The advancement of aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)is constrained by intrinsic interfacial issues in aqueous electrolyte systems.Here,using numerical simulation,we decipher the multi-scale causes of interfacial inst...The advancement of aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)is constrained by intrinsic interfacial issues in aqueous electrolyte systems.Here,using numerical simulation,we decipher the multi-scale causes of interfacial instability,elucidating the synergistic effect of macroscopic ineffective regions and microscopic passivation.Based on the analysis,we develop an electrolyte-triggered interphase construction strategy to resolve the interfacial failure.This strategy couples the in situ formation of hydrogel interphase on both the anode and cathode with the electrolyte filling process,thereby(1)facilitating contact between electrodes and the separator;(2)promoting anode reversibility through inducing a bilayer SEI that enhances Zn^(2+)desolvation kinetics and blocks electron tunneling;(3)ensuring long-term cathode cycling stability via restricting the irreversible dissolution of MnO_(2)and side-reactions.The resultant Zn metal anode exhibited a near-unity Coulombic efficiency(99.5%)for Zn plating/stripping at an extremely low current density of 0.1 mA cm^(-2)and the Zn/MnO_(2)full cell sustained 2000 full-duty-cycles with an exceptionally low decay rate of 0.0051%per-cycle.This work unlocks an alternative angle for promoting practical ZMB s toward more sustainable energy storage systems.展开更多
The interfacial structure and its regulation play a crucial role in determining the overall performance of advanced functional composites.Weak interfacial interactions between carbon fibers and the matrix present a cr...The interfacial structure and its regulation play a crucial role in determining the overall performance of advanced functional composites.Weak interfacial interactions between carbon fibers and the matrix present a critical challenge limiting the general performance and functional applications of carbon fiberreinforced composites.In this paper,a novel strategy for bioinspired root-soil interfacial structure was presented to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer bonded explosives.A multiscale nanowire heterostructure was constructed through the in-situ growth of morphologically controllable zinc oxide nanowires on the carbon fiber surface via a facile hydrothermal method,with polydopamine as the interfacial reinforcement layer.This structure emulated the function of the"root",and combined with a network-distributed polymer binder representing the"soil",formed a robust root-soil interlocking interfacial structure within the polymer bonded explosives.Due to the multiscale interfacial reinforcement structure,the tensile strength of the polymer bonded explosives was visibly increased by 41%,the strain at the break by 110%,and the creep resistance by 51%with only 0.4 wt%filler adopted.The thermal stress resistance was improved by 57%owing to the synergistic enhancement of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties.This study provides new perspectives and insights for designing and constructing high-performance polymer bonded explosives and other functional composites.展开更多
Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is an effective approach to directly convert solar energy into clean hydrogen fuel.As a visible-light-responsive p-type semiconductor,CuBi_(2)O_(4)possesses a suitable bandgap ...Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is an effective approach to directly convert solar energy into clean hydrogen fuel.As a visible-light-responsive p-type semiconductor,CuBi_(2)O_(4)possesses a suitable bandgap and good stability.However,its performance is inhibited by high interfacial resistance and severe charge carrier recombination.In this study,a CuO interlayer was introduced between fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)and CuBi_(2)O_(4)to construct CuO/CuBi_(2)O_(4)photocathodes,aiming to improve interfacial charge transfer.The results showed that CuO/CuBi_(2)O_(4)-200 exhibited a photocurrent density of−1.71 mA/cm^(2)at 0 V vs.RHE,which was more than 3.5 times higher than that of bare CuBi_(2)O_(4).The incident photon-to-current efficiency(IPCE)at 365 nm was enhanced to~13%and the maximum applied bias photon-to-current efficiency(ABPE)reached 0.17%.Water splitting experiments revealed a hydrogen yield of 2.05μmol/cm^(2),significantly surpassing that of the unmodified photoelectrode.The enhanced PEC performance indicated that the CuO layer established a favorable band alignment,promoted hole transport toward the FTO substrate and effectively suppressed interfacial carrier recombination.This work demonstrated a simple and efficient interfacial engineering strategy,offering new insights and guidance for the design and development of high-performance semiconductor-based PEC photoelectrodes.展开更多
With the growing global energy demand and the pressing need for a clean energy transition,supercapacitors(SCs)have demonstrated significant application potential in electric vehicles,wearable electronics,and renewable...With the growing global energy demand and the pressing need for a clean energy transition,supercapacitors(SCs)have demonstrated significant application potential in electric vehicles,wearable electronics,and renewable energy storage systems owing to their rapid charge-discharge capability,exceptional power density,and prolonged cycle life.The improvement of their overall performance fundamentally depends on the synergistic design of electrode materials and electrolyte systems,as well as the precise regulation of the electrode-electrolyte interface.This review focuses on the key components of supercapacitors,systematically reviewing the design strategies of high-performance electrode materials,outlining recent advances in novel electrolyte systems,and comprehensively discussing the critical roles of interfacial reinforcement and optimization in enhancing device energy density,power performance,and cycling stability.Furthermore,interfacial engineering strategies and innovations in device architecture are proposed to address interfacial degradation in flexible SCs under mechanical stress.Finally,key future research directions are highlighted,including the development of high-voltage and wide-temperature-range electrolyte systems and the integrated advancement of multiscale in situ characterization techniques and theoretical modeling.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance and innovative strategies for material design,contributing toward the realization of next-generation supercapacitors with enhanced energy density and reliability.展开更多
