With the rapid development of network technologies,a large number of deployed edge devices and information systems generate massive amounts of data which provide good support for the advancement of data-driven intelli...With the rapid development of network technologies,a large number of deployed edge devices and information systems generate massive amounts of data which provide good support for the advancement of data-driven intelligent models.However,these data often contain sensitive information of users.Federated learning(FL),as a privacy preservation machine learning setting,allows users to obtain a well-trained model without sending the privacy-sensitive local data to the central server.Despite the promising prospect of FL,several significant research challenges need to be addressed before widespread deployment,including network resource allocation,model security,model convergence,etc.In this paper,we first provide a brief survey on some of these works that have been done on FL and discuss the motivations of the Communication Networks(CNs)and FL to mutually enable each other.We analyze the support of network technologies for FL,which requires frequent communication and emphasizes security,as well as the studies on the intelligence of many network scenarios and the improvement of network performance and security by the methods based on FL.At last,some challenges and broader perspectives are explored.展开更多
As the development of single-junction solar cells reaches a bottleneck,tandem solar cells have emerged as a critical pathway to further enhance power conversion efficiency.Among them,monolithic perovskite/silicon hete...As the development of single-junction solar cells reaches a bottleneck,tandem solar cells have emerged as a critical pathway to further enhance power conversion efficiency.Among them,monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells are currently the fastest-growing technology,achieving the highest efficiencies at relatively low costs.The intercon-necting layer,which connects the two sub-cells,plays a crucial role in tandem cell performance.It collects electrons and holes from the respective sub-cells and facilitates recombination and tunneling at the interface.Therefore,the properties of the inter-connecting layer are pivotal to the overall device performance.In this work,we applied statistical analysis and machine learn-ing algorithms to systematically analyze the interconnecting layer.A comprehensive dataset on interconnecting layer parame-ters was established,and predictive modeling was performed using Lasso linear regression,random forest,and multilayer per-ceptron(a type of neural network).The analysis revealed key feature importance for experimental parameters,providing valu-able insights into the application of interconnecting layers in perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells.The final opti-mized interconnecting layer can achieve a proof-of-concept efficiency of 38.17%,providing guidance and direction for the devel-opment of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.展开更多
As one of the core parts of two-terminal(2 T) monolithic tandem photovoltaics, the interconnecting layers(ICLs) play a critical role in modulating the carrier transport and recombination between the sub-cells,and thus...As one of the core parts of two-terminal(2 T) monolithic tandem photovoltaics, the interconnecting layers(ICLs) play a critical role in modulating the carrier transport and recombination between the sub-cells,and thus influencing the tandem device performance. Here, for the first time, the relationship between ICLs architecture and 2 T monolithic perovskite/organic tandem device performance has been studied by investigating the change of ICLs composition layer thickness on the ICLs optical and electrical properties, sub-cells EQE properties, and tandem device J-V properties. It is revealed that the ability of ICLs on modulating the sub-cells carrier balance properties is strongly associated with its composited layers thickness, and the tandem device carrier balance properties can be reflected by the relative EQE intensity between the sub-cells. Finally, with a deep understanding of the mechanisms, rational design of ICLs can be made to benefit the tandem device development. Based on the optimized ICL a high PCE of 20.03% is achieved.展开更多
On-chip interconnect buses consume tens of percents of dynamic power in a nanometer scale integrated circuit and they will consume more power with the rapid scaling down of technology size and continuously rising cloc...On-chip interconnect buses consume tens of percents of dynamic power in a nanometer scale integrated circuit and they will consume more power with the rapid scaling down of technology size and continuously rising clock frequency, therefore it is meaningful to lower the interconnecting bus power in design. In this paper, a simple yet accurate interconnect parasitic capacitance model is presented first and then, based on this model, a novel interconnecting bus optimization method is proposed. Wire spacing is a process for spacing wires for minimum dynamic power, while wire ordering is a process that searches for wire orders that maximally enhance it. The method, i.e., combining wire spacing with wire ordering, focuses on bus dynamic power optimization with a consideration of bus performance requirements. The optimization method is verified based on various nanometer technology parameters, showing that with 50% slack of routing space, 25.71% and 32.65% of power can be saved on average by the proposed optimization method for a global bus and an intermediate bus, respectively, under a 65-nm technology node, compared with 21.78% and 27.68% of power saved on average by uniform spacing technology. The proposed method is especially suitable for computer-aided design of nanometer scale on-chip buses.展开更多
Analysis approach and formulas for the transmission properties of uniform multicon-ductor interconnecting buses in high-speed integrated circuits are presented in this article. And further, by using a network approach...Analysis approach and formulas for the transmission properties of uniform multicon-ductor interconnecting buses in high-speed integrated circuits are presented in this article. And further, by using a network approach, a tapered bus system can be analyzed as a set of cascaded uniform buses with slightly different strip widths. Obtained results are in good agreement with the experimental data.展开更多
