenhouse gas emissions:temperature will increase,precipitation will change,sea level will rise and ocean chemistry will change.At the same time,biological invasions remain an important threat to biodiversity,causing species loss,changes in distribution and habitat degradation.Acting together,the impacts of each of these drivers of change are compounded and interactions between these two threats present even greater challenges to field conservationists as well as policymakers.Similarly,the social and economic impacts of climate change and invasive species,already substantial,will be magnified.Awareness of the links between the two should underpin all biodiversity management planning and policy.展开更多
In this study,the fibers of invasive species Agave americana L.and Ricinus communis L.were successfully used for the first time as new sources to produce cytocompatible and highly crystalline cellulose nanofibers.Cell...In this study,the fibers of invasive species Agave americana L.and Ricinus communis L.were successfully used for the first time as new sources to produce cytocompatible and highly crystalline cellulose nanofibers.Cellulose nanofibers were obtained by two methods,based on either alkaline or acid hydrolysis.The morphology,chemical composition,and crystallinity of the obtained materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)together with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX),dynamic light scattering(DLS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.The crystallinity indexes(CIs)of the cellulose nanofibers extracted from A.americana and R.communis were very high(94.1%and 92.7%,respectively).Biological studies evaluating the cytotoxic effects of the prepared cellulose nanofibers on human embryonic kidney 293 T(HEK293 T)cells were also performed.The nanofibers obtained using the two different extraction methods were all shown to be cytocompatible in the concentration range assayed(i.e.,0-500μg/mL).Our results showed that the nanocellulose extracted from A.americana and R.communis fibers has high potential as a new renewable green source of highly crystalline cellulose-based cytocompatible nanomaterials for biomedical applications.展开更多
Lakes areas,which cause catastrophic damages in both commercial fishery and ecological systems.However,current assessment strategies may pose challenges for lake-wide abundance estimation and non-target anadromous spe...Lakes areas,which cause catastrophic damages in both commercial fishery and ecological systems.However,current assessment strategies may pose challenges for lake-wide abundance estimation and non-target anadromous species preservation.Here,we demonstrate an efficacious species-specific non-destructive sensing system based on porous ferroelectret nanogenerator for in-situ monitoring of lamprey spawning migration using their unique suction behavior.Simulations show that the porous structure enables a redistribution of surface charges under bidirectional deformations,which allows the detection of both positive and negative pressures.The quasi-piezoelectric effect is further validated by quantitative analysis in a wide pressure range of−50 to 60 kPa,providing detailed insights into transduction working principles.For reliable lamprey detection,a 4×4-pixel sensor array is developed and integrated with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)based signal processing array thus constituting a sensing panel capable of recording oral suction patterns in an underwater environment.展开更多
The Atlantic Forest is one of the largest and most biodiverse rainforests of South America but anthropogenic activities are drastically changing these landscapes.The invasion of alien or exotic species is one of the g...The Atlantic Forest is one of the largest and most biodiverse rainforests of South America but anthropogenic activities are drastically changing these landscapes.The invasion of alien or exotic species is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity.There are few studies of invasive species in tropical Brazilian ecosystems.This research examines growth and ecological aspects of Syzygium cumini and Clitoria fairchildiana,two invasive tree species in the Pedra Branca State Park,an Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil.Both species were successfully dated,indicating an average age of 58 and 31 years,respectively.A positive relationship between growth and precipitation of the previous growing season suggests an ecological adaptive strategy,which could be facilitating their invasion into the environment.Cumulative growth diameter curves indicate slow and fast growth rates for S.cumini and C.fairchildiana,respectively.Growth release episodes detected in the tree rings indicate increased anthropogenic disturbances over the last 50 years.展开更多
