AIM: To studythe role of intestinal flora in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).METHODS: The spatial organization of intestinal flora was investigated in normal mice and in two models of murine colitis using fluorescenc...AIM: To studythe role of intestinal flora in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).METHODS: The spatial organization of intestinal flora was investigated in normal mice and in two models of murine colitis using fluorescence in situ hybridization.RESULTS: The murine small intestine was nearly bacteriafree. The normal colonic flora was organized in three distinct compartments (crypt, interlaced, and fecal), each with different bacterial compositions. Crypt bacteria were present in the cecum and proximal colon. The fecal compartment was composed of homogeneously mixed bacterial groups that directly contacted the colonic wall in the cecum but were separated from the proximal colonic wall by a dense interlaced layer. Beginning in the middle colon, a mucus gap of growing thickness physically separated all intestinal bacteria from contact with the epithelium. Colonic inflammation was accompanied with a depletion of bacteria within the fecal compartment, a reduced surface area in which feces had direct contact with the colonic wall, increased thickness and spread of the mucus gap, and massive increases of bacterial concentrations in the crypt and interlaced compartments. Adhesive and infiltrative bacteria were observed in inflamed colon only, with dominant Bacteroides species.CONCLUSION: The proximal and distal colons are functionally different organs with respect to the intestinal flora, representing a bioreactor and a Segregation device.The highly organized structure of the colonic flora, its specific arrangement in different colonic segments, and its specialized response to inflammatory stimuli indicate that the intestinal flora is an innate part of host immunity that is under complex control.展开更多
BACKGROUND Simulated microgravity environment can lead to gastrointestinal motility disturbance.The pathogenesis of gastrointestinal motility disorders is closely related to the stem cell factor(SCF)/c-kit signaling p...BACKGROUND Simulated microgravity environment can lead to gastrointestinal motility disturbance.The pathogenesis of gastrointestinal motility disorders is closely related to the stem cell factor(SCF)/c-kit signaling pathway associated with intestinal flora and Cajal stromal cells.Moreover,intestinal flora can also affect the regulation of SCF/c-kit signaling pathway,thus affecting the expression of Cajal stromal cells.Cajal cells are the pacemakers of gastrointestinal motility.AIM To investigate the effects of Bifidobacterium lactis(B.lactis)BLa80 on the intestinal flora of rats in simulated microgravity and on the gastrointestinal motility-related SCF/c-kit pathway.METHODS The internationally recognized tail suspension animal model was used to simulate the microgravity environment,and 30 rats were randomly divided into control group,tail suspension group and drug administration tail suspension group with 10 rats in each group for a total of 28 days.The tail group was given B.lactis BLa80 by intragastric administration,and the other two groups were given water intragastric administration,the concentration of intragastric administration was 0.1 g/mL,and each rat was 1 mL/day.Hematoxylin&eosin staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in each segment of the intestine of each group,and the expression levels of SCF,c-kit,extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)and p-ERK in the gastric antrum of each group were detected by Western blotting and PCR.The fecal flora and mucosal flora of rats in each group were detected by 16S rRNA.RESULTS Simulated microgravity resulted in severe exfoliation of villi of duodenum,jejunum and ileum in rats,marked damage,increased space between villi,loose arrangement,shortened columnar epithelium of colon,less folds,narrower mucosal thickness,reduced goblet cell number and crypts,and significant improvement after probiotic intervention.Simulated microgravity reduced the expressions of SCF and c-kit,and increased the expressions of ERK and P-ERK in the gastric antrum of rats.However,after probiotic intervention,the expressions of SCF and ckit were increased,while the expressions of ERK and P-ERK were decreased,with statistical significance(P<0.05).In addition,simulated microgravity can reduce the operational taxonomic unit(OTU)of the overall intestinal flora of rats,B.lactis BLa80 can increase the OTU of rats,simulated microgravity can reduce the overall richness and diversity of stool flora of rats,increase the abundance of firmicutes in stool flora of rats,and reduce the abundance of Bacteroides in stool flora of rats,most of which are mainly beneficial bacteria.Simulated microgravity can increase the overall richness and diversity of mucosal flora,increase the abundance of Bacteroides and Desulphurides in the rat mucosal flora,and decrease the abundance of firmicutes,most of which are proteobacteria.After probiotics intervention,the overall Bacteroidetes trend in simulated microgravity rats was increased.CONCLUSION B.lactis BLa80 can ameliorate intestinal mucosal injury,regulate intestinal flora,inhibit ERK expression,and activate the SCF/c-kit signaling pathway,which may have a facilitating effect on gastrointestinal motility in simulated microgravity rats.展开更多
Numerous research conducted in recent years has revealed that gut microbial dysbiosis,such as modifications in composition and activity,might influence lung tissue homeostasis through specific pathways,thereby promoti...Numerous research conducted in recent years has revealed that gut microbial dysbiosis,such as modifications in composition and activity,might influence lung tissue homeostasis through specific pathways,thereby promoting susceptibility to lung diseases.The development and progression of lung cancer,as well as the effectiveness of immunotherapy are closely associated with gut flora and metabolites,which influence immunological and inflammatory responses.During abnormal proliferation,non-small cell lung cancer cells acquire more substances and energy by altering their own metabolic pathways.Glucose and amino acid metabolism reprogramming provide tumor cells with abundant ATP,carbon,and nitrogen sources,respectively,providing optimal conditions for tumor cell proliferation,invasion,and immune escape.This article reviews the relationship of immune response with gut flora and metabolic reprogramming in non-small cell lung cancer,and discusses the potential mechanisms by which gut flora and metabolic reprogramming affect the occurrence,development,and immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer,in order to provide new ideas for precision treatment of lung cancer patients.展开更多
Background:Liver injury often occurs but with limited drugs.Chaenomeles has a potent hepatoprotective effect,while the ability of Chaenomeles speciosa and Chaenomeles sinensis to treat liver injury in rats is unexplor...Background:Liver injury often occurs but with limited drugs.Chaenomeles has a potent hepatoprotective effect,while the ability of Chaenomeles speciosa and Chaenomeles sinensis to treat liver injury in rats is unexplored.Methods:The study involved 30 rats divided into five groups:negative control(NC),model control(MC),positive control(PC),Chaenomeles speciosa-delivered(ZP),and Chaenomeles sinensis-delivered(GP).Fecal samples from all groups were collected 24 h post-modeling for intestinal flora analysis.All rats were collected serum and liver tissues for biochemical and histopathological examinations,among other experiments.Chaenomeles would be effective in CCl4-induced liver injury in rats by analyzing the efficacy and mechanism and examining the differences between Chaenomeles speciosa and Chaenomeles sinensis through oxidative stress,inflammation,and apoptosis pathways.Then,we resolved the mechanism of action in the context of the intestinal flora.Results:The results showed that Chaenomeles intake improved the degree of CCl4-induced liver injury,decreased aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,and alkaline phosphatase levels,and increased total protein and total bilirubin levels.Noteworthy,the glutathione level in the GP group surpassed that a 1.5-fold increase compared to the PC group.Chaenomeles speciosa could exert its efficacy by regulating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways,while Chaenomeles speciosa did so through the oxidative stress pathway.In addition,Chaenomeles are both able to modulate intestinal flora and change the ratio of flora.Chaenomeles speciosa could regulate probiotics and prevent liver injury by altering the distribution and ratio of intestinal flora.Specifically,Lactobacillaceae in the ZP group exhibited 10-fold higher abundance than the other groups.Chaenomeles speciosa increased the abundance of probiotic Clostridiales butyricum in diseased rats,while Chaenomeles sinensis increased the abundance of pathogenic Escherichia Shigella.Conclusion:This study suggests that Chaenomeles may be hepatoprotective by oxidative stress,inflammation,and apoptosis pathways and modulating the composition and function of the intestinal flora.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of Modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction combined with probiotics(Clostridium butyricum live capsules)in treating radiation enteritis(RE)in tumor patients,as well as its regul...Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of Modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction combined with probiotics(Clostridium butyricum live capsules)in treating radiation enteritis(RE)in tumor patients,as well as its regulatory effect on the structure of intestinal flora,providing clinical evidence for the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment of radiation enteritis.Methods:A total of 40 patients with radiation enteritis admitted to the Oncology Department of Linfen Central Hospital from September 2023 to December 2024 were selected and divided into an observation group and a control group according to the random number table method,with 20 cases in each group.The control group was treated with Clostridium butyricum live capsules,while the observation group was treated with Modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction in addition to the treatment given to the control group.Both groups received a 4-week treatment course.Intestinal function indicators and changes in intestinal flora structure were compared between the two groups before and after treatment,and clinical efficacy was evaluated.Results:After 4 weeks of treatment,the total effective rate in the observation group versus the control group was(95.00%vs 65.00%),with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).The fecal formation rate in the observation group(85.00%vs 60.00%)was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the defecation frequency(2.15±0.42 vs 3.85±0.65)times/day was significantly lower than that in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).After treatment,the quantities of Bifidobacterium(6.85±0.72 L vs 5.23±0.61 L)gCFU/g and Lactobacillus(6.52±0.68 L vs 4.98±0.57 L)gCFU/g in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group,while the quantities of Escherichia coli(4.12±0.53 L vs 5.67±0.65 L)gCFU/g and Staphylococcus(3.85±0.48 L vs 5.23±0.59 L)gCFU/g were significantly lower than those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion:Clinical studies have confirmed that the synergistic treatment of radiation enteritis with Modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction and probiotics can significantly improve patients’clinical symptoms and restore the balance of intestinal flora,providing an effective regimen for clinical treatment.展开更多