The interconnecting layer(ICL) plays a critical role in series-connected tandem solar cells(TSCs).However,the PEDOT:PSS layer,commonly used hole transport layer in ICL,still exhibits non-negligible light absorption,wh...The interconnecting layer(ICL) plays a critical role in series-connected tandem solar cells(TSCs).However,the PEDOT:PSS layer,commonly used hole transport layer in ICL,still exhibits non-negligible light absorption,which remains an obstacle to further improve the photovoltaic performance of TSCs.Here,we demonstrate an efficient strategy to mitigate optical and electrical losses in PEDOT:PSS-based ICLs by reconstructing PEDOT:PSS film via alkali metal carbonate(AMC) doping.AMC doping can increase the proportion of PEDOT in PEDOT:PSS thin films,allowing them to be ultra-thin but robust enough to isolate adjacent active layers.Comprehensive characterizations demonstrate that AMC doping promote increased transmittance,decreased resistance and optimized surface morphology for PEDOT:PSS films.As a result,both the short-circuit current density(Jsc) and power conversion efficiency(PCE) are improved after AMC doping in PEDOT:PSS for TSCs with different active layer combinations,exhibiting excellent universality in TSCs application.Notably,the PCEs of organic homo-TSCs and perovskite/organic TSCs with AMC doping reached 20.04 % and 26.05 %,respectively.Our work underscores the great potential of AMC doping in optimizing PEDOT:PSS films in ICL,offering an innovative pathway for fabricating highly efficient TSCs.展开更多
Despite of good performance immunity to stress and high transmitting/receiving sensitivity advantages,the fabrication imperfection induced asynchronous vibration and the resultant prolonged ring-down tail severely lim...Despite of good performance immunity to stress and high transmitting/receiving sensitivity advantages,the fabrication imperfection induced asynchronous vibration and the resultant prolonged ring-down tail severely limit the potential of the cantilever beam-based piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer(PMUT)in pulse-echo applications as transceiver.To address this issue,a novel post processing soft interconnecting strategy is presented.In this case,specific reservoir structure is intentionally integrated into the cantilever-beam based PMUT design,under the assistance of which the liquid PDMS can be accurately applied and spontaneously driven to seal the air gaps between the already released cantilever beams via the capillary effect.After curing,the PDMS will be transformed from liquid to solid and serve as soft interconnecting spring between adjacent cantilever beams so as to force them to vibrate in synchronous mode.At the same time,this treatment does not change the existing fabrication process and has little effect on the original PMUT performance.From both of the mechanical and acoustic response measurement results,effective suppression for the asynchronous vibration and significant reduction of the ring-down tail have been successfully demonstrated for the treated PMUT device.In the subsequent pulse-echo rangefinding experiment,a distance detection range covering from 270.8 mm to 3.8 m with a divergence angle close to 170°has been achieved when it is driven at resonant frequency of 69.2 kHz with 40 Vpp,40-cycles sinusoidal signal.Given the simple yet effective treatment,the proposed strategy shows great prospective in developing high performance PMUT for in-air rangefinding applications.展开更多
The macro-pore sizes of porous scaffold play a key role for regulating ectopic osteogenesis and angiogenesis but many researches ignored the influence of interconnection between macro-pores with different sizes.In ord...The macro-pore sizes of porous scaffold play a key role for regulating ectopic osteogenesis and angiogenesis but many researches ignored the influence of interconnection between macro-pores with different sizes.In order to accurately reveal the relationship between ectopic osteogenesis and macro-pore sizes in dorsal muscle and abdominal cavities of dogs,hydroxyapatite(HA)scaffolds with three different macro-pore sizes of 500–650,750–900 and 1100–1250 mm were prepared via sugar spheres-leaching process,which also had similar interconnecting structure determined by keeping the d/s ratio of interconnecting window diameter to macro-pore size constant.The permeability test showed that the seepage flow of fluid through the porous scaffolds increased with the increase of macro-pore sizes.The cell growth in three scaffolds was not affected by the macro-pore sizes.The in vivo ectopic implantation results indicated that the macro-pore sizes of HA scaffolds with the similar interconnecting structure have impact not only the speed of osteogenesis and angiogenesis but also the space distribution of newly formed bone.The scaffold with macro-pore sizes of 750–900 mm exhibited much faster angiogenesis and osteogenesis,and much more uniformly distribution of new bone than those with othermacro-pore sizes.This work illustrates the importance of a suitable macro-pore sizes in HA scaffolds with the similar interconnecting structure which provides the environment for ectopic osteogenesis and angiogenesis.展开更多
This paper has reviewed:(1) the two unique advantages of tandem organic solar cells(OSCs) compared to single OSCs;(2) the challengings as well as strategies to develop qualified interconnecting layer(ICL) for tandem O...This paper has reviewed:(1) the two unique advantages of tandem organic solar cells(OSCs) compared to single OSCs;(2) the challengings as well as strategies to develop qualified interconnecting layer(ICL) for tandem OSCs.More specifically,firstly,the two key advantages unique to tandem OSCs as compared to single OSCs,namely minimizing sub-bandgap transmission and thermalization loss as well as realizing optical thick and electrical thin structures,have been discussed.Secondly,the ICL,as one of the most challenging issue in tandem OSCs that needs to fulfill the optical,electrical and mechanical requirements simultaneously to realize a qualified ICL has been reviewed.As one of the most challenging requirement among the three,the electrical requirement and its corresponding three different solving strategies have been discussed in detail,revealing a bright future for developing a general strategy to realizing qualified ICL composed of different hole transporting layer(HTL) and electron transporting layer(ETL).展开更多
Owing to the function of manipulating light absorption distribution,tandem organic solar cells containing multiple sub-cells exhibit high power conversion efficiencies.However,there is a substantial challenge in preci...Owing to the function of manipulating light absorption distribution,tandem organic solar cells containing multiple sub-cells exhibit high power conversion efficiencies.However,there is a substantial challenge in precisely controlling the inter-subcells carrier migration which determines the balance of charge transport across the entire device.The conductivity of"nanowires"-like conducting channel in interconnecting layer between sub-cells should be improved which calls for fine engineering on the morphology of polyelectrolyte in interconnecting layer.Here,we develop a simple method to effectively manipulating the domains of conductive components in commercially available polyelectrolyte PEDOT:PSs.The use of poor solvent could effectively modify the configuration of polystyrene sulfonic acid and thus the space for conductive components.Based on our strategy,the insulated shells wrapping conductive domains are thinned and the efficiencies of tandem organic solar cells are improved.We believe our method might provide guidance for the manufacture of tandem organic solar cells.展开更多