Background:Most studies on plant invasion consider the enemy release hypothesis when analyzing native habitats.However,the lower performance of invasive species in the native habitats can be the result of unfavorable ...Background:Most studies on plant invasion consider the enemy release hypothesis when analyzing native habitats.However,the lower performance of invasive species in the native habitats can be the result of unfavorable soil conditions in the native habitats.While soil biotic and abiotic factors have a potential to restrict the growth of invasive species in their native habitats,our understanding of belowground environment of invasive species in their native habitats is very limited.In this study,we analyzed soil characteristics associated with an exotic invasive plant,Old World Climbing Fern(Lygodium microphyllum),in its native habitat in Australia and the recipient habitat in South Florida.Rhizosphere soil samples from both habitats were analyzed for soil physical,chemical and biological characteristics.Results:Soil characteristics in the recipient habitats were significantly different compared to those in the native habitats.Soil samples from the native habitat had low soil pH,and high concentrations of elements such as aluminum and zinc which are phytotoxic in acidic soil environments.Additionally,mycorrhizal fungi spores were more diverse in the recipient habitat in Florida compared to the native habitat in Australia.Conclusion:Overall,our results indicate that growth of an invasive plant in its native habitats could be restricted by the toxic effects associated with strong soil acidity.Results from this study indicate that invasive plants not only escape from their natural herbivores but also from toxic soil environment in their native habitats.展开更多
Climate-driven adaptive genetic variation is one of the most important ways for organisms to tolerate environmental change and succeed in altered environments.To understand rapid climate-driven evolution,and how this ...Climate-driven adaptive genetic variation is one of the most important ways for organisms to tolerate environmental change and succeed in altered environments.To understand rapid climate-driven evolution,and how this evolution might shift biogeographic distributions in response to global change,we measured the adaptive genetic variation to the local environment of a marine invasive species Mytilus galloprovincialis.The genetic structure of eight populations from the Mediterranean Sea,northeastern Atlantic,northeastern Pacific,and northwestern Pacific were determined using genome-wide screens for single nucleotide polymorphisms.The relationships of genetic variation to environmental(seawater and air)temperature were analyzed using redundancy analysis and BayeScEnv analysis to evaluate the impacts of temperature on the genetic divergences among these eight populations.We found that the genetic compositions were significantly different among populations and the adaptive genetic variation was associated with temperature variables.Further,we identified some genetic markers exhibiting signatures of divergent selection in association with environmental features that can be used in the future to closely monitor adaptive variation in this species.Our results suggest that divergent climatic factors have driven adaptive genetic variation in M.galloprovincialis over the past century.The rapid evolutionary adaptation has played a pivotal role in enabling this species to invade a wide range of thermal habitats successfully.Species like M.galloprovincialis that possess high levels of genetic variation may not only be especially capable of invading new habitats with different environmental conditions,but also poised to cope rapidly and successfully with rising global temperatures.展开更多
Biological invasions are a major driver of global biodiversity loss,impacting endemic species,ecosystems,and economies.Although the influence of life history traits on invasive success is well-established,the role of ...Biological invasions are a major driver of global biodiversity loss,impacting endemic species,ecosystems,and economies.Although the influence of life history traits on invasive success is well-established,the role of behavior in the invasive potential of animals is less studied.The common coqui frog,Eleutherodactylus coqui,is a highly successful invader in Hawai'i.We build on previous research characterizing changes in physiology and morphology to explore behavioral variation across the invasive range of coqui in Hawai'i.Coqui have expanded both outward and upward from their initial introduction site,andby comparing frogs from different densities and elevations-we specifically asked how the physiological challenges of high-elevation living interact with the competitive challenge of high-densities at population centers.To investigate whether differences in the field represent local adaptation or behavioral plasticity,we additionally evaluated behavior following acclimation to a shared laboratory environment.Although we identified only subtle behavioral variation among populations in the field,we found that individuals from all populations became less bold,active,and exploratory in the laboratory,converging on a similar behavioral phenotype.Alongside previous work,our results suggest that coqui adjust their behavior to local environmental conditions across their invasive range and that behavioral flexibility may contribute to invasive success.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China ( NSFC )( 30970438,31071708)
文摘[Objective] The purpose was to introduce a preparation method for paraffin section of Bemisia tabaci, so as to lay the foundation for the studies on changes of organizational structure of B. tabaci. [ Method] The technique of paraffin section and the method of H-E staining were adopted to study the organizational structure of B. tabaci. The slices were examined and photographed under fluorescence microscope. [ Result] The coloring of H-E staining cells was good. Under 400 x conditions, the fat body, compound eyes, nucleus and muscle of B. tabaci were clear. [ Conclusion] The production method for paraffin section of B. tabaci was reliable, and the quality of slices was high.