BACKGROUND The intestinal flora(IF)has been linked to risks of non-communicable diseases,especially various cancers,stroke,and Alzheimer’s disease.However,many uncertainties of these associations during different sta...BACKGROUND The intestinal flora(IF)has been linked to risks of non-communicable diseases,especially various cancers,stroke,and Alzheimer’s disease.However,many uncertainties of these associations during different stages of growth,deve-lopment,and aging still exist.Therefore,further in-depth explorations are warranted.AIM To explore the associations of the human IF with disease risks during different stages of growth,development,and aging to achieve more accurate and con-vincing conclusions.METHODS Cohort,cross-sectional,case-control,and Mendelian randomization studies published in the PubMed and Web of Science databases until December 31,2023 were systematically reviewed to clarify the associations of the IF at the genus level with the risks of various non-communicable diseases,which were grouped in accordance with the 10^(th) revision of the International Classification of Diseases.RESULTS In total,57 studies were included to quantitatively examine the influence of the IF on the risks of 30 non-communicable diseases during different stages of growth,development,and aging.Population studies and Mendelian randomization studies confirmed positive associations of the abundances of Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus with multiple sclerosis.CONCLUSION These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the roles of the IF and provide novel evidence for effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases.In the future,it will be necessary to explore a greater variety of research techniques to uncover the specific mechanisms by which gut microbiota trigger diseases and conduct in-depth studies on the temporal relationship between microbiota alterations and diseases,so as to clarify the causal relationship more accurately.展开更多
The gut microbiota and it’s metabolism are vital targets of probiotics regulating high fat-diet(HFD)induced hyperlipidemia,which can relieve the pressure caused by the striking growth of sub-health people.Pediococcus...The gut microbiota and it’s metabolism are vital targets of probiotics regulating high fat-diet(HFD)induced hyperlipidemia,which can relieve the pressure caused by the striking growth of sub-health people.Pediococcus pentosaceus PP04(PP04)could colonize in intestine to regulate gut microbiota and it’s metabolites directly,the rebalanced intestinal flora mediated by PP04 could facilitate the secretion of short chain fatty acids to control body weight gain,PP04 intervention also changed bile acid(BA)profiles and enhanced the ileal concentrations of antagonists including tauro-α/β-muricholic acid sodium salt and ursodeoxycholic acid to inhibit intestinal farnesoid X receptor/fibroblast growth factor 15(FXR/FGF15)signaling coupled with the activation of hepatic FXR/small heterodimer partners signaling,which accelerated the hepatic BA de novo synthesis and excretion with feces to eliminate HFD caused hyperlipemia effectively.This study provided important evidence regarding PP04 as dietary supplement to relieve hyperlipidemia by influencing BA enterohepatic circulation.展开更多
This study established a rapid extraction method for the 16S rRNA gene of intestinal flora.Combined with nextgeneration sequencing(NGS)technology,this method can be applied to intestinal microbial ecology analysis.The...This study established a rapid extraction method for the 16S rRNA gene of intestinal flora.Combined with nextgeneration sequencing(NGS)technology,this method can be applied to intestinal microbial ecology analysis.The fecal sample was mixed with lysis buffer,incubated at 90°C for 15 minutes,vortexed,and then centrifuged.The supernatant was collected,and specific primers were added for PCR amplification.The PCR products were purified,and index tags were established for the targets to obtain libraries.After library purification and quality inspection,the libraries could be loaded for sequencing.Under optimized conditions:when the number of PCR cycles was 25 and the initial amount of DNA for library construction was 12.5 ng,fewer chimeras were generated.The library size was 500-700 bp,and there were no primer dimers of approximately 120 bp.This method is rapid,accurate,and sensitive,and can be used for the analysis and detection of the 16S rRNA gene of intestinal flora.展开更多
Naringin （1）, the highest-content flavanone glycoside in sour oranges, was incubated with human intestinal flora, and four biotransforrnation products （2-5） were obtained from the incubated mixture by chromatograp...Naringin （1）, the highest-content flavanone glycoside in sour oranges, was incubated with human intestinal flora, and four biotransforrnation products （2-5） were obtained from the incubated mixture by chromatographic methods. The chemical structures of the four products were elucidated as naringin-6＂acetate （2）, naringenin （3）, phloretic acid （4）, and phloroglucinol （5） on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Naringin-6＂-acetate was specifically formed by acetylation at C6-OH of glucosyl group of 1. The result obtained in the present research could account for the lower bioavailability of 1 after oral administration, suggesting that some biological properties of 1 in vivo may be mediated by its intestinal flora converted product 3. The biotransforrnation of 1 by intestinal flora leading to their systemic absorption deserves further attention and may provide valuable insights into pre-systemic drug metabolism, delivery or toxicity.展开更多
Objective:This study was done to determine the effects of different courses of moxibustion on a rat knee osteoarthritis(KOA)model,and explore the dose–effect relationship of moxibustion on KOA from the perspectives o...Objective:This study was done to determine the effects of different courses of moxibustion on a rat knee osteoarthritis(KOA)model,and explore the dose–effect relationship of moxibustion on KOA from the perspectives of intestinal flora and inflammatory factors.Methods:Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal,model,moxibustion for 2 weeks,moxibustion for 4 weeks and moxibustion for 6 weeks groups(n=5 each group).A KOA rat model was induced by monosodium iodoacetate,and moxibustion intervention was performed at the acupoints“Dubi”(ST35)and“Zusanli”(ST36),once every other day.Pathologic changes in the cartilage of rat knee joints were assessed after intervention,and fecal samples were subjected to 16 S r RNA high-throughput sequencing for microbial diversity analysis.Results:Damage to the knee articular cartilage was obvious in the model group,which also had increased levels of pro-inflammatory factors,decreased levels of anti-inflammatory factors,and intestinal flora disorders with decreased diversity.The degree of cartilage damage in the 4 and 6 weeks of moxibustion groups was significantly improved compared with the model group.The 4 and 6 weeks of moxibustion groups also demonstrated reduced levels of interleukin-1βand tumor necrosis factor-a and increased levels of interleukin-10(P<0.05).Both the abundance and diversity of the intestinal flora were increased,approaching those of the normal group.Abundances of probiotics Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 increased,while that of the pathogenic bacteria Lachnospiraceae NK4 A136 group decreased(P<0.05).Although the abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4 A136 group decreased in the 2 weeks of moxibustion group compared with the model group(P<0.05),there was no statistically significant difference in serum inflammatory factors,flora species diversity or degree of pathological damage compared with the model group.Conclusion:Moxibustion treatment led to significant improvements in the intestinal flora and inflammatory factors of rats with KOA.Moxibustion treatment of 4 and 6 weeks led to better outcomes than the 2-week course.Moxibustion for 4 and 6 weeks can regulate intestinal flora dysfunction with increased probiotics and reduced pathogenic bacteria,reduce pro-inflammatory factors and increase antiinflammatory factors.No significant differences were seen between the effects of moxibustion for 4 weeks and 6 weeks.展开更多
AIM： To investigate the effect of probiotic bacterium, Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 strain （CBM） on the changes of the fecal flora in Helicobacter pylori （H pylon） treatment. METHODS： Thirty-five patients w...AIM： To investigate the effect of probiotic bacterium, Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 strain （CBM） on the changes of the fecal flora in Helicobacter pylori （H pylon） treatment. METHODS： Thirty-five patients with gastric or duodenal ulcers positive for H pylori were randomized either to 1 wk amoxicillin, clarithromycin, lansoprazole （Group 1） or to the same regimen supplemented with CBM 7 d ahead of the triple therapy （Group 2）. Stool samples were collected before and 2, 4, 7, 15, and 22 d after the starting eradication therapy, and were examined intestinal flora. Patients were required to keep a diary record of their condition. RESULTS： Obligate anaerobes decreased significantly on d 2, 4, 8 and 15 in Group 1. On the other hand, they did not decrease significantly in Group 2. The Escherichia coli was dominant bacterium in Enterobacteriaceae, but that was replaced by other species such as Klebsiella and Enterobacter after eradication in Group 1. The change was suppressed in Group 2. Abdominal symptoms were less frequent in Group 2 than in Group 1. CONCLUSION： The combined use of CBM reduced the changes in the intestinal flora and decreased the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects.展开更多