The organization of biological neuronal networks into functional modules has intrigued scientists and inspired engineers to develop artificial systems.These networks are characterized by two key properties.First,they ...The organization of biological neuronal networks into functional modules has intrigued scientists and inspired engineers to develop artificial systems.These networks are characterized by two key properties.First,they exhibit dense interconnectivity(Braitenburg and Schüz,1998;Campagnola et al.,2022).The strength and probability of connectivity depend on cell type,inter-neuronal distance,and species.Still,every cortical neuron receives input from thousands of other neurons while transmitting output to a similar number of neurons.Second,communication between neurons occurs primarily via chemical or electrical synapses.展开更多
The IUGG Associations for Atmosphere,Oceans and Cryosphere—IAMAS,IAPSO and IACS—held a Joint Scientific Assembly in Busan,South Korea,from 20 to 25 July 2025.This was the first joint assembly of all three associatio...The IUGG Associations for Atmosphere,Oceans and Cryosphere—IAMAS,IAPSO and IACS—held a Joint Scientific Assembly in Busan,South Korea,from 20 to 25 July 2025.This was the first joint assembly of all three associations since 2009,when they met in Montreal,Canada.It was the first time any of the associations had been hosted in Korea,and it had been two decades since any of them had met in Asia.The choice of Busan as the venue supported high levels of participation and smooth conference operations.The Local Organizing Committee,chaired by Prof.Kyung-Ja Ha of Pusan National University,oversaw the successful organization of the event.The assembly brought together 1725 participants in total,including 1282 researchers and 443 invited participants and individuals involved in side events,exhibitions,media coverage,and volunteer work.Participants came from 46 countries across Asia,Europe,North America,South America,Africa,and Oceania.IAMAS had 736 participants,IAPSO 321,and IACS 225.Survey data from 951 respondents revealed that Early Career Scientists,defined as those within 10 years of receiving their PhD,accounted for approximately 25%of participants.The demographic profile skewed young,with 66%of attendees in their 20s and 30s.The scientific program was organized by Prof.Seon-Ki Park(Chair),the Secretaries General from all three Associations,and the Local Organizing Committee.Reflecting the theme“Our Interconnected Earth,”the scientific program emphasized integrated approaches to climate systems,addressing climate change and environmental challenges through collaborative,transdisciplinary research.展开更多
Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort,but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness.Here,we report a three-dimensional(3D)permeable electronic system th...Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort,but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness.Here,we report a three-dimensional(3D)permeable electronic system that overcomes these challenges by combining electrospun SEBS nanofiber mats,high-resolution liquid metal conductors patterned via thermal imprinting(50μm),and a strain isolators(SIL)that protects vertical interconnects(VIAs)from stress concentration.This architecture achieves ultrahigh air permeability(>5.09 m L cm^(-2)min^(-1)),exceptional stretchability(750%fracture strain),and reliable conductivity maintained through more than 32,500 strain cycles.Leveraging these advances,we have integrated multilayer circuits,strain sensors,and a three-axis accelerometer to achieve a fully integrated,stretchable,permeable wireless real-time gesture recognition glove.The system enables accurate sign language interpretation(98%)and seamless robotic hand control,demonstrating its potential for assistive technologies.By uniting comfort,durability,and high-density integration,this work establishes a versatile platform for nextgeneration wearable electronics and interactive human-robot interfaces.展开更多
As circuit feature sizes approach the nanoscale,traditional Copper(Cu)interconnects face significant hurdles posed by rising resistance-capacitance(RC)delay,electromigration,and high power dissipation.These limitation...As circuit feature sizes approach the nanoscale,traditional Copper(Cu)interconnects face significant hurdles posed by rising resistance-capacitance(RC)delay,electromigration,and high power dissipation.These limitations impose constraints on the scalability and reliability of future semiconductor technologies.Our paper describes the new Vertical multilayer Aluminium Boron Nitride Nanoribbon(AlBN)interconnect structure,integrated with Density functional theory(DFT)using first-principles calculations.This study explores AlBN-based nanostructures with doping of 1Cu,2Cu,1Fe(Iron),and 2Fe for the application of Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI)interconnects.The AlBN structure utilized the advantages of vertical multilayer interconnects to both reduce the RC delay while enhancing signal integrity.Key parameters like Fermi energy,bandgap,binding energy,conduction channels,quantum resistance,and RC delay were analyzed.Through modeling and large-scale simulation,the structural,electronic,and stability attributes of the AlBN interconnects are analyzed,and the results illustrate considerable improvements in signal propagation against Cu interconnect structures.These findings confirm the tunable,high-performance nature of AlBN-2Fe,making it a promising candidate for future high-speed,low-power VLSI interconnect technologies.We demonstrated an advanced energy-efficient interconnect that can be easily scaled for future nanoscale VLSI circuit design and gives rise to a next generation of viable interconnect technology for high-capacity,high-speed,reliable semiconductor technology.展开更多
NAND flash-based solid-state drives(SSDs)have been adopted by many data centers due to their high performance and low power consumption.However,the physical characteristics of the underlying flash memory necessitate g...NAND flash-based solid-state drives(SSDs)have been adopted by many data centers due to their high performance and low power consumption.However,the physical characteristics of the underlying flash memory necessitate garbage collection(GC)operations.Valid page migration during GC contributes significantly to latency overhead while competing for flash channel bandwidth and controller resources with user I/O requests through shared physical paths,leading to path conflicts and elevated long-tail latency.The existing Venice scheme introduces a low-cost interconnected network with path reservation mechanisms to provide substantial path diversity for SSDs.Nevertheless,its fair scheduling policy lacks priority differentiation between I/O and GC requests.In this paper,we propose GC bypass,which leverages Venice’s path diversity while enforcing GC request transmission through dedicated controllers.GC bypass decomposes GC requests into sub-requests and assigns low priority to valid page writes,enabling high-priority operations including user I/O,valid page reads,and block erases,to preempt paths reserved by low-priority requests.Valid pages failing to secure reserved paths are temporarily buffered for retry.Experimental results demonstrate that GC bypass reduces the 99.99th percentile long-tail latency by up to 25%compared to Venice.GC bypass effectively mitigates interference between critical I/O operations and background maintenance tasks while maintaining the architectural benefits of path diversity.展开更多