文摘Invasive species are plants, animals, or pathogens that are non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause harm. Invasive species can harm both the natural resources in an ecosystem as well as threaten human use of these resources. Walhalla is an urban wooded ravine area (10 acre area) in the middle of Columbus, Ohio. Many residents are actually actively planting new invasive species in a misguided attempt to prevent erosion on their property. Other properties are suffering from not-so-benign neglect, as the existing trees are slowly succumbing to insect infestation and rot (because of moisture trapped by ivy, etc.) and no new saplings are emerging to replace them (because of the thick ground cover). In both of these instances, it’s proving to be difficult to convince the landowners that they’re causing more harm than good—the local soil & water conservation people are all too eager to reinforce the notion that the ground must be covered with a blanket of impenetrable invasive species in order to prevent erosion. The objectives of this study were to collect and identify the invasive species in Walhalla area in order to educate the residents about these species and its impact on their properties and gardens;moreover, using the findings of this project to develop a plan to remove these dangerous species. This survey has documented 18 invasive species in 18 families. Two notable invasive species were found in this area, Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande and Hedera helix L. (English Ivy). The found invasive species have an abundant growth in the studied area. The studied area has had no previous botanical collecting. Therefore, the area was in an urgent need to be inventoried and analyzed in order to identify and document its invasive species. Moreover, these identified species will be used for educational purposes for the residents of this area and well rounded plan is developed to remove these harmful species. This inventory represents a model for the other residential and agricultural areas in the state to follow, which will help overcome the negative impact and damage caused by the invasive species in these areas.
文摘The globalization of the planet allowed plant species to emerge from their traditional habitats and spread to other territories.This dispersion,sometimes occasional,sometimes by the influence of man,reaches proportions today that,in some cases,affect the development of natural ecosystems and their sustainability.Thus,becomes imperative to know seeds dispersion occur,since only after can be taken measures to mitigate these processes.In the same way that natural communication paths,such as rivers,are responsible for the natural dispersal of seeds,man-made communication paths,such as road systems,can allow very rapid dispersion.This review article addresses this issue,raising a problem that can be observed in Portugal,but which can easily be transposed to other territories of the Mediterranean basin,given the similarities in these territories.The dispersion model described here,called Highway Flow Model,intends to show the mechanisms of seed dispersion through road systems,mainly due to the configuration of the road profiles,but also by the processes associated with the cleaning of the roadsides.This demonstrates the need to take measures,such as cleaning and inspecting the equipment used to clean roadside berths before moving them to a new service elsewhere.
文摘Invasive forest species are a recurring problem,which in Portugal assume a somewhat mediatic role,both because of the impacts they cause on biodiversity,but also because they enhance the accumulation of high amounts of fuel load,increasing the risk of forest fires.However,in some areas of the country,such as the Alentejo(South of Portugal),the scarcity of water did not allow,until now,the dispersion and rapid growth of some of these species,namely Robinia pseudoacacia,which has always remained under control,and it was never a real problem.However,with the growth of intensive farming practices,associated with vineyards,olive groves and almond trees,water and nutrients became available,enabling this species to grow and disperse.This communication presents an observation of several sets of R.pseudoacacia specimens growing with different agricultural holdings,raising the hypothesis that intensive farming practices may,in the short term,contribute to the dispersion of invasive species in regions where they were not a problem,if the situations reported are not followed up and studies are carried out to confirm the observations described.
文摘We develop a long-term dynamic model for controlling invasive species using the theory of cooperative games. The model is applied to control of invasive buffelgrass in the Arizona desert, which directly competes with indigenous species and can increase wildfire risk. Interest groups care about damages to three threatened resources: saguaro, cactus, riparian vegetation, and buildings. The model optimally allocates labor and a budget to protect these resources by controlling the buffelgrass population over a multi-period planning horizon. The solution is based on computing the Shapley values for the interest groups. A homeowner strategy of creating defensible space around structures to protect against wildfire affords less protection to the other resources. A similar result holds for protection of saguaros, which are also spatially concentrated. Under the optimal solution, groups caring about spatially-dispersed, riparian vegetation would compensate homeowners and groups caring about saguaros for a reallocation of resources toward greater protection of dispersed vegetation. Results highlight the importance of the spatial configuration of players and the resources they wish to protect in invasive species control problems.