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a common disease in intensive care units,with high morbidity and mortality.Intestinal microecology plays a vital part in the development and progression of this disease,possibly because sepsis and...BACKGROUND Sepsis is a common disease in intensive care units,with high morbidity and mortality.Intestinal microecology plays a vital part in the development and progression of this disease,possibly because sepsis and its treatment cause specific changes in the composition of the intestinal flora.AIM To investigate the characteristics of intestinal flora disturbance in sepsis patients treated with antibiotics.METHODS In this prospective comparative study,we enrolled ten patients with sepsis(sepsis group),hospitalized in the Department of Critical Care Medicine of the General Hospital,Ningxia Medical University,China(a class IIIa general hospital)from February 2017 to June 2017;ten patients without sepsis hospitalized in the same period(non-sepsis group)and ten healthy individuals(control group)were also enrolled.Fecal samples collected from the three groups were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the intestinal flora diversity,structure,and composition were determined.Additionally,the dynamics of the intestinal flora diversity,structure,and composition in sepsis patients were investigated via 16S rRNA gene sequencing of samples collected 0 d,3 d,and 7 d after admittance to the intensive care unit.Correlations between the serum levels of procalcitonin,endotoxin,diamine oxidase,and D-lactic acid and the intestinal flora composition of sepsis patients were also investigated.RESULTS Compared with the healthy control group,sepsis and non-sepsis patients showed reduced intestinal floraα-diversity and a distinct flora structure,with Firmicutes as the dominant phylum,and significantly decreased proportions of Bacteroidetes,as well as Prevotella and Lachnospira,among other genera.Of note,the proportion of Enterococcus was significantly increased in the intestinal tract of sepsis patients.Interestingly,theα-diversity in the sepsis group decreased gradually,from days 1 to 7 of treatment.However,pairwise comparisons showed that both the diversity and structure of the intestinal flora were not significantly different considering the three different time points studied.Curiously,the serum levels of procalcitonin,endotoxin,diamine oxidase,and D-lactic acid in sepsis patients correlated with the prevalence of various bacterial genera.For example,the prevalence of Ruminococcus was positively correlated with serum procalcitonin,endotoxins,and diamine oxidase;similarly,the prevalence of Roseburia was positively correlated with serum procalcitonin,endotoxins,and D-lactic acid.CONCLUSION Sepsis patients in intensive care units show dysbiosis,lasting for at least 1 wk.展开更多
Objective:In this study,we investigated the changes in peripheral blood inflammatory factors and intestinal flora in acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive individuals(...Objective:In this study,we investigated the changes in peripheral blood inflammatory factors and intestinal flora in acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive individuals(AIDS/HIV patients),and explored the relationships among intestinal flora,peripheral blood inflammatory factors,and CD4^+T lymphocytes.Methods:Thirty blood and stool samples from an AIDS group and a control group were collected.The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the number of CD4^+T lymphocytes by a FACSCount automated instrument.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to determine the messenger RNA(mRNA)levels of Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus,Escherichia coli,Enterococcus faecalis,and Enterococcus faecium.Correlations among intestinal flora,inflammatory factor levels,and CD4^+T lymphocyte values were evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient.Results:The levels of TNF-αand IL-6 in the AIDS group were higher than those in the control group,while the number of CD4^+T lymphocytes was lower.The amounts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the AIDS group were significantly lower than those in control group,while the amounts of E.coli,E.faecalis,and E.faecium were much higher.The amounts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were negatively correlated with the content of TNF-αand IL-6 and the CD4^+T lymphocyte count,while those correlations were reversed for E.coli,E.faecalis,and E.faecium.Conclusions:The intestinal microbiota of AIDS/HIV patients were disordered,and there was a correlation between the amount of intestinal flora and the number of CD4^+T lymphocytes and the levels of TNF-αand IL-6.展开更多
Objective We investigated changes in the intestinal flora of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP).Methods Between September 2019 and November 2019,stool samples from 14 children with MPP from The Fourth ...Objective We investigated changes in the intestinal flora of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP).Methods Between September 2019 and November 2019,stool samples from 14 children with MPP from The Fourth Hospital of Baotou city,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,were collected and divided into general treatment(AF)and probiotic(AFY)groups,according to the treatment of“combined Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus,Enterococcus,and Bacillus cereus tablets live”.Highthroughput 16S rDNA sequencing was used to identify intestinal flora.Results Intestinal flora abundance and diversity in children with MPP were decreased.Both Shannon and Simpson indices were lower in the AF group when compared with healthy controls(P<.05).When compared with healthy controls,the proportion of Enterorhabdus was lower in the AF group,while the proportion of Lachnoclostridium was higher(P<0.05).The proportion of Bifidobacteria and Akkermansia was lower in the AFY group but Enterococcus,Lachnoclostridium,Roseburia,and Erysipelatoclostridium proportions were higher.The proportion of Escherichia coli-Shigella in the AFY group after treatment was decreased(P<0.05).Conclusions The intestinal flora of children with MPP is disturbed,manifested as decreased abundance and diversity,and decreased Bifidobacteria.Our probiotic mixture partly improved intestinal flora disorders.展开更多
Antibiotic exposure-induced dysbiosis of the intestinal flora increases the risk of developing allergic rhinitis.Hence,regulating the balance of intestinal flora may be useful for preventing and treating allergic rhin...Antibiotic exposure-induced dysbiosis of the intestinal flora increases the risk of developing allergic rhinitis.Hence,regulating the balance of intestinal flora may be useful for preventing and treating allergic rhinitis.However,the underlying mechanism is unclear.Dendrobium nobile(Shihu)exhibits anti-inflammatory and immune activities.Hence,in this study,we investigated the mechanism via which Shihu may improve allergic rhinitis.Mouse models of allergic rhinitis with intestinal flora dysbiosis(Model-D,antibiotics induce intestinal flora dysbiosis with ovalbumin-induced allergy)and normal intestinal flora with allergic rhinitis(Model-N,ovalbumin-induced allergy)were established.The effect of Shihu on intestinal flora and inflammation caused during allergic rhinitis were analyzed.Allergic symptoms,infiltration of hematoxylin and eosin in the lungs and nose,and the release of various factors[interleukin(IL)-2,IL-4,IFN-y,IL-6,IL-10,and IL-17]in the lungs were evaluated.The results indicate that intestinal flora dysbiosis exacerbated lung and nose inflammation in allergic rhinitis.However,treatment with the Shihu extract effectively reversed these symp-toms.Besides,the Shihu extract inhibited the PI3K/AXT/mTOR pathway and increased the level of Forkhead box protein in the lungs.Additionally,the Shihu extract reversed intestinal flora dysbiosis at the phylum and genus levels and improved regulator T cell differentiation.Furthermore,in the Model-D group,the Shihu extract inhibited the decrease in the diversity and abundance of the intestinal flora.Screening was performed to determine which intestinal flora was positively correlated with Treg differentiation using Spearman5 s correlation analysis.In conclusion,we showed that Shihu extract restored the balance in intestinal flora and ameliorated inflammation in the lungs of allergic rhinitis mice and predicted a therapeutic new approach using Traditional Chinese Medicine to improve allergic rhinitis.展开更多
The present study was designed to determine the intestinal bacterial metabolites of trollioside and isoquercetin and their antibacterial activities. A systematic in vitro biotransformation investigation on trollioside...The present study was designed to determine the intestinal bacterial metabolites of trollioside and isoquercetin and their antibacterial activities. A systematic in vitro biotransformation investigation on trollioside and isoquercetin, including metabolite identification, metabolic pathway deduction, and time course, was accomplished using a human intestinal bacterial model. The metabolites were analyzed and identified by HPLC and HPLC-MS. The antibacterial activities of trollioside, isoquercetin, and their metabolites were evaluated using the broth microdilution method with berberine as a positive control, and their potency was measured as minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC). Our results indicated that trollioside and isoquercetin were metabolized by human intestinal flora through O-deglycosylation, yielding aglycones proglobeflowery acid and quercetin, respectively The antibacterial activities of both metabolites were more potent than that of their parent compounds. In conclusion, trollioside and isoquercetin are totally and rapidly transformed by human intestinal bacteria in vitro and the transformation favors the improvement of the antibacterial activities of the parent compounds.展开更多