The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic...The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic activity across the entire brain and its numerous micro-regions remains incredibly challenging.Here,we offer a high-definition spatially resolved metabolomics technique to better understand the metabolic specialization and interconnection throughout the mouse brain using improved ambient mass spectrometry imaging.This method allows for the simultaneous mapping of thousands of metabolites at a 30 μm spatial resolution across the mouse brain,ranging from structural lipids to functional neurotransmitters.This approach effectively reveals the distribution patterns of delicate microregions and their distinctive metabolic characteristics.Using an integrated database,we annotated 259 metabolites,demonstrating that the metabolome and metabolic pathways are unique to each brain microregion.The distribution of metabolites,closely linked to functionally connected brain regions and their interactions,offers profound insights into the complexity of chemical processes and their roles in brain function.An initial dataset for future metabolomics research might be obtained from the high-definition mouse brain's spatial metabolome atlas.展开更多
In the hilly regions of Oudomxay Province,Laos,rows of deep blue photovoltaic panels are converting the scorching sunlight into clean electricity.They are part of the first phase of the Northern Laos Interconnected Cl...In the hilly regions of Oudomxay Province,Laos,rows of deep blue photovoltaic panels are converting the scorching sunlight into clean electricity.They are part of the first phase of the Northern Laos Interconnected Clean Energy Base,which was developed by China General Nuclear Power Group and became operational at the end of 2025.展开更多
This study develops an event-triggered control strategy utilizing the fully actuated system approach for nonlinear interconnected large-scale systems containing actuator failures.First,to reduce the complexity of the ...This study develops an event-triggered control strategy utilizing the fully actuated system approach for nonlinear interconnected large-scale systems containing actuator failures.First,to reduce the complexity of the design process,we transform the studied system into the form of a fully actuated system through a state transformation.Then,to address the unknown nonlinear functions and actuator fault parameters,we employ neural networks and adaptive estimation techniques,respectively.Moreover,to reduce the control cost and improve the control efficiency,we introduce event-triggered inputs into the control strategy.It is proved by the Lyapunov stability analysis that all signals of the closed-loop system are bounded and the output of system eventually converge to a bounded region.The efficacy of the control approach is ultimately demonstrated via the simulation of an actual machine feeding system.展开更多
Modern power systems increasingly depend on interconnected microgrids to enhance reliability and renewable energy utilization.However,the high penetration of intermittent renewable sources often causes frequency devia...Modern power systems increasingly depend on interconnected microgrids to enhance reliability and renewable energy utilization.However,the high penetration of intermittent renewable sources often causes frequency deviations,voltage fluctuations,and poor reactive power coordination,posing serious challenges to grid stability.Conventional Interconnection FlowControllers(IFCs)primarily regulate active power flowand fail to effectively handle dynamic frequency variations or reactive power sharing in multi-microgrid networks.To overcome these limitations,this study proposes an enhanced Interconnection Flow Controller(e-IFC)that integrates frequency response balancing and an Interconnection Reactive Power Flow Controller(IRFC)within a unified adaptive control structure.The proposed e-IFC is implemented and analyzed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory to evaluate its performance under various grid disturbances,including frequency drops,load changes,and reactive power fluctuations.Simulation results reveal that the e-IFC achieves 27.4% higher active power sharing accuracy,19.6% lower reactive power deviation,and 18.2% improved frequency stability compared to the conventional IFC.The adaptive controller ensures seamless transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes and maintains stable operation even under communication delays and data noise.Overall,the proposed e-IFCsignificantly enhances active-reactive power coordination and dynamic stability in renewable-integrated multi-microgrid systems.Future research will focus on coupling the e-IFC with tertiary-level optimization frameworks and conducting hardware-in-the-loop validation to enable its application in large-scale smart microgrid environments.展开更多
This paper presents an optimal operation method for embedded DC interconnections based on low-voltage AC/DC distribution areas(EDC-LVDA)under three-phase unbalanced compensation conditions.It can optimally determine t...This paper presents an optimal operation method for embedded DC interconnections based on low-voltage AC/DC distribution areas(EDC-LVDA)under three-phase unbalanced compensation conditions.It can optimally determine the transmission power of the DC and AC paths to simultaneously improve voltage quality and reduce losses.First,considering the embedded interconnected,unbalanced power structure of the distribution area,a power flow calculation method for EDC-LVDA that accounts for three-phase unbalanced compensation is introduced.This method accurately describes the power flow distribution characteristics under both AC and DC power allocation scenarios.Second,an optimization scheduling model for EDC-LVDA under three-phase unbalanced conditions is developed,incorporating network losses,voltage quality,DC link losses,and unbalance levels.The proposed model employs an improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)two-layer algorithm to autonomously select different power allocation coefficients for the DC link and AC section under various operating conditions.This enables embedded economic optimization scheduling while maintaining compensation for unbalanced conditions.Finally,a case study based on the IEEE 13-node system for EDC-LVDA is conducted and tested.The results show that the proposed optimal operation method achieves a 100%voltage compliance rate and reduces network losses by 13.8%,while ensuring three-phase power balance compensation.This provides a practical solution for the modernization and upgrading of low-voltage power grids.展开更多
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFB2704200)Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.4254064).