In view of the frequent deterioration of molten steel quality during the tundish filling process,the slag-steel-air interface behavior in a tundish,including liquid level fluctuation,slag eyes,slag entrapment and air ...In view of the frequent deterioration of molten steel quality during the tundish filling process,the slag-steel-air interface behavior in a tundish,including liquid level fluctuation,slag eyes,slag entrapment and air suction during the steady-state casting and filling process,was comparatively studied through physical modeling and mathematical simulation methods.During the filling process,the liquid surface forms a large-size slag eye under the impact of molten steel from a ladle shroud,which simultaneously results in a violent fluctuation of liquid level.Concurrently,the liquid flow entrains the air phase and the cover slag into the tundish impact zone,resulting in slag entrapment and air suction.At filling flow rates of 1.5Q,2.0Q,and 2.5Q(Q is the flow rate under steady-state casting),the amount of slag entrapped is 8.39×10^(-5),9.65×10^(-5),and 12.7×10^(-5)m^(3),respectively,while the volume of air aspirated is 0.84×10^(-4),1.47×10^(-4),and 2.01×10^(-4)m^(3),indicating that slag entrapment and air suction intensify with an increase in tundish filling flow rate.Flow field characterization identifies eddy currents in the impact zone as the primary driver of the above phenomena.Proper filling process parameters were proposed to improve the steel quality during the tundish filling.展开更多
High-voltage Li-rich Mn-based oxide(LRMO)cathodes are promising for breaking through the energy density limits of lithium-ion batteries,yet their practical application remains limited by electrochemical performance de...High-voltage Li-rich Mn-based oxide(LRMO)cathodes are promising for breaking through the energy density limits of lithium-ion batteries,yet their practical application remains limited by electrochemical performance degradation caused by unstable cathode-electrolyte interphase(CEI)evolution during longterm cycling.To address this issue,we propose a novel surface modification strategy using La_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)MnO_(3-σ)(LSMO)nanodots,which exhibit high electronic co nductivity and excellent corrosion resistance.These nanodots act as stable anchoring sites,facilitating the formation of a robust CEI on LRMO,The LSMOmodified cathode demonstrates significantly improved anionic redox reversibility,effectively mitigating transition metal migration and lattice oxygen loss.Furthermore,the optimized interfacial electrochemical kinetics ensure sustained rapid Li+diffusion throughout cycling,while the formation of a stable trilayer CEI structure suppresses electrolyte decomposition.Benefiting from these synergistic effects,the LSMO nanodot-engineered LRMO cathode delivers outstanding cycling stability,retaining 97.4%capacity after 300 cycles at 1 C.This work not only highlights the critical role of nanodot heterostructures in stabilizing CEI but also provides a new approach to designing high-voltage cathodes with superior interfacial compatibility and long-term durability.展开更多
Cellulose,the most abundant and renewable biopolymer,offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for regulating lithium electrodeposition toward safer lithium metal batteries,thanks to its high nanofibrous struct...Cellulose,the most abundant and renewable biopolymer,offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for regulating lithium electrodeposition toward safer lithium metal batteries,thanks to its high nanofibrous structure and intrinsic lithiophilic property.In this work,we introduce interface-engineered cellulose-based separators by converting intrinsic hydroxyl groups on cellulose nanofibers(CNFs)to nitrogen functionalities through a trace conducting polymer coating.Both experimental and theoretical results reveal that the nitrogen moieties disrupt the compact hydrogen bond network within hydroxyl cellulose,enabling multiple nitrogen-lithium interactions that enhance lithium ion transport.In addition to an extraordinary Li^(+)transference number of 0.86 and a high ionic conductivity of 1.1 mS cm^(-1),the nitrogen-functionalized CNF contributes to a uniform electric field and Li^(+)concentration distribution across the lithium metal surface.This facilitates the formation of a LiF-rich solid electrolyte interface and suppresses Li dendrite growth.Consequently,Li‖Li cells demonstrate stable plating/stripping cycles for approximately 3000 h at a current density of 1 mA cm^(-2) with a fixed capacity of 1 mAh cm^(-2),while maintaining a low overpotential of 15 mV.Our work provides valuable insights into the surface functionalization of natural biomass for advancing sustainable energy storage technologies.展开更多
Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)have emerged as pivotal energy storage solutions for electric vehicles and portable electronics.However,their operation under extreme conditions(high-temperature and fast-charging conditio...Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)have emerged as pivotal energy storage solutions for electric vehicles and portable electronics.However,their operation under extreme conditions(high-temperature and fast-charging conditions)faces significant challenges,including accelerated electrolyte decomposition,interfacial instability,and potential thermal runaway risks.To address these challenges,we present a solvation-interphase synergistic regulation strategy using 2-fluorobenzenesulfonamide(2-FBS)as a multifunctional electrolyte additive.The 2-FBS molecule effectively modulates the Li^(+)solvation structure by reducing the coordination of ethylene carbonate(EC)solvent.This transformation suppresses EC-induced parasitic reactions while scavenging superoxide radicals,thereby mitigating gas evolution at electrode interfaces.Upon preferential decomposition,2-FBS further promotes the formation of a robust LiF-Li_(3)N-Li_(2)S-rich interphase with exceptional mechanical strength(Young’s modulus:39.4 GPa).This inorganic-rich hybrid interphase simultaneously enables dendrite-free lithium plating and enhances cathode thermal stability.Consequently,2-FBS-modified electrolyte empowers LiCoO_(2)//Li cells to deliver 82.8%capacity retention after 800 cycles at 55°C and sustain 81.2%capacity retention after 1500 cycles at 4 C.Moreover,practical validation through nail penetration tests confirms the effectiveness of the electrolyte in preventing thermal propagation in fully charged pouch cells.This work establishes a paradigm for enabling reliable battery operation under extreme conditions through synergistic solvation and interphase engineering.展开更多
Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography...Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography and microelectrode arrays.The challenges of these mentioned approaches are characterized by the bandwidth of the spatiotemporal resolution,which in turn is essential for large-area neuron recordings(Abiri et al.,2019).展开更多