基金Funding for this study was provided by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources(#F69R36Q3)the United States Fish and Wildlife Service Great Lakes Restoration Initiative(#CAFWS-150B)the United States National Institute of Food and Agriculture(#7000939).
文摘Biological invasions threaten water resources worldwide owing to interrelated biological and anthropogenic drivers of change.Though the role of people in the(un)intentional spread of aquatic invasive species is increasingly recognized as a priority,there are widespread assumptions about the importance of public awareness in explaining biosecurity behaviors.A disconnect exists between what people think and what they do—as articulated by the simple but powerful“knowledge-action”gap—that warrants attention to clarify how environmental social science research can most effectively advance invasive species prevention.Using survey data collected from aquarium hobbyists in the U.S.state of Illinois,we investigated the role of belief systems in shaping intentions to engage in biosecurity behaviors,such as purchasing only native species as pets.We also examined how beliefs were rooted in multiple forms of knowledge.Self-efficacy was the strongest driver of intended biosecurity behavior,whereas both perceived benefits and risk perceptions were instrumental in explaining hobbyists’decisions.Beliefs were informed by two types of reported knowledge,which in turn,were influenced by a range of information sources.Our results suggest that a more nuanced conceptualization of public awareness is urgently needed given its critical but often misunderstood role in the formation of beliefs that influence participation in biosecurity behaviors.Knowledge of both biological invasions and biosecurity behaviors,in addition to information sources,needs to be distinguished in future research.These multiple forms of knowledge serve as the foundation for belief systems that activate behavior change among aquarium hobbyists.We also argue that science communication and outreach campaigns that highlight the risks of invasive species while strengthening selfefficacy and perceived benefits of prevention will be the most effective pathways for fostering hobbyist engagement in biosecurity behaviors.
文摘Rapid colonization by invasive plants threatened local biodiversity worldwide;however,their distributional hotspots and future habitat shifts remain poorly understood in developing nations such as Nigeria.Using MaxEnt model,we investigated present and future habitat suitability for two aggressive invaders,C.odorata and T.diversifolia,across Nigeria's urban landscapes.We used a dataset consisting of 327 and 108 occurrence points for C.odorata and T.diversifolia,respectively,along with twenty-three(23)environmental variables to identify occurrence and areas of concern under current climatic fluctuations.The results revealed that the model performed strongly(AUC>0.85)and identified precipitation seasonality as the dominant predictor for both species.The finding indicates that precipitation seasonality of≤59 CV,isothermality of≥57%and precipitation of wettest month of≥170 mm enhance niche occupancy of C.odorata,while precipitation seasonality of 62-70 CV,precipitation of wettest quarter and maximum temperature of warmest month of≥450 mm and 35℃,respectively enhance that of T.differsifolia.Current predictions place C.odorata primarily along the southern coast,while T.diversifolia is most suitable in the southwest and extends into the northcentral.Future suitable area for C.odorata will slightly expand by 2050 and 2070,encroaching into southeastern and some central states.In contrast,T.diversifolia contracts under CNRM-CM5 but shows a modest expansion under GFDL-CM3.These projections indicate that climate change may reinforce the dominance of C.odorata in southern Nigeria,whereas T.differsifolia may exhibit divergent trajectories from southern to certain northern states in the future.
基金This study was supported by Project of Chinese Academy of Science Knowledge Innovation Program (KSCX1-SW-13-0X-0X) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (30470337)
文摘Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. was introduced in Yunnan Province of China around 1940. Since then it has been spreading rapidly, particularly in the southern and southwestern parts of China and caused serious economic loss. The biological research and inte-grated control on E. adenophorum were carried out from 1980's in Yunnan Province. Together with other 15 invasive external species, the weed has been listed in the White Paper by The State Environmental Protection Administration of China. This paper briefly reviews the studies on natural distribution, biological character, ecological character, chemical component, hazard, potential application and the control of E. adenophorum. The research direction for this invasive external species in future was also discussed.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program(Grant No.2019QZKK0502)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U23A20160)Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan(Grant No.23015810100).