文摘With the rapid development of network technologies,a large number of deployed edge devices and information systems generate massive amounts of data which provide good support for the advancement of data-driven intelligent models.However,these data often contain sensitive information of users.Federated learning(FL),as a privacy preservation machine learning setting,allows users to obtain a well-trained model without sending the privacy-sensitive local data to the central server.Despite the promising prospect of FL,several significant research challenges need to be addressed before widespread deployment,including network resource allocation,model security,model convergence,etc.In this paper,we first provide a brief survey on some of these works that have been done on FL and discuss the motivations of the Communication Networks(CNs)and FL to mutually enable each other.We analyze the support of network technologies for FL,which requires frequent communication and emphasizes security,as well as the studies on the intelligence of many network scenarios and the improvement of network performance and security by the methods based on FL.At last,some challenges and broader perspectives are explored.
基金support of the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB4202503)Tianjin Science and Technology Project(Grant No.24ZXZSSS00120)+4 种基金the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U21A2072)Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Project at Southwest United Graduate School(Grant No.202302A0370009)the Overseas Expertise Introduction Project for Discipline Innovation of Higher Education of China(Grant No.B16027)the project of high-efficiency heterojunction solar cell technology and equipment industrialization(Grant No.TC220A04A-159)TCL science and technology innovation fund.Financial support was provided by the Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations,and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Nankai University.
文摘As the development of single-junction solar cells reaches a bottleneck,tandem solar cells have emerged as a critical pathway to further enhance power conversion efficiency.Among them,monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells are currently the fastest-growing technology,achieving the highest efficiencies at relatively low costs.The intercon-necting layer,which connects the two sub-cells,plays a crucial role in tandem cell performance.It collects electrons and holes from the respective sub-cells and facilitates recombination and tunneling at the interface.Therefore,the properties of the inter-connecting layer are pivotal to the overall device performance.In this work,we applied statistical analysis and machine learn-ing algorithms to systematically analyze the interconnecting layer.A comprehensive dataset on interconnecting layer parame-ters was established,and predictive modeling was performed using Lasso linear regression,random forest,and multilayer per-ceptron(a type of neural network).The analysis revealed key feature importance for experimental parameters,providing valu-able insights into the application of interconnecting layers in perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells.The final opti-mized interconnecting layer can achieve a proof-of-concept efficiency of 38.17%,providing guidance and direction for the devel-opment of monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.
基金financially supported by the Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(2019B030302007)the Ministry of Science and Technology(2017YFA0206600,2019YFA0705900)+6 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of China(51973063,91733302 and 51803060)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholar(2021B1515020028)the Fund of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates(South China University of Technology)(2019B030301003)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou,China(201904010147)the funding by State Key Lab of Luminescent Materials and Devices,South China University of Technologythe Fellowship of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2020M682703)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52003090)。
文摘As one of the core parts of two-terminal(2 T) monolithic tandem photovoltaics, the interconnecting layers(ICLs) play a critical role in modulating the carrier transport and recombination between the sub-cells,and thus influencing the tandem device performance. Here, for the first time, the relationship between ICLs architecture and 2 T monolithic perovskite/organic tandem device performance has been studied by investigating the change of ICLs composition layer thickness on the ICLs optical and electrical properties, sub-cells EQE properties, and tandem device J-V properties. It is revealed that the ability of ICLs on modulating the sub-cells carrier balance properties is strongly associated with its composited layers thickness, and the tandem device carrier balance properties can be reflected by the relative EQE intensity between the sub-cells. Finally, with a deep understanding of the mechanisms, rational design of ICLs can be made to benefit the tandem device development. Based on the optimized ICL a high PCE of 20.03% is achieved.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60725415, 60971066, and 61006028)the National High-Tech Program of China (Grant Nos. 2009AA01Z258 and 2009AA01Z260)the National Key Lab Foundation,China (Grant No. ZHD200904)
文摘On-chip interconnect buses consume tens of percents of dynamic power in a nanometer scale integrated circuit and they will consume more power with the rapid scaling down of technology size and continuously rising clock frequency, therefore it is meaningful to lower the interconnecting bus power in design. In this paper, a simple yet accurate interconnect parasitic capacitance model is presented first and then, based on this model, a novel interconnecting bus optimization method is proposed. Wire spacing is a process for spacing wires for minimum dynamic power, while wire ordering is a process that searches for wire orders that maximally enhance it. The method, i.e., combining wire spacing with wire ordering, focuses on bus dynamic power optimization with a consideration of bus performance requirements. The optimization method is verified based on various nanometer technology parameters, showing that with 50% slack of routing space, 25.71% and 32.65% of power can be saved on average by the proposed optimization method for a global bus and an intermediate bus, respectively, under a 65-nm technology node, compared with 21.78% and 27.68% of power saved on average by uniform spacing technology. The proposed method is especially suitable for computer-aided design of nanometer scale on-chip buses.
文摘Analysis approach and formulas for the transmission properties of uniform multicon-ductor interconnecting buses in high-speed integrated circuits are presented in this article. And further, by using a network approach, a tapered bus system can be analyzed as a set of cascaded uniform buses with slightly different strip widths. Obtained results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
基金National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFE0210400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(62404222,22479081,22361132530).