Polymer-electrolyte-based solid-state Li metal batteries with high-voltage Ni-rich cathodes are promising energy storage technologies owing to their favorable security and high energy densities.However,operating in wi...Polymer-electrolyte-based solid-state Li metal batteries with high-voltage Ni-rich cathodes are promising energy storage technologies owing to their favorable security and high energy densities.However,operating in wide temperature range and at high voltage is a tough challenge for them.Herein,F/N donating fluorinated-amide-based plasticizers regulated polymer electrolyte capable of enabling high-voltage Li||LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811)batteries with excellent performance in wide temperature range is developed.F/N donating fluorinated-amide-based plasticizers significantly improve ionic conductivity(1.52 mS/cm at 30℃),enhance oxidation stability(5.0 V vs.Li^(+)/Li)and fabricate robust LiF/Li_(3)N-rich electrode-electrolyte interphases,which significantly improve the interface stability of Li metal anode and NCM811 cathode.The designed polymer electrolyte is nonflammable and has excellent dimensional stability at 200℃.Capitalizing on these advantageous attributes,the Li||NCM811 cells show excellent cycle stability and rate capability from−20℃ to 60℃ at high voltages(∼4.6 V),and under high-loading full cell condition,which display impressive capacity retention of 84.4%after 1000 cycles and ultrahigh capacity of 154.8 mAh/g at 10 C.This work provides a rational design strategy of polymer electrolytes for wide-temperature high-energy solid-state Li metal batteries.展开更多
Hard carbon is a vital anode material for sodium-ion batteries;however,the nonuniform growth of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)film substantially diminishes its initial coulombic efficiency(ICE)and cycle life.The ch...Hard carbon is a vital anode material for sodium-ion batteries;however,the nonuniform growth of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)film substantially diminishes its initial coulombic efficiency(ICE)and cycle life.The chemical and morphological properties of surface highly influence the electrode/electrolyte interfacial reactions.In this study,we have tuned orbital hybridization states forming an interface enriched with sp^(2) hybridized carbon(sp^(2)-C),which decreases the binding energy to solvent molecules and inhibits excessive solvent decomposition during SEI formation.Benefiting from successfully constructed inorganic-rich SEI,the ICE increased to 91%and sodium storage capacity reached 346 mAh/g.Besides,the capacity retention rate was 90.7%after 700 cycles at 1 A/g higher than pristine electrode(83.8%).展开更多
High-nickel cathode,LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O_(2)(NCM811),and sulfide-solid electrolyte are a promising combination for all-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs).However,this combination faces the issue of interfacial instab...High-nickel cathode,LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O_(2)(NCM811),and sulfide-solid electrolyte are a promising combination for all-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs).However,this combination faces the issue of interfacial instability between the cathode and electrolyte.Given the surface alkalinity of NCM811,we propose a strategy to construct a solid-polymer-electrolyte(SPE)interphase on NCM811 surface by leveraging the surface alkaline residues to nucleophilically initiate the in-situ ring-opening polymerization of cyclic organic molecules.As a proof-of-concept,this study demonstrates that the ring-opening copolymerization of 1,3-dioxolane and maleic anhydride produces a homogeneous,compact,and conformal SPE layer on NCM811 surface to prevent the cathode from contact and reaction with Li6PS5Cl solid-state electrolyte.Consequently,the SPE-modified-NCM811 in ASSLBs exhibits high capacities of 193.5 mA h g^(-1) at 0.2 C,160.9 mA h g^(-1) at 2.0 C and 112.3 mA h g^(-1) at 10 C,and particularly,excellent long-term cycling stabilities over 11000 cycles with a 71.95%capacity retention at 10 C at 25℃,as well as a remained capacity of 117.9 mA h g^(-1) after 8000 cycles at 30 C at 60℃,showing a great application prospect.This study provides a new route for creating electrochemically and structurally stable solid-solid interfaces for ASSLBs.展开更多
Silicon(Si)-based anodes have emerged as promising candidates for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to their high theoretical capacity(4200 mAh g^(-1)).However,their further application is hindered by...Silicon(Si)-based anodes have emerged as promising candidates for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to their high theoretical capacity(4200 mAh g^(-1)).However,their further application is hindered by critical challenges,including severe volume expansion(~300%),formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),and inherently low conductivity.While extensive research has sought to alleviate the substantial internal stress caused by volume expansion through the rational design of Si-based anode structures,the underlying mechanisms that govern these improvements remain insufficiently understood,leaving significant gaps in mechanical and interface electrical failure.To build a comprehensive understanding relationship between structural design and performance enhancement of Si-based anodes,this review first analyzes the characteristics of various Sibased anode structures and their associated internal stresses.Subsequently,it summarizes effective strategies to optimize the performance of Si-based anodes,including doping design,novel electrolyte design,and fu nctional binder design.Additionally,we assess emerging technologies with high commercial potential for structural design and interfacial modification,such as porous carbon carriers,chemical vapor deposition(CVD),spray granulation,and pre-lithiation.Finally,this work provides perspectives on the structural design of Si-based anodes.Overall,this review systematically summarizes modification strategies for Si-based anodes through structural regulation and interface engineering,thereby providing a foundation for advanced structural and interfacial design.展开更多
The high voltage of Li||LiCoO_(2) battery can increase the energy density.However,the cycling performance associated with cathode structural stability remains challenging.To address this question,we proposed an electr...The high voltage of Li||LiCoO_(2) battery can increase the energy density.However,the cycling performance associated with cathode structural stability remains challenging.To address this question,we proposed an electrolyte strategy for improving the performance of 4.6 V Li||LiCoO_(2) battery by using trimethylsilyl isocyanate(TMIS)as electrolyte additive.The trimethylsilyl group of TMIS can trap HF while the isocyanate group brings polyamide components to the CEI and the SEI.By the synergistic action,the Co3+dissolution problem of the LiCoO_(2) cathode was effectively curbed.Furthermore,TMIS regulates the construction of anion-dominated LiF-rich SEI by influencing the solvation structure of Li^(+).As expected,the 4.6 V Li||LiCoO_(2) battery with TMIS retains 77.9% initial capacity after 200 cycles at 0.5 C.展开更多