文摘Invasive alien plant species(IAPS)pose severe threats to global biodiversity conservation.Effective management of IAPS requires mapping their distribution and identifying the environmental factors that drive their spread.The Gaoligong Mountains,a renowned biodiversity hotspot in southwestern China,currently face the dual challenges of IAPS invasion and climate change.However,we know little about the distribution patterns,key environmental drivers,and sensitivity of IAPS to future climate change in this region.In this study,we mapped IAPS richness distribution and identified invasion hotspots throughout the Gaoligong Mountains.In addition,we assessed the relative importance of environmental variables in shaping the spatial distribution of IAPS richness and projected potential shifts in IAPS richness under various climate change scenarios.We identified 161 IAPS,primarily concentrated in the low-elevation tropical and subtropical regions along river valleys,forming belt-like invasion hotspots.The key factors shaping IAPS richness included disturbance complexity,elevation,seasonal precipitation,and vegetation types.Notably,IAPS richness significantly declined with increasing elevation and latitude but increased with higher disturbance complexity.Moreover,IAPS were more prevalent in grasslands and shrublands than in forested areas.Ensemble modeling of future climate scenarios predicted that the distribution of IAPS richness would shift to progressively higher elevations.These findings provide valuable insights for managing IAPS in mountainous regions that play a crucial role in global biodiversity conservation.
文摘Background:Aquatic invertebrate species that have broad salinity tolerances may be pre-adapted for invasion success and biogeographic distributional range expansions,facilitated by human-mediated dispersal(HMD),leading to a trend to become neocosmopolitan across many regions of the world.This pattern appears to characterize many Ponto-Caspian(P-C)aquatic invertebrates,which have a>100-year history as aquatic invasive species(AIS),spreading throughout much of Eurasia and for some,in North America and beyond.Our study compiles comparative salinity conditions and distributional data for AIS invertebrate species globally versus those originating from the P-C region,to test whether they statistically differ.Results:Our investigation discerns that a total of 1861 invertebrate AIS taxa have been recorded worldwide,with(A)70.5%exclusively living in the saline adaptive zone of brackish(0.5-30 ppt;A1)and/or marine waters(>30 ppt;A2),(B)20%in the freshwater adaptive zone alone(0-0.5 ppt),(C)7.5%being euryhaline(across both A and B),and(D)2%being semi-aquatic in either(D1)freshwater/terrestrial or(D2)saline/terrestrial environments.In contrast,our results indicate the following proportions for AIS invertebrates of P-C origins:(A)27%exclusively inhabit the saline adaptive zone,(B)25%are entirely freshwater,(C)45%are euryhaline,and(D)3%are semi-aquatic,significantly differing from the global pattern.Euryhaline AIS native to the P-C region thus markedly outnumber(45%)those originating from other regions(7.5%),likely pre-adapting them for widespread establishment in harbors,estuaries,and coastal areas.Moreover,most P-C invertebrate AIS(70%)contain freshwater-tolerant populations(B+C),rendering them very successful invaders of inland water bodies.These broad salinity tolerances of P-C AIS underlie their tremendous invasion successes and growing neocosmopolitan distributions with HMD.Conclusions:An evolutionary and recent history of broad salinity tolerances of a large proportion of P-C invertebrates appears to enhance their ability to invade,establish,and spread in new regions,especially harbors,estuaries,and freshwaters,leading to their increasing neocosmopolitan distributions.This trend likely will continue-accelerating with climate change and increased global transportation-meriting worldwide conservation agency focus and cooperation,along with public education programs aimed to rapidly identify and circumvent new introductions and spread.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2009CB119203)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30730061)
文摘The whitefly Bemisia tabaci has risen to international prominence since the 1980s due to the rapid spread around the globe by the two species B and Q within this species complex.The invasion of B has often been associated with the displacement of indigenous whiteflies.As the genetic structure of B.tabaci is diverse,more case studies of the competitive relationships between B and indigenous species of the whitefly species complex will help to understand further the mechanisms underlying the invasion of B.We examined the competitive interactions between B and ZHJ2,a widely distributed indigenous whitefly in Asia,on host plants with differential levels of suitability to the two species in the laboratory,and also tested the effect of insecticide application on the competitive relationships.Three species of plants were tested including cotton,a plant showing similar levels of suitability to both species,squash,a plant showing higher suitability to B than to ZHJ2,and kidney bean,a plant showing higher suitability to ZHJ2 than to B.In the case of no insecticide application,B displaced ZHJ2 on cotton,squash,and kidney bean by the 6th,3rd and 10th generation,respectively.With the application of imidacloprid,the displacement of ZHJ2 by B on cotton occurred by the 5th generation.As the displacement progressed,the proportion of B females increased,and the proportion of ZHJ2 females decreased on cotton and squash.In contrast,on kidney bean the proportion of B females remained unchanged while that of ZHJ2 increased.These results show the strong capacity of the invasive B to displace ZHJ2,and indicate that host plants with differential levels of suitability to the two species may affect the speed but not the trend of displacement and insecticide application may accelerate the process of displacement.