文摘The interconnecting layer(ICL) plays a critical role in series-connected tandem solar cells(TSCs).However,the PEDOT:PSS layer,commonly used hole transport layer in ICL,still exhibits non-negligible light absorption,which remains an obstacle to further improve the photovoltaic performance of TSCs.Here,we demonstrate an efficient strategy to mitigate optical and electrical losses in PEDOT:PSS-based ICLs by reconstructing PEDOT:PSS film via alkali metal carbonate(AMC) doping.AMC doping can increase the proportion of PEDOT in PEDOT:PSS thin films,allowing them to be ultra-thin but robust enough to isolate adjacent active layers.Comprehensive characterizations demonstrate that AMC doping promote increased transmittance,decreased resistance and optimized surface morphology for PEDOT:PSS films.As a result,both the short-circuit current density(Jsc) and power conversion efficiency(PCE) are improved after AMC doping in PEDOT:PSS for TSCs with different active layer combinations,exhibiting excellent universality in TSCs application.Notably,the PCEs of organic homo-TSCs and perovskite/organic TSCs with AMC doping reached 20.04 % and 26.05 %,respectively.Our work underscores the great potential of AMC doping in optimizing PEDOT:PSS films in ICL,offering an innovative pathway for fabricating highly efficient TSCs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(12174137)Innovation Project of Optics Valley Laboratory(Grant No.OVL2023ZD003).
文摘Despite of good performance immunity to stress and high transmitting/receiving sensitivity advantages,the fabrication imperfection induced asynchronous vibration and the resultant prolonged ring-down tail severely limit the potential of the cantilever beam-based piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer(PMUT)in pulse-echo applications as transceiver.To address this issue,a novel post processing soft interconnecting strategy is presented.In this case,specific reservoir structure is intentionally integrated into the cantilever-beam based PMUT design,under the assistance of which the liquid PDMS can be accurately applied and spontaneously driven to seal the air gaps between the already released cantilever beams via the capillary effect.After curing,the PDMS will be transformed from liquid to solid and serve as soft interconnecting spring between adjacent cantilever beams so as to force them to vibrate in synchronous mode.At the same time,this treatment does not change the existing fabrication process and has little effect on the original PMUT performance.From both of the mechanical and acoustic response measurement results,effective suppression for the asynchronous vibration and significant reduction of the ring-down tail have been successfully demonstrated for the treated PMUT device.In the subsequent pulse-echo rangefinding experiment,a distance detection range covering from 270.8 mm to 3.8 m with a divergence angle close to 170°has been achieved when it is driven at resonant frequency of 69.2 kHz with 40 Vpp,40-cycles sinusoidal signal.Given the simple yet effective treatment,the proposed strategy shows great prospective in developing high performance PMUT for in-air rangefinding applications.
基金This work was supported financially by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,2012CB933600)National Natural Science Foundation of China(51572228,51172188).
文摘The macro-pore sizes of porous scaffold play a key role for regulating ectopic osteogenesis and angiogenesis but many researches ignored the influence of interconnection between macro-pores with different sizes.In order to accurately reveal the relationship between ectopic osteogenesis and macro-pore sizes in dorsal muscle and abdominal cavities of dogs,hydroxyapatite(HA)scaffolds with three different macro-pore sizes of 500–650,750–900 and 1100–1250 mm were prepared via sugar spheres-leaching process,which also had similar interconnecting structure determined by keeping the d/s ratio of interconnecting window diameter to macro-pore size constant.The permeability test showed that the seepage flow of fluid through the porous scaffolds increased with the increase of macro-pore sizes.The cell growth in three scaffolds was not affected by the macro-pore sizes.The in vivo ectopic implantation results indicated that the macro-pore sizes of HA scaffolds with the similar interconnecting structure have impact not only the speed of osteogenesis and angiogenesis but also the space distribution of newly formed bone.The scaffold with macro-pore sizes of 750–900 mm exhibited much faster angiogenesis and osteogenesis,and much more uniformly distribution of new bone than those with othermacro-pore sizes.This work illustrates the importance of a suitable macro-pore sizes in HA scaffolds with the similar interconnecting structure which provides the environment for ectopic osteogenesis and angiogenesis.
基金supported by the General Research Fund(HKU711813)the Collaborative Research Fund(C7045-14E)from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China,the Environment and Conservation Found Project(33/2015)from Environment and Conservation Fundthe CAS-Croucher Funding Scheme for Joint Laboratories(CAS14601)
文摘This paper has reviewed:(1) the two unique advantages of tandem organic solar cells(OSCs) compared to single OSCs;(2) the challengings as well as strategies to develop qualified interconnecting layer(ICL) for tandem OSCs.More specifically,firstly,the two key advantages unique to tandem OSCs as compared to single OSCs,namely minimizing sub-bandgap transmission and thermalization loss as well as realizing optical thick and electrical thin structures,have been discussed.Secondly,the ICL,as one of the most challenging issue in tandem OSCs that needs to fulfill the optical,electrical and mechanical requirements simultaneously to realize a qualified ICL has been reviewed.As one of the most challenging requirement among the three,the electrical requirement and its corresponding three different solving strategies have been discussed in detail,revealing a bright future for developing a general strategy to realizing qualified ICL composed of different hole transporting layer(HTL) and electron transporting layer(ETL).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(22275016,21835006,22122905)Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(2232078)+2 种基金Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences(BNLMS)Junior Fellow(2019BMS20014,BNLMS-CXXM-201903)National Research Council of Science and Technology of Korea(Global20-004)the Key Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDPB13-3).
文摘Owing to the function of manipulating light absorption distribution,tandem organic solar cells containing multiple sub-cells exhibit high power conversion efficiencies.However,there is a substantial challenge in precisely controlling the inter-subcells carrier migration which determines the balance of charge transport across the entire device.The conductivity of"nanowires"-like conducting channel in interconnecting layer between sub-cells should be improved which calls for fine engineering on the morphology of polyelectrolyte in interconnecting layer.Here,we develop a simple method to effectively manipulating the domains of conductive components in commercially available polyelectrolyte PEDOT:PSs.The use of poor solvent could effectively modify the configuration of polystyrene sulfonic acid and thus the space for conductive components.Based on our strategy,the insulated shells wrapping conductive domains are thinned and the efficiencies of tandem organic solar cells are improved.We believe our method might provide guidance for the manufacture of tandem organic solar cells.
