Combining practical engineering projects, this article analyzes the design strategies for the reconstruction and expansion of insufficient clearance sections in highway interchanges. This includes an overview of the p...Combining practical engineering projects, this article analyzes the design strategies for the reconstruction and expansion of insufficient clearance sections in highway interchanges. This includes an overview of the project, a comparison of design options for insufficient clearance in interchanges, and the main design strategies for reconstruction and expansion. It is hoped that this analysis can provide a reference for the design of such road reconstruction and expansion projects.展开更多
The Silk Road witnessed the exchange,integration,and innovation of medicine between ancient China and the ancient Middle East.This article outlines a panoramic historical picture of medical interchanges between ancien...The Silk Road witnessed the exchange,integration,and innovation of medicine between ancient China and the ancient Middle East.This article outlines a panoramic historical picture of medical interchanges between ancient China and the ancient Middle East along the Silk Road by multilingual literature research,textual criticism and scientific methods.Through the exchange of medicinal materials,the supplement of prescriptions,the reference of dosage forms,and the absorption of medical concepts,the two major medical systems along the Silk Road have interacted and integrated.Anchored in the political cooperation,sustained by translation network,and promoted by commercial intercourse,this medical dialogue shows the openness and adaptability of traditional medicine.This interchange history provides a historical paradigm for the modernization of traditional medicine,cross-cultural collaboration,and the building of the Silk Road of Health.展开更多
As a critically important transportation infrastructure in China,highways play a significant role in supporting socio-economic development.However,due to the rapid growth of the current socio-economic landscape and th...As a critically important transportation infrastructure in China,highways play a significant role in supporting socio-economic development.However,due to the rapid growth of the current socio-economic landscape and the dramatic increase in the number of cars,many early-built highways have experienced a surge in traffic volume,making it difficult to meet the growing traffic demand.This has led to various issues such as traffic congestion and inefficient operation.Therefore,it is necessary to expand and reconstruct the highway interchanges,effectively optimizing traffic organization design and significantly improving the overall service level of the highway.This article provides a detailed analysis of the principles and key points of traffic organization design for the expansion and reconstruction of highway interchanges.Additionally,it delves into the design scheme for the traffic organization of these interchanges.展开更多
In the next few years traffic will happen most of the time.This was triggered by the growing rate of vehicles against the road capacity which is not balance.All the time the congestion in the city of Semarang has occu...In the next few years traffic will happen most of the time.This was triggered by the growing rate of vehicles against the road capacity which is not balance.All the time the congestion in the city of Semarang has occured at peak hours.Congestion also occured in between Teuku Umar and Setia Budi road Jatingaleh because of a plot intersection(Kesatrian intersection,PLN intersection and Jatingaleh intersection)with the Toll Road.Jatingaleh is located in the southern city of Semarang which is a central meeting point between the upper and lower Semarang where the vehicle flows in through a combination of local current and regional traffic,and the flow of vehicles coming in and out from highway.The main cause of the problems that occurred in the area of Jatingaleh is due to the numbers of vehicles movement that occurs at the intersections.With the above issues,it is necessary to analyse the existing conditions and look into some solutions.Before carrying out an analysis a field surveys at peak hours for example morning(06:00 to 08:00 am)and for the afternoon(04:00 to 06:00 pm)should be conducted,then the number of vehicles is counted manually with“short-breakcounting”according to types of vehicles.From the analysis we found that the degree of saturation(DS)is 1.61 between Teuku Umar and Setia Budi road during the morning peak hours and 1.56 during the afternoon peak hours.This means that the capacity of the existing road is no longer able to accommodate the traffic flow.One of the solutions for the congestion that occurs at the intersection of Jatingaleh is to apply the efficiency of the intersection that is not in a plot with a Fly over,Underpass and the combination of Fly Over-Underpass.Base on the flow reduction calculation with 3 comparative modeling it shows that the Fly Over is the most technically efficient to be applied in this research.展开更多
With the advantages of long lifetime, high lighting effect and non-pollution, LED lighting has taken a leading role in the lighting sector. LED street and tunnel lights have no unified product interface, so the produc...With the advantages of long lifetime, high lighting effect and non-pollution, LED lighting has taken a leading role in the lighting sector. LED street and tunnel lights have no unified product interface, so the products of different enterprises cannot interchange with each other, restraining the development of the whole industry due to the large-scale production problem. The alliance standard CSA 016-2013 has been approved as a national standard project, paving the way for the orderly development of LED industry. Interpreting the CSA 016 standard, the paper expounds on the technical requirements for interchangeable interface in the optical, mechanical, electrical and thermal aspects.展开更多
