Professor Paul Crosthwaite,from the School of Literature,Languages,and Cultures at the University of Edinburgh,is a prominent scholar in the interdisciplinary field of literature and economics.He is a co-editor of the...Professor Paul Crosthwaite,from the School of Literature,Languages,and Cultures at the University of Edinburgh,is a prominent scholar in the interdisciplinary field of literature and economics.He is a co-editor of the Palgrave Studies in Literature,Culture,and Economics series and The Cambridge Companion to Literature and Economics(2022).In recent years,he has significantly influenced the intersection of literature and economics,advocating particularly for a shift towards the Economic Humanities.This interview covers:1.The definition and theoretical origin of the Economic Humanities;2.The internal heterogeneity and critical limitations of the New Economic Criticism,and the theoretical advantages and potential development of the Economic Humanities;3.What research paradigms do Environmental Humanities,Medical Humanities,and Digital Humanities provide for the Economic Humanities;4.How literary researchers can work at the interface of the Economic Humanities research.As a novel interdisciplinary interface between literature and economics,Professor Paul Crosthwaite’s concept of the Economic Humanities not only pioneers methodological tools for interdisciplinary studies of literature and economics but also underscores the interpretative potential and disciplinary benefits of literary viewpoints on economics.This underscores the vital role of literature in human knowledge,meriting attention from the literary research academia.展开更多
Joanna Page is Director of CRASSH and Professor of Latin American Studies at the University of Cambridge.Her research interests are generally connected to the relationship between science and culture in Latin America....Joanna Page is Director of CRASSH and Professor of Latin American Studies at the University of Cambridge.Her research interests are generally connected to the relationship between science and culture in Latin America.She has also worked on questions of memory,modernity,capitalism,posthumanism,new materialism,decoloniality,ecology,and environmental thought.This interview covers three main aspects:the characteristics of science fiction texts in Latin America,the interdisciplinary research models at the intersection of science,literature,and art,and Latin America as a field of regional studies.Professor Page starts with Argentine science fiction novels and expands the discussion to include graphic novels in Latin America,outlining the panorama of science fiction and its indigenous features.The conversation delves into the literary and technological relationships within Latin American science fiction texts.Building upon this foundation,this interview explores the interdisciplinary research paradigms concerning the relationship between science and culture,aiming to contribute to regional studies by exploring new pathways for interdisciplinary,cross-regional,and trans-media research.展开更多
Interdisciplinary learning is the core feature of STEM education.Interdisciplinary course and the cultivation of comprehensive practical ability have become one of the hot spots in today’s educational reform.The prac...Interdisciplinary learning is the core feature of STEM education.Interdisciplinary course and the cultivation of comprehensive practical ability have become one of the hot spots in today’s educational reform.The practical approach of STEM education points to the comprehensive application of interdisciplinary knowledge.Based on STEM,this paper adopts the teaching mode based on STEM to design the framework of STEM interdisciplinary project-based teaching activities,which is applied in the course of“Primary School Information Technology Activities and Competition Topics”to lay a foundation for cultivating interdisciplinary excellent primary school general teachers with“integration of specialties and abilities”.展开更多
Cultural Psychology emerged as an interdisciplinary subfield roughly in the 1980s/1990s. With about thirty years of momentum, this discipline has grown from little more than a special interests group to a topic to whi...Cultural Psychology emerged as an interdisciplinary subfield roughly in the 1980s/1990s. With about thirty years of momentum, this discipline has grown from little more than a special interests group to a topic to which multiple institutions and journals have been dedicated. This paper presents an outline of the discipline of Cultural Psychology from an American interdisciplinary perspective. The pitfalls of General Psychology （research methodology, politicization, and an essentialist hermeneutic） and Anthropology （an epistemological gap in the four fields approach, psychophobia, and the role of the researcher in cultural change） are addressed, in turn. Cultural Psychology provides an alternative to these pitfalls by drawing on the strengths of each discipline to address both theoretical and empirical problems. Cultural Psychology urges for a critical reflection on the social structure and history of its own discipline, resulting in a broader academic canon and a more nuanced understanding of interdisciplinary relations within the human sciences.展开更多