基金supported in part by the Rosetrees Trust(#CF-2023-I-2_113)by the Israel Ministry of Innovation,Science,and Technology(#7393)(to ES).
文摘The organization of biological neuronal networks into functional modules has intrigued scientists and inspired engineers to develop artificial systems.These networks are characterized by two key properties.First,they exhibit dense interconnectivity(Braitenburg and Schüz,1998;Campagnola et al.,2022).The strength and probability of connectivity depend on cell type,inter-neuronal distance,and species.Still,every cortical neuron receives input from thousands of other neurons while transmitting output to a similar number of neurons.Second,communication between neurons occurs primarily via chemical or electrical synapses.
基金support from USA NSF(Grant No.OPP2213875)NASA(Grant No.80NSSC22K1707).
文摘The IUGG Associations for Atmosphere,Oceans and Cryosphere—IAMAS,IAPSO and IACS—held a Joint Scientific Assembly in Busan,South Korea,from 20 to 25 July 2025.This was the first joint assembly of all three associations since 2009,when they met in Montreal,Canada.It was the first time any of the associations had been hosted in Korea,and it had been two decades since any of them had met in Asia.The choice of Busan as the venue supported high levels of participation and smooth conference operations.The Local Organizing Committee,chaired by Prof.Kyung-Ja Ha of Pusan National University,oversaw the successful organization of the event.The assembly brought together 1725 participants in total,including 1282 researchers and 443 invited participants and individuals involved in side events,exhibitions,media coverage,and volunteer work.Participants came from 46 countries across Asia,Europe,North America,South America,Africa,and Oceania.IAMAS had 736 participants,IAPSO 321,and IACS 225.Survey data from 951 respondents revealed that Early Career Scientists,defined as those within 10 years of receiving their PhD,accounted for approximately 25%of participants.The demographic profile skewed young,with 66%of attendees in their 20s and 30s.The scientific program was organized by Prof.Seon-Ki Park(Chair),the Secretaries General from all three Associations,and the Local Organizing Committee.Reflecting the theme“Our Interconnected Earth,”the scientific program emphasized integrated approaches to climate systems,addressing climate change and environmental challenges through collaborative,transdisciplinary research.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China under Grant 2024YFB4405300 and 2022YFA1204300the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province under Grant 2023JJ20016+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants of 52221001 and 62090035the Key Research and Development Plan of Hunan Province under grants of 2022GK3002 and 2023GK2012the Key Program of Science and Technology Department of Hunan Province under grant of 2020XK2001。
文摘Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort,but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness.Here,we report a three-dimensional(3D)permeable electronic system that overcomes these challenges by combining electrospun SEBS nanofiber mats,high-resolution liquid metal conductors patterned via thermal imprinting(50μm),and a strain isolators(SIL)that protects vertical interconnects(VIAs)from stress concentration.This architecture achieves ultrahigh air permeability(>5.09 m L cm^(-2)min^(-1)),exceptional stretchability(750%fracture strain),and reliable conductivity maintained through more than 32,500 strain cycles.Leveraging these advances,we have integrated multilayer circuits,strain sensors,and a three-axis accelerometer to achieve a fully integrated,stretchable,permeable wireless real-time gesture recognition glove.The system enables accurate sign language interpretation(98%)and seamless robotic hand control,demonstrating its potential for assistive technologies.By uniting comfort,durability,and high-density integration,this work establishes a versatile platform for nextgeneration wearable electronics and interactive human-robot interfaces.
文摘As circuit feature sizes approach the nanoscale,traditional Copper(Cu)interconnects face significant hurdles posed by rising resistance-capacitance(RC)delay,electromigration,and high power dissipation.These limitations impose constraints on the scalability and reliability of future semiconductor technologies.Our paper describes the new Vertical multilayer Aluminium Boron Nitride Nanoribbon(AlBN)interconnect structure,integrated with Density functional theory(DFT)using first-principles calculations.This study explores AlBN-based nanostructures with doping of 1Cu,2Cu,1Fe(Iron),and 2Fe for the application of Very Large Scale Integration(VLSI)interconnects.The AlBN structure utilized the advantages of vertical multilayer interconnects to both reduce the RC delay while enhancing signal integrity.Key parameters like Fermi energy,bandgap,binding energy,conduction channels,quantum resistance,and RC delay were analyzed.Through modeling and large-scale simulation,the structural,electronic,and stability attributes of the AlBN interconnects are analyzed,and the results illustrate considerable improvements in signal propagation against Cu interconnect structures.These findings confirm the tunable,high-performance nature of AlBN-2Fe,making it a promising candidate for future high-speed,low-power VLSI interconnect technologies.We demonstrated an advanced energy-efficient interconnect that can be easily scaled for future nanoscale VLSI circuit design and gives rise to a next generation of viable interconnect technology for high-capacity,high-speed,reliable semiconductor technology.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62202368)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFB2902703).