Background:Protein releases amino acids faster than starch releases glucose in digestive tract of pigs fed lowprotein(LP)diets.Poor synchronization of dietary glucose and amino acids supply leads to compromised nitrog...Background:Protein releases amino acids faster than starch releases glucose in digestive tract of pigs fed lowprotein(LP)diets.Poor synchronization of dietary glucose and amino acids supply leads to compromised nitrogen efficiency.Dietary starch patterns modulation may improve this situation.Methods:Growing barrows(29.7±2.0 kg)were randomly allotted into 5 dietary treatments with LP diets consisting of different purified starches.Treatments included:waxy corn starch(W LP),corn starch+waxy corn starch(C+W LP),corn starch(C LP),pea starch+waxy corn starch(P+W LP)and pea starch(P LP).In the experiment,growth performance,protein deposition,nutrient metabolism,and fecal microbial community of pigs were investigated.In vitro starch digestion was used for predicting the in vivo glucose response.Results:Dietary starch in vitro glucose release profile was determined by starch source and the ratio of amylopectin and amylose.C+W LP treatment showed decreased total nitrogen excretion and plasma citrulline concentration and improved plasma leptin concentration among treatments(P<0.05).Besides,the highest nitrogen apparent biological value,whole-body protein deposition and growth performance and lowest urinary nitrogen excretion were also observed in C+W LP treatment.Compared with the other groups,C+W LP and C LP showed increased plasma pyruvate,IGF-1,and lipase concentrations(P<0.05).The W LP group presented dramatically increased plasma alanine and urea nitrogen concentration and decreased aldolase and leptin concentrations(P<0.05).Dietary starch patterns did not make an impact on bacterial richness and diversity,but changed the taxonomic and functional structures of the microbial communities.Microbial protein fermentation product(isobutyrate and isovalerate)presented increased in P LP treatments compared with the other treatments(P<0.05).Conclusions:Dietary starch patterns modulation can regulate dietary glucose release profile,nutrient metabolism,protein turnover,and fecal microbial fermentation in pigs.The optimal dietary glucose release profile effectively strengthened whole-body protein deposition and improve nitrogen efficiency and growth performance in growing pigs fed LP diets.展开更多
Two traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs),namely WangshiBaochiwan and Panax Notoginseng Saponins(notoginsenoside),were chosen to study their effects on gut microbiota.Both of them have a long history of application in C...Two traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs),namely WangshiBaochiwan and Panax Notoginseng Saponins(notoginsenoside),were chosen to study their effects on gut microbiota.Both of them have a long history of application in China.During a test of 28 d,different doses of the medicines were administered to male Wistar rats daily.At the end of the administration,fresh fecal samples were collected and subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing to determine the profiles of gut microbiota.In relative to the controls,effects on gut microbiota were evaluated with medicine-treated rats.Consistent with its unique bidirectional effects on constipation and diarrhea,treatment of WangshiBaochiwan led to a balanced regulation of Lactobacillus and Bacteroides.The treatment also led to increased populations of Ruminiclostridium_9 and Eubacterium_ventriosum that are the major producer of short-chain fatty acid(SCFA),and decreased populations of genus Jeotgalicoccus and Bilophila that are associated with inflammation.These changes therefore resulted in a much healthier microbiota environment in WangshiBaochiwan-treated rates.For the treatment of notoginsenoside,effects were found with Enterobacteriaceae species that is associated with Parkinson's disease,Christensenellaceae family that is associated with aging,and hypertension-associated Rikenellaceae,Christensenellaceae,Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidaceae species.In agreement with its major indications,the treatment further led to increased populations of SCFA-producing bacteria,such as Elusimicrobium,Anaerotruncus,Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group,and Intestinimonas.Taken together,treatment of the two TCMs led to active and distinguishable regulations of gut microbiota.Impressively,these changes were in agreement with their clinical efficacy,and suggested that they were involved in the treatment of these diseases.展开更多
Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic cholestasis,a persistent inflammation of the bile ducts that leads to sclerotic occlusion and cholestasis.Gut microbes,consisting of...Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic cholestasis,a persistent inflammation of the bile ducts that leads to sclerotic occlusion and cholestasis.Gut microbes,consisting of microorganisms colonized in the human gut,play an important role in nutrient intake,metabolic homeostasis,immune regulation,and immune regulation;however,their presence might aid PSC development.Studies have found that gut-liver axis interactions also play an important role in the pathogenesis of PSC.Patients with PSC have considerably reduced intestinal flora diversity and increased abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria.Dysbiosis of the intestinal flora leads to increased intestinal permeability,homing of intestinal lymphocytes,entry of bacteria and their associated metabolites,such as bile acids,into the liver,stimulation of hepatic immune activation,and promotion of PSC.Currently,PSC effective treatment is lacking.However,a number of studies have recently investigated the targeted modulation of gut microbes for the treatment of various liver diseases(alcoholic liver disease,metabolic fatty liver,cirrhosis,and autoimmune liver disease).In addition,antibiotics,fecal microbiota transplantation,and probiotics have been reported as successful PSC therapies as well as for the treatment of gut dysbiosis,suggesting their effectiveness for PSC treatment.Therefore,this review briefly summarizes the role of intestinal flora in PSC with the aim of providing new insights into PSC treatment.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the effect of moxibustion on intestinal flora and release of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from the colon in rat with ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: A rat model of...AIM: To investigate the effect of moxibustion on intestinal flora and release of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from the colon in rat with ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: A rat model of UC was established by local stimulation of the intestine with supernatant from colonic contents harvested from human UC patients. A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following groups: normal (sham), model (UC), herb-partition moxibustion (HPM-treated), and positive control sulfasalazine (SA-treated). Rats treated with HPM received HPM at acupuncture points ST25 and RN6, once a day for 15 min, for a total of 8 d. Rats in the SA group were perfused with SA twice a day for 8 d. The colonic histopathology was observed by hematoxylin-eosin. The levels of intestinal flora, including Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis), were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect bacterial 16S rRNA/DNA in order to determine DNA copy numbers of each specific species. Immunohistochemical assays were used to observe the expression of TNF-α and IL-12 in the rat colons. RESULTS: HPM treatment inhibited immunopathology in colonic tissues of UC rats; the general morphological score and the immunopathological score were significantly decreased in the HPM and SA groups compared with the model group [3.5 (2.0-4.0), 3.0 (1.5-3.5) vs 6.0 (5.5-7.0), P < 0.05 for the general morphological score, and 3.00 (2.00-3.50), 3.00 (2.50-3.50) vs 5.00 (4.50-5.50), P < 0.01 for the immunopathological score]. As measured by DNA copy number, we found that Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which are associated with a healthy colon, were significantly higher in the HPM and SA groups than in the model group (1.395 ± 1.339, 1.461 ± 1.152 vs 0.045 ± 0.036, P < 0.01 for Bifidobacterium, and 0.395 ± 0.325, 0.851 ± 0.651 vs 0.0015 ± 0.0014, P < 0.01 for Lactobacillus). On the other hand, E. coli and B. fragilis, which are associated with an inflamed colon, were significantly lower in the HPM and SA groups than in the model group (0.244 ± 0.107, 0.628 ± 0.257 vs 1.691 ± 0.683, P < 0.01 for E. coli, and 0.351 ± 0.181, 0.416 ± 0.329 vs 1.285 ± 1.039, P < 0.01 for B. fragilis). The expression of TNF-α and IL-12 was decreased after HPM and SA treatment as compared to UC model alone (4970.81 ± 959.78, 6635.45 ± 1135.16 vs 12333.81 ± 680.79, P < 0.01 for TNF-α, and 5528.75 ± 1245.72, 7477.38 ± 1259.16 vs 12550.29 ± 1973.30, P < 0.01 for IL-12). CONCLUSION: HPM treatment can regulate intestinal flora and inhibit the expression of TNF-α and IL-12 in the colon tissues of UC rats, indicating that HPM can improve colonic immune response.展开更多
基金Supported by Broad Medical Research Program of the Eli and Edy the L. Broad foundation
文摘AIM: To studythe role of intestinal flora in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).METHODS: The spatial organization of intestinal flora was investigated in normal mice and in two models of murine colitis using fluorescence in situ hybridization.RESULTS: The murine small intestine was nearly bacteriafree. The normal colonic flora was organized in three distinct compartments (crypt, interlaced, and fecal), each with different bacterial compositions. Crypt bacteria were present in the cecum and proximal colon. The fecal compartment was composed of homogeneously mixed bacterial groups that directly contacted the colonic wall in the cecum but were separated from the proximal colonic wall by a dense interlaced layer. Beginning in the middle colon, a mucus gap of growing thickness physically separated all intestinal bacteria from contact with the epithelium. Colonic inflammation was accompanied with a depletion of bacteria within the fecal compartment, a reduced surface area in which feces had direct contact with the colonic wall, increased thickness and spread of the mucus gap, and massive increases of bacterial concentrations in the crypt and interlaced compartments. Adhesive and infiltrative bacteria were observed in inflamed colon only, with dominant Bacteroides species.CONCLUSION: The proximal and distal colons are functionally different organs with respect to the intestinal flora, representing a bioreactor and a Segregation device.The highly organized structure of the colonic flora, its specific arrangement in different colonic segments, and its specialized response to inflammatory stimuli indicate that the intestinal flora is an innate part of host immunity that is under complex control.