文摘Aims The study of the adaptive potential of the germination patterns of invading species enables us to identify some traits linked with their capacity to colonize new sites,and to gain a better understanding of their area of distribution.The aim of this study is to determine the germination pattern of Ulex europaeus,a cosmopolitan invasive species,in relation to temperature and to explore its potential evolu-tion and invasiveness in a tropical region,following its introduction from Europe.Methods We studied the germination pattern of U.europaeus(the com-mon gorse)to test both physical dormancy and germination capacity within the range of temperatures found in the native and invasive regions.To understand its germination pattern and its evolution,the rate and the speed of germination,as well as the percentage of seeds that became mouldy during the experi-ment,have been compared between a native habitat,France and a habitat into which it has been introduced,the tropical island of La Reunion.Important Findings The results show that gorse seeds germinate in large quantities,pos-sess the ability to germinate under a wide range of temperatures and they confirm the physical dormancy of the seeds(caused by seed coat impermeability).The decrease in germination from 25℃ upwards,coupled with an increase in the rate of moulding help to explain its restricted distribution at altitude in tropical environments.For scari-fied seeds,we have not detected any difference between the two regions,neither in the percentage of germinated seeds,nor in the per-centage of mouldy seeds.However,seeds from Reunion germinate faster at 20℃ than seeds from France and a greater number of seeds from Reunion are able to germinate without scarification(10-60%for Reunion versus 0-10%for France).These results suggest that while preserving the advantages of the native habitat,in Reunion gorse develops a strategy which favours the rapid occupation of new sites.
基金This research was supported by NSF grants DBI-1458640 and DBI-1547229.
文摘Predictive studies play a crucial role in the study of biological invasions of terrestrial plants under possible climate change scenarios.Invasive species are recognized for their ability to modify soil microbial communities and influence ecosystem dynamics.Here,we focused on six species of allelopathic flowering plants-Ailanthus altissima,Casuarina equisetifolia,Centaurea stoebe ssp.micranthos,Dioscorea bulbifera,Lantana camara,and Schinus terebinthifolia-Xhat are invasive in North America and examined their potential to spread further during projected climate change.We used Species Distribution Models(SDMs)to predict future suitable areas for these species in North America under several proposed future climate models.ENMEval and Maxent were used to develop SDMs,estimate current distributions,and predict future areas of suitable climate for each species.Areas with the greatest predicted suitable climate in the future include the northeastern and the coastal northwestern regions of North America.Range size estimations demonstrate the possibility of extreme range loss for these invasives in the southeastern United States,while new areas may become suitable in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada.These findings show an overall northward shift of suitable climate during the next few decades,given projected changes in temperature and precipitation.Our results can be utilized to analyze potential shifts in the distribution of these invasive species and may aid in the development of conservation and management plans to target and control dissemination in areas at higher risk for potential future invasion by these allelopathic species.