文摘NAND flash-based solid-state drives(SSDs)have been adopted by many data centers due to their high performance and low power consumption.However,the physical characteristics of the underlying flash memory necessitate garbage collection(GC)operations.Valid page migration during GC contributes significantly to latency overhead while competing for flash channel bandwidth and controller resources with user I/O requests through shared physical paths,leading to path conflicts and elevated long-tail latency.The existing Venice scheme introduces a low-cost interconnected network with path reservation mechanisms to provide substantial path diversity for SSDs.Nevertheless,its fair scheduling policy lacks priority differentiation between I/O and GC requests.In this paper,we propose GC bypass,which leverages Venice’s path diversity while enforcing GC request transmission through dedicated controllers.GC bypass decomposes GC requests into sub-requests and assigns low priority to valid page writes,enabling high-priority operations including user I/O,valid page reads,and block erases,to preempt paths reserved by low-priority requests.Valid pages failing to secure reserved paths are temporarily buffered for retry.Experimental results demonstrate that GC bypass reduces the 99.99th percentile long-tail latency by up to 25%compared to Venice.GC bypass effectively mitigates interference between critical I/O operations and background maintenance tasks while maintaining the architectural benefits of path diversity.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.82473887 and 21927808)the Scientific and Technological Innovation Program of Shanghai (No.23DZ2202500)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (No.2021-1-I2M-026)。
文摘The brain's functions are governed by molecular metabolic networks.However,due to the sophisticated spatial organization and diverse activities of the brain,characterizing both the minute and large-scale metabolic activity across the entire brain and its numerous micro-regions remains incredibly challenging.Here,we offer a high-definition spatially resolved metabolomics technique to better understand the metabolic specialization and interconnection throughout the mouse brain using improved ambient mass spectrometry imaging.This method allows for the simultaneous mapping of thousands of metabolites at a 30 μm spatial resolution across the mouse brain,ranging from structural lipids to functional neurotransmitters.This approach effectively reveals the distribution patterns of delicate microregions and their distinctive metabolic characteristics.Using an integrated database,we annotated 259 metabolites,demonstrating that the metabolome and metabolic pathways are unique to each brain microregion.The distribution of metabolites,closely linked to functionally connected brain regions and their interactions,offers profound insights into the complexity of chemical processes and their roles in brain function.An initial dataset for future metabolomics research might be obtained from the high-definition mouse brain's spatial metabolome atlas.
基金findings from the Research on the Innovative Mechanism for Coordinated Development of Ecological Security between China’s Yunnan Province and the Vietnam-LaosMyanmar Region,a general project of Yunnan Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning。
文摘In the hilly regions of Oudomxay Province,Laos,rows of deep blue photovoltaic panels are converting the scorching sunlight into clean electricity.They are part of the first phase of the Northern Laos Interconnected Clean Energy Base,which was developed by China General Nuclear Power Group and became operational at the end of 2025.
基金supported by the Science Center Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62188101the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62573265.
文摘This study develops an event-triggered control strategy utilizing the fully actuated system approach for nonlinear interconnected large-scale systems containing actuator failures.First,to reduce the complexity of the design process,we transform the studied system into the form of a fully actuated system through a state transformation.Then,to address the unknown nonlinear functions and actuator fault parameters,we employ neural networks and adaptive estimation techniques,respectively.Moreover,to reduce the control cost and improve the control efficiency,we introduce event-triggered inputs into the control strategy.It is proved by the Lyapunov stability analysis that all signals of the closed-loop system are bounded and the output of system eventually converge to a bounded region.The efficacy of the control approach is ultimately demonstrated via the simulation of an actual machine feeding system.
基金the Deanship of Scientific Research at Northern Border University,Arar,Saudi Arabia,for funding this research work through the project number“NBU-FFR-2025-3623-11”.
文摘Modern power systems increasingly depend on interconnected microgrids to enhance reliability and renewable energy utilization.However,the high penetration of intermittent renewable sources often causes frequency deviations,voltage fluctuations,and poor reactive power coordination,posing serious challenges to grid stability.Conventional Interconnection FlowControllers(IFCs)primarily regulate active power flowand fail to effectively handle dynamic frequency variations or reactive power sharing in multi-microgrid networks.To overcome these limitations,this study proposes an enhanced Interconnection Flow Controller(e-IFC)that integrates frequency response balancing and an Interconnection Reactive Power Flow Controller(IRFC)within a unified adaptive control structure.The proposed e-IFC is implemented and analyzed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory to evaluate its performance under various grid disturbances,including frequency drops,load changes,and reactive power fluctuations.Simulation results reveal that the e-IFC achieves 27.4% higher active power sharing accuracy,19.6% lower reactive power deviation,and 18.2% improved frequency stability compared to the conventional IFC.The adaptive controller ensures seamless transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes and maintains stable operation even under communication delays and data noise.Overall,the proposed e-IFCsignificantly enhances active-reactive power coordination and dynamic stability in renewable-integrated multi-microgrid systems.Future research will focus on coupling the e-IFC with tertiary-level optimization frameworks and conducting hardware-in-the-loop validation to enable its application in large-scale smart microgrid environments.
基金supported by the key technology project of China Southern Power Grid Corporation(GZKJXM20220041)partly by the National Key Research and Development Plan(2022YFE0205300).
文摘This paper presents an optimal operation method for embedded DC interconnections based on low-voltage AC/DC distribution areas(EDC-LVDA)under three-phase unbalanced compensation conditions.It can optimally determine the transmission power of the DC and AC paths to simultaneously improve voltage quality and reduce losses.First,considering the embedded interconnected,unbalanced power structure of the distribution area,a power flow calculation method for EDC-LVDA that accounts for three-phase unbalanced compensation is introduced.This method accurately describes the power flow distribution characteristics under both AC and DC power allocation scenarios.Second,an optimization scheduling model for EDC-LVDA under three-phase unbalanced conditions is developed,incorporating network losses,voltage quality,DC link losses,and unbalance levels.The proposed model employs an improved particle swarm optimization(IPSO)two-layer algorithm to autonomously select different power allocation coefficients for the DC link and AC section under various operating conditions.This enables embedded economic optimization scheduling while maintaining compensation for unbalanced conditions.Finally,a case study based on the IEEE 13-node system for EDC-LVDA is conducted and tested.The results show that the proposed optimal operation method achieves a 100%voltage compliance rate and reduces network losses by 13.8%,while ensuring three-phase power balance compensation.This provides a practical solution for the modernization and upgrading of low-voltage power grids.