The term ＂Experimental＂ in the title means, that the synthesizer is constructed as tool to conduct experiments, for investigating the influence of environment of unit on sounding of it. Synthesizer as tool for testi...The term ＂Experimental＂ in the title means, that the synthesizer is constructed as tool to conduct experiments, for investigating the influence of environment of unit on sounding of it. Synthesizer as tool for testing of hypotheses and results of experiments, satisfy three conditions： independence from the selection of unit for the synthesis （word or any part of it）; taking into account the environment of unit （left and right hand contexts and position of unit）; independence from the content of base. Such synthesizer is a good tool for studying many aspects of speech and removes the problem of selection. We can vary the unit and other parameters, described in paper, by the same synthesizer, synthesize the same text and listen to the results directly. This paper describes the formal structure of experimental Georgian speech synthesizer.展开更多
The study was carried out in healthy Chilean volunteers in order to compare the pharmacokinetics （rate and extent absorption） of two commercial oral formulations of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide. Thirty nine subjects we...The study was carried out in healthy Chilean volunteers in order to compare the pharmacokinetics （rate and extent absorption） of two commercial oral formulations of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide. Thirty nine subjects were administered hydrochlorothiazide tablets of test （T） and reference （R） formulation in a single blind, randomized, fasting, 2 × 2 crossover study, seven washout days. Blood samples were taken during a 48 h period after drug administration. Plasma concentrations were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. The primary parameters log-transformed Cmax （maximum plasma concentration）, A UC0-t and A UC0-∞ （area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to the last time and zero to infinity） were tested for bioequivalence considering the ratios of geometric means （test/reference）; whereas tmax （the time of maximum plasma concentration） was analyzed nonparametrically. The 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean values of test/reference ratios for Cmax, A UCo.t and A UC0-∞ were 95.37%, 93.59% and 96.34%, respectively, and were located within the bioequivalence acceptance range of 80-125%, as were tmax and elimination constants. Together, we conclude that the test formulation of the hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg tablet is bioequivalent to the reference product and suitable for generic prescription.展开更多
In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological ma...In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological market theory suggests that grooming is widespread and represents a commodity that can be exchanged for infant handling. As a limited resource, however, the extent to which infants are interchanged between mothers(females with an infant) and non-mothers(potential handlers,females without an infant) remains unclear. In this study, we collected behavioral data to investigate the relationship between grooming and infant handling in free-ranging Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)at Mt. Huangshan, China. Our results showed that females with infants received more grooming than females without infants. After her infant was handled,mother females received more grooming than they did during daily grooming interactions. However, with the increasing number of infants within the social group, both the grooming that mothers received and the grooming that non-mothers invested for handling infants decreased. We also found that non-mothers invested more time in grooming to gain access to younger infants than older infants. Our results provide evidence that infants are social commodities for both mother and non-mother females. Mothers use infants for obtain grooming and non-mothers use grooming to gain access to infants. The current study implies a bidirectional and complex interchange pattern between grooming and infant handling to compensate for the dyadic grooming disparity in non-human primates.展开更多
Biologic therapy, such as those that target tumor necrosis factor(TNF) signaling, has proven to be an efficacious method of treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) with regards to symptom managemen...Biologic therapy, such as those that target tumor necrosis factor(TNF) signaling, has proven to be an efficacious method of treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) with regards to symptom management and mucosal healing. However, the rising prevalence of IBD worldwide and the everincreasing burden of biologic pharmaceuticals in the health care industry is alarming for insurance companies, clinicians, and patients. The impending patent expiry and the relatively high costs of biologics, particularly anti-TNF agents, have paved the way for biosimilar development for IBD. The United States Food and Drug Administration defines a biosimilar as a biological product that is highly similar to its reference medicinal product, with no clinically meaningful differences in terms of safety, purity, and potency. The hope with biosimilars is that their entry into the market will be able to drive competition between pharmaceutical companies to reduce prices like that of the generic market, and that access to appropriate biologic treatments for IBD patients is increased in the long-term. Yet, there are challenging issues such as indication extrapolation and interchangeability that are still being debated in the field of IBD and must be addressed in future issued guidance. This review will discuss the issues and implications concerning the use of biosimilar therapy for IBD.展开更多