文摘BACKGROUND Simulated microgravity environment can lead to gastrointestinal motility disturbance.The pathogenesis of gastrointestinal motility disorders is closely related to the stem cell factor(SCF)/c-kit signaling pathway associated with intestinal flora and Cajal stromal cells.Moreover,intestinal flora can also affect the regulation of SCF/c-kit signaling pathway,thus affecting the expression of Cajal stromal cells.Cajal cells are the pacemakers of gastrointestinal motility.AIM To investigate the effects of Bifidobacterium lactis(B.lactis)BLa80 on the intestinal flora of rats in simulated microgravity and on the gastrointestinal motility-related SCF/c-kit pathway.METHODS The internationally recognized tail suspension animal model was used to simulate the microgravity environment,and 30 rats were randomly divided into control group,tail suspension group and drug administration tail suspension group with 10 rats in each group for a total of 28 days.The tail group was given B.lactis BLa80 by intragastric administration,and the other two groups were given water intragastric administration,the concentration of intragastric administration was 0.1 g/mL,and each rat was 1 mL/day.Hematoxylin&eosin staining was used to observe the histopathological changes in each segment of the intestine of each group,and the expression levels of SCF,c-kit,extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)and p-ERK in the gastric antrum of each group were detected by Western blotting and PCR.The fecal flora and mucosal flora of rats in each group were detected by 16S rRNA.RESULTS Simulated microgravity resulted in severe exfoliation of villi of duodenum,jejunum and ileum in rats,marked damage,increased space between villi,loose arrangement,shortened columnar epithelium of colon,less folds,narrower mucosal thickness,reduced goblet cell number and crypts,and significant improvement after probiotic intervention.Simulated microgravity reduced the expressions of SCF and c-kit,and increased the expressions of ERK and P-ERK in the gastric antrum of rats.However,after probiotic intervention,the expressions of SCF and ckit were increased,while the expressions of ERK and P-ERK were decreased,with statistical significance(P<0.05).In addition,simulated microgravity can reduce the operational taxonomic unit(OTU)of the overall intestinal flora of rats,B.lactis BLa80 can increase the OTU of rats,simulated microgravity can reduce the overall richness and diversity of stool flora of rats,increase the abundance of firmicutes in stool flora of rats,and reduce the abundance of Bacteroides in stool flora of rats,most of which are mainly beneficial bacteria.Simulated microgravity can increase the overall richness and diversity of mucosal flora,increase the abundance of Bacteroides and Desulphurides in the rat mucosal flora,and decrease the abundance of firmicutes,most of which are proteobacteria.After probiotics intervention,the overall Bacteroidetes trend in simulated microgravity rats was increased.CONCLUSION B.lactis BLa80 can ameliorate intestinal mucosal injury,regulate intestinal flora,inhibit ERK expression,and activate the SCF/c-kit signaling pathway,which may have a facilitating effect on gastrointestinal motility in simulated microgravity rats.
基金supported by the Scientific Research Fund Project of Education Department of Yunnan Province,China(No.2024Y386).
文摘Numerous research conducted in recent years has revealed that gut microbial dysbiosis,such as modifications in composition and activity,might influence lung tissue homeostasis through specific pathways,thereby promoting susceptibility to lung diseases.The development and progression of lung cancer,as well as the effectiveness of immunotherapy are closely associated with gut flora and metabolites,which influence immunological and inflammatory responses.During abnormal proliferation,non-small cell lung cancer cells acquire more substances and energy by altering their own metabolic pathways.Glucose and amino acid metabolism reprogramming provide tumor cells with abundant ATP,carbon,and nitrogen sources,respectively,providing optimal conditions for tumor cell proliferation,invasion,and immune escape.This article reviews the relationship of immune response with gut flora and metabolic reprogramming in non-small cell lung cancer,and discusses the potential mechanisms by which gut flora and metabolic reprogramming affect the occurrence,development,and immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer,in order to provide new ideas for precision treatment of lung cancer patients.
基金supported by the Key Project at the Central Government Level(No.2060302),the Innovation Team and Talents Cultivation Program of National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine(No.ZYYCXTD-D-202005),and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.8187295682173929).
文摘Background:Liver injury often occurs but with limited drugs.Chaenomeles has a potent hepatoprotective effect,while the ability of Chaenomeles speciosa and Chaenomeles sinensis to treat liver injury in rats is unexplored.Methods:The study involved 30 rats divided into five groups:negative control(NC),model control(MC),positive control(PC),Chaenomeles speciosa-delivered(ZP),and Chaenomeles sinensis-delivered(GP).Fecal samples from all groups were collected 24 h post-modeling for intestinal flora analysis.All rats were collected serum and liver tissues for biochemical and histopathological examinations,among other experiments.Chaenomeles would be effective in CCl4-induced liver injury in rats by analyzing the efficacy and mechanism and examining the differences between Chaenomeles speciosa and Chaenomeles sinensis through oxidative stress,inflammation,and apoptosis pathways.Then,we resolved the mechanism of action in the context of the intestinal flora.Results:The results showed that Chaenomeles intake improved the degree of CCl4-induced liver injury,decreased aspartate aminotransferase,alanine aminotransferase,and alkaline phosphatase levels,and increased total protein and total bilirubin levels.Noteworthy,the glutathione level in the GP group surpassed that a 1.5-fold increase compared to the PC group.Chaenomeles speciosa could exert its efficacy by regulating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways,while Chaenomeles speciosa did so through the oxidative stress pathway.In addition,Chaenomeles are both able to modulate intestinal flora and change the ratio of flora.Chaenomeles speciosa could regulate probiotics and prevent liver injury by altering the distribution and ratio of intestinal flora.Specifically,Lactobacillaceae in the ZP group exhibited 10-fold higher abundance than the other groups.Chaenomeles speciosa increased the abundance of probiotic Clostridiales butyricum in diseased rats,while Chaenomeles sinensis increased the abundance of pathogenic Escherichia Shigella.Conclusion:This study suggests that Chaenomeles may be hepatoprotective by oxidative stress,inflammation,and apoptosis pathways and modulating the composition and function of the intestinal flora.