Preferential magnesium(Mg)electrodeposition on separators is a ubiquitous yet poorly understood phenomenon in rechargeable Mg-metal batteries,posing a fundamental challenge to their development.In this work,the synerg...Preferential magnesium(Mg)electrodeposition on separators is a ubiquitous yet poorly understood phenomenon in rechargeable Mg-metal batteries,posing a fundamental challenge to their development.In this work,the synergy effects of interface-accelerating desolvation and spatial confinement have been demonstrated as the essential causation of this counterintuitive experimental phenomenon.At the molecular level,the imide ring(-CO-NR-CO-,in which R represents the phenyl)groups in an artificially introduced polyimide(PI)interlayer facilitate the strong electrostatic affinity towards Mg^(2+),which accelerates the desolvation process for Mg^(2+)solvation structures at the inner Helmholtz plane.At the nucleation scale,the wedge-like concave geometry formed at the PI/current collector interface provides energetically favorable sites for Mg nucleation.This unique architecture reduces the critical nucleus size,thereby significantly lowering nucleation energy barriers.As a result,the satisfactory Coulombic efficiency for Mg plating/stripping(98.22%)and cycle lifespan(1200 cycles,above 100 days)have been achieved,outperforming most of the previous results.This work pioneers a molecular-level understanding of separator-directed Mg deposition and resolves a long-standing confusion in Mg-metal batteries.展开更多
Weakly solvating electrolytes(WSEs)promote the formation of anion-driven solid electrolyte interphases(SEI),enabling stable lithium metal batteries.However,current strategies involving alkylated modification,steric hi...Weakly solvating electrolytes(WSEs)promote the formation of anion-driven solid electrolyte interphases(SEI),enabling stable lithium metal batteries.However,current strategies involving alkylated modification,steric hindrance incorporation,coordinated oxygen(O)regulation,and selective fluorination face poor-diversity interfacial chemistry,high cost,or environmental concerns.Here,we propose a heteroatom-substitution strategy to design a WSE composed of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide(LiFSI)and 1,4-oxathiane(OTA)as a single solvent.Substituting oxygen with sulfur in conventional 1,4-dioxane(1,4-DX)generates OTA with a modulated dipole and charge distribution,weakening Li^(+)-OTA coordination while promoting anion-involved solvation sheath.This unique solvation structure triggers the formation of an inorganic-rich SEI with sulfur-containing species,enabling high Li plating/stripping coulombic efficiency and stable Li‖Li symmetric cells cycling for 1000 h.Benefiting from the superior interfacial chemistry and wettability of the electrolyte to the LiFePO_(4) cathode,full cells exhibit exceptional cycling stability even at low negative-to-positive(N/P)ratios,A pouch cell coupled with3.58 mAh cm^(-2) LiFePO_(4) and 20μm Li(N/P~1.15)maintains 88.77%capacity after 150 cycles.This work shows a fluorine-free solvent design paradigm for advanced WSEs,providing novel insights toward stable LMBs.展开更多
The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerge...The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.展开更多
Recently, quantum Hall interface has become a popular subject of research;distinct from that of the quantum Hall edge, which is constrained by external background confinement, the interface has the freedom to move, li...Recently, quantum Hall interface has become a popular subject of research;distinct from that of the quantum Hall edge, which is constrained by external background confinement, the interface has the freedom to move, likely towards a string-like state. In disk geometry, it was known that the interface energy has an extra correction due to its curvature which depends on the size of the disk. In this work, we analytically calculate the energy of the integer quantum Hall interface on a cone surface which has the advantage of its curvature being more easily adjustable. By tuning the length and curvature of the interface by the cone angle parameter β, we analyze the dependence of the quantum Hall interface energy on the curvature and verify this geometric correction.Moreover, we find that the tip of the cone geometry has an extra contribution to the energy that reflects on the u_(2), u_(4) term.展开更多
Li_(7)La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12)-based electrolytes have got great promise for solid-state lithium(Li)metal batteries because of their high elastic modulus and wide electrochemical stability window.However,the insufficient co...Li_(7)La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12)-based electrolytes have got great promise for solid-state lithium(Li)metal batteries because of their high elastic modulus and wide electrochemical stability window.However,the insufficient contact and heterogeneous Li deposition severely hinder their practical applications.Here,a flexible ternary polymethacrylate(PMA)matrix is designed to incorporate with Ta-doped Li_(7)La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12)(LLZTO-PMA).The PMA matrix ensures excellent interfacial contact,while the synergistic effects of its polar carbonyl groups and its interaction with LLZTO creating fast interfacial Li^(+)pathways yield a high ionic conductivity of 0.266 mS cm^(-1)at 20℃.Moreover,the interaction between LLZTO and PMA matrix further guides the formation of a hybrid LiF/Li_(3)N-rich solid electrolyte interphase,which allows a fast Li^(+)interfacial kinetic due to its lowered Li^(+)diffusion barrier.Consequently,the LLZTO-PMA electrolyte contributes an ultra-stable Li anode interphase,attaining a lifespan exceeding 10,000 h in symmetric cells and retaining over 96%capacity after 600 cycles in full battery,demonstrating a breakthrough for high-performance solid-state batteries.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62201369,52203142)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2024NSFSC0226)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology of Fujian Province University(WYKF-EIGT2023-1)。
文摘The advancement of aqueous zinc metal batteries(ZMBs)is constrained by intrinsic interfacial issues in aqueous electrolyte systems.Here,using numerical simulation,we decipher the multi-scale causes of interfacial instability,elucidating the synergistic effect of macroscopic ineffective regions and microscopic passivation.Based on the analysis,we develop an electrolyte-triggered interphase construction strategy to resolve the interfacial failure.This strategy couples the in situ formation of hydrogel interphase on both the anode and cathode with the electrolyte filling process,thereby(1)facilitating contact between electrodes and the separator;(2)promoting anode reversibility through inducing a bilayer SEI that enhances Zn^(2+)desolvation kinetics and blocks electron tunneling;(3)ensuring long-term cathode cycling stability via restricting the irreversible dissolution of MnO_(2)and side-reactions.The resultant Zn metal anode exhibited a near-unity Coulombic efficiency(99.5%)for Zn plating/stripping at an extremely low current density of 0.1 mA cm^(-2)and the Zn/MnO_(2)full cell sustained 2000 full-duty-cycles with an exceptionally low decay rate of 0.0051%per-cycle.This work unlocks an alternative angle for promoting practical ZMB s toward more sustainable energy storage systems.