The ideal model of human rights law studies shall be one that is open and comprehensive. On the basis of normative legal studies, it shall pay more attention to and respond to political, economic, and social developme...The ideal model of human rights law studies shall be one that is open and comprehensive. On the basis of normative legal studies, it shall pay more attention to and respond to political, economic, and social development in a wide range of human rights issues. These studies should attempt to find practical solutions to concrete problems. Human rights law should be a relatively independent legal discipline, and it should be a problem-oriented object of study. Regarding the research methodologies, human rights law could encompass all aspects of legal studies, and go beyond legal them to some extent to encompass the influence of other disciplines.展开更多
The CAS Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Social and Natural Sciences was officially established on September 20 in Beijing. At the opening ceremony, CAS President Lu Yongxiang pointed out that the social and na...The CAS Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Social and Natural Sciences was officially established on September 20 in Beijing. At the opening ceremony, CAS President Lu Yongxiang pointed out that the social and natural sciences are increasingly seeking new methodologies from each other展开更多
In an era dominated by artificial intelligence (AI), establishing customer confidence is crucial for the integration and acceptance of AI technologies. This interdisciplinary study examines factors influencing custome...In an era dominated by artificial intelligence (AI), establishing customer confidence is crucial for the integration and acceptance of AI technologies. This interdisciplinary study examines factors influencing customer trust in AI systems through a mixed-methods approach, blending quantitative analysis with qualitative insights to create a comprehensive conceptual framework. Quantitatively, the study analyzes responses from 1248 participants using structural equation modeling (SEM), exploring interactions between technological factors like perceived usefulness and transparency, psychological factors including perceived risk and domain expertise, and organizational factors such as leadership support and ethical accountability. The results confirm the model, showing significant impacts of these factors on consumer trust and AI adoption attitudes. Qualitatively, the study includes 35 semi-structured interviews and five case studies, providing deeper insight into the dynamics shaping trust. Key themes identified include the necessity of explainability, domain competence, corporate culture, and stakeholder engagement in fostering trust. The qualitative findings complement the quantitative data, highlighting the complex interplay between technology capabilities, human perceptions, and organizational practices in establishing trust in AI. By integrating these findings, the study proposes a novel conceptual model that elucidates how various elements collectively influence consumer trust in AI. This model not only advances theoretical understanding but also offers practical implications for businesses and policymakers. The research contributes to the discourse on trust creation and decision-making in technology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary efforts to address societal challenges associated with technological advancements. It lays the groundwork for future research, including longitudinal, cross-cultural, and industry-specific studies, to further explore consumer trust in AI.展开更多
Sally Shuttleworth is Professor of English and former Head of the Humanities Division at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of the British Academy(FBA). In 2021, she was included in The Queens' s Birthday Honou...Sally Shuttleworth is Professor of English and former Head of the Humanities Division at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of the British Academy(FBA). In 2021, she was included in The Queens' s Birthday Honours List and became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire(CBE). She has published extensively on the interrelated study of Victorian literature and science, especially medicine and public health, including The Mind of the Child: Child Development in Literature, Science and Medicine, 1840-1900(2020) and Anxious Times: Medicine and Modernity in Nineteenth-Century Britain(2019). In this interview, which was conducted during the interviewer's visit at the University of Oxford in early 2023, Prof. Shuttleworth discusses several major issues concerning the interdisciplinary study of “literature-medicine”: the borders of this field, the rise of Health Humanities, women's writings and healthcare, and the mission of humanists in the post-epidemic period.展开更多
Interdisciplinary integration has become an important pathway for original innovation,with the institutionalized promotion of interdisciplinary construction emerging as a shared trend.The dual attributes of interdisci...Interdisciplinary integration has become an important pathway for original innovation,with the institutionalized promotion of interdisciplinary construction emerging as a shared trend.The dual attributes of interdisciplinary studies,specifically disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity,give rise to the organizational logics of disciplines and intersections within the interdisciplinary organizational structure.The tension and balance between these logics necessitate that the organizational structure reconcile the relationships among:(1)interest-driven and task-driven approaches,(2)institutionalization and specialization,(3)the quantity and diversity of involved disciplines,(4)disciplinary independence and interdisciplinary integration,and(5)disciplinary development and talent cultivation.To achieve disciplinary outcomes while preserving interdisciplinarity,it is necessary for the interdisciplinary organizational structure to focus on integrative activities and processes.By leveraging the openness and generative nature of integration through the reorganization of disciplinary resource modules within the organizational structure,the framework maintains organic and evolutionary qualities to promote synergy between disciplines and their intersections.Therefore,it can extend the lifecycle of interdisciplinary organizations and enhance the quality of interdisciplinary development.展开更多