基金Four“batches”innovation project of invigorating medicine through science and technology of Shanxi province(Project No.:2023XM059)。
文摘Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of Modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction combined with probiotics(Clostridium butyricum live capsules)in treating radiation enteritis(RE)in tumor patients,as well as its regulatory effect on the structure of intestinal flora,providing clinical evidence for the integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine treatment of radiation enteritis.Methods:A total of 40 patients with radiation enteritis admitted to the Oncology Department of Linfen Central Hospital from September 2023 to December 2024 were selected and divided into an observation group and a control group according to the random number table method,with 20 cases in each group.The control group was treated with Clostridium butyricum live capsules,while the observation group was treated with Modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction in addition to the treatment given to the control group.Both groups received a 4-week treatment course.Intestinal function indicators and changes in intestinal flora structure were compared between the two groups before and after treatment,and clinical efficacy was evaluated.Results:After 4 weeks of treatment,the total effective rate in the observation group versus the control group was(95.00%vs 65.00%),with a statistically significant difference(P<0.05).The fecal formation rate in the observation group(85.00%vs 60.00%)was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the defecation frequency(2.15±0.42 vs 3.85±0.65)times/day was significantly lower than that in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).After treatment,the quantities of Bifidobacterium(6.85±0.72 L vs 5.23±0.61 L)gCFU/g and Lactobacillus(6.52±0.68 L vs 4.98±0.57 L)gCFU/g in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group,while the quantities of Escherichia coli(4.12±0.53 L vs 5.67±0.65 L)gCFU/g and Staphylococcus(3.85±0.48 L vs 5.23±0.59 L)gCFU/g were significantly lower than those in the control group,with statistically significant differences(P<0.05).Conclusion:Clinical studies have confirmed that the synergistic treatment of radiation enteritis with Modified Gegen Qinlian Decoction and probiotics can significantly improve patients’clinical symptoms and restore the balance of intestinal flora,providing an effective regimen for clinical treatment.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81903398the Research Start-Up Fund for the Introduction of Talents of Sichuan University,No.YJ2021112+4 种基金Medical Youth Innovation Research Project of Sichuan Province,No.Q21016Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan,No.2023NSFSC1927“From 0 to 1”Innovation Project,Sichuan University,No.2023SCUH0026Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Department 2023 Central Guide Local Project,No.2023ZYD0097Cigar Fermentation Technology Key Laboratory of Tobacco Industry,No.20202309BC530.
文摘BACKGROUND The intestinal flora(IF)has been linked to risks of non-communicable diseases,especially various cancers,stroke,and Alzheimer’s disease.However,many uncertainties of these associations during different stages of growth,deve-lopment,and aging still exist.Therefore,further in-depth explorations are warranted.AIM To explore the associations of the human IF with disease risks during different stages of growth,development,and aging to achieve more accurate and con-vincing conclusions.METHODS Cohort,cross-sectional,case-control,and Mendelian randomization studies published in the PubMed and Web of Science databases until December 31,2023 were systematically reviewed to clarify the associations of the IF at the genus level with the risks of various non-communicable diseases,which were grouped in accordance with the 10^(th) revision of the International Classification of Diseases.RESULTS In total,57 studies were included to quantitatively examine the influence of the IF on the risks of 30 non-communicable diseases during different stages of growth,development,and aging.Population studies and Mendelian randomization studies confirmed positive associations of the abundances of Bifidobacterium and Ruminococcus with multiple sclerosis.CONCLUSION These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the roles of the IF and provide novel evidence for effective strategies for the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases.In the future,it will be necessary to explore a greater variety of research techniques to uncover the specific mechanisms by which gut microbiota trigger diseases and conduct in-depth studies on the temporal relationship between microbiota alterations and diseases,so as to clarify the causal relationship more accurately.
基金supported by the Jilin Province Science and Technology Plan Project(20230402032GH)the Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Project(20220508115RC).
文摘The gut microbiota and it’s metabolism are vital targets of probiotics regulating high fat-diet(HFD)induced hyperlipidemia,which can relieve the pressure caused by the striking growth of sub-health people.Pediococcus pentosaceus PP04(PP04)could colonize in intestine to regulate gut microbiota and it’s metabolites directly,the rebalanced intestinal flora mediated by PP04 could facilitate the secretion of short chain fatty acids to control body weight gain,PP04 intervention also changed bile acid(BA)profiles and enhanced the ileal concentrations of antagonists including tauro-α/β-muricholic acid sodium salt and ursodeoxycholic acid to inhibit intestinal farnesoid X receptor/fibroblast growth factor 15(FXR/FGF15)signaling coupled with the activation of hepatic FXR/small heterodimer partners signaling,which accelerated the hepatic BA de novo synthesis and excretion with feces to eliminate HFD caused hyperlipemia effectively.This study provided important evidence regarding PP04 as dietary supplement to relieve hyperlipidemia by influencing BA enterohepatic circulation.
文摘This study established a rapid extraction method for the 16S rRNA gene of intestinal flora.Combined with nextgeneration sequencing(NGS)technology,this method can be applied to intestinal microbial ecology analysis.The fecal sample was mixed with lysis buffer,incubated at 90°C for 15 minutes,vortexed,and then centrifuged.The supernatant was collected,and specific primers were added for PCR amplification.The PCR products were purified,and index tags were established for the targets to obtain libraries.After library purification and quality inspection,the libraries could be loaded for sequencing.Under optimized conditions:when the number of PCR cycles was 25 and the initial amount of DNA for library construction was 12.5 ng,fewer chimeras were generated.The library size was 500-700 bp,and there were no primer dimers of approximately 120 bp.This method is rapid,accurate,and sensitive,and can be used for the analysis and detection of the 16S rRNA gene of intestinal flora.
基金National Sciences and Technology Program of China (Grant No. 2011BAI07B08)"Major New Medicine Project" in Mega-projects of Science Research of China (Grant No. 2009ZX09301-010)
文摘Naringin （1）, the highest-content flavanone glycoside in sour oranges, was incubated with human intestinal flora, and four biotransforrnation products （2-5） were obtained from the incubated mixture by chromatographic methods. The chemical structures of the four products were elucidated as naringin-6＂acetate （2）, naringenin （3）, phloretic acid （4）, and phloroglucinol （5） on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Naringin-6＂-acetate was specifically formed by acetylation at C6-OH of glucosyl group of 1. The result obtained in the present research could account for the lower bioavailability of 1 after oral administration, suggesting that some biological properties of 1 in vivo may be mediated by its intestinal flora converted product 3. The biotransforrnation of 1 by intestinal flora leading to their systemic absorption deserves further attention and may provide valuable insights into pre-systemic drug metabolism, delivery or toxicity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81173342,81473773)Postgraduate Innovation Funding Project(No.XCXZZBS2021017)。
文摘Objective:This study was done to determine the effects of different courses of moxibustion on a rat knee osteoarthritis(KOA)model,and explore the dose–effect relationship of moxibustion on KOA from the perspectives of intestinal flora and inflammatory factors.Methods:Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal,model,moxibustion for 2 weeks,moxibustion for 4 weeks and moxibustion for 6 weeks groups(n=5 each group).A KOA rat model was induced by monosodium iodoacetate,and moxibustion intervention was performed at the acupoints“Dubi”(ST35)and“Zusanli”(ST36),once every other day.Pathologic changes in the cartilage of rat knee joints were assessed after intervention,and fecal samples were subjected to 16 S r RNA high-throughput sequencing for microbial diversity analysis.Results:Damage to the knee articular cartilage was obvious in the model group,which also had increased levels of pro-inflammatory factors,decreased levels of anti-inflammatory factors,and intestinal flora disorders with decreased diversity.The degree of cartilage damage in the 4 and 6 weeks of moxibustion groups was significantly improved compared with the model group.The 4 and 6 weeks of moxibustion groups also demonstrated reduced levels of interleukin-1βand tumor necrosis factor-a and increased levels of interleukin-10(P<0.05).Both the abundance and diversity of the intestinal flora were increased,approaching those of the normal group.Abundances of probiotics Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group and Ruminococcaceae UCG-014 increased,while that of the pathogenic bacteria Lachnospiraceae NK4 A136 group decreased(P<0.05).Although the abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4 A136 group decreased in the 2 weeks of moxibustion group compared with the model group(P<0.05),there was no statistically significant difference in serum inflammatory factors,flora species diversity or degree of pathological damage compared with the model group.Conclusion:Moxibustion treatment led to significant improvements in the intestinal flora and inflammatory factors of rats with KOA.Moxibustion treatment of 4 and 6 weeks led to better outcomes than the 2-week course.Moxibustion for 4 and 6 weeks can regulate intestinal flora dysfunction with increased probiotics and reduced pathogenic bacteria,reduce pro-inflammatory factors and increase antiinflammatory factors.No significant differences were seen between the effects of moxibustion for 4 weeks and 6 weeks.