文摘Two of the key drivers of biodiversity loss today are climate change and invasive species.Climate change is already having a measurable impact on species distributions,reproduction and behavior,and all evidence suggests that things will get worse even if we act tomorrow to mitigate any future increases in greenhouse gas emissions:temperature will increase,precipitation will change,sea level will rise and ocean chemistry will change.At the same time,biological invasions remain an important threat to biodiversity,causing species loss,changes in distribution and habitat degradation.Acting together,the impacts of each of these drivers of change are compounded and interactions between these two threats present even greater challenges to field conservationists as well as policymakers.Similarly,the social and economic impacts of climate change and invasive species,already substantial,will be magnified.Awareness of the links between the two should underpin all biodiversity management planning and policy.
基金the Programa de Cooperación Territorial INTERREG V-A MAC 2014-2020 and Inv2Mac Project(MAC/4.6d/229)the partial support of FCT-Funda??o para a Ciência e a Tecnologia(Base Fund UIDB/00674/2020)+1 种基金ARDITI-Agência Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga??o Tecnologia e Inova??o supported the study through the project M1420-01-0145FEDER-000005-CQM+(Madeira 14-20 Program)the Postdoc Grant(M1420-09-5369-FSE-000001,002458/2015/132)for Carla S.ALVES is also acknowledged。
文摘In this study,the fibers of invasive species Agave americana L.and Ricinus communis L.were successfully used for the first time as new sources to produce cytocompatible and highly crystalline cellulose nanofibers.Cellulose nanofibers were obtained by two methods,based on either alkaline or acid hydrolysis.The morphology,chemical composition,and crystallinity of the obtained materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)together with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDX),dynamic light scattering(DLS),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy.The crystallinity indexes(CIs)of the cellulose nanofibers extracted from A.americana and R.communis were very high(94.1%and 92.7%,respectively).Biological studies evaluating the cytotoxic effects of the prepared cellulose nanofibers on human embryonic kidney 293 T(HEK293 T)cells were also performed.The nanofibers obtained using the two different extraction methods were all shown to be cytocompatible in the concentration range assayed(i.e.,0-500μg/mL).Our results showed that the nanocellulose extracted from A.americana and R.communis fibers has high potential as a new renewable green source of highly crystalline cellulose-based cytocompatible nanomaterials for biomedical applications.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20519 and 62103369)the Michigan State University Foundation Strategic Partnership(No.16-SPG-Full-3236),and the Great Lakes Fishery Commission(No.2018_TAN_54069).
文摘Lakes areas,which cause catastrophic damages in both commercial fishery and ecological systems.However,current assessment strategies may pose challenges for lake-wide abundance estimation and non-target anadromous species preservation.Here,we demonstrate an efficacious species-specific non-destructive sensing system based on porous ferroelectret nanogenerator for in-situ monitoring of lamprey spawning migration using their unique suction behavior.Simulations show that the porous structure enables a redistribution of surface charges under bidirectional deformations,which allows the detection of both positive and negative pressures.The quasi-piezoelectric effect is further validated by quantitative analysis in a wide pressure range of−50 to 60 kPa,providing detailed insights into transduction working principles.For reliable lamprey detection,a 4×4-pixel sensor array is developed and integrated with a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor(CMOS)based signal processing array thus constituting a sensing panel capable of recording oral suction patterns in an underwater environment.
基金The work was partially supported by CAPES(Coordena玢o de Aperfei鏾amento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brasil-Finance Code 001).
文摘The Atlantic Forest is one of the largest and most biodiverse rainforests of South America but anthropogenic activities are drastically changing these landscapes.The invasion of alien or exotic species is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity.There are few studies of invasive species in tropical Brazilian ecosystems.This research examines growth and ecological aspects of Syzygium cumini and Clitoria fairchildiana,two invasive tree species in the Pedra Branca State Park,an Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil.Both species were successfully dated,indicating an average age of 58 and 31 years,respectively.A positive relationship between growth and precipitation of the previous growing season suggests an ecological adaptive strategy,which could be facilitating their invasion into the environment.Cumulative growth diameter curves indicate slow and fast growth rates for S.cumini and C.fairchildiana,respectively.Growth release episodes detected in the tree rings indicate increased anthropogenic disturbances over the last 50 years.
基金This study was funded by the Dissertation Evidence Acquisition Fellowship,Florida International University to P.Soti.