To examine the structural characteristics of university-initiated interdisciplinary studies in Chinese higher education institutions(HEls),this study measured the diversity and coherence of the interdisciplinary studi...To examine the structural characteristics of university-initiated interdisciplinary studies in Chinese higher education institutions(HEls),this study measured the diversity and coherence of the interdisciplinary studies using official data released by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.The findings revealed that interdisciplinary interactions occur across most disciplines of HEls,with particularly wide interdisciplinary spans emerging in social sciences.Computer Science and Management Science are prominent supporting disciplines in interdisciplinarity.Additionally,current interdisciplinary studies predominantly cluster in five domains,namely,intelligent engineering,life medicine,materials informatics,politics and economy,and history and culture.Accordingly,emerging interdisciplinary studies are anticipated in technology-humanities and social governance.It is suggested that HEls strategically incorporate diversity and coherence considerations when formulating interdisciplinary development plans and implementing systematic top-level designs to advance categorized interdisciplinary construction.展开更多
There are various categorization systems and developmental logics regarding disciplinary intersection,ranging from multidisciplinary to transdisciplinary.At the theoretical level,this study defined disciplinary inters...There are various categorization systems and developmental logics regarding disciplinary intersection,ranging from multidisciplinary to transdisciplinary.At the theoretical level,this study defined disciplinary intersection in the Chinese context from the perspective of disciplinary boundaries.It contributed to distinguishing the varying levels of integration among multidisciplinary,cross-disciplinary,interdisciplinary,and transdisciplinary studies.At the practical level,taking Tongji University as a case study,this study analyzed the practical path of promoting disciplinary intersection and complementary strengths among 46 disciplines across the university through a disciplinary cluster approach.The analysis was conducted from three perspectives,including disciplinary planning,institutional optimization,and sustainable development.The study revealed that disciplinary clusters are currently evolving between the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary stages,serving as an effective pathway for disciplinary intersection.The clusters have established a sustainable cyclical framework that integrates top-down guidance with bottom-up exploration to promote disciplinary intersection and interdisciplinary integration.展开更多
To comprehensively understand the Arctic and Antarctic upper atmosphere, it is often crucial to analyze various data that are obtained from many regions. Infrastructure that promotes such interdisciplinary studies on ...To comprehensively understand the Arctic and Antarctic upper atmosphere, it is often crucial to analyze various data that are obtained from many regions. Infrastructure that promotes such interdisciplinary studies on the upper atmosphere has been developed by a Japanese inter-university project called the Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation Network （1UGONET）. The objective of this paper is to describe the infrastructure and tools developed by IUGONET. We focus on the data analysis software. It is written in Interactive Data Language （IDL） and is a plug-in for the THEMIS Data Analysis Software suite （TDAS）, which is a set of IDL libraries used to visualize and analyze satellite- and ground-based data. We present plots of upper atmospheric data provided by IUGONET as examples of applications, and verify the usefulness of the software in the study of polar science. We discuss IUGONET＇s new and unique developments, i.e., an executable file of TDAS that can run on the IDL Virtual Machine, IDL routines to retrieve metadata from the IUGONET database, and an archive of 3-D simulation data that uses the Common Data Format so that it can easily be used with TDAS.展开更多
Digital Chinese medicine(DCM)is an emerging interdisciplinary field developed from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and information science.In this article,we consider the significance and propose an architecture for ...Digital Chinese medicine(DCM)is an emerging interdisciplinary field developed from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and information science.In this article,we consider the significance and propose an architecture for DCM research,and highlight the key tasks that need to be performed to provide references for the integration of information science into Chinese medicine research.展开更多