文摘AIM： To investigate the effect of probiotic bacterium, Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 strain （CBM） on the changes of the fecal flora in Helicobacter pylori （H pylon） treatment. METHODS： Thirty-five patients with gastric or duodenal ulcers positive for H pylori were randomized either to 1 wk amoxicillin, clarithromycin, lansoprazole （Group 1） or to the same regimen supplemented with CBM 7 d ahead of the triple therapy （Group 2）. Stool samples were collected before and 2, 4, 7, 15, and 22 d after the starting eradication therapy, and were examined intestinal flora. Patients were required to keep a diary record of their condition. RESULTS： Obligate anaerobes decreased significantly on d 2, 4, 8 and 15 in Group 1. On the other hand, they did not decrease significantly in Group 2. The Escherichia coli was dominant bacterium in Enterobacteriaceae, but that was replaced by other species such as Klebsiella and Enterobacter after eradication in Group 1. The change was suppressed in Group 2. Abdominal symptoms were less frequent in Group 2 than in Group 1. CONCLUSION： The combined use of CBM reduced the changes in the intestinal flora and decreased the incidence of gastrointestinal side effects.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China,No.2016YFD0400605.
文摘BACKGROUND Sepsis is a common disease in intensive care units,with high morbidity and mortality.Intestinal microecology plays a vital part in the development and progression of this disease,possibly because sepsis and its treatment cause specific changes in the composition of the intestinal flora.AIM To investigate the characteristics of intestinal flora disturbance in sepsis patients treated with antibiotics.METHODS In this prospective comparative study,we enrolled ten patients with sepsis(sepsis group),hospitalized in the Department of Critical Care Medicine of the General Hospital,Ningxia Medical University,China(a class IIIa general hospital)from February 2017 to June 2017;ten patients without sepsis hospitalized in the same period(non-sepsis group)and ten healthy individuals(control group)were also enrolled.Fecal samples collected from the three groups were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the intestinal flora diversity,structure,and composition were determined.Additionally,the dynamics of the intestinal flora diversity,structure,and composition in sepsis patients were investigated via 16S rRNA gene sequencing of samples collected 0 d,3 d,and 7 d after admittance to the intensive care unit.Correlations between the serum levels of procalcitonin,endotoxin,diamine oxidase,and D-lactic acid and the intestinal flora composition of sepsis patients were also investigated.RESULTS Compared with the healthy control group,sepsis and non-sepsis patients showed reduced intestinal floraα-diversity and a distinct flora structure,with Firmicutes as the dominant phylum,and significantly decreased proportions of Bacteroidetes,as well as Prevotella and Lachnospira,among other genera.Of note,the proportion of Enterococcus was significantly increased in the intestinal tract of sepsis patients.Interestingly,theα-diversity in the sepsis group decreased gradually,from days 1 to 7 of treatment.However,pairwise comparisons showed that both the diversity and structure of the intestinal flora were not significantly different considering the three different time points studied.Curiously,the serum levels of procalcitonin,endotoxin,diamine oxidase,and D-lactic acid in sepsis patients correlated with the prevalence of various bacterial genera.For example,the prevalence of Ruminococcus was positively correlated with serum procalcitonin,endotoxins,and diamine oxidase;similarly,the prevalence of Roseburia was positively correlated with serum procalcitonin,endotoxins,and D-lactic acid.CONCLUSION Sepsis patients in intensive care units show dysbiosis,lasting for at least 1 wk.
文摘Objective:In this study,we investigated the changes in peripheral blood inflammatory factors and intestinal flora in acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)and human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-positive individuals(AIDS/HIV patients),and explored the relationships among intestinal flora,peripheral blood inflammatory factors,and CD4^+T lymphocytes.Methods:Thirty blood and stool samples from an AIDS group and a control group were collected.The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),and the number of CD4^+T lymphocytes by a FACSCount automated instrument.Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)was used to determine the messenger RNA(mRNA)levels of Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus,Escherichia coli,Enterococcus faecalis,and Enterococcus faecium.Correlations among intestinal flora,inflammatory factor levels,and CD4^+T lymphocyte values were evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient.Results:The levels of TNF-αand IL-6 in the AIDS group were higher than those in the control group,while the number of CD4^+T lymphocytes was lower.The amounts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the AIDS group were significantly lower than those in control group,while the amounts of E.coli,E.faecalis,and E.faecium were much higher.The amounts of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were negatively correlated with the content of TNF-αand IL-6 and the CD4^+T lymphocyte count,while those correlations were reversed for E.coli,E.faecalis,and E.faecium.Conclusions:The intestinal microbiota of AIDS/HIV patients were disordered,and there was a correlation between the amount of intestinal flora and the number of CD4^+T lymphocytes and the levels of TNF-αand IL-6.
文摘Objective We investigated changes in the intestinal flora of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP).Methods Between September 2019 and November 2019,stool samples from 14 children with MPP from The Fourth Hospital of Baotou city,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,were collected and divided into general treatment(AF)and probiotic(AFY)groups,according to the treatment of“combined Bifidobacterium,Lactobacillus,Enterococcus,and Bacillus cereus tablets live”.Highthroughput 16S rDNA sequencing was used to identify intestinal flora.Results Intestinal flora abundance and diversity in children with MPP were decreased.Both Shannon and Simpson indices were lower in the AF group when compared with healthy controls(P<.05).When compared with healthy controls,the proportion of Enterorhabdus was lower in the AF group,while the proportion of Lachnoclostridium was higher(P<0.05).The proportion of Bifidobacteria and Akkermansia was lower in the AFY group but Enterococcus,Lachnoclostridium,Roseburia,and Erysipelatoclostridium proportions were higher.The proportion of Escherichia coli-Shigella in the AFY group after treatment was decreased(P<0.05).Conclusions The intestinal flora of children with MPP is disturbed,manifested as decreased abundance and diversity,and decreased Bifidobacteria.Our probiotic mixture partly improved intestinal flora disorders.
基金This work was supported by the Shenzhen Key Discipline of Medicine(2020-2024)(SZXK039)Science and Technology Development Special Fund of Shenzhen Longgang District(LGKC YL WS2019000749 and LGKC YLWS2019000846)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M683137).
文摘Antibiotic exposure-induced dysbiosis of the intestinal flora increases the risk of developing allergic rhinitis.Hence,regulating the balance of intestinal flora may be useful for preventing and treating allergic rhinitis.However,the underlying mechanism is unclear.Dendrobium nobile(Shihu)exhibits anti-inflammatory and immune activities.Hence,in this study,we investigated the mechanism via which Shihu may improve allergic rhinitis.Mouse models of allergic rhinitis with intestinal flora dysbiosis(Model-D,antibiotics induce intestinal flora dysbiosis with ovalbumin-induced allergy)and normal intestinal flora with allergic rhinitis(Model-N,ovalbumin-induced allergy)were established.The effect of Shihu on intestinal flora and inflammation caused during allergic rhinitis were analyzed.Allergic symptoms,infiltration of hematoxylin and eosin in the lungs and nose,and the release of various factors[interleukin(IL)-2,IL-4,IFN-y,IL-6,IL-10,and IL-17]in the lungs were evaluated.The results indicate that intestinal flora dysbiosis exacerbated lung and nose inflammation in allergic rhinitis.However,treatment with the Shihu extract effectively reversed these symp-toms.Besides,the Shihu extract inhibited the PI3K/AXT/mTOR pathway and increased the level of Forkhead box protein in the lungs.Additionally,the Shihu extract reversed intestinal flora dysbiosis at the phylum and genus levels and improved regulator T cell differentiation.Furthermore,in the Model-D group,the Shihu extract inhibited the decrease in the diversity and abundance of the intestinal flora.Screening was performed to determine which intestinal flora was positively correlated with Treg differentiation using Spearman5 s correlation analysis.In conclusion,we showed that Shihu extract restored the balance in intestinal flora and ameliorated inflammation in the lungs of allergic rhinitis mice and predicted a therapeutic new approach using Traditional Chinese Medicine to improve allergic rhinitis.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,No.81274044)
文摘The present study was designed to determine the intestinal bacterial metabolites of trollioside and isoquercetin and their antibacterial activities. A systematic in vitro biotransformation investigation on trollioside and isoquercetin, including metabolite identification, metabolic pathway deduction, and time course, was accomplished using a human intestinal bacterial model. The metabolites were analyzed and identified by HPLC and HPLC-MS. The antibacterial activities of trollioside, isoquercetin, and their metabolites were evaluated using the broth microdilution method with berberine as a positive control, and their potency was measured as minimal inhibitory concentration(MIC). Our results indicated that trollioside and isoquercetin were metabolized by human intestinal flora through O-deglycosylation, yielding aglycones proglobeflowery acid and quercetin, respectively The antibacterial activities of both metabolites were more potent than that of their parent compounds. In conclusion, trollioside and isoquercetin are totally and rapidly transformed by human intestinal bacteria in vitro and the transformation favors the improvement of the antibacterial activities of the parent compounds.