基金supported by the Presidential Foundation of CAEP(No.YZJJZQ2022006)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22275173 and 22475179).
文摘The interfacial structure and its regulation play a crucial role in determining the overall performance of advanced functional composites.Weak interfacial interactions between carbon fibers and the matrix present a critical challenge limiting the general performance and functional applications of carbon fiberreinforced composites.In this paper,a novel strategy for bioinspired root-soil interfacial structure was presented to enhance the mechanical properties of polymer bonded explosives.A multiscale nanowire heterostructure was constructed through the in-situ growth of morphologically controllable zinc oxide nanowires on the carbon fiber surface via a facile hydrothermal method,with polydopamine as the interfacial reinforcement layer.This structure emulated the function of the"root",and combined with a network-distributed polymer binder representing the"soil",formed a robust root-soil interlocking interfacial structure within the polymer bonded explosives.Due to the multiscale interfacial reinforcement structure,the tensile strength of the polymer bonded explosives was visibly increased by 41%,the strain at the break by 110%,and the creep resistance by 51%with only 0.4 wt%filler adopted.The thermal stress resistance was improved by 57%owing to the synergistic enhancement of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties.This study provides new perspectives and insights for designing and constructing high-performance polymer bonded explosives and other functional composites.
基金Supported by Educational Department(JYTMS20230310)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(2024-MS-215)。
文摘Photoelectrochemical(PEC)water splitting is an effective approach to directly convert solar energy into clean hydrogen fuel.As a visible-light-responsive p-type semiconductor,CuBi_(2)O_(4)possesses a suitable bandgap and good stability.However,its performance is inhibited by high interfacial resistance and severe charge carrier recombination.In this study,a CuO interlayer was introduced between fluorine-doped tin oxide(FTO)and CuBi_(2)O_(4)to construct CuO/CuBi_(2)O_(4)photocathodes,aiming to improve interfacial charge transfer.The results showed that CuO/CuBi_(2)O_(4)-200 exhibited a photocurrent density of−1.71 mA/cm^(2)at 0 V vs.RHE,which was more than 3.5 times higher than that of bare CuBi_(2)O_(4).The incident photon-to-current efficiency(IPCE)at 365 nm was enhanced to~13%and the maximum applied bias photon-to-current efficiency(ABPE)reached 0.17%.Water splitting experiments revealed a hydrogen yield of 2.05μmol/cm^(2),significantly surpassing that of the unmodified photoelectrode.The enhanced PEC performance indicated that the CuO layer established a favorable band alignment,promoted hole transport toward the FTO substrate and effectively suppressed interfacial carrier recombination.This work demonstrated a simple and efficient interfacial engineering strategy,offering new insights and guidance for the design and development of high-performance semiconductor-based PEC photoelectrodes.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52072208 and 52261160384)supported by the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program(Grade B)of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation under Grant Number GZB20250057China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2025M770223).
文摘With the growing global energy demand and the pressing need for a clean energy transition,supercapacitors(SCs)have demonstrated significant application potential in electric vehicles,wearable electronics,and renewable energy storage systems owing to their rapid charge-discharge capability,exceptional power density,and prolonged cycle life.The improvement of their overall performance fundamentally depends on the synergistic design of electrode materials and electrolyte systems,as well as the precise regulation of the electrode-electrolyte interface.This review focuses on the key components of supercapacitors,systematically reviewing the design strategies of high-performance electrode materials,outlining recent advances in novel electrolyte systems,and comprehensively discussing the critical roles of interfacial reinforcement and optimization in enhancing device energy density,power performance,and cycling stability.Furthermore,interfacial engineering strategies and innovations in device architecture are proposed to address interfacial degradation in flexible SCs under mechanical stress.Finally,key future research directions are highlighted,including the development of high-voltage and wide-temperature-range electrolyte systems and the integrated advancement of multiscale in situ characterization techniques and theoretical modeling.This review aims to provide theoretical guidance and innovative strategies for material design,contributing toward the realization of next-generation supercapacitors with enhanced energy density and reliability.
基金support from National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51874033)to Prof.Hai-Yan Tang.