The aim of the study is to present features of a complex system and rind the relations making the symmetry gain its sense in asymmetric wold. The study prepared in the form of a mental experiment shows that a system c...The aim of the study is to present features of a complex system and rind the relations making the symmetry gain its sense in asymmetric wold. The study prepared in the form of a mental experiment shows that a system can exist in two states and two orientations and the mechanisms described in the study transform the system. The mechanisms causing the transformations are also presented as well as the role of symmetry which leads to the system＇s asymmetry.展开更多
文摘Professor Paul Crosthwaite,from the School of Literature,Languages,and Cultures at the University of Edinburgh,is a prominent scholar in the interdisciplinary field of literature and economics.He is a co-editor of the Palgrave Studies in Literature,Culture,and Economics series and The Cambridge Companion to Literature and Economics(2022).In recent years,he has significantly influenced the intersection of literature and economics,advocating particularly for a shift towards the Economic Humanities.This interview covers:1.The definition and theoretical origin of the Economic Humanities;2.The internal heterogeneity and critical limitations of the New Economic Criticism,and the theoretical advantages and potential development of the Economic Humanities;3.What research paradigms do Environmental Humanities,Medical Humanities,and Digital Humanities provide for the Economic Humanities;4.How literary researchers can work at the interface of the Economic Humanities research.As a novel interdisciplinary interface between literature and economics,Professor Paul Crosthwaite’s concept of the Economic Humanities not only pioneers methodological tools for interdisciplinary studies of literature and economics but also underscores the interpretative potential and disciplinary benefits of literary viewpoints on economics.This underscores the vital role of literature in human knowledge,meriting attention from the literary research academia.
基金“Cyborg Narratives and the Construction of 21^(st)Century Science Fiction Poetics”(22BZW175)sponsored by the National Social Science Fund of China。
文摘Joanna Page is Director of CRASSH and Professor of Latin American Studies at the University of Cambridge.Her research interests are generally connected to the relationship between science and culture in Latin America.She has also worked on questions of memory,modernity,capitalism,posthumanism,new materialism,decoloniality,ecology,and environmental thought.This interview covers three main aspects:the characteristics of science fiction texts in Latin America,the interdisciplinary research models at the intersection of science,literature,and art,and Latin America as a field of regional studies.Professor Page starts with Argentine science fiction novels and expands the discussion to include graphic novels in Latin America,outlining the panorama of science fiction and its indigenous features.The conversation delves into the literary and technological relationships within Latin American science fiction texts.Building upon this foundation,this interview explores the interdisciplinary research paradigms concerning the relationship between science and culture,aiming to contribute to regional studies by exploring new pathways for interdisciplinary,cross-regional,and trans-media research.
基金Exploration and Practice of Interdisciplinary Teaching Mode in the Course of Information Technology Activities and Competition in Primary Schools,BUU,JJ2021Z001。
文摘Interdisciplinary learning is the core feature of STEM education.Interdisciplinary course and the cultivation of comprehensive practical ability have become one of the hot spots in today’s educational reform.The practical approach of STEM education points to the comprehensive application of interdisciplinary knowledge.Based on STEM,this paper adopts the teaching mode based on STEM to design the framework of STEM interdisciplinary project-based teaching activities,which is applied in the course of“Primary School Information Technology Activities and Competition Topics”to lay a foundation for cultivating interdisciplinary excellent primary school general teachers with“integration of specialties and abilities”.
文摘Cultural Psychology emerged as an interdisciplinary subfield roughly in the 1980s/1990s. With about thirty years of momentum, this discipline has grown from little more than a special interests group to a topic to which multiple institutions and journals have been dedicated. This paper presents an outline of the discipline of Cultural Psychology from an American interdisciplinary perspective. The pitfalls of General Psychology （research methodology, politicization, and an essentialist hermeneutic） and Anthropology （an epistemological gap in the four fields approach, psychophobia, and the role of the researcher in cultural change） are addressed, in turn. Cultural Psychology provides an alternative to these pitfalls by drawing on the strengths of each discipline to address both theoretical and empirical problems. Cultural Psychology urges for a critical reflection on the social structure and history of its own discipline, resulting in a broader academic canon and a more nuanced understanding of interdisciplinary relations within the human sciences.