Side-refraction is the main error source of horizontal angle surveying, but it has little influence on the sides by analyzing the influence of atmospheric-infraction on the ultrahigh-precision side and angle surveying...Side-refraction is the main error source of horizontal angle surveying, but it has little influence on the sides by analyzing the influence of atmospheric-infraction on the ultrahigh-precision side and angle surveying. Choosing oriented direction is crucial to distance and angle measurement in triangulateration network. How to select the oriented direction during angle measurement is presented, and the means to check the quality of auto-surveying with Georobot is brought forward as well. At last some solutions to reduce the influence of side-refraction while disposing and surveying ultrahigh-precision triangulateration network are put forward.展开更多
MHD stability of the Large Helical Device (LHD) plasmas produced with intenseneutral beam injection is experimentally studied. When the steep pressure gradient near the edge isproduced through L-H transition or linear...MHD stability of the Large Helical Device (LHD) plasmas produced with intenseneutral beam injection is experimentally studied. When the steep pressure gradient near the edge isproduced through L-H transition or linear density ramp experiment, interchange-like MHD modes whoserational surface is located very close to the last closed flux surface are strongly excited in acertain discharge condition and affect the plasma transport appreciably. In NBI-heated plasmasproduced at low toroidal field, various Alfven eigenmodes are often excited. Bursting toroidalAlfven egenmodes excited by the presence of energetic ions induce appreciable amount of energeticion loss, but also trigger the formation of internal and edge transport barriers.展开更多
The tropical Asian and Australasian floras have a close relationship,and is a vital distribution pattern of seed plants worldwide.As estimated,more than 81 families and 225 genera of seed plants distributed between tr...The tropical Asian and Australasian floras have a close relationship,and is a vital distribution pattern of seed plants worldwide.As estimated,more than 81 families and 225 genera of seed plants distributed between tropical Asia and Australasia.However,the evolutionary dynamics of two floras were still vague.Here,a total of 29 plant lineages,represented the main clades of seed plants and different habits,were selected to investigate the biotic interchange between tropical Asia and Australasia by integrated dated phylogenies,biogeography,and ancestral state reconstructions.Our statistics indicated that 68 migrations have occurred between tropical Asia and Australasia since the middle Eocene except terminal migrations,and the migration events from tropical Asia to Australasia is more than 2 times of the reverse.Only 12 migrations occurred before 15 Ma,whereas the remaining56 migrations occurred after 15 Ma.Maximal number of potential dispersal events(MDE) analysis also shows obvious asymmetry,with southward migration as the main feature,and indicates the climax of bi-directional migrations occurred after 15 Ma.We speculate that the formation of island chains after the Australian-Sundaland collision and climate changes have driven seed plant migrations since the middle Miocene.Furthermore,biotic dispersal and stable habitat may be crucial for floristic interchange between tropical Asia and Australasia.展开更多
文摘Combining practical engineering projects, this article analyzes the design strategies for the reconstruction and expansion of insufficient clearance sections in highway interchanges. This includes an overview of the project, a comparison of design options for insufficient clearance in interchanges, and the main design strategies for reconstruction and expansion. It is hoped that this analysis can provide a reference for the design of such road reconstruction and expansion projects.
基金supported by the grant from The MUST Faculty Research Grants(FRG-25-031-FC)and Fundação Macao.
文摘The Silk Road witnessed the exchange,integration,and innovation of medicine between ancient China and the ancient Middle East.This article outlines a panoramic historical picture of medical interchanges between ancient China and the ancient Middle East along the Silk Road by multilingual literature research,textual criticism and scientific methods.Through the exchange of medicinal materials,the supplement of prescriptions,the reference of dosage forms,and the absorption of medical concepts,the two major medical systems along the Silk Road have interacted and integrated.Anchored in the political cooperation,sustained by translation network,and promoted by commercial intercourse,this medical dialogue shows the openness and adaptability of traditional medicine.This interchange history provides a historical paradigm for the modernization of traditional medicine,cross-cultural collaboration,and the building of the Silk Road of Health.
文摘As a critically important transportation infrastructure in China,highways play a significant role in supporting socio-economic development.However,due to the rapid growth of the current socio-economic landscape and the dramatic increase in the number of cars,many early-built highways have experienced a surge in traffic volume,making it difficult to meet the growing traffic demand.This has led to various issues such as traffic congestion and inefficient operation.Therefore,it is necessary to expand and reconstruct the highway interchanges,effectively optimizing traffic organization design and significantly improving the overall service level of the highway.This article provides a detailed analysis of the principles and key points of traffic organization design for the expansion and reconstruction of highway interchanges.Additionally,it delves into the design scheme for the traffic organization of these interchanges.