基金financially supported by the Beijing Swine Innovation Team of Modern Agriculture Industry Technological System.
文摘Background:Protein releases amino acids faster than starch releases glucose in digestive tract of pigs fed lowprotein(LP)diets.Poor synchronization of dietary glucose and amino acids supply leads to compromised nitrogen efficiency.Dietary starch patterns modulation may improve this situation.Methods:Growing barrows(29.7±2.0 kg)were randomly allotted into 5 dietary treatments with LP diets consisting of different purified starches.Treatments included:waxy corn starch(W LP),corn starch+waxy corn starch(C+W LP),corn starch(C LP),pea starch+waxy corn starch(P+W LP)and pea starch(P LP).In the experiment,growth performance,protein deposition,nutrient metabolism,and fecal microbial community of pigs were investigated.In vitro starch digestion was used for predicting the in vivo glucose response.Results:Dietary starch in vitro glucose release profile was determined by starch source and the ratio of amylopectin and amylose.C+W LP treatment showed decreased total nitrogen excretion and plasma citrulline concentration and improved plasma leptin concentration among treatments(P<0.05).Besides,the highest nitrogen apparent biological value,whole-body protein deposition and growth performance and lowest urinary nitrogen excretion were also observed in C+W LP treatment.Compared with the other groups,C+W LP and C LP showed increased plasma pyruvate,IGF-1,and lipase concentrations(P<0.05).The W LP group presented dramatically increased plasma alanine and urea nitrogen concentration and decreased aldolase and leptin concentrations(P<0.05).Dietary starch patterns did not make an impact on bacterial richness and diversity,but changed the taxonomic and functional structures of the microbial communities.Microbial protein fermentation product(isobutyrate and isovalerate)presented increased in P LP treatments compared with the other treatments(P<0.05).Conclusions:Dietary starch patterns modulation can regulate dietary glucose release profile,nutrient metabolism,protein turnover,and fecal microbial fermentation in pigs.The optimal dietary glucose release profile effectively strengthened whole-body protein deposition and improve nitrogen efficiency and growth performance in growing pigs fed LP diets.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31571403)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.2171001).
文摘Two traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs),namely WangshiBaochiwan and Panax Notoginseng Saponins(notoginsenoside),were chosen to study their effects on gut microbiota.Both of them have a long history of application in China.During a test of 28 d,different doses of the medicines were administered to male Wistar rats daily.At the end of the administration,fresh fecal samples were collected and subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing to determine the profiles of gut microbiota.In relative to the controls,effects on gut microbiota were evaluated with medicine-treated rats.Consistent with its unique bidirectional effects on constipation and diarrhea,treatment of WangshiBaochiwan led to a balanced regulation of Lactobacillus and Bacteroides.The treatment also led to increased populations of Ruminiclostridium_9 and Eubacterium_ventriosum that are the major producer of short-chain fatty acid(SCFA),and decreased populations of genus Jeotgalicoccus and Bilophila that are associated with inflammation.These changes therefore resulted in a much healthier microbiota environment in WangshiBaochiwan-treated rates.For the treatment of notoginsenoside,effects were found with Enterobacteriaceae species that is associated with Parkinson's disease,Christensenellaceae family that is associated with aging,and hypertension-associated Rikenellaceae,Christensenellaceae,Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidaceae species.In agreement with its major indications,the treatment further led to increased populations of SCFA-producing bacteria,such as Elusimicrobium,Anaerotruncus,Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group,and Intestinimonas.Taken together,treatment of the two TCMs led to active and distinguishable regulations of gut microbiota.Impressively,these changes were in agreement with their clinical efficacy,and suggested that they were involved in the treatment of these diseases.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31960236the Talent Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of Lanzhou City,No.2019-RC-34the Lanzhou Cheng guan District Science and Technology Planning Project,No.2020SHFZ0029.
文摘Primary sclerosing cholangitis(PSC)is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic cholestasis,a persistent inflammation of the bile ducts that leads to sclerotic occlusion and cholestasis.Gut microbes,consisting of microorganisms colonized in the human gut,play an important role in nutrient intake,metabolic homeostasis,immune regulation,and immune regulation;however,their presence might aid PSC development.Studies have found that gut-liver axis interactions also play an important role in the pathogenesis of PSC.Patients with PSC have considerably reduced intestinal flora diversity and increased abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria.Dysbiosis of the intestinal flora leads to increased intestinal permeability,homing of intestinal lymphocytes,entry of bacteria and their associated metabolites,such as bile acids,into the liver,stimulation of hepatic immune activation,and promotion of PSC.Currently,PSC effective treatment is lacking.However,a number of studies have recently investigated the targeted modulation of gut microbes for the treatment of various liver diseases(alcoholic liver disease,metabolic fatty liver,cirrhosis,and autoimmune liver disease).In addition,antibiotics,fecal microbiota transplantation,and probiotics have been reported as successful PSC therapies as well as for the treatment of gut dysbiosis,suggesting their effectiveness for PSC treatment.Therefore,this review briefly summarizes the role of intestinal flora in PSC with the aim of providing new insights into PSC treatment.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 81001549National Basic Research Program of China (973 program), No. 2009CB522900+1 种基金Shanghai Health System of Outstanding Young Talent Cultivation Program, No. XYQ2011068Shanghai Rising-Star Program, No. 10QA1406100
文摘AIM: To investigate the effect of moxibustion on intestinal flora and release of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from the colon in rat with ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: A rat model of UC was established by local stimulation of the intestine with supernatant from colonic contents harvested from human UC patients. A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the following groups: normal (sham), model (UC), herb-partition moxibustion (HPM-treated), and positive control sulfasalazine (SA-treated). Rats treated with HPM received HPM at acupuncture points ST25 and RN6, once a day for 15 min, for a total of 8 d. Rats in the SA group were perfused with SA twice a day for 8 d. The colonic histopathology was observed by hematoxylin-eosin. The levels of intestinal flora, including Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis), were tested by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect bacterial 16S rRNA/DNA in order to determine DNA copy numbers of each specific species. Immunohistochemical assays were used to observe the expression of TNF-α and IL-12 in the rat colons. RESULTS: HPM treatment inhibited immunopathology in colonic tissues of UC rats; the general morphological score and the immunopathological score were significantly decreased in the HPM and SA groups compared with the model group [3.5 (2.0-4.0), 3.0 (1.5-3.5) vs 6.0 (5.5-7.0), P < 0.05 for the general morphological score, and 3.00 (2.00-3.50), 3.00 (2.50-3.50) vs 5.00 (4.50-5.50), P < 0.01 for the immunopathological score]. As measured by DNA copy number, we found that Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, which are associated with a healthy colon, were significantly higher in the HPM and SA groups than in the model group (1.395 ± 1.339, 1.461 ± 1.152 vs 0.045 ± 0.036, P < 0.01 for Bifidobacterium, and 0.395 ± 0.325, 0.851 ± 0.651 vs 0.0015 ± 0.0014, P < 0.01 for Lactobacillus). On the other hand, E. coli and B. fragilis, which are associated with an inflamed colon, were significantly lower in the HPM and SA groups than in the model group (0.244 ± 0.107, 0.628 ± 0.257 vs 1.691 ± 0.683, P < 0.01 for E. coli, and 0.351 ± 0.181, 0.416 ± 0.329 vs 1.285 ± 1.039, P < 0.01 for B. fragilis). The expression of TNF-α and IL-12 was decreased after HPM and SA treatment as compared to UC model alone (4970.81 ± 959.78, 6635.45 ± 1135.16 vs 12333.81 ± 680.79, P < 0.01 for TNF-α, and 5528.75 ± 1245.72, 7477.38 ± 1259.16 vs 12550.29 ± 1973.30, P < 0.01 for IL-12). CONCLUSION: HPM treatment can regulate intestinal flora and inhibit the expression of TNF-α and IL-12 in the colon tissues of UC rats, indicating that HPM can improve colonic immune response.