基金a periodical achievement of "Research on the Connotation and Effect of Article 51 of the Constitution of China"(Project No.13YJC820098)as a project of the Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Fund of Ministry of Education"Research on the Relationship between Citizenship and Social Solidarity"(Project No.KCFX023)as a youth project of the National Social Science Foundation
文摘The ideal model of human rights law studies shall be one that is open and comprehensive. On the basis of normative legal studies, it shall pay more attention to and respond to political, economic, and social development in a wide range of human rights issues. These studies should attempt to find practical solutions to concrete problems. Human rights law should be a relatively independent legal discipline, and it should be a problem-oriented object of study. Regarding the research methodologies, human rights law could encompass all aspects of legal studies, and go beyond legal them to some extent to encompass the influence of other disciplines.
文摘The CAS Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Social and Natural Sciences was officially established on September 20 in Beijing. At the opening ceremony, CAS President Lu Yongxiang pointed out that the social and natural sciences are increasingly seeking new methodologies from each other
文摘In an era dominated by artificial intelligence (AI), establishing customer confidence is crucial for the integration and acceptance of AI technologies. This interdisciplinary study examines factors influencing customer trust in AI systems through a mixed-methods approach, blending quantitative analysis with qualitative insights to create a comprehensive conceptual framework. Quantitatively, the study analyzes responses from 1248 participants using structural equation modeling (SEM), exploring interactions between technological factors like perceived usefulness and transparency, psychological factors including perceived risk and domain expertise, and organizational factors such as leadership support and ethical accountability. The results confirm the model, showing significant impacts of these factors on consumer trust and AI adoption attitudes. Qualitatively, the study includes 35 semi-structured interviews and five case studies, providing deeper insight into the dynamics shaping trust. Key themes identified include the necessity of explainability, domain competence, corporate culture, and stakeholder engagement in fostering trust. The qualitative findings complement the quantitative data, highlighting the complex interplay between technology capabilities, human perceptions, and organizational practices in establishing trust in AI. By integrating these findings, the study proposes a novel conceptual model that elucidates how various elements collectively influence consumer trust in AI. This model not only advances theoretical understanding but also offers practical implications for businesses and policymakers. The research contributes to the discourse on trust creation and decision-making in technology, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary efforts to address societal challenges associated with technological advancements. It lays the groundwork for future research, including longitudinal, cross-cultural, and industry-specific studies, to further explore consumer trust in AI.
文摘Sally Shuttleworth is Professor of English and former Head of the Humanities Division at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of the British Academy(FBA). In 2021, she was included in The Queens' s Birthday Honours List and became a Commander of the Order of the British Empire(CBE). She has published extensively on the interrelated study of Victorian literature and science, especially medicine and public health, including The Mind of the Child: Child Development in Literature, Science and Medicine, 1840-1900(2020) and Anxious Times: Medicine and Modernity in Nineteenth-Century Britain(2019). In this interview, which was conducted during the interviewer's visit at the University of Oxford in early 2023, Prof. Shuttleworth discusses several major issues concerning the interdisciplinary study of “literature-medicine”: the borders of this field, the rise of Health Humanities, women's writings and healthcare, and the mission of humanists in the post-epidemic period.
基金funded by the Provincial Social Science Foundation of Hunan,“Research on the Adjustment Mechanism and Mode of Disciplines and Professional Degree Categories in Postgraduate Training Units”(No.23YBA069).
文摘Interdisciplinary integration has become an important pathway for original innovation,with the institutionalized promotion of interdisciplinary construction emerging as a shared trend.The dual attributes of interdisciplinary studies,specifically disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity,give rise to the organizational logics of disciplines and intersections within the interdisciplinary organizational structure.The tension and balance between these logics necessitate that the organizational structure reconcile the relationships among:(1)interest-driven and task-driven approaches,(2)institutionalization and specialization,(3)the quantity and diversity of involved disciplines,(4)disciplinary independence and interdisciplinary integration,and(5)disciplinary development and talent cultivation.To achieve disciplinary outcomes while preserving interdisciplinarity,it is necessary for the interdisciplinary organizational structure to focus on integrative activities and processes.By leveraging the openness and generative nature of integration through the reorganization of disciplinary resource modules within the organizational structure,the framework maintains organic and evolutionary qualities to promote synergy between disciplines and their intersections.Therefore,it can extend the lifecycle of interdisciplinary organizations and enhance the quality of interdisciplinary development.