文摘In view of the frequent deterioration of molten steel quality during the tundish filling process,the slag-steel-air interface behavior in a tundish,including liquid level fluctuation,slag eyes,slag entrapment and air suction during the steady-state casting and filling process,was comparatively studied through physical modeling and mathematical simulation methods.During the filling process,the liquid surface forms a large-size slag eye under the impact of molten steel from a ladle shroud,which simultaneously results in a violent fluctuation of liquid level.Concurrently,the liquid flow entrains the air phase and the cover slag into the tundish impact zone,resulting in slag entrapment and air suction.At filling flow rates of 1.5Q,2.0Q,and 2.5Q(Q is the flow rate under steady-state casting),the amount of slag entrapped is 8.39×10^(-5),9.65×10^(-5),and 12.7×10^(-5)m^(3),respectively,while the volume of air aspirated is 0.84×10^(-4),1.47×10^(-4),and 2.01×10^(-4)m^(3),indicating that slag entrapment and air suction intensify with an increase in tundish filling flow rate.Flow field characterization identifies eddy currents in the impact zone as the primary driver of the above phenomena.Proper filling process parameters were proposed to improve the steel quality during the tundish filling.
基金the financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB2504000)。
文摘High-voltage Li-rich Mn-based oxide(LRMO)cathodes are promising for breaking through the energy density limits of lithium-ion batteries,yet their practical application remains limited by electrochemical performance degradation caused by unstable cathode-electrolyte interphase(CEI)evolution during longterm cycling.To address this issue,we propose a novel surface modification strategy using La_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)MnO_(3-σ)(LSMO)nanodots,which exhibit high electronic co nductivity and excellent corrosion resistance.These nanodots act as stable anchoring sites,facilitating the formation of a robust CEI on LRMO,The LSMOmodified cathode demonstrates significantly improved anionic redox reversibility,effectively mitigating transition metal migration and lattice oxygen loss.Furthermore,the optimized interfacial electrochemical kinetics ensure sustained rapid Li+diffusion throughout cycling,while the formation of a stable trilayer CEI structure suppresses electrolyte decomposition.Benefiting from these synergistic effects,the LSMO nanodot-engineered LRMO cathode delivers outstanding cycling stability,retaining 97.4%capacity after 300 cycles at 1 C.This work not only highlights the critical role of nanodot heterostructures in stabilizing CEI but also provides a new approach to designing high-voltage cathodes with superior interfacial compatibility and long-term durability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22479046,22461142135)。
文摘Cellulose,the most abundant and renewable biopolymer,offers a sustainable and cost-effective solution for regulating lithium electrodeposition toward safer lithium metal batteries,thanks to its high nanofibrous structure and intrinsic lithiophilic property.In this work,we introduce interface-engineered cellulose-based separators by converting intrinsic hydroxyl groups on cellulose nanofibers(CNFs)to nitrogen functionalities through a trace conducting polymer coating.Both experimental and theoretical results reveal that the nitrogen moieties disrupt the compact hydrogen bond network within hydroxyl cellulose,enabling multiple nitrogen-lithium interactions that enhance lithium ion transport.In addition to an extraordinary Li^(+)transference number of 0.86 and a high ionic conductivity of 1.1 mS cm^(-1),the nitrogen-functionalized CNF contributes to a uniform electric field and Li^(+)concentration distribution across the lithium metal surface.This facilitates the formation of a LiF-rich solid electrolyte interface and suppresses Li dendrite growth.Consequently,Li‖Li cells demonstrate stable plating/stripping cycles for approximately 3000 h at a current density of 1 mA cm^(-2) with a fixed capacity of 1 mAh cm^(-2),while maintaining a low overpotential of 15 mV.Our work provides valuable insights into the surface functionalization of natural biomass for advancing sustainable energy storage technologies.
基金supported by the Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Lithium Resources Comprehensive Utilization and New Lithium Based Materials for Advanced Battery Technology(LRMKF202405)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52402226)the Sichuan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2024NSFSC1016)
文摘Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)have emerged as pivotal energy storage solutions for electric vehicles and portable electronics.However,their operation under extreme conditions(high-temperature and fast-charging conditions)faces significant challenges,including accelerated electrolyte decomposition,interfacial instability,and potential thermal runaway risks.To address these challenges,we present a solvation-interphase synergistic regulation strategy using 2-fluorobenzenesulfonamide(2-FBS)as a multifunctional electrolyte additive.The 2-FBS molecule effectively modulates the Li^(+)solvation structure by reducing the coordination of ethylene carbonate(EC)solvent.This transformation suppresses EC-induced parasitic reactions while scavenging superoxide radicals,thereby mitigating gas evolution at electrode interfaces.Upon preferential decomposition,2-FBS further promotes the formation of a robust LiF-Li_(3)N-Li_(2)S-rich interphase with exceptional mechanical strength(Young’s modulus:39.4 GPa).This inorganic-rich hybrid interphase simultaneously enables dendrite-free lithium plating and enhances cathode thermal stability.Consequently,2-FBS-modified electrolyte empowers LiCoO_(2)//Li cells to deliver 82.8%capacity retention after 800 cycles at 55°C and sustain 81.2%capacity retention after 1500 cycles at 4 C.Moreover,practical validation through nail penetration tests confirms the effectiveness of the electrolyte in preventing thermal propagation in fully charged pouch cells.This work establishes a paradigm for enabling reliable battery operation under extreme conditions through synergistic solvation and interphase engineering.
文摘Invasive as well as non-invasive neurotechnologies conceptualized to interface the central and peripheral nervous system have been probed for the past decades,which refer to electroencephalography,electrocorticography and microelectrode arrays.The challenges of these mentioned approaches are characterized by the bandwidth of the spatiotemporal resolution,which in turn is essential for large-area neuron recordings(Abiri et al.,2019).
基金supported by the Science Foundation of High-Level Talents of Wuyi University(Nos.2019AL017,2021AL002).