文摘In the next few years traffic will happen most of the time.This was triggered by the growing rate of vehicles against the road capacity which is not balance.All the time the congestion in the city of Semarang has occured at peak hours.Congestion also occured in between Teuku Umar and Setia Budi road Jatingaleh because of a plot intersection(Kesatrian intersection,PLN intersection and Jatingaleh intersection)with the Toll Road.Jatingaleh is located in the southern city of Semarang which is a central meeting point between the upper and lower Semarang where the vehicle flows in through a combination of local current and regional traffic,and the flow of vehicles coming in and out from highway.The main cause of the problems that occurred in the area of Jatingaleh is due to the numbers of vehicles movement that occurs at the intersections.With the above issues,it is necessary to analyse the existing conditions and look into some solutions.Before carrying out an analysis a field surveys at peak hours for example morning(06:00 to 08:00 am)and for the afternoon(04:00 to 06:00 pm)should be conducted,then the number of vehicles is counted manually with“short-breakcounting”according to types of vehicles.From the analysis we found that the degree of saturation(DS)is 1.61 between Teuku Umar and Setia Budi road during the morning peak hours and 1.56 during the afternoon peak hours.This means that the capacity of the existing road is no longer able to accommodate the traffic flow.One of the solutions for the congestion that occurs at the intersection of Jatingaleh is to apply the efficiency of the intersection that is not in a plot with a Fly over,Underpass and the combination of Fly Over-Underpass.Base on the flow reduction calculation with 3 comparative modeling it shows that the Fly Over is the most technically efficient to be applied in this research.
文摘With the advantages of long lifetime, high lighting effect and non-pollution, LED lighting has taken a leading role in the lighting sector. LED street and tunnel lights have no unified product interface, so the products of different enterprises cannot interchange with each other, restraining the development of the whole industry due to the large-scale production problem. The alliance standard CSA 016-2013 has been approved as a national standard project, paving the way for the orderly development of LED industry. Interpreting the CSA 016 standard, the paper expounds on the technical requirements for interchangeable interface in the optical, mechanical, electrical and thermal aspects.
文摘The term ＂Experimental＂ in the title means, that the synthesizer is constructed as tool to conduct experiments, for investigating the influence of environment of unit on sounding of it. Synthesizer as tool for testing of hypotheses and results of experiments, satisfy three conditions： independence from the selection of unit for the synthesis （word or any part of it）; taking into account the environment of unit （left and right hand contexts and position of unit）; independence from the content of base. Such synthesizer is a good tool for studying many aspects of speech and removes the problem of selection. We can vary the unit and other parameters, described in paper, by the same synthesizer, synthesize the same text and listen to the results directly. This paper describes the formal structure of experimental Georgian speech synthesizer.
文摘The study was carried out in healthy Chilean volunteers in order to compare the pharmacokinetics （rate and extent absorption） of two commercial oral formulations of 50 mg hydrochlorothiazide. Thirty nine subjects were administered hydrochlorothiazide tablets of test （T） and reference （R） formulation in a single blind, randomized, fasting, 2 × 2 crossover study, seven washout days. Blood samples were taken during a 48 h period after drug administration. Plasma concentrations were quantified by HPLC-MS/MS. The primary parameters log-transformed Cmax （maximum plasma concentration）, A UC0-t and A UC0-∞ （area under the plasma concentration-time curve from zero to the last time and zero to infinity） were tested for bioequivalence considering the ratios of geometric means （test/reference）; whereas tmax （the time of maximum plasma concentration） was analyzed nonparametrically. The 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean values of test/reference ratios for Cmax, A UCo.t and A UC0-∞ were 95.37%, 93.59% and 96.34%, respectively, and were located within the bioequivalence acceptance range of 80-125%, as were tmax and elimination constants. Together, we conclude that the test formulation of the hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg tablet is bioequivalent to the reference product and suitable for generic prescription.