基金funded by the Major Commissioned Program of the China Association of Higher Education in 2022,“Research on Interdisciplinary Integration Mechanisms of Higher Education Institutions”(No.2022Z02)the Shandong Education Science Planning Project,“Research on Knowledge Production Mechanisms of Interdisciplinary Research Organizations in Higher Education Institutions”(No.2020YB009).
文摘To examine the structural characteristics of university-initiated interdisciplinary studies in Chinese higher education institutions(HEls),this study measured the diversity and coherence of the interdisciplinary studies using official data released by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.The findings revealed that interdisciplinary interactions occur across most disciplines of HEls,with particularly wide interdisciplinary spans emerging in social sciences.Computer Science and Management Science are prominent supporting disciplines in interdisciplinarity.Additionally,current interdisciplinary studies predominantly cluster in five domains,namely,intelligent engineering,life medicine,materials informatics,politics and economy,and history and culture.Accordingly,emerging interdisciplinary studies are anticipated in technology-humanities and social governance.It is suggested that HEls strategically incorporate diversity and coherence considerations when formulating interdisciplinary development plans and implementing systematic top-level designs to advance categorized interdisciplinary construction.
基金funded by a key project of the graduate education program in 2022 supported by the Association of Chinese Graduate Schools,“Research on Sustainable Mechanisms for High-Quality Interdisciplinary Development”(No.ACGS04-202204).
文摘There are various categorization systems and developmental logics regarding disciplinary intersection,ranging from multidisciplinary to transdisciplinary.At the theoretical level,this study defined disciplinary intersection in the Chinese context from the perspective of disciplinary boundaries.It contributed to distinguishing the varying levels of integration among multidisciplinary,cross-disciplinary,interdisciplinary,and transdisciplinary studies.At the practical level,taking Tongji University as a case study,this study analyzed the practical path of promoting disciplinary intersection and complementary strengths among 46 disciplines across the university through a disciplinary cluster approach.The analysis was conducted from three perspectives,including disciplinary planning,institutional optimization,and sustainable development.The study revealed that disciplinary clusters are currently evolving between the interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary stages,serving as an effective pathway for disciplinary intersection.The clusters have established a sustainable cyclical framework that integrates top-down guidance with bottom-up exploration to promote disciplinary intersection and interdisciplinary integration.
基金supported by the Special Edu-cational Research Budget(Research Promotion)[FY2009]the Special Budget(Project)[FY2010 and later years]from the Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science and Technology(MEXT),Japansupported by the GRENE Arctic Climate Change Research Project,Japan
文摘To comprehensively understand the Arctic and Antarctic upper atmosphere, it is often crucial to analyze various data that are obtained from many regions. Infrastructure that promotes such interdisciplinary studies on the upper atmosphere has been developed by a Japanese inter-university project called the Inter-university Upper atmosphere Global Observation Network （1UGONET）. The objective of this paper is to describe the infrastructure and tools developed by IUGONET. We focus on the data analysis software. It is written in Interactive Data Language （IDL） and is a plug-in for the THEMIS Data Analysis Software suite （TDAS）, which is a set of IDL libraries used to visualize and analyze satellite- and ground-based data. We present plots of upper atmospheric data provided by IUGONET as examples of applications, and verify the usefulness of the software in the study of polar science. We discuss IUGONET＇s new and unique developments, i.e., an executable file of TDAS that can run on the IDL Virtual Machine, IDL routines to retrieve metadata from the IUGONET database, and an archive of 3-D simulation data that uses the Common Data Format so that it can easily be used with TDAS.
文摘Digital Chinese medicine(DCM)is an emerging interdisciplinary field developed from traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and information science.In this article,we consider the significance and propose an architecture for DCM research,and highlight the key tasks that need to be performed to provide references for the integration of information science into Chinese medicine research.
文摘The aim of the study is to present features of a complex system and rind the relations making the symmetry gain its sense in asymmetric wold. The study prepared in the form of a mental experiment shows that a system can exist in two states and two orientations and the mechanisms described in the study transform the system. The mechanisms causing the transformations are also presented as well as the role of symmetry which leads to the system＇s asymmetry.