文摘Polymer-electrolyte-based solid-state Li metal batteries with high-voltage Ni-rich cathodes are promising energy storage technologies owing to their favorable security and high energy densities.However,operating in wide temperature range and at high voltage is a tough challenge for them.Herein,F/N donating fluorinated-amide-based plasticizers regulated polymer electrolyte capable of enabling high-voltage Li||LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811)batteries with excellent performance in wide temperature range is developed.F/N donating fluorinated-amide-based plasticizers significantly improve ionic conductivity(1.52 mS/cm at 30℃),enhance oxidation stability(5.0 V vs.Li^(+)/Li)and fabricate robust LiF/Li_(3)N-rich electrode-electrolyte interphases,which significantly improve the interface stability of Li metal anode and NCM811 cathode.The designed polymer electrolyte is nonflammable and has excellent dimensional stability at 200℃.Capitalizing on these advantageous attributes,the Li||NCM811 cells show excellent cycle stability and rate capability from−20℃ to 60℃ at high voltages(∼4.6 V),and under high-loading full cell condition,which display impressive capacity retention of 84.4%after 1000 cycles and ultrahigh capacity of 154.8 mAh/g at 10 C.This work provides a rational design strategy of polymer electrolytes for wide-temperature high-energy solid-state Li metal batteries.
基金support from the Heilongjiang Province"Double First Class"Discipline Collaborative Innovation Project(No.LJGXCG2023-061).
文摘Hard carbon is a vital anode material for sodium-ion batteries;however,the nonuniform growth of solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)film substantially diminishes its initial coulombic efficiency(ICE)and cycle life.The chemical and morphological properties of surface highly influence the electrode/electrolyte interfacial reactions.In this study,we have tuned orbital hybridization states forming an interface enriched with sp^(2) hybridized carbon(sp^(2)-C),which decreases the binding energy to solvent molecules and inhibits excessive solvent decomposition during SEI formation.Benefiting from successfully constructed inorganic-rich SEI,the ICE increased to 91%and sodium storage capacity reached 346 mAh/g.Besides,the capacity retention rate was 90.7%after 700 cycles at 1 A/g higher than pristine electrode(83.8%).
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3800300).
文摘High-nickel cathode,LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O_(2)(NCM811),and sulfide-solid electrolyte are a promising combination for all-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs).However,this combination faces the issue of interfacial instability between the cathode and electrolyte.Given the surface alkalinity of NCM811,we propose a strategy to construct a solid-polymer-electrolyte(SPE)interphase on NCM811 surface by leveraging the surface alkaline residues to nucleophilically initiate the in-situ ring-opening polymerization of cyclic organic molecules.As a proof-of-concept,this study demonstrates that the ring-opening copolymerization of 1,3-dioxolane and maleic anhydride produces a homogeneous,compact,and conformal SPE layer on NCM811 surface to prevent the cathode from contact and reaction with Li6PS5Cl solid-state electrolyte.Consequently,the SPE-modified-NCM811 in ASSLBs exhibits high capacities of 193.5 mA h g^(-1) at 0.2 C,160.9 mA h g^(-1) at 2.0 C and 112.3 mA h g^(-1) at 10 C,and particularly,excellent long-term cycling stabilities over 11000 cycles with a 71.95%capacity retention at 10 C at 25℃,as well as a remained capacity of 117.9 mA h g^(-1) after 8000 cycles at 30 C at 60℃,showing a great application prospect.This study provides a new route for creating electrochemically and structurally stable solid-solid interfaces for ASSLBs.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Plan of Fujian Provincial,China(2022G02020 and 2022H6002)the Collaborative Innovation Platform Project for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Technology,Fuxiaquan National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone,China(3502ZCQXT2022001)+1 种基金the Significant Science and Technology Project of Xiamen(the Future Industrial Area),China(3502Z20231058)the Scientific Research Startup Funding for Special Professor of Minjiang Scholars。
文摘Silicon(Si)-based anodes have emerged as promising candidates for the next-generation lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)due to their high theoretical capacity(4200 mAh g^(-1)).However,their further application is hindered by critical challenges,including severe volume expansion(~300%),formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphase(SEI),and inherently low conductivity.While extensive research has sought to alleviate the substantial internal stress caused by volume expansion through the rational design of Si-based anode structures,the underlying mechanisms that govern these improvements remain insufficiently understood,leaving significant gaps in mechanical and interface electrical failure.To build a comprehensive understanding relationship between structural design and performance enhancement of Si-based anodes,this review first analyzes the characteristics of various Sibased anode structures and their associated internal stresses.Subsequently,it summarizes effective strategies to optimize the performance of Si-based anodes,including doping design,novel electrolyte design,and fu nctional binder design.Additionally,we assess emerging technologies with high commercial potential for structural design and interfacial modification,such as porous carbon carriers,chemical vapor deposition(CVD),spray granulation,and pre-lithiation.Finally,this work provides perspectives on the structural design of Si-based anodes.Overall,this review systematically summarizes modification strategies for Si-based anodes through structural regulation and interface engineering,thereby providing a foundation for advanced structural and interfacial design.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20311 and 52400163).