基金supported in part by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772475 31672307+1 种基金31401981 31372215)
文摘In some non-human primates, infants function as a social tool that can bridge relationships among group members. Infants are a desired commodity for group members, and mothers control access to them. The biological market theory suggests that grooming is widespread and represents a commodity that can be exchanged for infant handling. As a limited resource, however, the extent to which infants are interchanged between mothers(females with an infant) and non-mothers(potential handlers,females without an infant) remains unclear. In this study, we collected behavioral data to investigate the relationship between grooming and infant handling in free-ranging Tibetan macaques(Macaca thibetana)at Mt. Huangshan, China. Our results showed that females with infants received more grooming than females without infants. After her infant was handled,mother females received more grooming than they did during daily grooming interactions. However, with the increasing number of infants within the social group, both the grooming that mothers received and the grooming that non-mothers invested for handling infants decreased. We also found that non-mothers invested more time in grooming to gain access to younger infants than older infants. Our results provide evidence that infants are social commodities for both mother and non-mother females. Mothers use infants for obtain grooming and non-mothers use grooming to gain access to infants. The current study implies a bidirectional and complex interchange pattern between grooming and infant handling to compensate for the dyadic grooming disparity in non-human primates.
文摘Biologic therapy, such as those that target tumor necrosis factor(TNF) signaling, has proven to be an efficacious method of treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) with regards to symptom management and mucosal healing. However, the rising prevalence of IBD worldwide and the everincreasing burden of biologic pharmaceuticals in the health care industry is alarming for insurance companies, clinicians, and patients. The impending patent expiry and the relatively high costs of biologics, particularly anti-TNF agents, have paved the way for biosimilar development for IBD. The United States Food and Drug Administration defines a biosimilar as a biological product that is highly similar to its reference medicinal product, with no clinically meaningful differences in terms of safety, purity, and potency. The hope with biosimilars is that their entry into the market will be able to drive competition between pharmaceutical companies to reduce prices like that of the generic market, and that access to appropriate biologic treatments for IBD patients is increased in the long-term. Yet, there are challenging issues such as indication extrapolation and interchangeability that are still being debated in the field of IBD and must be addressed in future issued guidance. This review will discuss the issues and implications concerning the use of biosimilar therapy for IBD.
文摘Side-refraction is the main error source of horizontal angle surveying, but it has little influence on the sides by analyzing the influence of atmospheric-infraction on the ultrahigh-precision side and angle surveying. Choosing oriented direction is crucial to distance and angle measurement in triangulateration network. How to select the oriented direction during angle measurement is presented, and the means to check the quality of auto-surveying with Georobot is brought forward as well. At last some solutions to reduce the influence of side-refraction while disposing and surveying ultrahigh-precision triangulateration network are put forward.
基金The project supported by the Core-University Program between Japan and China on Plasmas and Nuclear Fusion, and a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
文摘MHD stability of the Large Helical Device (LHD) plasmas produced with intenseneutral beam injection is experimentally studied. When the steep pressure gradient near the edge isproduced through L-H transition or linear density ramp experiment, interchange-like MHD modes whoserational surface is located very close to the last closed flux surface are strongly excited in acertain discharge condition and affect the plasma transport appreciably. In NBI-heated plasmasproduced at low toroidal field, various Alfven eigenmodes are often excited. Bursting toroidalAlfven egenmodes excited by the presence of energetic ions induce appreciable amount of energeticion loss, but also trigger the formation of internal and edge transport barriers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31670212,3206005631300181)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Joint Fund Project (U1802242)Guangxi Key Laboratory Construction Project (19-185-7)。
文摘The tropical Asian and Australasian floras have a close relationship,and is a vital distribution pattern of seed plants worldwide.As estimated,more than 81 families and 225 genera of seed plants distributed between tropical Asia and Australasia.However,the evolutionary dynamics of two floras were still vague.Here,a total of 29 plant lineages,represented the main clades of seed plants and different habits,were selected to investigate the biotic interchange between tropical Asia and Australasia by integrated dated phylogenies,biogeography,and ancestral state reconstructions.Our statistics indicated that 68 migrations have occurred between tropical Asia and Australasia since the middle Eocene except terminal migrations,and the migration events from tropical Asia to Australasia is more than 2 times of the reverse.Only 12 migrations occurred before 15 Ma,whereas the remaining56 migrations occurred after 15 Ma.Maximal number of potential dispersal events(MDE) analysis also shows obvious asymmetry,with southward migration as the main feature,and indicates the climax of bi-directional migrations occurred after 15 Ma.We speculate that the formation of island chains after the Australian-Sundaland collision and climate changes have driven seed plant migrations since the middle Miocene.Furthermore,biotic dispersal and stable habitat may be crucial for floristic interchange between tropical Asia and Australasia.