文摘Background:Most studies on plant invasion consider the enemy release hypothesis when analyzing native habitats.However,the lower performance of invasive species in the native habitats can be the result of unfavorable soil conditions in the native habitats.While soil biotic and abiotic factors have a potential to restrict the growth of invasive species in their native habitats,our understanding of belowground environment of invasive species in their native habitats is very limited.In this study,we analyzed soil characteristics associated with an exotic invasive plant,Old World Climbing Fern(Lygodium microphyllum),in its native habitat in Australia and the recipient habitat in South Florida.Rhizosphere soil samples from both habitats were analyzed for soil physical,chemical and biological characteristics.Results:Soil characteristics in the recipient habitats were significantly different compared to those in the native habitats.Soil samples from the native habitat had low soil pH,and high concentrations of elements such as aluminum and zinc which are phytotoxic in acidic soil environments.Additionally,mycorrhizal fungi spores were more diverse in the recipient habitat in Florida compared to the native habitat in Australia.Conclusion:Overall,our results indicate that growth of an invasive plant in its native habitats could be restricted by the toxic effects associated with strong soil acidity.Results from this study indicate that invasive plants not only escape from their natural herbivores but also from toxic soil environment in their native habitats.
基金National Key Research and Development Project(2019YFD0900402)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41776135 and 41976142)Nature Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars of Fujian Province,China(2017J07003),to YWD.
文摘Climate-driven adaptive genetic variation is one of the most important ways for organisms to tolerate environmental change and succeed in altered environments.To understand rapid climate-driven evolution,and how this evolution might shift biogeographic distributions in response to global change,we measured the adaptive genetic variation to the local environment of a marine invasive species Mytilus galloprovincialis.The genetic structure of eight populations from the Mediterranean Sea,northeastern Atlantic,northeastern Pacific,and northwestern Pacific were determined using genome-wide screens for single nucleotide polymorphisms.The relationships of genetic variation to environmental(seawater and air)temperature were analyzed using redundancy analysis and BayeScEnv analysis to evaluate the impacts of temperature on the genetic divergences among these eight populations.We found that the genetic compositions were significantly different among populations and the adaptive genetic variation was associated with temperature variables.Further,we identified some genetic markers exhibiting signatures of divergent selection in association with environmental features that can be used in the future to closely monitor adaptive variation in this species.Our results suggest that divergent climatic factors have driven adaptive genetic variation in M.galloprovincialis over the past century.The rapid evolutionary adaptation has played a pivotal role in enabling this species to invade a wide range of thermal habitats successfully.Species like M.galloprovincialis that possess high levels of genetic variation may not only be especially capable of invading new habitats with different environmental conditions,but also poised to cope rapidly and successfully with rising global temperatures.
基金supported by the United States Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch project 1026333(ILLU-875-984 to K.M.S)a University of Ilinois Graduate College Master's Fellowship(to K.M.S)+2 种基金a University of Illinois Graduate College Travel Award(to K.M.S)Ilinois State Toll Highway Authority funding(to D.E and A.L.C)University of Illinois Laboratory Start-up funds(to E.K.F).
文摘Biological invasions are a major driver of global biodiversity loss,impacting endemic species,ecosystems,and economies.Although the influence of life history traits on invasive success is well-established,the role of behavior in the invasive potential of animals is less studied.The common coqui frog,Eleutherodactylus coqui,is a highly successful invader in Hawai'i.We build on previous research characterizing changes in physiology and morphology to explore behavioral variation across the invasive range of coqui in Hawai'i.Coqui have expanded both outward and upward from their initial introduction site,andby comparing frogs from different densities and elevations-we specifically asked how the physiological challenges of high-elevation living interact with the competitive challenge of high-densities at population centers.To investigate whether differences in the field represent local adaptation or behavioral plasticity,we additionally evaluated behavior following acclimation to a shared laboratory environment.Although we identified only subtle behavioral variation among populations in the field,we found that individuals from all populations became less bold,active,and exploratory in the laboratory,converging on a similar behavioral phenotype.Alongside previous work,our results suggest that coqui adjust their behavior to local environmental conditions across their invasive range and that behavioral flexibility may contribute to invasive success.