文摘The high voltage of Li||LiCoO_(2) battery can increase the energy density.However,the cycling performance associated with cathode structural stability remains challenging.To address this question,we proposed an electrolyte strategy for improving the performance of 4.6 V Li||LiCoO_(2) battery by using trimethylsilyl isocyanate(TMIS)as electrolyte additive.The trimethylsilyl group of TMIS can trap HF while the isocyanate group brings polyamide components to the CEI and the SEI.By the synergistic action,the Co3+dissolution problem of the LiCoO_(2) cathode was effectively curbed.Furthermore,TMIS regulates the construction of anion-dominated LiF-rich SEI by influencing the solvation structure of Li^(+).As expected,the 4.6 V Li||LiCoO_(2) battery with TMIS retains 77.9% initial capacity after 200 cycles at 0.5 C.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279068,52374306)the Taishan Scholars of Shandong Province(tsqn202408202)the Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory Open Project(QNESL OP202312)。
文摘Preferential magnesium(Mg)electrodeposition on separators is a ubiquitous yet poorly understood phenomenon in rechargeable Mg-metal batteries,posing a fundamental challenge to their development.In this work,the synergy effects of interface-accelerating desolvation and spatial confinement have been demonstrated as the essential causation of this counterintuitive experimental phenomenon.At the molecular level,the imide ring(-CO-NR-CO-,in which R represents the phenyl)groups in an artificially introduced polyimide(PI)interlayer facilitate the strong electrostatic affinity towards Mg^(2+),which accelerates the desolvation process for Mg^(2+)solvation structures at the inner Helmholtz plane.At the nucleation scale,the wedge-like concave geometry formed at the PI/current collector interface provides energetically favorable sites for Mg nucleation.This unique architecture reduces the critical nucleus size,thereby significantly lowering nucleation energy barriers.As a result,the satisfactory Coulombic efficiency for Mg plating/stripping(98.22%)and cycle lifespan(1200 cycles,above 100 days)have been achieved,outperforming most of the previous results.This work pioneers a molecular-level understanding of separator-directed Mg deposition and resolves a long-standing confusion in Mg-metal batteries.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(Grant Nos.52502258 and 52162030)the Yunnan Fundamental Research Projects,China(Grant Nos.202501AT070298,202401AU070163 and 202401AT070368)+5 种基金the Yunnan Engineering Research Center Innovation Ability Construction and Enhancement Projects,China(Grant No.2023-XMDJ-00617107)the Expert Workstation Support Project of Yunnan Province,China(Grant Nos.202405AF140069 and 202505AF350019)the University Service Key Industry Project of Yunnan Province,China(Grant No.FWCY-ZD2024005)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program,China(Grant No.KJZD20230923114107014)the Scientific Research Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology,China(20220122)the Analysis and Test Foundation of Kunming University of Science and Technology,China(Grant No.2023T20220122)。
文摘Weakly solvating electrolytes(WSEs)promote the formation of anion-driven solid electrolyte interphases(SEI),enabling stable lithium metal batteries.However,current strategies involving alkylated modification,steric hindrance incorporation,coordinated oxygen(O)regulation,and selective fluorination face poor-diversity interfacial chemistry,high cost,or environmental concerns.Here,we propose a heteroatom-substitution strategy to design a WSE composed of lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide(LiFSI)and 1,4-oxathiane(OTA)as a single solvent.Substituting oxygen with sulfur in conventional 1,4-dioxane(1,4-DX)generates OTA with a modulated dipole and charge distribution,weakening Li^(+)-OTA coordination while promoting anion-involved solvation sheath.This unique solvation structure triggers the formation of an inorganic-rich SEI with sulfur-containing species,enabling high Li plating/stripping coulombic efficiency and stable Li‖Li symmetric cells cycling for 1000 h.Benefiting from the superior interfacial chemistry and wettability of the electrolyte to the LiFePO_(4) cathode,full cells exhibit exceptional cycling stability even at low negative-to-positive(N/P)ratios,A pouch cell coupled with3.58 mAh cm^(-2) LiFePO_(4) and 20μm Li(N/P~1.15)maintains 88.77%capacity after 150 cycles.This work shows a fluorine-free solvent design paradigm for advanced WSEs,providing novel insights toward stable LMBs.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52100076)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2023MS064)。
文摘The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 12347101 and 12474140the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. 2024CDJXY022+3 种基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61988102The Key Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province under Grant No. 2019B090917007the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province under Grant No. 2019B090909011Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory under Grant No. 2019B121203002。
文摘Recently, quantum Hall interface has become a popular subject of research;distinct from that of the quantum Hall edge, which is constrained by external background confinement, the interface has the freedom to move, likely towards a string-like state. In disk geometry, it was known that the interface energy has an extra correction due to its curvature which depends on the size of the disk. In this work, we analytically calculate the energy of the integer quantum Hall interface on a cone surface which has the advantage of its curvature being more easily adjustable. By tuning the length and curvature of the interface by the cone angle parameter β, we analyze the dependence of the quantum Hall interface energy on the curvature and verify this geometric correction.Moreover, we find that the tip of the cone geometry has an extra contribution to the energy that reflects on the u_(2), u_(4) term.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.22305106)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20230682)Beijing Key Laboratory of High-Entropy Energy materials and Devices,Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems(No.GS 2025ZD005)。
文摘Li_(7)La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12)-based electrolytes have got great promise for solid-state lithium(Li)metal batteries because of their high elastic modulus and wide electrochemical stability window.However,the insufficient contact and heterogeneous Li deposition severely hinder their practical applications.Here,a flexible ternary polymethacrylate(PMA)matrix is designed to incorporate with Ta-doped Li_(7)La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12)(LLZTO-PMA).The PMA matrix ensures excellent interfacial contact,while the synergistic effects of its polar carbonyl groups and its interaction with LLZTO creating fast interfacial Li^(+)pathways yield a high ionic conductivity of 0.266 mS cm^(-1)at 20℃.Moreover,the interaction between LLZTO and PMA matrix further guides the formation of a hybrid LiF/Li_(3)N-rich solid electrolyte interphase,which allows a fast Li^(+)interfacial kinetic due to its lowered Li^(+)diffusion barrier.Consequently,the LLZTO-PMA electrolyte contributes an ultra-stable Li anode interphase,attaining a lifespan exceeding 10,000 h in symmetric cells and retaining over 96%capacity after 600 cycles in full battery,demonstrating a breakthrough for high-performance solid-state batteries.
